From Borshchevo, Bronnitsky district. Bronnitsky district of the Moscow province

One of the most beautiful cities in the East of the Moscow region, Bronnitsy belongs to the category of cities of regional subordination and is a municipal entity. The city is located on the banks of the Moscow River, at the intersection of the Ural and Small Moscow Ring highways, 40 km from the Moscow Ring Road. Bronnitsy are known from the middle. XV century. For a long time, the Moscow tsars kept a stud farm here, which served as a characteristic detail on the city’s coat of arms. Pier on the Moscow River. The city is home to the famous Bronnitsky Jeweler jewelry factory. Population 19 thousand people. Area - 2216 hectares.

History of Bronnitsy from the foundation of the settlement

The city under Peter I and in post-Petrine time

Bronnitsy during the war

The city in the post-war years

Bronnitsy today

The city of Bronnitsy stands on the high bank of the Moscow River. Information about the area where he grew up goes back a long way. For centuries, the local Borovsky (Myachkovsky) mound has been covered in legends. An ancient settlement from the beginning of our era was discovered there. During archaeological excavations in the lower layers of the mound, remains of Dyakovo-type dishes, a spindle whorl, and grinding stones were discovered. A lot of materials have also been found about Slavic tribes, which indicates the early settlement of the Bronnitsy region. However, when in 1237 Batu’s Tatar-Mongol troops ravaged Kolomna and moved towards Moscow, the entire area was devastated and the inhabitants were destroyed. During the invasion of Moscow by the Crimean Tatars, the mound played the role of a guard post, from where signals were given about the approach of the enemy.
Title s. Bronnitsy (Bronnichi) according to legend is due to the fact that armor masters who made armor and chain mail lived here. However, no evidence of the existence of such production has been found to date. According to another version, its name is the city. Bronnitsy comes from the ancient Russian word “bran” - battle. In those places where it stands halfway from Kolomna to Moscow, frequent battles between Russians and Tatars took place.
For the first time since. Bronnichi is mentioned in the spiritual letter of Grand Duchess Sofia Vitovtovna, wife of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, dated 1453. The princess bequeathed it, along with other Kolomna villages, to her grandson Yuri Dmitrievich. 19 years later, according to the spiritual will of Prince Yuri the village was transferred to the Borovsky Pafnutiev Monastery.
From the 16th century. There is only one chronicle mention of the village. In 1571, Ivan the Terrible and his guardsmen passed through Bronnitsy on their way to Serpukhov and may have stopped there. Probably by this time the village was already a royal estate. During the period of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention, battles took place between the Tsarist and Polish troops near Bronnitsy. Some of these battles of 1608 are mentioned in the New Chronicler.
Subsequently, for more than 200 years, the history of the village. Bronnitsy is inseparable from the history of the palace stud farm. Its creation is explained by the fact that nearby there were magnificent water meadows in the floodplain of the Moscow River - an excellent food supply for horses. Already in 1634, during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, there was a “sovereign mare’s stable” in the village. Here stood horses of rare breeds, presented to the tsars - the first Romanovs - by the rulers of other countries. The population of Bronnitsy was busy maintaining it. According to the census of 1646, there were 21 peasant households with a population of 30 males and four Bobyl households with the same number of people. In the village there was also a settlement of uncultivated beans. There were 37 households in it, in which 54 people lived. Thus, the entire male population of Bronnitsy in 62 households was 88 people. In the village there was a wooden church of the Archangel Michael, on the site of which at the very beginning of the 18th century. The stone Archangel Cathedral was built in the Moscow Baroque style - an outstanding monument of Russian architecture.

