| Indicators, % | Coal deposit | ||||
| South Ural | Irsha-Borodinskoe | Podmoskovnoe | Bikins-something | Chelyabinsk | |
| Ash content A R | 16,0 | 6,3 | 30,6 | 35,0 | 24,4 |
| Humidity W R | 10,0 | 8,2 | 32,1 | 10,5 | 9,1 |
| Volatile output | 63,6 | 47,0 | 48,0 | 50,4 | 39,0 |
| Combustible mass composition WITH | 69,5 | 70,7 | 67,6 | 65,4 | 71,0 |
| N | 6,6 | 5,7 | 5,17 | 5,5 | 4,4 |
| ABOUT | 21,8 | 22,9 | 26,0 | 26,5 | 23,0 |
| N | 0,6 | 0,7 | 1,22 | 1,8 | 1,4 |
| Sulfur content S | 2,92 | 0,3 | 4,34 | 0,44 | 1,97 |
| Including: pyrite | 1,23 | 0,01 | 2,49 | 0,07 | 0,1 |
| sulfate | 0,13 | 0,02 | 0,65 | 0,03 | 0,29 |
| organic | 1,46 | 0,27 | 1,2 | 0,34 | 1,58 |
| Content of humic acids in the combustible mass | 68,0 | 37,7 | 17,0 | 22,0 | 2,3 |
The industrial classification of brown coals involves dividing them into groups based on moisture and ash content and into grades based on the size of the pieces. Based on the moisture content in the working fuel ( W p) brown coals are divided into three groups: B1, B2 and B3 with W p >40, W p =30...40 and W R<30 % соответственно. По зольности сухой массы (A c) brown coals, depending on the basin, are divided into a number of groups (from three to five). Based on the size of the pieces, brown coals are divided into grades: BK (large brown coals - with piece sizes from 50 to 100 mm); BO (brown walnut – pieces from 25 to 50 mm); BM (small brown – pieces from 13 to 25 mm); BR (brown ordinary - pieces up to 200 mm for mines and up to 300 mm for quarries).
Brown coal deposits are found everywhere in our country, and their reserves are very large. In the Kansk-Achinsk basin alone, geological reserves of brown coal are estimated at 600 billion tons, of which 140 billion tons can be mined by open-pit mining.
Even larger coal reserves are concentrated in the Tunguska basin (several trillion tons). Large deposits of brown coal are found in Kazakhstan, Ukraine, the central zone of the Russian Federation, Central Asia and the Far East.
Due to the high ballast content and low mechanical strength, brown coals are not transportable over long distances and, like peat, belong to the category of local fuels. However, various technologies for their preparation have been developed that make it possible to convert brown coals into transportable fuel, which, in combination with new combustion methods (for example, in a fluidized bed), will significantly expand the possibilities of their transportation and make their combustion at power plants more efficient.
The energy-technological or energy-chemical use of brown coals is promising, in which synthetic liquid fuels, chemical raw materials, and various commercial products can be obtained from them.
Stone coals. Changes in the organic matter of fossil fuels at the Carboniferous stage occur under the influence of a number of geological factors in zones of increased tectonic activity. The main factor, apparently, is temperature (it is assumed that the formation of hard coals occurred at temperatures of 250-350 ° C). It has been established that some rocks and mineral inclusions in the coal mass (for example, oxides of iron, aluminum, etc.) can play the role of catalysts for a number of reactions in the coal substance. As a result, the organic material is further enriched with carbon with the loss of oxygen- and hydrogen-containing compounds that form carbon oxide and dioxide, water, and methane. The humic acids contained in brown coal are converted into insoluble neutral humins at the coal stage.
Hard coals are very diverse in chemical maturity, and therefore they are classified according to a number of characteristics: the yield of volatile substances related to the combustible mass of fuel, V g, sinterability of the solid residue, determined by heating the fuel without air access to a temperature of 850 ° C under standard conditions, and the heat of combustion of the bomb per combustible mass. In the accepted classification, hard coals are divided into the following grades (with grade designations): long-flame (D), gas (G), gas fat (GZh), fat (Zh), coke (K), coke fat (KZh), coke second ( K2), lean sintering (OS), low sintering (SS), lean (T). The number of coal grades and their characteristics are determined by GOST for each basin.
