“At present, we all realize,” wrote the German philosopher K. Jaspers, “that we are at a turning point in history. This is the age of technology with all its consequences, which, apparently, will leave nothing of everything that man has acquired over thousands of years in the field of work, life, thinking, and in the field of symbolism.”
Science and technology in the 20th century became the true locomotives of history. They gave it unprecedented dynamism and placed enormous power in the hands of man, which made it possible to sharply increase the scale of people's transformative activities.
Having radically changed his natural habitat, having mastered the entire surface of the Earth, the entire biosphere, man has created a “second nature” - artificial, which is no less significant for his life than the first.
Today, thanks to the huge scale of economic and cultural activities of people, integration processes are intensively carried out.
The interaction of different countries and peoples has become so significant that humanity in our time represents an integral system, the development of which implements a single historical process.
What is science that has led to such significant changes in all of our lives, in the entire appearance of modern civilization? Today she herself turns out to be an amazing phenomenon, radically different from the image of her that emerged in the last century. Modern science is called “big science”.
What are the main characteristics of “big science”? Dramatically increased number of scientists
Number of scientists in the world, people
The number of people involved in science increased most rapidly after the Second World War.
Doubling the number of scientists (50-70)
Such high rates have led to the fact that about 90% of all scientists who have ever lived on Earth are our contemporaries.
Growth of scientific information
In the 20th century, world scientific information doubled in 10-15 years. So, if in 1900 there were about 10 thousand scientific journals, now there are already several hundred thousand of them. Over 90% of all the most important scientific and technological achievements occurred in the 20th century.
This enormous growth of scientific information creates special difficulties for reaching the forefront of scientific development. A scientist today must make great efforts to keep abreast of the advances that are being made even in his narrow field of specialization. But he must also receive knowledge from related fields of science, information about the development of science in general, culture, politics, which is so necessary for him for a full life and work both as a scientist and as an ordinary person.
Changing the world of science
Science today covers a huge area of knowledge. It includes about 15 thousand disciplines, which are increasingly interacting with each other. Modern science gives us a holistic picture of the emergence and development of the Metagalaxy, the emergence of life on Earth and the main stages of its development, the emergence and development of man. She comprehends the laws of functioning of his psyche, penetrates the secrets of the unconscious, which plays a large role in people's behavior. Science today studies everything, even itself - how it arose, developed, how it interacted with other forms of culture, what influence it had on the material and spiritual life of society.
At the same time, scientists today do not at all believe that they have comprehended all the secrets of the universe.
In this regard, the following statement by the prominent modern French historian M. Blok about the state of historical science seems interesting: “This science, which is experiencing childhood, like all sciences whose subject is the human spirit, is a belated guest in the field of rational knowledge. Or, better to say: a narrative that has grown old, vegetated in embryonic form, for a long time overloaded with fiction, even longer chained to events that are most directly accessible as a serious analytical phenomenon, history is still very young.”
In the minds of modern scientists there is a clear idea of the enormous possibilities for the further development of science, a radical change, based on its achievements, in our ideas about the world and its transformation. Special hopes are placed here on the sciences of living things, man, and society. According to many scientists, achievements in these sciences and their widespread use in real practical life will largely determine the features of the 21st century.
Transformation of scientific activity into a special profession
Science until recently was a free activity of individual scientists, which was of little interest to businessmen and did not attract the attention of politicians at all. It was not a profession and was not specially funded in any way. Until the end of the 19th century. For the vast majority of scientists, scientific activity was not the main source of their material support. Typically, scientific research was carried out at universities at that time, and scientists supported their living by paying for their teaching work.
One of the first scientific laboratories was created by the German chemist J. Liebig in 1825. It brought him significant income. However, this was not typical for the 19th century. Thus, at the end of the last century, the famous French microbiologist and chemist L. Pasteur, when asked by Napoleon III why he did not make a profit from his discoveries, answered that French scientists considered it humiliating to earn money in this way.
Today, a scientist is a special profession. Millions of scientists work nowadays in special research institutes, laboratories, various commissions, and councils. In the 20th century The concept of “scientist” appeared. The norm has become the performance of the functions of a consultant or advisor, their participation in the development and adoption of decisions on a wide variety of issues in society.
Partly for this reason, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks degree completion in 40 of the world's most developed countries.