The city under Peter I and in post-Petrine time

In 1706, Peter I transferred the stud farm in Bronnitsy with assigned peasants from the palace department to the personal ownership of Prince A.D. Menshikov. (This decision was dictated by Peter’s desire to reduce the financial expenses of the treasury for the palace economy and direct them to the needs of the army.) By this time in Bronnitsy there were 94 peasant households with a male population of 318 people and seven households of “herd grooms” with a population of 24 people. In total, with the courtyards of the church clergy in the village, there were 105 courtyards with a male population of 352 people. By decree of Peter II in 1728, the Bronnitsky stud farm was again transferred to the department of the palace Stable Prikaz. In 1737, a stone stable yard was built at the plant, and in 1755, stone stable buildings with 152 stalls were built. In 1740, the stud farm kept 266 horses of various breeds: Arabian, Persian, Spanish, Italian, English, Cherkasy, Kabardian and Russian. Factory horses were used for dressage and riding. The stud farm in Bronnitsy was considered large and surpassed Khoroshevsky, Kolomensky and other factories of the palace department in terms of the number of horses.
Work on the construction and repair of the plant buildings was carried out by local peasants assigned to it. In addition, the peasants of the stable volosts were obliged to annually cut hay in the volost meadows, plow arable land in the rye and spring fields, transport bread, hay and straw to Moscow on their carts, pay stipulated hay and “bulk” bread. " Like all the peasants of the palace department, the stable peasants paid 40 kopecks.
from the soul per year. All direct work on the current maintenance of the stud farm was carried out by “stable servants” who lived in a special stable settlement near the lake. Velsky. In the 80s there were 36 houses in it.
By decree of Catherine II of October 5, 1781. Since 1782, the armorers of the stable department were transferred to the district town of the Moscow province. At that time, 1,542 people of both sexes lived in it.
When the Russian army, having left Moscow, headed south along the Ryazan road, M.I. Kutuzov performed the famous Tarutino march maneuver. On September 3 and 4, 1812, after crossing the Moscow River, the main forces of the Russian troops turned to the Kaluga road. The Cossack units of Colonel Efremov operated on the Ryazan road. Believing that the Russian army was moving towards Bronnitsy, Napoleonic troops rushed along the Ryazan road. Many hundreds of Russian peasants from the surrounding villages of Bronnitsky district came out to fight the French, causing them all kinds of harm. (To commemorate this event, a memorial sign was erected on the Ryazan highway near the Borovsky Kurgan in November 1977.) In mid-September 1812, a fierce battle took place near Bronnitsy, as a result of which 8 thousand French were killed, the rest were taken prisoner or fled across county.
V. G. Belinsky, driving through Bronnitsy in 1829, wrote: “From Kolomna to Bronnitsy 50 versts. Bronnitsy is a pretty bad little town... It consists almost entirely of stone buildings, but its main drawback is that the bourgeois taste is visible in them...”
In 1845, the stud farm in Bronnitsy was abolished and all the peasants and lands assigned to it were transferred to the department of the Moscow Palace Office. A cavalry regiment was stationed in the factory premises.
In 1897, 3,897 people lived in Bronnitsy, i.e., over 100 years, the urban population more than doubled. This is explained primarily by the fact that the city was located on the water and land roads from Kolomna to Moscow and its residents served the movement of freight flows intended for the needs of the rapidly developing metropolitan manufacturing and later factory industry. Naturally, with the growth of cargo flows, the number of the population (ship workers, cab drivers, resellers, taverns, etc.) should have increased. This circumstance contributed to the formation of the city economy, aimed at the auxiliary transit function of supplying Moscow with industrial raw materials and food.
In the 80s XVIII century in the city there were 10 inns and 26 shops selling food supplies and various small goods, in 1825 - 58 shops and nine drinking establishments (of which six taverns), in 1862 - 120 shops, two hotels, four taverns and 13 inns. The shops were located in the guest courtyard, but mostly in private houses. The city also had several forges. Kolomenskaya road was an integral part of the city. Almost all the houses and establishments stood along its edge.
Bronnitsky merchants at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. occupied not the last place in the trade operations of the Moscow province. Thus, in terms of its population (285 people), it ranked fourth (out of 14 cities) after Vereya, Kolomna and Serpukhov, ahead of even such a developed city as Dmitrov. In terms of the amount of annual merchant capital, Bronnitsy merchants ranked fifth after Kolomna, Vereya, Serpukhov and Dmitrov. Some Bronnitsky merchants had an annual capital of 500 to 1000 rubles.
In Bronnitsky district, nine fairs were held annually in six villages ( New Christmas, Myachkovo, Shubino, Sofino, Ilyinskoye, Rudinsky Pogost). The cost of goods sold ranged from 3 to 40 thousand rubles. At the fairs, in addition to food supplies, trade was carried out mainly in silk, semi-silk and paper fabrics, as well as wooden, clay, earthenware and porcelain dishes. Bronnitsy merchants actively traded at these fairs, along with local peasants.
Bronnitsy merchants maintained paper weaving, candle, brick and other manufactories both in the city and in the district. So, for example, in the early 40s. XIX century Bronnitsy merchant of the 3rd guild Ivan Volkov owned a paper weaving factory. The merchant himself lived in the city, and the work was carried out in different places in the county. Bronnitsky merchant Fyodor Kuptsov owned the same factory. In addition to Bronnitsky merchants, Bronnitsky townspeople also acted as owners of industrial establishments. Of the 63 owners of city and county enterprises in the 40s. XIX century 11 were merchants and townspeople of the city. Bronnitsy. In 1853, out of 59 owners of enterprises in the city and district, already 21 were Bronnitsky merchants and townspeople, i.e., more than 1/3 of local industrial production was in the hands of Bronnitsky entrepreneurs.
Craft production in Bronnitsy at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, and later industrial production in the mid-19th - early 20th centuries. was rather poorly developed. In the 80s XVIII century here are noted “two factories for dyeing dye into vat paint, for which the materials are received from Moscow, but there are no artisans, and the owners themselves do the work.”
In 1833, there were nine small industrial establishments in the city, where the owners themselves and a small number of hired workers worked, and in 1836 there were 13 establishments. Of these, six enterprises produced canvas, nanka, and motley fabrics, and four produced silk fabrics. This number also included tanneries, soap factories and brick factories. These 13 enterprises employed 69 workers. In 1862, the number of small industrial entrepreneurs increased to 35, with the number of workers and apprentices reaching 98 people (including owners). In the same year, there were also larger industrial enterprises in the city: four brick factories and one tallow factory, which together produced an annual output of up to 8 thousand rubles.