The reserves of hard coal in the Russian Federation are also very large, with most of them, like brown coal, concentrated in Siberia. Among the largest coal basins in the country today, the Kuznetsky, Pechora, South Yakutsky, and Kizelovsky are being developed.
Hard coals have relatively lower ash and moisture content than brown coals: A p = (5...15)%; Wр =(5…10)%. As a result, their heat of combustion turns out to be greater:
Q n p = (23…27.3) MJ/kg (5500…6500 kcal/kg).
Anthracite. Anthracite is the end result of coal transformation. This type of coal is characterized by a very high degree of carbonization (carbon content in the combustible mass reaches 94–96%), high hardness and density, low humidity and a clearly defined fine-crystalline structure of natural graphite. Due to its increased fragility, anthracite mining is accompanied by the formation of a larger amount of fines (with pieces smaller than 6 mm) - the so-called chips. Anthracite slag (AS) is a relatively low-grade energy fuel, the combustion of which was first organized on a large scale in the world at power plants in the USSR back in the pre-war period.
These coals have a low volatile yield ( V g = 2...9%).
The heat of combustion of such coals is quite high: Q n p = 34.5 MJ/kg (8300 kcal/kg). Coals with characteristics between hard coal and anthracite are called semi-anthracite. The volatile yield of such coals is V g = (5...10)%, and the heat of combustion is slightly higher than anthracite ( Q n p = 35 MJ/kg). Semi-anthracites and anthracites are divided according to the volumetric yield of volatile substances in the conventional combustible mass V g by volume: semi-anthracites - (220...300) cm 3 /g, anthracites - less than 220 cm 3 /g. The heat of combustion of volatile substances for anthracite is 43.1 MJ/kg, semi-anthracite is 48.2 MJ/kg.
Oil shale. Oil shale belongs to the class of sapropelites, heavily ballasted with sedimentary rocks (sand, clay), the content of which reaches 70%. When the ballast content is over 70%, burning sapropelite in conventional combustion devices (layer or chamber) becomes impossible, however, in fluidized bed furnaces it is possible to burn oil shale containing less than 30% combustible organic matter.
Being a typical low-grade fuel, shale is at the same time a valuable raw material for the production of synthetic liquid fuels and combustible gas, in particular when used in combination. Oil shale ash is also of some value as a building material and a product for soil deoxidation in agriculture.
Our country has large reserves of shale. There are shale fuel deposits in the regions of Kuibyshev, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Leningrad, etc.
The ash content of shale is very high and reaches A p = (50...60)%. Due to the large ballast, their calorific value is low Q n p = (5.87...10) MJ/kg (1400...2000 kcal/kg). The hydrogen content in the combustible mass is high N p = (7.5...9.5)%, which determines the high yield of volatiles, reaching (80...90)%, and their easy flammability.
Wood fuel and urban waste. In addition to firewood itself, this category of fuel also includes various types of plant waste generated both during forest cutting and during its further processing (stumps, twigs, branches, top parts of trees, trimmings, chips, shavings, sawdust, so-called waste: pine needles , foliage, dead wood, bark), crop waste: straw, firewood, husks, stems of some plants, etc.
The organic part of wood and other plant formations consists mainly of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, of proteins, fats, waxes and resins that are part of plant cells or fill the intercellular space of plant tissue. The main components of carbohydrates are cellulose (C 6 H 24 O 5) x, from which cell walls are built, hemicellulose, which is the hydrolyzed part of cellulose, and a special encrusting substance that fills the intercellular spaces - lignin (C 9 H 24 O 10). The cellulose content in the organic part of multicellular plants reaches 60%, the lignin content ranges from 20...30%, depending on the type and age of the wood. The content of mineral salts in main wood is 0.21%, in birch - 0.29...0.38%, in oak - 0.37%, in spruce - 0.22...0.37%. However, in the bark, leaves, as well as in the stems of annual plants, the content of mineral salts is much higher and amounts to: in spruce bark - 5.77%, in beech bark - 8.84%, in straw - from 3.3 to 7.2%, in husk - 2.31%, reed - 7.4%. The elemental composition and characteristics of various types of wood fuel are given in Table. 6.