The OECD published its report “Industry, Science and Technology in 2015” (Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015). It provides a ranking of countries based on the percentage of people earning degrees in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM disciplines) per capita. So it's a fair comparison between countries with different population sizes. For example, Spain ranked 11th with 24% of degrees in science or engineering.
Photo: Marcelo del Pozo/Reuters. Students take an entrance exam at a university lecture hall in the Andalusian capital Seville, southern Spain, September 15, 2009.
10. In Portugal, 25% of graduates receive a degree in a STEM field. This country has the highest percentage of PhDs among all 40 countries surveyed - 72%.
Photo: Jose Manuel Ribeiro/Reuters. Students listen to a teacher in an aeronautics class at the Institute of Employment and Vocational Training in Setubal, Portugal.
9. Austria (25%) ranks second in the number of candidates of science among the working population: 6.7 women and 9.1 men doctors of science per 1000 people.
Photo: Heinz-Peter Bader/Reuters. Student Michael Leichtfried from the Virtual Reality Team at Vienna University of Technology places a quadcopter on a labeled map.
8. In Mexico, the rate increased from 24% in 2002 to 25% in 2012, despite the elimination of government tax incentives for investment in research and development.
Photo: Andrew Winning/Reuters. Medical students practice resuscitation during class at the National Autonomous University School of Medicine in Mexico City.
7. Estonia (26%) has one of the highest percentages of women with degrees in STEM fields, 41% in 2012.
Photo: Reuters/Ints Kalnins. Teacher Kristi Rahn helps first grade students during a computer lesson at a school in Tallinn.
6. Greece spent only 0.08% of its GDP on research in 2013. This is one of the lowest rates among developed countries. Here, the number of graduates with degrees in STEM fields fell from 28% in 2002 to 26% in 2012.
Photo: Reuters/Yiannis Berakis. Amateur astronomers and students use a telescope to view a partial solar eclipse in Athens.
5. In France (27%) most researchers are employed in industry rather than in government agencies or universities.
Photo: Reuters/Regis Duvignau. A member of the Rhoban project team tests the functions of a humanoid robot at a LaBRI workshop in Talence in southwest France.
4. Finland (28%) publishes the most research in the field of medicine.
Photo: Reuters/Bob Strong. Students take a nuclear engineering class at Aalto University in Helsinki.
3. Sweden (28%) is slightly behind Norway in terms of computer use at work. Three-quarters of workers use computers at their desks.
Photo: Gunnar Grimnes/Flickr. Stockholm University campus in Sweden.
2. Germany (31%) ranks third in the average annual number of graduates with diplomas in the field of STEM sciences - about 10,000 people. It is second only to the USA and China.
Photo: Reuters/Hannibal Hanschke. German Chancellor Angela Merkel (right) and Education Minister Annette Schavan (back second from left) observe laboratory technicians at work during a visit to the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin.
1. South Korea was among the countries with the largest decline in the number of degree recipients, from 39% in 2002 to 32% in 2012. But the country maintained its leading position and tops the OECD's ranking of the smartest countries.
Photo: Reuters/Lee Jae-won. A student in Seoul attends a white hat hacking competition jointly organized by the Korean Military Academy and the Ministry of Defense and National Intelligence Service.
What does the ranking of countries developed in the field of science look like in general:
OECD
Source: Washington Profile
http://www.inauka.ru/science/article65711.html
Material sent by A. Kynin
RAND named 16 of the most promising areas of scientific and technological development. These include: cheap solar energy, wireless communication technologies, genetically modified plants, water purification methods, cheap housing construction, environmentally friendly industrial production, “hybrid” cars (that is, using not only gasoline, but also electricity as fuel, etc. .), medical preparations of “spot” action, artificial production of tissues of a living organism, etc.
The main conclusions of the report: there are no signs that the pace of scientific and technological progress will slow down in the next decade and a half. Each country will find its own, sometimes unique, method of benefiting from this process. However, this requires many countries around the world to make significant efforts. At the same time, a number of technologies and discoveries could potentially pose a threat to human civilization.
The countries of North America, Western Europe and East Asia will continue to play the leading role in global scientific and technological progress. China, India and Eastern European countries are expected to make steady progress over the next decade and a half. Russia's position in this area will be slightly weakened. The gap between the leaders and the technologically backward countries of the world will widen.