Later, by the beginning of the 20th century. the number of small industrial establishments in the city increased to 148, where 350 artisans were employed (owners, hired workers, apprentices). Of the significant enterprises in the city at the beginning of the 20th century. there was a mill with an oil engine, a sausage establishment (13 workers) and a printing house (18 workers).
The specific economic orientation of the city - servicing a large trade route and the presence of a floodplain of the Moscow River - contributed to the development of vegetable gardening and horticulture in the city, intended mainly for sale to those passing by the city. At the end of the 18th - mid-19th centuries. half of the city’s residents had gardens and vegetable gardens, “from which they received a fair profit.” Apple fruit trees were grown in the gardens, and cabbage, cucumbers, carrots, beets, peas, beans and other vegetables were planted and sown in the vegetable gardens. Some city residents were also engaged in arable farming and animal husbandry. It is curious that in December 1901, the Moscow governor issued a special mandatory decree for the city of Bronnitsy on safety measures against domestic animals that walked the streets and alleys of the city.
The railway to Kolomna, built in 1862, ran 11 km away from Bronnitsy.
By the 20th century Bronnitsy was a small semi-agrarian town with a poorly developed industry aimed at meeting local demand and servicing the Moscow-Kolomna trade route. However, the city had a significant trade turnover and was the administrative center of a large and industrially developed county.
In Bronnitsky district there were two distinct factory districts. One of these areas developed in the Ramenskaya volost around the Malyutin spinning and weaving factory (see essay about the city of Ramenskoye), the second in the Gzhel volost - the center of production of porcelain, earthenware and simple clay products. In the Aleshinsky volost, capitalist work at home was widespread. In the Usmersky volost there were two large paper-weaving establishments (see essay about the city of Voskresensk).
The district police officer was forced to include information about the difficult working conditions of workers at industrial enterprises in the Bronnitsky district in a report to the Moscow governor on October 5, 1871. The document signed by him contains such data. The number of workers in all factories and factories is 10,636, of which 6,147 are male, 2,155 are female, 1,008 are minors from 8 to 12, 1,307 are from 12 to 17. Approximately 10% are literate workers. Working hours for adults ranged from 9 to 14 hours.
per day. For minors - from 9 to 12 hours. Of the total number of workers, 3,945 are in debt to the owner. Hospitals are only available in large factories. All hospitals have 53 beds. The breeders of the Gzhel volost have one hospital with eight beds. There are no permanent doctors at hospitals.
Of the total number of workers, 2,453 people live in factory barracks. The rest spend the night either at home or in the buildings where they work. Working conditions of workers affected their health. The height of recruits from factories was 1.5-2.5 inches less than that of the agricultural population. The difference was even greater if the worker spent his childhood in a factory.
Workers were forced to pick up food and goods from their owners' shops, at always higher prices. Factory workers in Bronnitsky district fought to improve their situation. In 1898-1904. unrest and strikes broke out at the Malyutin manufactory in Ramenskoye, on Starogorkinskaya
Shorygin manufactory, at the Baranovskaya factory of Katsepov.
At the turn of the 20th century, as is known, industrial growth was replaced by decline. The crisis affected primarily small and medium-sized enterprises.
In 1903, there were 37 large enterprises in Bronnitsky district, employing 9,548 workers. 28 enterprises had up to 100 workers, seven had between 100 and 500, and two had more than 500.
During the days of the December armed uprising in Moscow, a group of Ramensk workers, together with railway workers from Art. Ramenskoye created a squad and participated in barricade battles in Moscow. In 1905, the Moscow Party Committee registered the Ramenskaya Bolshevik cell, which worked underground all the years before the revolution and was the most influential organization in the district, and a cell at the Baranovskaya factory of Katsepov.
The peasants of the district did not stand aside from the struggle during the years of the first Russian Revolution. Peasants from Aksenov helped the rebel workers of Moscow with food. The combatants, under the leadership of the locomotive driver Ukhtomsky, completely controlled the situation at the Lyubertsy, Bronnitsy, Ramenskoye, and Faustovo stations for several days. Together with Ukhtomsky, F.V. Dubinkin, a native of the village of Natalino, A.A. Chudskov, a native of the village of Patkino, and A.A. Chudskov, a native of the village, took part in the battles and were shot by punitive forces. Myachkova Bronnitsky district I. A. Lyadin.
A member of the CPSU since 1903, A.D. Blokhin says in his memoirs that he and his comrades repeatedly came to their relatives in the villages for holidays and, using their knowledge of the area, posted leaflets and proclamations or distributed them to the peasants of the villages of Krivtsy, Timonino, Velino etc. The local population read these leaflets and heatedly discussed them.
The proletariat of the city of Bronnitsa itself was small and dispersed. One of the mass forms of class struggle of Bronnitsy workers was also the distribution of proclamations. The development of a broad revolutionary movement in the city was hampered by the Bronnitsy Black Hundred organization of shopkeepers, merchants and small proprietors, as well as by the downtroddenness and illiteracy of the majority of the population.
Public education in the city in 1905 was represented by the city school, zemstvo and parish schools. In 1908, the first private mixed-type gymnasium was opened in Bronnitsy, in a doctor’s apartment. In 1912, a men's gymnasium was opened, and in 1914, a women's gymnasium, where mainly the children of merchants, officials, and intellectuals studied.
The situation with medical care was no better. From 1847 to 1870, the only hospital in the entire county with 22 beds was located here. Only in connection with the smallpox epidemics in 1888 and 1895. Smallpox vaccination was introduced in the district, and in 1895 the first infectious disease barracks were built. In 1914, a hospital with 60 beds was built, which during the First World War was used as an infirmary for the treatment of wounded soldiers of the Russian army. Those who died in the infirmary were buried in the old cemetery. A monument in the form of a pyramid with cannonballs at its foot has been preserved in that place to this day.

