The state of the natural environment is an indicator of the quality of life of the population. Where the quality of the natural environment is not favorable, there is a high level of morbidity in the population, environmental diseases are most common, and a low level of average life expectancy. The most critical environmental situation in Russia has developed in Kuzbass, the Urals and Altai, Norilsk, and the Caspian region.
There are four states of the natural environment:
1. Normal (natural) state of the environment;
2. Abnormal (disturbed) state of the environment;
3. Crisis state of the environment;
4. Ecologically dangerous state (or destruction) of the environment.
The normal (natural) state of the environment is an ecologically balanced state of the natural environment, corresponding to the balance of the totality of natural conditions and the scale of social production. In a normal state of the environment, there is a certain ecological balance, human interaction with social production, which does not lead to a significant change in the environment or the health of the person himself. The rate of restoration processes in ecosystems exceeds or is equal to the rate of anthropogenic disturbances. Morbidity and mortality of the population tend to decrease, and life expectancy tends to increase. Special measures other than the protection of flora and fauna are not required here.
An abnormal (disturbed) state of the environment can be called a state in which one or more parameters of the state of the environment reach values that differ significantly from the background characteristics of a given area or some properties of the environment are disturbed. In an abnormal state, the environment does not yet lose its systemic integrity, but acquires the characteristics of an ecologically unbalanced system and can have a harmful effect on a person, or not satisfy his needs, unless special measures are taken to counteract this harmful effect or neutralize it.
This requires measures to locally improve the living environment, environmental optimization of farming, and organizational work to protect wildlife.
A crisis state of the environment occurs when the parameters of the state of the environment approach the permissible limits of change, the transition through which entails a loss of stability of the system, and subsequently its destruction. An environmental crisis may result from anthropogenic pollution or other impacts on the environment when threshold values are reached. This condition is characterized by degradation (change, destruction) of natural systems. Replacement of existing systems with less productive ones, as well as partial desertification. This makes it difficult to maintain traditional farming. A deterioration in the health status of the population is observed or predicted (increasing morbidity in children and adults) and a reduction in life expectancy of the population. There is a threat of an increase in negative phenomena in a number of generations (increase in genetic diseases).
At this stage, environmental planning, design and optimization of the economy are required, it is necessary to improve the living environment of the population through improving public utilities and special protection of the population, medical care and material benefits (introducing payment for the harmfulness of living in environmentally unfavorable areas), as well as measures for population reproduction .
An environmentally hazardous state of the environment is a state in which the environment becomes unsuitable for human habitation or becomes unsuitable for use as a natural resource. This condition is characterized as an environmental disaster or environmental catastrophe. For example, the 30-kilometer zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
This state of the environment requires careful control and environmental monitoring of the environment, environmental planning, environmental optimization of the economy, and increasing the environmental safety of technical devices. The population should receive material compensation for living in environmentally unfavorable areas.
1 answer.Environmental protection, basic concepts and definitions
Environment - This habitat and activities humanity, the entire world around a person, including natural, and the built environment. (Encyclopedia)
Environment - a set of natural conditions, objects of living and inanimate nature that make up the environment of a living system (human or animal) and constantly interact with it.
« Environment » - characterizes the natural conditions and ecological state of a certain area, natural conditions on the Earth’s surface, including living and inanimate nature, as well as their interaction with humans and society.
Natural environment – these are the natural conditions that surround living organisms, promoting or hindering their development. The environment directly or indirectly influences them; from it they receive everything they need to maintain life. Organisms release metabolic products into the environment, which then, in turn, take part in natural processes. The environment consists of various elements of living and inanimate nature, as well as those created by man in the process of his activities.
In area environmental protection the following are used key concepts:
Natural environment- is a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. The natural environment differs from other components of the environment in the property of self-maintenance and self-regulation without corrective human intervention.
state of the environment
environmental quality
negative impact on the environment- deterioration of its quality indicators and condition in general, caused by economic and other human activities,
harm to the environment(environmental harm ) - negative changes in its condition, expressed in pollution of the natural environment, depletion of natural resources, destruction of natural ecosystems, metabolic and energy disorders, harmonious development of society and nature.
Environmental protection should be aimed at ensuring environmental safety.
ecological safety of the environment- the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.
N ature - anthropogenic object - a natural object changed as a result of economic and other human activities, or an object created by man, possessing the properties of a natural object and having recreational and protective significance. An anthropogenic object is an object created by man to satisfy his needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.
2answer.“Environmental protection, subject, purpose and objectives of the discipline, connection with other sciences.
The ultimate goal of environmental protection is to maintain the balanced functioning of its components and ensuring favorable conditions for the life of present and subsequent generations of people, the development of the national economy, science and culture of all peoples of the Earth.