The report included an overview rating of modern scientific and technological capabilities of the countries of the world, within which factors such as the number of scientists and engineers per 1 million population, the number of published scientific articles, expenses on science, the number of patents received, etc. were analyzed. In preparing the rating Data from 1992 to 2004 were used. According to this rating, the United States has the greatest potential in creating new materials and technologies, as well as their application in practice (received 5.03 points). The United States is far ahead of its closest pursuers. Japan, which ranks second, has only 3.08 points, while Germany (third) has 2.12. The top ten also included Canada (2.08), Taiwan (2.00), Sweden (1.97), Great Britain (1.73), France and Switzerland (1.60 each), and Israel (1.53).
Russia was the first among all post-Soviet states and took 19th place in the final ranking (0.89). It was ahead of South Korea, Finland, Australia, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Italy. In turn, Russia turned out to be more successful than states with traditionally strong science, such as Belgium and Austria. Ukraine is in 29th position (0.32), followed by Belarus (0.29). They were ahead of the Czech Republic and Croatia. Estonia is in 34th place (0.20), Lithuania is in 36th (0.16), Azerbaijan is in 38th (0.11). These countries have surpassed China, India, South Africa and Brazil, which are quite powerful in a scientific and technological sense.
Uzbekistan took 48th place and became the first country in the overall standings whose scientific and technological potential is measured in negative values (-0.05). It is adjacent to Latvia (-0.07). Moldova is in 53rd place (- 0.14), Armenia - in 57th (- 0.19), Turkmenistan - in 71st (- 0.30), Kyrgyzstan - in 76th (- 0.32), Tajikistan - in 80th (- 0.34), Kazakhstan - on the 85th (- 0.38), Georgia - on the 100th (- 0.44). The last places in the ranking are occupied by countries such as Eritrea, Chad, Laos, North Korea, Gabon, which each scored 0.51.
However, according to the forecast of the report's authors, the situation will change somewhat in the next 14 years. They analyzed the situation in 29 states that represent different regions of the world, including the USA, Russia and Georgia. The ability of certain countries to adapt scientific discoveries was assessed on a 100-point scale. According to this forecast, the USA, Canada and Germany (received the highest ratings) will act most effectively in this area. Israel, Japan, Australia and South Korea scored 80 points each. China - 53, India - 48, Poland - 38, Russia - 30. Brazil, Mexico, Chile and Turkey have 22 points each, South Africa - 20, Indonesia - 11, Colombia - 10. The group of outsiders includes Georgia, Pakistan, Chad, Nepal, Iran, Kenya, Jordan, Fiji, Dominican Republic, Egypt and Cameroon - 5 points each.
Also, on a 100-point scale, the obstacles that scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs have to overcome when raising funds for scientific developments, their introduction into production and use by the population were assessed (100 points - the maximum possible obstacles). Here, the best situation is in Canada, Germany, Australia, Japan and South Korea, which received 30 points. The USA and Israel have 40, Poland has 60. Russia, Georgia and other states included in the rating received 70 points each.
According to the authors of the report, Russia will be relatively successful in applying new technologies in practice in the fields of healthcare, environmental protection, and security. Its results in the development of agricultural areas, strengthening the armed forces, and improving the functioning of government bodies will be less impressive. In all these areas, it will be ahead of not only industrialized countries, but also China, India and Poland. In turn, Georgia's prospects are very vague in all areas.
World Science
According to the Institute of Statistics, at the end of 2004 there were 5 million 521.4 thousand scientists in the world (that is, 894 researchers per 1 million inhabitants of the Earth). The world spent $150.3 thousand a year on the work of one scientist. The lion's share (almost 71% of scientists) work in industrialized countries of the world. There are 3,272.7 scientists per 1 million inhabitants of these states (374.3 per 1 million inhabitants of poor countries, respectively). A scientist living in a “rich” country is financed much more generously: $165.1 thousand is allocated per year for him, while his colleague in a “poor” country in the world receives $114.3 thousand. The most numerous scientists are from Asia (more than 2 million). ), Europe (more than 1.8 million) and North America (almost 1.4 million). At the same time, in South America there are only 138.4 thousand, in Africa - less than 61 thousand.