Famous people who visited the city

The names of a number of outstanding figures of the Russian people are associated with pre-revolutionary Bronnitsy and its environs. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. lived in the village for many years. Avdotina of the former Bronnitsy district, an outstanding Russian educator, writer and public figure N.I. Novikov, who contributed greatly to the spread of education in Russia, published magazines and books. His house and the huts he built for the peasants are still preserved. The artist A. N. Venetsianov came to Avdotino several times.
A.V. Suvorov came to the Talyzin estate Denezhnikovo. Here his granddaughter kept his personal belongings, which were later transferred to the museum.
The life of the Decembrists - the Fonvizin brothers (nephews of D.I. Fonvizin) and I. is connected with Bronnitsy. I. Pushchina. After the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, I. A. Fonvizin was exiled to the Maryino estate near Bronnitsy and, under police supervision, lived here until his death in 1853. M. A. Fonvizin, after returning from Siberia, together with his wife N. D. Fonvizina, also settled in Maryino . But less than a year later, in 1854, he died. I. I. Pushchin, who married the widow of M. A. Fonvizin, spent the last two years of his life in Maryino after returning from Siberia. Pushchin wrote “Notes about Pushkin” here and corresponded with the surviving Decembrists and their relatives. He died in 1859. The graves of the Decembrists I. I. Pushchin and the Fonvizins are located in the city center near the walls of the Archangel Cathedral. In memory of the Decembrists, a memorial plaque was installed at the entrance to the former estate, and a room in memory of the Decembrists was created in the House of Pioneers. One of the city streets is named Pushchina. Some things and books of the Decembrists are kept in the collections of the Ramensky Museum of Local Lore,
For many years, the life and work of A. S. Pushkin’s grandson, A. A. Pushkin, whose small estate was located not far from the village, was connected with Bronnitsy. Avdotina in the village of Ivanovskoye. From 1862 to 1866 A. A. Pushkin served as a peace mediator for the third section of the Bronnitsky district. Having retired in 1890, he was appointed to the post of zemstvo chief of the Bronnitsky district, and in 1897 he was elected chairman of the zemstvo government. With the exception of a four-year break, he remained so until the end of his life. His activities characterize him as a humane and caring person. He was a trustee of five schools, the founder of the Bronnitsy library, helped in the construction of the first sanatorium in Russia for Gzhel workers with tuberculosis in the village of Konyashino, a hospital in the village of Kolonets for the treatment of the local population at the expense of the writer N. D. Teleshov. He created a “mutual credit cash desk” for peasants at the Bronnitsy zemstvo government. In the village of Ivanovskoye he kept the library of A. S. Pushkin, which was acquired in 1906 for the Pushkin House. A. A. Pushkin died in 1916 and was buried in Bronnitsy.