Despite the fact that an incredible technological breakthrough has recently been observed in the energy sector, brown coal, which was discovered quite a long time ago and began to be actively used back in the 19th century, still remains in demand and is widely used in practice. This situation is explained by the optimal price-quality ratio this type of fuel. In terms of basic characteristics, it is inferior to the same coal, but thanks to the unusual properties of brown coal, its use is possible in a variety of areas of economic activity of modern man.
Origin of brown coal
The characteristics of brown coal are determined by its origin - it represents an intermediate link in the long and chemically complex process of coal formation. The source material for this is underground deposits of the remains of ancient ferns and horsetails, which, under the influence of a combination of factors, were preserved at great depths. As a result, the dense mass gradually turned into carbon (brown coal on average consists of 60% carbon), where the first stage of transformation was peat, then brown coal, which in the process of various transformations became hard coal, and subsequently anthracite.
Thus, Brown coal is young, “unripe” coal. This circumstance largely explains the properties and use of brown coal. Its deposits are located at a depth of up to 600 meters in the form of continuous thick layers of varying thickness. Average the depth of coal layers ranges from 10 to 60 meters, although there are known deposits where the layer thickness reaches 200 m. All this makes the process of mining brown coal simple and low-cost, and, therefore, cost-effective.
Brown coal mining
Experts estimate the total reserves of brown coal in the world at approximately 5 trillion tons. The main deposits are concentrated in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Australia. The largest amount of brown fuel is produced in Germany, where it is mined in open pits at three large deposits.
In Russia, the geography of production is much wider, although most of the deposits are concentrated in the Asian part of the country. One of the largest coal basins in the world is Kansko-Achinsky, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and, despite the fact that it partially covers the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions, Krasnoyarsk is rightfully considered the main supplier of brown coal in our country.
The Kansk-Achinsk basin is a huge territory, divided into dozens of separate fields, each of which is capable of meeting the energy needs of the entire region. For example, The largest section of the basin is Berezovsky, where the so-called Sharypovo coal is mined, supplies the local state district power station with solid fuel, on the energy of which the economy of the entire region rests.
Another large coal basin is the Tunguska. It is also related to the Krasnoyarsk Territory, although most of it is located on the territory of the Republic of Sakha, on the so-called Central Yakut Plain.
Main characteristics of brown coal
Brown coal is considered a low carbonization fuel, since the concentration of carbon (the substance that ensures active combustion) is lower in it than in stone. This also explains the lower specific heat of combustion - the amount of heat that is released during the combustion of 1 kg of fuel. For brown coal this figure averages 5.4-5.6 kcal, but certain varieties, for example, selected, from the point of view of specific heat of combustion, significantly exceed the average level.
Brown coal has a high moisture content – the average is 25%, and in some cases the fuel moisture content can reach 40%. This circumstance does not have the best effect on the combustible properties of brown coal and its application. When it is burned in large quantities, smoke is released and a peculiar, very persistent burning smell appears, which creates certain inconveniences when using coal for heating private houses.
Another important characteristic of any solid fuel is ash content.. It is determined as a percentage and refers to the volume of non-combustible waste that remains in the furnace after complete combustion of coal. The ash content depends on the presence of moisture and foreign impurities in the form of various resins in the coal mass. Their content may vary depending on the deposit where coal is mined. Thus, for example, coal from the Borodino deposit is characterized by a high level of moisture and ash content, which in some cases can reach 20% or more.
Scope of application
Depending on the specific combination of the above properties, the use of brown coal is possible in a variety of areas of economic activity. First of all, low cost makes it attractive from the point of view of private home owners, where heating is based on the operation of solid fuel boilers. The most popular in this segment is the one mined in Krasnoyarsk., which is characterized by moderate humidity (20-22%) and ash content (from 5 to 8%), as well as high calorific value. With such indicators, it is ideal for combustion in standard solid fuel boilers.