There are 700.5 thousand scientists working in the countries of the former USSR, most of them (616.6 thousand) are concentrated in countries located in Europe - Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. At the same time, a paradoxical situation arises: there are many scientists in the former USSR, but they are funded much worse than their colleagues in Europe, Asia and North America. For example, there are now 2,979.1 scientists per 1 million residents of European states that were formerly part of the USSR, and there are noticeably fewer per 1 million citizens of the European Union - 2,438.9. However, $177 thousand per year is spent on one European scientist, and on one Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Moldovan, etc. scientist. - only $29.1 thousand. The situation with the financing of scientific research in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia is probably the worst in the world: here $8.9 thousand per year is spent on one scientist - in the countries of tropical Africa - $113.9 thousand. 8.9% of the total currently work in Russia number of scientists in the world. According to this indicator, Russia ranks fourth, behind only the United States (22.8% of researchers), China (14.7%) and Japan (11.7%). However, in terms of funding, Russia is clearly losing. It spends $30 thousand on one scientist, while the USA - $230 thousand, China - $88.8 thousand, Japan - $164.5 thousand. The UNESCO Science Report - 2005 indicates that in 2002 In 2018, the world spent 1.7% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on scientific purposes, which is approximately $830 billion. At the same time, funds for science are spent extremely unevenly. The most funds are allocated for scientific research in North America - 37% of total global spending. In second place is Asia (31.5%), in third is Europe (27.3%). Latin America and the Caribbean accounts for 2.6% of global spending on these purposes, Africa - 0.6%. In recent years, research and development expenditures in the United States and Canada have declined slightly (in 1997 they accounted for 38.2% of the global total). Europe's share has similarly decreased, while Asia has seen a steady increase in allocations. For example, a number of Asian countries, such as Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea, spend more than 2% of their GDP on science. India has come close to them. Accordingly, the industrialized countries of the world receive the maximum return from investments in science. Poor countries account for just over 7% of the world's total invention patents, despite the fact that developing countries' total spending on science and technology exceeds 22% of the world's total. The report indicates that in most industrialized countries of the world, the state provides no more than 45% of scientific budgets. The remaining funds come from the commercial sector. For example, in 2002 in the United States, 66% of scientific investments and 72% of scientific research were carried out by private firms. In France, business accounts for 54% of investments in science, in Japan - 69%. In turn, in India the “business component” does not exceed 23%, in Turkey - 50%. In the period from 1990 to 2004, the weight of the United States in world science gradually decreased, while the weight of the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, etc.), on the contrary, increased. This conclusion was made by the American company Thomson Scientific, which analyzes trends in the field of academic science. At the end of 2004, the United States accounted for approximately 33% of all scientific research (38% in 1990), the European Union - approximately 37% (respectively, 32%), the Asia-Pacific region - 23% (15%) . Russian scientists published 3.6% of the total number of scientific papers, scientists from the remaining 14 post-Soviet states - another 1%. In 2004, European scientists published approximately 38% of the total number of scientific works in world periodicals, US scientists - about 33%, and scientists from the Asia-Pacific region - more than 25%. Asian scientists are most productive in the fields of physics, materials science, metallurgy and electronics. European scientists - in rheumatology, space, endocrinology and hematology research. The US excels in social science research, aerospace and biology. The top ten countries that published the most scientific papers between 1990 and 2005 are the United States, England (with Scotland not included in the top ten), Germany, Japan, France, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Australia and Switzerland. On the other hand, experts from the consulting firm Global Knowledge Strategies and Partnership argue that Europe’s advantage over the United States in terms of the number of scientific publications is far-fetched. American scientists retain undisputed leadership in the number of publications in leading scientific journals and in the level of their citations. In addition, a significant part of US scientific publications does not come to the attention of the general scientific community, since up to 50% of all expenditures on science and technology in the United States come from the military sphere. The top twenty most frequently cited scientists whose works were published in 2005 included two Russians. Semyon Eidelman works at the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics. G.I. Budkera, and