The city during the revolution and after it

In 1917, as soon as it became known that the February Revolution had occurred, the chairman of the zemstvo council, D. A. Bulygin, began to impose a new government, declaring himself an emissary of the Provisional Government. Only the intervention of the local garrison helped disarm the police. Soon Bulygin organized the elections of a temporary executive committee, which consisted mainly of Socialist Revolutionaries and monarchists. This committee was actually the spokesman for the will of the Provisional Government.
In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the district center - Bronnitsy with the help of Lyubertsy and Ramensk workers. Ramenskaya and other factory cells of the Bolsheviks prepared a district congress of workers' deputies, which took place in the village. Ramenskoye on December 2, 1917. The victory of Soviet power in the district was secured on it. At first, authorities were formed in the village. Ramenskoye, but soon expanded their work in Bronnitsy and in the volosts of the district.
On May 1, 1918, a May Day rally was held on the square in Bronnitsy, and on the same day the first issue of the newspaper Izvestia of the Bronnitsy District Council was published. On August 25, 1918, the first district party conference took place in Bronnitsy. Representatives of 10 party cells in the county took part in its work. F.F. Karpukhin, secretary of the party cell of the Ramensk textile workers, was elected secretary of the district committee. District and volost military commissariats and military formations under them began to be created. In the Bronnitsky district military registration and enlistment office there were 400 soldiers, in the Ramensky volost there were 150 riflemen and a machine gun team. The Red Guards had to fight against kulaks, saboteurs, speculators, and in 1919, against a counter-revolutionary gang in the Usmersky volost of Bronnitsky district. The young bodies of Soviet power, in the difficult conditions of war and devastation, resolved issues of economic construction and strengthened the alliance of workers and peasants.
In August 1918, 12 privately owned estates in the district were transferred to the jurisdiction of the provincial department, including the estate in the village. Nikonovskoye, on the basis of which the Nikonovskoye state breeding plant was later created. In 1919, five large and about 60 small industrial enterprises were nationalized in the district, 21 artisanal artels were created, including in the villages of Metkomelino, Fenino, Rechitsa, Obukhovo, Biserovo, Boyarkino, etc. A small power plant was refurbished and began operating in the city , brick factory (for 100 thousand bricks per year), workshop for the manufacture and repair of agricultural equipment, taken over from the former owner of the printing house where all county documents were printed.
On December 21, the first district Komsomol conference took place, at which 26 delegates from three cells were present, and a year later there were already 24 Komsomol cells in the district, which carried out extensive explanatory work among young people, together with the communists of the district they fought against devastation and hunger.
The majority of the county's population were still peasants, so the local Soviets paid maximum attention to working with the peasantry: they held lectures and conversations on agriculture, distributed agricultural literature, procured and distributed varietal seeds, agricultural machines and tools, organized agricultural points and rental points for agricultural machines , were engaged in accounting and distribution of forests, meadows, and lands. By 1923, several artels for joint cultivation of the land were created in the district (2346 dessiatines of arable land), breeding work was improved, new varieties of grain crops were introduced, and the number of plows doubled.
The American writer Albert Rees Williams, while in Russia, came to Bronnitsy in May 1923 to see how the peasants lived and how they ran their farms. Over the course of a week, he walked around several villages in the district and talked a lot with their residents.
After the victory of the revolution, Bronnitsy developed slowly. In the center of the city there was a large two-story building of shopping arcades with many shops located in it. In 1926, there were 73 workers and 352 employees at enterprises in Bronnitsy, and the total population from 1920 to 1926 practically did not increase and amounted to 3,630 people.
Since 1919, Bronnitsy received electric lighting. The power plant of the former shell workshop was used for the power plant. The city had a short water supply system, which was serviced by five people. The city bakery employed 13 people. The first artisanal artels were created, uniting artisans from the city and surrounding villages. In November 1924, an artel of jewelers was organized. The following year it merges with the artel of blacksmiths and receives the name “Metalist”. Then artels are created to produce cases and knitwear named after. March 8 and the “Consent” artel, in which disabled people worked. Initially, the artels were located in cramped, unsuitable buildings and had no means of mechanization. However, as their goods found buyers among both local residents and customers from other localities, they gradually expanded and mechanized. To meet the needs of peasants in the manufacture and repair of sleighs, carts, and wheels, the Obozostroenie artel is created.
Compared to Bronnitsy, the village developed at a faster pace. On November 24, 1924, the center of Bronnitsky district was transferred to the village. Ramenskoye. In May 1929, Bronnitsky and Ramensky districts were created on the territory of the former Bronnitsky district. A number of villages in the district were transferred to neighboring areas of the Moscow region. The area of ​​the Bronnitsky district has decreased by half compared to the county. Mr. remained in its composition. Bronnitsy and more than 100 settlements. Industry was located mainly in the city. Small artels worked in the villages of Sinkovo, Nikulino, Ulyanino, Borisovo. Subsequently, they became branches of city enterprises.
During the pre-war five-year plans, industry in Bronnitsy did not develop widely. On January 1, 1938, only 184 workers were employed at state enterprises. The cost of gross output for 1937 (in 1926/27 prices) was 612 thousand rubles. The scale of industrial cooperation was larger. It employed 1,227 people. The cost of its gross output amounted to 10,329 thousand rubles. The largest enterprise was an artel that produced cases for conveyors, planimeters, counting rulers, cameras, and glasses. In 1938, it consisted of 292 people. The cost of gross output per year reached 2641 thousand rubles. The second largest enterprise was the Ulyaninsk tailoring artel, which united 174 people. It produced goods worth 2106 thousand rubles.
Bronnitsky district was part of the suburban zone of the Moscow region and specialized in the production of milk, potatoes, and vegetables. Collective farms were served by the Bronnitskaya and Ulyaninskaya MTS, which had 95 tractors and 19 combine harvesters. There were no railway lines in the region; there were several marinas on the Moscow River, of which the most important were the marinas in Bronnitsy and Ryblovo. The district had 39 elementary, eight junior high, and two high schools. There were four kindergartens. The population was served by five hospitals, six medical outpatient clinics and seven first aid stations. In 1938, 5 thousand people lived in Bronnitsy.