From this point of view, only Montenegrin hard coal can be compared. Its main advantage is the low content of impurities, as well as humidity, which does not exceed 7%, and in some varieties of Montenegrin coal it is only 3%. Accordingly, the ash content of such fuel fluctuates at the level of 7-8%, and the specific heat of combustion is in the range of 7800-8200 kcal/kg.
Also brown coal can be used in small boiler houses and thermal power plants where the fuel must meet special requirements. The use of hard coal, and even more so anthracite, in this case is unprofitable due to its high cost. But brown coal is almost ideal for such purposes. In Krasnoyarsk, for example, Sharypovsky and Borodino brown coal is used mainly for such purposes.
Thus, the properties and applications of brown coal are quite wide, as noted in the “Russian Energy Strategy for the period until 2020.” This document emphasizes the undoubted importance of this type of fuel for the country’s energy independence.
Brown coal is generally characterized by a high calorific value at a relatively low cost. But at the same time, a large number of foreign impurities in the form of various resins, as well as high humidity, reduce the effectiveness of brown coal as a fuel. Specific recommendations for its use depend on the characteristics of the selected variety. It is ideal for heating private houses using solid fuel boilers, and if automatic or semi-automatic installations are used, then the best solution would be Montenegrin hard coal, which is characterized by low humidity and ash content. And here For the operation of small boiler houses and thermal power plants, lower quality types of fuel are suitable, with a higher content of impurities and moisture, for example, Borodino or Sharypov.
The European South is the southernmost region in Russia, which shares into mountainous and flat parts and has seaside location: in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea, and in the west by the Black and Azov Seas. North Caucasus borders in the north with Ukraine, the Central Black Earth region and the Volga region, and in the south with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Transport network well developed on the flat part, there are no railways in the mountains, they pass only along the coast: Tuapse, Sochi, Sukhumi, Makhachkala, Derbent, Baku. A road to Tbilisi, the former Georgian Military Road, was laid across the main ridge.
Natural monument in Adygea
On the southwestern outskirts of the village of Kamennomostsky there is a famous Khadzhokh Gorge, she is called " Noise" At a depth of 35-40 m in a gloomy gorge, 6-7 m wide, and in places up to 2 m, foaming and swirling with terrible force, it carries its waters Belaya River. On the steep, almost bare limestone walls of the canyon one can see depressions-niches, the result of centuries-old work of water (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Khadzhokh Gorge ()
The length of the gorge is 350-400 m. Throughout its entire length, the river furiously hits the wall, only to bounce off with even greater force and run into another. The water boils and foams, like in a cauldron, breaking into tiny splashes and finally breaking out of the tight stone captivity, slowing down and freely spilling up to 50-60 m along the valley.
Georgian Military Road
The road running from Vladikavkaz to Tiflis is known under this name (Fig. 3). During the construction of the Georgian Military Road we had to fight both nature and mountain tribes. Huge pieces of rock were broken off in order to make the descent more gentle. In places where the cliffs were almost vertical, an artificial wall was built and the voids were filled with rock. The fight against nature continues to this day (Fig. 4).
Rice. 3. Georgian Military Road ()
Rice. 4. Georgian Military Road ()
Glaciers descending from the top of Kazbek cause landslides: the most dangerous of the 8 glaciers of Kazbek is Devdoraki. To prevent blockages, horizontal platforms or stone galleries are built on the mountain slopes; but these measures are not possible everywhere; Such a measure is not applicable to the steep cliffs of the Baydar Gorge. Currently, the Georgian Military Road is a wide highway running along the Terek and Aragva gorges and the watershed between them. Between Vladikavkaz and Tiflis there are 11 stations, of which 4 lie on the northern slope of the mountains and 7 are behind the pass. The length of the road is 208 km. The Georgian Military Road is described in several literary works, for example in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov or in the novel “12 Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.