Valery Frolov at the California Institute of Technology. They are both physicists. The twenty include 10 scientists working in the USA, 7 working in Japan, and one each working in Russia, Germany, Great Britain and South Korea. In 2005, the largest number of patents for inventions were received by Japan (300.6 thousand), USA (almost 150 thousand), Germany (47.6 thousand), China (40.8 thousand), South Korea (32.5 thousand), Russia (17.4 thousand .), France (11.4 thousand), Great Britain (10.4 thousand), Taiwan (4.9 thousand) and Italy (3.7 thousand). The majority (16.8%) of patents were issued for inventions in the field of computers. The top three also include telephony and data transmission systems (6.73%) and computer peripherals (6.22%). It is curious that in 2005, American physicist James Huebner, an employee of the military research center Naval Air Warfare Center, expressed a hypothesis that contradicts generally accepted ideas about science. In his opinion, technological progress peaked in 1915 and then slowed down sharply. Hübner made his conclusion based on the following calculation. He used a list of 7.2 thousand major inventions and innovations (contained in the encyclopedia "The History of Science and Technology", published in 2004 in the USA), which was compared with the dynamics of the world population (for example, the wheel was invented when the world population did not exceed 10 million people) - the peak in the number of new inventions was noted in 1873. The second criterion was US patent statistics, also compared with the country's population. Here, the number of patents issued peaked in 1912. Nowadays, the number of new inventions and innovations, according to Hübner, is comparable to the era of the so-called “Dark Ages” (the period of European history that began after the collapse of the Roman Empire and lasted until the Renaissance).
We decided to figure out which countries have the smartest people. But what is the main indicator of intelligence? Perhaps the human intelligence quotient, better known as IQ. Actually, our rating is based on this quantitative assessment. We also decided to take into account Nobel laureates living in a particular country at the time of receiving the prize: after all, this indicator indicates what place the state occupies in the intellectual arena of the world.
place
ByIQ: administrative region
In general, more than one study has been conducted on the relationship between intelligence and peoples. So, according to the two most popular works - “IQ and Global Inequality” and “IQ and the Wealth of Nations” - East Asians are ahead of the rest of the world.
In Hong Kong, the IQ level of a person is 107 points. But here it is worth considering that the administrative area has a very high population density.
The United States leads other countries in the number of Nobel Prize winners by a huge margin. 356 laureates live (and have lived) here (from 1901 to 2014). But it is worth saying that the statistics here are not entirely related to nationality: in institutes and research centers, scientists from different countries receive very good support, and they often have much more opportunities in the States than in their home country. For example, Joseph Brodsky received a prize for literature while being a citizen.
place
By IQ: South Korea
South Koreans have an IQ of 106. However, being one of the smartest countries is not so easy. For example, the education system in the state is one of the most technologically advanced, but at the same time complex and strict: people graduate from school only at the age of 19, and there is such terrible competition when entering a university that many simply cannot withstand such stress mentally.
By number of Nobel laureates:
In total, the British have received 121 Nobel Prizes. According to statistics, residents of the United Kingdom receive awards every year.
place
Well, as for the laureates of the prestigious award, in third place is. It is home to 104 people who have received awards in various fields.
place
By IQ: Taiwan
In fourth place is again an Asian country - Taiwan, an island controlled by the partially recognized Republic of China. A country known for its industry and productivity, it is today one of the main suppliers of high technology. The local government has great plans for the future: they want to turn the state into a “silicon island”, an island of technology and science.
The average IQ level of residents is 104 points.
By number of Nobel laureates:
There are 57 French residents who have received the Nobel Prize. First of all, they are leaders in the humanities: the country is home to many laureates in philosophy, literature and art.
place
The average IQ of the residents of this city-country is 103 points. As you know, it is one of the leading commercial centers in the world. And one of the most prosperous and richest states, even the World Bank called it the best country for doing business.
By number of Nobel laureates:
Well, finally, the homeland of Nobel himself is included in the rating. There are 29 people who have received awards in various fields.
place
Three countries have an average IQ of 102 points. Well, there’s nothing to say here: Germany has never had a shortage of philosophers and scientists, Austria has a very disciplined and well-developed education system, and the geniuses of Italy can begin to be counted since the times of Ancient Rome.