Bronnitsy during the war

During the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War, as elsewhere in the country, those who went to the front were replaced in Bronnitsy by women and teenagers. In October - November 1941, when the German hordes were rushing towards Moscow, air defense groups were created. The population participated in the construction of defensive structures and forest debris. The city's enterprises switched to producing products for the needs of the front.
district industrial complex
In 1945, the workers of the city and region did a lot to help the builders of the Saratov-Moscow gas pipeline, which passed through the lands of the region.
In memory of those who died during the Great Patriotic War in the city center on the square. them. An obelisk was erected to honor Hero of the Soviet Union N. Timofeev, a native of the city.

The city in the post-war years

In the post-war years there was a gradual expansion, consolidation, specialization of artels and their transfer to local industrial enterprises. The production of jewelry in the Metallist artel is being re-established. In 1956, the artel was transformed into a jewelry factory, and in 1963, the Sinkovskaya jewelry factory was annexed to it. The new enterprise is expanding its product range and building new production facilities.
metal haberdashery area, a new assortment is being developed in the sewing area. In 1956, products worth more than 800 thousand rubles were produced; in 1960, the artel was transformed into a consumer services factory, and two years later - into a clothing and haberdashery factory.
In 1960 Raipromkombinat was reorganized into a garment factory. In 1961, the Ulyaninsk sewing production was added to it. Since January 1962, the garment factory became a branch of a large regional association of the Trud company, which is engaged in sewing workwear for geologists and builders (later the association became known as "Workwear"), Artel "Obozostroenie" switched to the production of furniture, and was transformed into a furniture factory. She repeatedly changed her profile, moved from one management to another, and from 581
us Moscow region26. The area of ​​the Bronnitsky district has decreased by half compared to the county. Mr. remained in its composition. Bronnitsy and more than 100 settlements. Industry was located mainly in the city. Small artels worked in the villages of Sinkovo, Nikulino, Ulyanino, Borisovo. Subsequently, they became branches of city enterprises.
During the pre-war five-year plans, industry in Bronnitsy did not develop widely. On January 1, 1938, only 184 workers were employed at state enterprises. The cost of gross output for 1937 (in 1926/27 prices) was 612 thousand rubles. The scale of industrial cooperation was larger. It employed 1,227 people. The cost of its gross output amounted to 10,329 thousand rubles. The largest enterprise was an artel that produced cases for conveyors, planimeters, counting rulers, cameras, and glasses. In 1938, it consisted of 292 people. The cost of gross output per year reached 2641 thousand rubles. The second largest enterprise was the Ulyaninsk tailoring artel, which united 174 people. It produced goods worth 2106 thousand rubles.27
Bronnitsky district was part of the suburban zone of the Moscow region and specialized in the production of milk, potatoes, and vegetables. Collective farms were served by the Bronnitskaya and Ulyaninskaya MTS, which had 95 tractors and 19 combine harvesters. There were no railway lines in the region; there were several marinas on the Moscow River, of which the most important were the marinas in Bronnitsy and Ryblovo. The district had 39 elementary, eight junior high, and two high schools. There were four kindergartens. The population was served by five hospitals, six medical outpatient clinics and seven first aid stations. In 1938, 5 thousand people lived in Bronnitsy.
During the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War, as elsewhere in the country, those who went to the front were replaced in Bronnitsy by women and teenagers. In October - November 1941, when the German hordes were rushing towards Moscow, air defense groups were created. The population participated in the construction of defensive structures and forest debris. The city's enterprises switched to producing products for the needs of the front.
Due to the departure of men to the front, the region experienced an acute shortage of labor. However, during the war years, the cost of production volume increased from 15.5 to 19.4 million rubles. In 1941 it was created district industrial complex, whose main task was to meet the needs of collective farms in the region.
Collective and state farms in the region operated successfully. During the war years, livestock breeders of the Bronnitsky district received the challenge Red Banner of the CPSU MK, the Moscow Regional Executive Committee and the Komsomol MK. The Nikonovskoe breeding farm and the Borets collective farm have been participants in the agricultural exhibition since the pre-war years and did not weaken their work during the war.
In the post-war years there was a gradual expansion, consolidation, specialization of artels and their transfer to local industrial enterprises. The production of jewelry in the Metallist artel is being re-established. In 1956, the artel was transformed into a jewelry factory, and in 1963, the Sinkovskaya jewelry factory was annexed to it. The new enterprise is expanding its product range and building new production facilities.
Knitting Artel named after. On March 8, 1956, it was transformed into a glove factory. After reconstruction, it began to specialize in the production of women's and children's mittens and gloves. The Nikulin artel is attached to it.
1968 became a branch of the Moscow Portable Typewriter Plant. In the artel of disabled people "Consent" in 1951 it was organized metal haberdashery area, a new assortment is being developed in the sewing area. In 1956, products worth more than 800 thousand rubles were produced; in 1960, the artel was transformed into a consumer services factory, and two years later - into a clothing and haberdashery factory. Begins
Raipromkombinat was reorganized into a garment factory.
In 1961, the Ulyaninsk sewing production was added to it. Since January 1962, the garment factory became a branch of a large regional association of the Trud company, which is engaged in sewing workwear for geologists and builders (later the association became known as "Workwear"), Artel "Obozostroenie" switched to the production of furniture, and was transformed into a furniture factory. She changed her profile several times, moving from one department to another. After the construction of new factory buildings, the sewing technology is transferred to production.
In 1960, the leather goods artel was transformed into a factory, where they made suitcases and school bags.
In 1959, the Bronnitsky district became part of the Lyubertsy district, and since 1960 it has been part of the Ramensky district. Under the leadership of the Bronnitsy City Council and party organizations, great changes took place at the city's enterprises during the eighth, ninth and tenth five-year plans. Based on a set of measures for technical re-equipment, improvement of working conditions, mechanization, and expansion of capacity at city enterprises, production volume increased and the range of products expanded. First of all, these are consumer goods, the production of which is carried out by the majority of Bronnitsy enterprises.
In 1975, the city's enterprises produced consumer goods worth 35.5 million rubles. By 1979, this figure had grown to 50 million rubles.
The quality of products is improving. The glove factory produces 50% of its products with the state Quality Mark, the jewelry factory produces 15%, and the Working Clothes Association produces 24%. This percentage is growing every year. A comprehensive product quality management system has been introduced at the glove and clothing and haberdashery factories. At the sewing and haberdashery factory, in addition to sewing women's dressing gowns, dresses, and underwear, the production of metal haberdashery products: bracelets, rings, chains, etc.
Jewelry factory innovators and inventors are constantly looking for new opportunities to mechanize production operations. Thanks to the replacement of manual operations, the production of products increased by more than 30% in the first four years of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. The dynasties of the Nikitins, Kochetkovs, Igolkins and others work at the plant. In 1980, the plant will produce products worth 45 million rubles.
Successfully fulfills obligations to repair the tractor fleet, combines, mower-choppers and other large-sized equipment Bronnitsy branch of the Agricultural Equipment Association.
The new capacity of the brick factory, designed to produce 20 million pieces, has come into operation. bricks per year.
The city and adjacent villages are served by the Bronnitsky municipal town, in the system of which there are about 70 trade and public catering enterprises with a total turnover of over 20 million rubles.
Currently, the area of ​​the city is 716 hectares.
The city has three secondary schools and an evening school for working youth, a state technical school for 720 students, where drivers and machine operators are trained Glavmosoblstroy, three clinics, five children's institutions, a hospital, two libraries, a House of Culture, a club, a House of Pioneers, a cinema "Rodina", consumer service enterprises, a restaurant, a House of Trade.
For almost 20 years, the Moscow State Academic Theater has been patronizing Bronnitsy. K. S. Stanislavsky 583
and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, whose leading artists are frequent guests of city residents. Amateur artists annually organize exhibitions both in Bronnitsy and at their bosses in Moscow.
The city's housing stock has significantly expanded and been updated. From 1965 to 1975 it almost doubled. Apartment buildings with a total area of ​​80.6 thousand square meters were built. m. About 6 thousand residents received comfortable housing. The southern outskirts of the city have been completely transformed. Public services in the city have improved, new treatment facilities have been built, and the launch of a new water intake unit has made it possible to provide the city with water with the prospect of its development for the next 10-15 years. Gasification of the entire housing stock and boiler houses is almost completely completed. Serious landscaping work has been done. 78 thousand square meters have been paved. m of roads and sidewalks. Landscaped in the center of the square. them. N. Timofeeva. Repair and restoration work has been carried out on architectural monuments.
Since 1978, housing construction has been carried out in the central part of the city. Dilapidated pre-revolutionary buildings are being demolished, and new modern houses with improved apartment layouts are being built in their place.
The construction of the gas service building and bus station has been completed. The construction of an automatic telephone exchange with 2 thousand numbers, a kindergarten and, with funds from the communist subbotnik, a new hospital building with 250 beds and a clinic for 600 visits per day is being completed. It is planned to build a bypass road outside the city. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, further reconstruction of enterprises and reconstruction of residential areas in the central part of the city will continue. The annual housing commissioning will be 6-7 thousand square meters. m.
Convenient location of Bronnitsy on the highway between Moscow and Kolomna, good transport links with other cities and the Bronnitsy railway station, a pier on the Moscow River, pleasant landscape conditions, beautiful views of the floodplain of the Moscow River and its oxbow lake (now Lake Velskogo), the presence of architectural, historical and archaeological monuments creates the opportunity to make Bronnitsy one of the interesting excursion and tourist centers southeast of the Moscow region.
Particularly dear to townspeople and guests are places associated with the stay of V. I. Lenin. This is the village of Zhukovo, where in October 1921 V.I. Lenin came to hunt and where, stopping to rest in the Nosovs’ house, he talked with the peasants. In memory of his stay, the collective farm in the village of Zhukovo was called “Lenin’s Rest”. Currently, the village has become part of the state farm named after. E. Telman, and the name of V.I. Lenin was given to the pioneer camp for children of Ramen textile workers, located in the village of Zhukovo.
Currently, the millionaire collective farms “Leninets” and “Lenin’s Path”, located near Bronnitsy, bear the name of the leader.
A monument to V.I. Lenin was erected on the city square.