The relief of this economic region is flat in the north and mountainous in the south. Caucasus- these are young high folded mountains (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Caucasus Mountains ()
Mountain building is still ongoing here. The Caucasus Mountains have three parts: Skalisty, Side and Main ranges. Within the Central Caucasus there are highest peaks Russia: the double-headed Elbrus (5642 m) (Fig. 6), which is an extinct volcano, and Kazbek (5033 m) (Fig. 7).
Rice. 6. Mount Elbrus ()
Rice. 7. Mount Kazbek ()
There are also mountains Mashuk and Beshtau. Climate This territory is temperate, with warm, long summers and heavy rainfall. In summer, this region receives 1.5 times more solar radiation than the central part of Russia. Particularly large amounts of precipitation fall in the western territories. This is due to the fact that moist warm air masses come here from the Atlantic. This area - the western territory of the foothills of the Caucasus - is most favorable for the development of agriculture, especially crop production, because summer lasts 11 months. But the eastern parts of this region, where the Caspian lowland is located, are characterized by a hot and dry climate. In summer and autumn there are often droughts, which are accompanied by hot winds and dust storms. The climate in the highlands differs from the foothills. Here, with altitude, the air temperature decreases and permanent or temporary winds such as foehn or bora are formed. Föhn- a strong, warm and dry wind blowing from the mountains to the valley, usually blows in autumn, winter and spring, under its influence snow melts in the mountains.
Climate of the North Caucasus- temperate continental, and on the Black Sea coast - subtropical. In winter, the climate is characterized by cold with snow cover, and in summer - heat with thunderstorms and hair dryers. There is a lot of heat on the plains of the North Caucasus. Here, average July temperatures are more than 20 °C, and summer lasts about 5 months. Average January temperatures range from -10 to +6 °C, and winter lasts only 3 months. The rest of the year is occupied by spring and autumn.
North Caucasian mountain rivers: Don, Kuban (Fig. 8), Terek - used for irrigation and water resources.
Rice. 8. Kuban River ()
Mountain rivers differ from lowland rivers in the nature of their flow: they are, first of all, stormy and rapids. The main source of nutrition for such rivers is melted glacial and snow waters, so mountain rivers have clear and very cold water. Only in the lower reaches do large rivers such as the Kuban or Terek have a calm flow. Here are located plavni- vast wetlands covered with reeds or reeds. The soils in the region are fertile, black soils. The thickness of the humus layer reaches 2 m. Chestnut soils are observed in the southeast. The steppes in the west gradually turn into dry steppes and semi-deserts. Found in the mountains altitudinal zone, or altitudinal zonation- a natural change in natural conditions and landscapes in the mountains as altitude increases.
Altitudinal zone of the Caucasus
Caucasus- a vast territory between the Black, Azov and Caspian seas with an area of 440 thousand km 2. Natural conditions The Caucasus varies from subtropics in the lowlands of Transcaucasia to the eternal snow and ice of the Greater Caucasus. Dombay- the top of the western part of the Main, or Watershed Range of the Greater Caucasus (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Peak Dombay ()
The peak, whose height is 4046 m, is located at the source of the Teberda River. The peaks are covered with eternal snow and glaciers. The Western Caucasus is part of the Greater Caucasus mountain system.
Rice. 10. Nature of the mountainous Caucasus ()
Mountain-forest and mountain-meadow landscapes dominate here (Fig. 10). Alpine meadows rich in herbs have served cattle breeders as summer pastures from time immemorial. Flowering rhododendron- one of the plants of alpine meadows (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Rhododendron ()
Bushes, depending on the type, reach a height of 30-40 cm to 2-3 m. In total, there are more than 12 varieties in the world. From the base of the Caucasus Mountains to the top, the natural zones change as follows: first, dry steppe and semi-deserts, then forest and steppes, mountain forest belt, subalpine and alpine meadows, and the peaks are covered with snow and glaciers.
The region's territory is rich in resources. Donbass hard coal of high quality is mined underground, its cost is high, but reserves are being depleted. Gas is produced in the Stavropol Territory, oil - in the area of Grozny and Makhachkala, tungsten-molybdenum ores - in Kabardino-Balkaria (Fig. 12).