By number of Nobel laureates: Switzerland
Switzerland has 25 Nobel Prizes, mostly in the sciences. The country is known throughout the world for its private schools and universities with excellent educational standards.
place
Our understanding of the world around us in the heyday of the technological era - all this, and much more, is the result of the work of numerous scientists. We live in a progressive world that is developing at a tremendous pace. This growth and progression is the product of science, numerous studies and experiments. Everything we use, including cars, electricity, healthcare and science, is the result of the inventions and discoveries of these intellectuals. If it weren't for the greatest minds of mankind, we would still be living in the Middle Ages. People take everything for granted, but it is still worth paying tribute to those thanks to whom we have what we have. This list features ten of the greatest scientists in history whose inventions changed our lives.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician, widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Newton's contributions to science were wide-ranging and unique, and the laws he derived are still taught in schools as the basis of scientific understanding. His genius is always mentioned along with a funny story - supposedly Newton discovered the force of gravity thanks to an apple that fell from a tree on his head. Whether the apple story is true or not, Newton also established the heliocentric model of the cosmos, built the first telescope, formulated the empirical law of cooling, and studied the speed of sound. As a mathematician, Newton also made a lot of discoveries that influenced the further development of mankind. 
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein is a physicist of German origin. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. But the most important achievement of the greatest scientist in history is the theory of relativity, which, along with quantum mechanics, forms the basis of modern physics. He also formulated the mass energy equivalence relation E=m, which is named as the most famous equation in the world. He also collaborated with other scientists on works such as Bose-Einstein Statistics. Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, alerting him of possible nuclear weapons, is supposed to be a key impetus in the development of the US atomic bomb. Einstein believes this is the biggest mistake of his life. 
James Maxwell (1831-1879)
Maxwell, a Scottish mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field. He proved that light and the electromagnetic field travel at the same speed. In 1861, Maxwell took the first color photograph after researching in the field of optics and colors. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics and kinetic theory also helped other scientists make a number of important discoveries. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is another major contribution to the development of relativity and quantum mechanics. 
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist, whose main invention was the pasteurization process. Pasteur made a number of discoveries in the field of vaccination, creating vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also studied the causes and developed methods of preventing diseases, which saved many lives. All this made Pasteur the “father of microbiology.” This greatest scientist founded the Pasteur Institute to continue scientific research in many fields.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Charles Darwin is one of the most influential figures in human history. Darwin, an English naturalist and zoologist, put forward the theory of evolution and evolutionism. He provided the basis for understanding the origins of human life. Darwin explained that all life arose from common ancestors and that development occurred through natural selection. This is one of the dominant scientific explanations for the diversity of life. 
Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). She became not only the first woman to win the prize, but also the only woman to do so in two fields and the only person to achieve this in different sciences. Her main field of research was radioactivity—methods for isolating radioactive isotopes and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. During World War I, Curie opened the first radiology center in France and also developed mobile field x-rays, which helped save the lives of many soldiers. Unfortunately, prolonged exposure to radiation led to aplastic anemia, from which Curie died in 1934. 
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
Nikola Tesla, Serbian American, best known for his work on modern electrical power systems and alternating current research. Tesla initially worked for Thomas Edison, developing engines and generators, but later quit. In 1887 he built an asynchronous motor. Tesla's experiments gave rise to the invention of radio communications, and Tesla's special character gave him the nickname "mad scientist." In honor of this greatest scientist, in 1960 the unit of measurement of magnetic field induction was called “tesla”. 
Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
Danish physicist Niels Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and atomic structure. Bohr is famous for discovering the model of the atom. In honor of this greatest scientist, they even named the element ‘Borium’, previously known as “hafnium”. Bohr also played an important role in the founding of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. 
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei is best known for his achievements in astronomy. An Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, he improved the telescope and made important astronomical observations, including the confirmation of the phases of Venus and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. The frantic support of heliocentrism led to the persecution of the scientist; Galileo was even subjected to house arrest. At this time he wrote ‘Two New Sciences’, thanks to which he was called the “Father of Modern Physics”. 
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who is the first true scientist in history. His views and ideas influenced scientists in later years. He was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His work covers a wide variety of subjects - physics, metaphysics, ethics, biology, zoology. His views on natural sciences and physics were innovative and became the basis for the further development of mankind. 
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev can safely be called one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. He discovered one of the fundamental laws of the universe - the periodic law of chemical elements, to which the entire universe is subject. The story of this amazing man deserves many volumes, and his discoveries became the engine of development of the modern world.