Bronnitsy today

The total volume of production of goods and services by large and medium-sized businesses in 2004 amounted to 2.5 billion rubles, the growth rate compared to the same period in 2003 was 198.0% (1.24 billion rubles).
At the same time, the profit of these enterprises and organizations for 2004 amounted to 57.7 million rubles, which is 28.5 million rubles more than for the same period in 2003.
The largest profits were made by industrial enterprises - 37.5 million rubles, among them: Polinom LLC, Bronnitsky Jeweler OJSC; in trade - Bronnitsky PA. The share of Bronnitsky Jeweler OJSC products in the total volume of products produced in the city by large business enterprises is 25.6%.
In general, in the city, large and medium-sized industrial enterprises produced industrial products worth 1.2 billion rubles in 2004. Consumer goods produced include jewelry, newspapers, bricks, as well as fish and bakery products.
A large business in construction is represented by OJSC “494 UNR”.
Put into operation 3 apartment buildings houses with a total area of ​​7.5 thousand square meters. m.
Construction of a 5-story residential building is underway. Construction of a 150-apartment residential building in the city center has begun.
The premises of the stores of Bronnitsky Autoservice LLC, Knacker Trading House LLC, and the Tekhnika 2002 LLC mini-market have been put into operation.
On Timofeev Square there is a memorial plaque dedicated to those who died in local wars and conflicts.
Construction of budget facilities is underway: a secondary school with 45 classes; reconstruction of the administration building; two buildings for athletes to live on the basis of the Sports School; children's ecological park, as well as production and warehouse complex; sawmill and boiler room; "Children's World" store; city ​​market; cafes and home services.
The volume of investments in industry, transport, social sphere and other sectors is growing every year.
The volume of investments in fixed capital from all sources of financing in 2004 amounted to 341.8 million rubles, the growth rate compared to last year was 133.7%. This growth is associated with significant investment in the technical re-equipment of Polinom LLC, Bronnitsky Jeweler OJSC and PATP.
Significant funds are invested in the following industries: housing construction, physical education and sports, as well as in trade and public catering.
The total retail trade turnover of large and medium-sized enterprises in the city in 2004 amounted to 224.2 million rubles, or 102.9% of the corresponding period in 2003.
At the same time, the rate of retail turnover, including small businesses, amounted to 171.7%. This suggests that the share of small businesses in this type of activity is steadily growing and has a large share.
In total, small business enterprises employ 1,619 people, of which 499 people work in trade enterprises, 422 in industrial enterprises, 305 are employed in construction. The number of employees increased by 270 people compared to 2003.
The share of small businesses (small enterprises without individual entrepreneurs) in the city’s economy is 20%.
The largest share - 42.5% - in the total volume of small businesses is made up of enterprises in the construction complex. Product output by small industrial enterprises accounted for 20.3% of the share of small business volume.
In total, large and medium-sized enterprises employed 4,952 people in 2004, which is 224 fewer people than in the same period in 2003. The decrease in numbers is due to the reorganization of such enterprises as OJSC Bronnitsky Jeweler, OJSC 494 UNR: by Based on these enterprises, new small enterprises were created.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Geography
• 2 History
• 3 Population
• 4 Administrative division
Notes
Sources

Introduction

Bronnitsky district- an administrative unit within the Moscow province that existed until 1929. The center is the city of Bronnitsy.

1. Geography

Bronnitsky district was located in the southeastern part of the Moscow province. The terrain is fairly level, undulating in places, and only silty in some places; When fertilized it is quite fertile. The most significant river is the Moscow, which is navigable here, quite wide and flows along steep banks; a pier was built near Bronnitsy, where late-arriving ships spent the winter. Navigation is quite convenient since the river was canalized by a French company. Of the other rivers, the following are remarkable: Pakhra, along which timber was rafted and limestone was broken, Severka, etc. The main line of the Moscow-Ryazan railway passed through the district.

2. History

Bronnitsky district was formed on October 5, 1781 during the administrative reform of Catherine II. In the 1920s, the center of the county was moved to Ramenskoye. In 1929, during the administrative reform, the district was abolished.

3. Population

• 1882 - 144,852 people.
• 1897 - 119,686 people.
• 1926 - 189,389 people.

4. Administrative division

In 1917, the county was divided into volosts:

• Ashitkovskaya
• Bykovskaya
• Velinskaya
• Vokhrinskaya
• Gzhelskaya
• Zhiroshkinskaya
• Zagornovskaya
• Lobanovskaya
• Mikhalevskaya
• Myachkovskaya
• Ramenskaya
• Rozhdestvenskaya
• Saltykovskaya
• Sofinskaya
• Spasskaya
• Trinity-Lobanovskaya
• Ulyaninskaya
• Usmerskaya
• Chaplyzhenskaya
• Chulkovskaya

Notes

1. History of Bronnitsy - lifewatch.ru/2010/istoriya-goroda-bronntsy/. Available on 02/14/2010
2. Demoscope Weekly - Application. Directory of statistical indicators - demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=845
3. Demoscope Weekly - Application. Directory of statistical indicators - demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_26.php?reg=129

Sources

• Bronnitsy (Moscow gub.) - ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/Bronnitsy_(Moscow gub.) // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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In connection with the increase in the number of parishes in the Ramensky deanery, a separate Bronnitsky deanery district was established.

The lands on which the Ramensky district is located were part of the largest district of the Moscow province, Bronnitsky, for up to a year. The Moscow River divides the region's lands into two almost equal parts, very different from each other. North-eastern - the beginning of the Meshchera lowland, forests and swamps rich in peat. This part included the most industrially developed volosts of the county - Ramenskaya, and Gzhel, known since the 14th century, where handicrafts flourished. The right, high bank of the Moscow River within the Bronnitsky district is called Polshchina - this is a land of cultivated land since ancient times. The very name of the main city of the region - Ramenskoye - comes from the word "Ramenye", which means a plot of forest adjacent to fields.

People have settled here since ancient times, but the first mention of the villages now included in the Ramensky district dates back to the year (in the spiritual charter of Grand Duke Ivan Kalita). If the northern part of the Ramensky lands is covered with forests, but in the southern part, the long-cultivated fields are separated by copses. Flood meadows along the Moscow River contributed to the location of the royal stables in the village of Bronnichi, and later the state-owned stable factory. Bronnitsky district, in its northern part, was industrial, a significant percentage of the population of these places consisted of Old Believers, the southern part was the land of ancient noble culture. Before the revolution of the year, it was strewn with estates that belonged to the most noble part of the Russian nobility. The descendants of A.S. Pushkin played a major role in the history of the district. His son Alexander Alexandrovich temporarily retired from military service in the 1860s and was a peace mediator, in his position he carried out the division of land between landowners and peasant communities after the abolition of serfdom in the year. He was awarded the honorary badges “For the successful implementation of the 1861 regulation on peasants who emerged from serfdom” and “For the land arrangement of former state peasants.” The grandson of A.S. Pushkin, also Alexander Alexandrovich, left a memory of himself with the schools, libraries, sanatorium and hospitals he built.