Rice. 12. Map of natural resources of the North Caucasus ()
Ciscaucasia is located in the steppe zone and has fertile soil - black soil. Rivers: Kuban, Don, Terek - are used for irrigation. The region is also rich in recreational resources. On the Black Sea coast there are famous resort cities: Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik. The Elbrus region is an area of mountaineering and skiing. In the cities of Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznogorsk, Kislovodsk there are sanatoriums with medicinal mineral waters (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Recreational resources of the North Caucasus ()
Bibliography
1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: 9th grade, textbook for students of general education institutions. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.
2. Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
3. Atlas of economic geography, grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.
2. Internet portal "nationalsecurity.ru" ()
Homework
1. Tell us about the geographical location of the North Caucasus.
2. Tell us about the natural resources and recreation of the Caucasus.
3. Prepare a report on the relief and climate of the European south of Russia.
Lesson in 9th grade on the topic: “European South of Russia.
Economic-geographical location, natural conditions and resources of the area.
»
Republic of Crimea, Bakhchisarai district, village. Vilino "MKOU Vilinskaya Secondary School No. 1"
Goals: Assess the EGP of the European South, the North Caucasus, introduce the symbols of the subjects of the Federation of the region, determine the features of the natural conditions and natural resources of the region, study the national composition, population density..
Equipment: Economic map of the European South, physical map of Eurasia, climate map of the world, textbook, presentation and presentation equipment.
During the classes:
1.Org. moment.
2.Explanation of new material.
The North Caucasus is the most multinational region of Russia. It is a health resort and breadbasket of the country. But at the same time, this is the most unstable area. (Remember why?)
Today we will get acquainted with the featuresEuropean South of Russia.
Economic-geographical location, natural conditions and resources of the area
Determine which entities are part of the European South. (working with map and slides)
The North Caucasus economic region is one of the largest regions of Russia. The North Caucasus is located between three seas (Black, Azov, Caspian).
The area goes to the land border of Russia: with Ukraine - the Rostov region, with Georgia - the Krasnodar Territory and all republics except Adygea, with Azerbaijan - Dagestan.
In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea - this is access to Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran. In the west are the Black and Azov Seas. The seas are inland, but through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles there is access to the Mediterranean Sea.
The transport network is quite developed in the flat part, and in the mountainous areas there are no railways, only along the coast of Tuapse - Sochi - Sukhumi (Georgia), in the east Makhachkala - Derbent - Baku.
Conclusion: EGP is beneficial, but a stable environment is needed.
It borders with the Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions.
3. Assess natural conditions and draw a conclusion. Work is carried out in groups using the textbook text and maps.
1. Relief.
2. Climate.
3.Water.
4. Soils.
5. Natural areas.
6. Mineral resources.
7.Recreational resources.
Children give characteristics in groups (slides)
1)Relief
1. Volga Upland
2. Stavropol Upland.
3. Caspian lowland.
4.Prikubasskaya lowland.
5. Tersko - Kuma lowland.
6.Kumo-Manych depression
7.Central Crimean Plain
8.North Crimean Lowland
9.Tarkhankut Upland
10. Crimean Mountains (Roman-Kosh 1545m), Greater Caucasus (Elbrus 5642m)
2) Moderate continental (+21-22 in summer; -5-8 in winter; 450-550 mm)
Subtropical (+22-23 in summer; +5+8 in winter; 1200 mm)
3) It is not rich in water resources. The Don, Kuban, and Terek rivers are used mainly for irrigation. Some rivers, in particular the Kuma, are drying up.
4) The region is located in the zone of steppes (chernozems), semi-deserts (chestnut soils).
6) Mineral resources
1. Hard coal - Donetsk basin;
2. Gas – Stavropol, Krasnodar Territories;
3. Oil – Chechen Republic, Republic
Dagestan;
4. Iron ore – Kerch basin;
5. Tungsten-molybdenum ores –
Kabardino - Balkaria.