The first mentions of the temples of the Ramenskaya palace volost date back to the 14th century. Wooden churches were replaced by stone ones, of which the oldest that has survived to this day is the Church of the Annunciation (parts of a 16th-century building have been preserved) in the village of Stepanovskoye. The 70-year war with the Church led to many irreparable losses. Temples destroyed: Predtechensky in the village of Novorozhdestvena, Bogoyavlensky in the village of Amereva, Voznesensky in the village of Rybolovo, Pokrovsky in the village of Slobodino, St. Michael the Archangel in the village of Konstantinov, Spassky in the village of Ulyanino, Znamensky in the village of Davydovo, Georgievsky churchyard of Silvacheva, Spassky in the village of Kosyakovo, Pokrovsky in the village of Velino, Georgievsky in the village Ganusovo, Kosmodamiansky village of Tolmachovo, Ilyinsky village of Bolshoye Ivanovskoye, Pokrovsky village of Nikulino, Ivan churchyard (Life-Giving Spring), Petropavlovsky village of Ilyinskoye, Nikolskaya churchyard of Borshchevka (Roman).

In the 1960s, the 16th-century temple in Spas-Mikhnevo was destroyed. The temple of Elijah the Prophet in the village of Ilinskoye (near Denezhnikovo) and the temple in the village of Voskresensk were destroyed. By the year, only ten operating temples remained.

Parishes

• Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, p. Stepanovskoye, Ramensky district
• Epiphany of the Lord, p. Semenovskoye Ramensky district
• Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, p. Nikitskoye Ramensky district
• Exaltation of the Holy Cross, p. Tatarintsevo Ramensky district
• Joy to all who mourn, icons of the Mother of God, p. Ulyanino Ramensky district
• Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God, Bronnitsy, Ramensky district
• Michael the Archangel, cathedral, Bronnitsy, Ramensky district

Population

Bronnitsky district- an administrative unit within the Moscow province that existed until 1929. The center is the city of Bronnitsy.

Geography

Bronnitsky district was located in the southeastern part of the Moscow province. The terrain is fairly level, undulating in places, and only silty in some places; When fertilized it is quite fertile. The most significant river is Moscow, which is navigable here, quite wide and flows along steep banks; a pier was built near Bronnitsy, where late-arriving ships spent the winter. Navigation is quite convenient since the river was canalized by a French company. Of the other rivers, the following are remarkable: Pakhra, along which timber was rafted and limestone was broken, Severka, etc. The main line of the Moscow-Ryazan Railway passed through the district.

Story

Bronnitsky district was formed on October 5, 1781 during the administrative reform of Catherine II. In 1924, the center of the county was moved to Ramenskoye. In 1929, during the administrative reform, the district was abolished.

Population

Administrative division

On October 10, 1927, Velinskaya and Vokhrinskaya volosts were united into Velino-Vokhrinskaya volost.

see also

• List of counties, districts and parishes of the Russian Empire for 1914

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Notes

Cards

• Online

Links

• Voeikov A. I. Bronnitsy, city // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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An excerpt characterizing Bronnitsky district

The mother of young Esclarmond (and it was probably her) was clearly excited to the limit, but, as best she could, she tried not to show it to her already completely exhausted daughter, who at times generally “went away” from them into oblivion, feeling nothing and not responding. ... And she just lay there like a sad angel, having left her tired body for a while... On the pillows, scattered in golden-brown waves, long, wet, silky hair glistened... The girl, indeed, was very unusual. Some kind of strange, spiritually doomed, very deep beauty shone in her.
Two thin, stern, but pleasant women approached Esclarmond. Approaching the bed, they tried to gently persuade the young man to leave the room. But he, without answering, just shook his head negatively and turned back to the woman in labor.
The lighting in the hall was sparse and dark - several smoking torches hung on the walls on both sides, casting long, swaying shadows. Once upon a time, this hall must have been very beautiful... Wonderfully embroidered tapestries were still proudly hanging on the walls... And the high windows were protected by cheerful multi-colored stained glass windows, enlivening the last dim evening light pouring into the room. Something very bad must have happened to the owners for such a rich room to look so abandoned and uncomfortable now...
I couldn’t understand why this strange story completely and completely captured me?! And what was the most important thing about it: the event itself? Some of those present there? Or that unborn little man?.. Unable to tear myself away from the vision, I longed to quickly find out how this strange, probably not very happy, alien story would end!
Suddenly the air thickened in the papal library - North suddenly appeared.
– Oh!.. I felt something familiar and decided to return to you. But I didn’t think that you would watch something like this... You don’t need to read this sad story, Isidora. It will only bring you more pain.
– Do you know her?.. Then tell me, who are these people, North? And why does my heart hurt so much for them? “I asked, surprised by his advice.
“These are the Cathars, Isidora... Your beloved Cathars... on the night before the burning,” Sever said sadly. “And the place you see is their last and dearest fortress, which lasted longer than all the others.” This is Montsegur, Isidora... Temple of the Sun. The home of Magdalene and her descendants... one of whom is about to be born.
– ?!..
- Do not be surprised. The father of that child is a descendant of Beloyar, and, of course, Radomir. His name was Svetozar. Or – the Light of Dawn, if you prefer. This (as they always have) is a very sad and cruel story... I don’t advise you to watch it, my friend.
The North was focused and deeply sad. And I understood that the vision that I was looking at at that moment did not give him pleasure. But despite everything, he was, as always, patient, warm and calm.
– When did this happen, Sever? Are you saying that we are seeing the real end of Qatar?
North looked at me for a long time, as if pitying.... As if not wanting to hurt me even more... But I stubbornly continued to wait for an answer, not giving him the opportunity to remain silent.
– Unfortunately, this is so, Isidora. Although I would really like to answer you something more joyful... What you are now observing happened in 1244, in the month of March. On the night when the last refuge of Qatar fell... Montsegur. They held out for a very long time, ten long months, freezing and starving, infuriating the army of the Holy Pope and His Majesty, the King of France. There were only one hundred real warrior knights and four hundred other people, among whom were women and children, and more than two hundred Perfect Ones. And the attackers were several thousand professional knight-warriors, real killers who received the go-ahead to destroy the disobedient “heretics”... to mercilessly kill all the innocent and unarmed... in the name of Christ. And in the name of the “holy”, “all-forgiving” church.