7) Recreational resources – natural cultural and historical complexes
and their elements that contribute to the restoration and development of physical and spiritual
human strength.
1.Black Sea coast. Resorts: Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Yalta, Alushta, Feodosia,
Zander.
2. Elbrus region is an area of mountaineering and skiing.
3.Caucasian mineral waters: Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk.
Conclusion: The European South has rich recreational, agroclimatic, land and fuel resources.
The North Caucasus is the only region in Russia where the population is growing rapidly. Now the absolute natural increase has given way to a decrease. But Ingushetia and Dagestan have the highest growth (12%) in the country. In most republics, the birth rate remains high (why?)
Using the map, determine the average population density...
Determine the national composition...
The average population density is 50 people. per km 2 . Natural increase is positive. The national composition is heterogeneous. The most multinational region of Russia. Russians predominate. There are such peoples as: Adygeis, Kabardians, Circassians, Ingush, Karachais, Ossetians, etc.
INDUSTRY
Using the table in the appendices, determine the main directions of industry in the region.....p. 275 (textbook).
For production......
The North Caucasus region is the largest supplier of oil and gas. The leading industries of market specialization are:
gas, oil, coal, non-ferrous metallurgy, various
mechanical engineering, cement and food industries. The North Caucasus is one of the oldest oil refining regions in the country. To the old oil refining areas of Grozny, Tuapse, Krasnodar in recent years
new ones were added in the Ciscaucasia. Natural gas is produced mainly in
Stavropol and Krasnodar territories, and incidentally - in Chechnya and Dagestan.
Gas condensate is also extracted - a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.
industry. However, the oil industry was damaged by the Chechen war
great damage. The North Caucasus region is distinguished by the richness and diversity of raw materials, fuel and energy resources. Natural gas reserves are significant. The total geological reserves of coal are about 44 billion tons. They are concentrated mainly in the Rostov region, in the eastern part of Donbass. Anthracites predominate, occurring mainly at a depth of about 600 meters.
The North Caucasus has significant resources of non-ferrous and rare metal ores (lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, molybdenum).
Coal industry
concentrated in the Rostov region, where the eastern wing of Donbass enters. There are also small quantities of coal in the south of the Stavropol Territory, in Kabardino-Balkaria and Dagestan.
The region is home to non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In Vladikavkaz
There is an electrozinc plant, the Urupsky mining and processing plant is in Karachay-Cherkessia, and a tungsten-molybdenum plant is operating in Tyrnyauz.
Metallurgical plants specialize in the production of steel, pipes, and steel castings.
The North Caucasus is poorly supplied with forest resources (it accounts for only 0.5
Which economic regions have large reserves of forest resources?
Their peculiarity is that 65% of the forest belongs to high-mountain forests and has no operational significance. In this regard, the forests of the North Caucasus can be considered from the point of view of their recreational, health and environmental benefits.
What are recreational resources called?
The chemical complex develops primarily using local raw materials and
produces a variety of products - phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, varnishes and paints, synthetic detergents, plastics and artificial fibers.
Sectors of market specialization include agricultural
mechanical engineering and production of technological and drilling equipment for the gas and oil industries. An industry of market importance is the production of electric locomotives - Novocherkassk. River and sea vessels are also produced in the North Caucasus region. New labor-intensive branches of mechanical engineering have emerged - instrument making, electrical engineering, etc. A new branch is nuclear engineering.
The basis of the economy of the North Caucasus is the electric power industry. In many
Thermal, nuclear and hydraulic power plants have been built in the areas. The largest thermal power plants have been created in Krasnodar, Grozny, Novocherkassk, Nevinnomyssk, and among the hydroelectric power stations the following stand out: Tsimlyanskaya, Gizeldonskaya, Baksanskaya, Belorechenskaya. The energy system of the region is connected to the Donbass and Volga region.
3. Summing up the lesson.
What economic region did we start getting acquainted with in class?
What entities are included in the district?
Which states does the area border with?
What seas does the area have access to?
4. D/Z paragraph 28 reading, rewriting, notes in notebooks.
Additionally: build a diagram of the industry of the European South.