Protection of the natural environment is necessary, first of all, to ensure safety and meet the needs of humans and the environment itself.
Therefore, the main task of humanity in the field of “environmental protection” today is - expansion of knowledge about nature, its components, their interaction and mutual influence, the desire to understand ongoing processes and their interrelationships. Environmental education and upbringing of all segments of the population is of paramount importance.
Thus, we can formulate the following tasks of ecology and environmental protection:
study of the patterns of life organization, including in connection with anthropogenic impacts on the environment du;
Optimization of the relationship between humans and the natural environment;
creation of a scientific basis for the rational exploitation of natural resources;
3 Answer: Natural environment, definition, components, connection with the environment
Natural environmentThis the totality of all living and inanimate nature. Nature in modern natural science appears to be dynamic, developing through crisis states. disasters and branching points (bifurcation points). The modern picture of life defines crisis conditions as a necessary component of the development of matter. System "society-nature" upon reaching the bifurcation point, it is rebuilt. Bifurcation is an impetus for the development of the biosphere along some new path.
environmental factors. These include:
abiotic - components of inanimate nature (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil, climate):
biotic - individuals and populations in natural communities:
anthropogenic -human activity leading to changes in the habitat of organisms. The anthropogenic factor is caused by a population explosion and destroys the biosphere.
Thus, concept of "environment" wider
4.Answer: Natural component of the environment, its features and role in maintaining environmental sustainability
Components of the natural environment that affect organisms are called environmental factors. These include:
abiotic - components of inanimate nature (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil, climate):
biotic - individuals and populations in natural communities:
anthropogenic -human activity leading to changes in the habitat of organisms. The anthropogenic factor is caused by a population explosion and destroys the biosphere.
A deficiency or excess of one or another environmental factor (environmental impact) leads to the impossibility of the existence of living organisms. In such cases, they talk about limiting environmental factors.
Thus, concept of "environment" wider than the concept of “natural environment”, it includes both natural and artificial (technogenic) environment - a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and conscious human activity and having no analogues in natural nature (buildings, structures, etc.) .
Thus, in the definition of environment there are two components - Natural and public
Natural component of the environment- this is the total space directly or indirectly accessible to a person. This is, first of all, planet Earth with its diverse shells.
6 Answer. The concept of “environment”, its components (according to D. Zh. Markovich), their properties and features.
The concept of “environment” is fundamentally correlative, since it reflects subject-object relations and therefore loses its content without defining which subject it refers to. The human environment is a complex formation that integrates many different components, which makes it possible to talk about a large number of environments, in relation to which the “human environment” is a generic concept. The diversity and multiplicity of heterogeneous environments that make up a single human environment ultimately determine the diversity of its influence on him.
According to D. Zh. Markovich, the concept of “human environment” in its most general form can be defined as a set of natural and artificial conditions in which a person realizes himself as a natural and social being. The human environment consists of two interconnected parts: natural and social (Fig. 1). The natural component of the environment constitutes the total space directly or indirectly accessible to humans. This is, first of all, planet Earth with its diverse shells. The social part of a person’s environment is society and social relations, thanks to which a person realizes himself as a social active being.
As elements of the natural environment (in its narrow sense) D.Zh. Markovich considers the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, plants, animals and microorganisms.
Plants, animals and microorganisms make up the living natural environment of humans.
7 answer. The concepts of “state of the environment” and “environmental quality” content and main assessment indicators.
state of the environment- a set of biological, chemical, physical and other indicators that describe the state of the components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, changing under the influence of processes and phenomena occurring as a result of natural causes and anthropogenic factors;
environmental quality- characterization of its condition according to the degree of compliance of the values of its physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their totality with the needs of people and other living organisms;
The quality of the natural environment refers to the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms. In a broader sense, the quality of the natural environment is not limited only to the degree of compliance of natural conditions with the needs of populations, since a change in the quality of one element of the natural environment inevitably disrupts the natural balance and entails changes in other elements of the biosphere. Thus, changes in the climatic characteristics of the atmosphere can lead to landscape changes (desertification, flooding, etc.). The assessment of environmental quality is carried out differentially in a number of areas, in which the quality of the air basin, water environment, soil layer, food, etc. is analyzed.
Introduction
The natural environment is the natural conditions that surround living organisms, facilitating or hindering their development. The habitat can directly or indirectly influence them, and from it they receive everything they need to maintain life. Organisms release metabolic products into the environment, which then, in turn, take part in natural processes. It consists of various elements of living and inanimate nature, as well as those created by man in the process of his activities. These elements have different effects on organisms, they can harm or have a neutral effect, but some are necessary for them. Depending on this, there are many classifications of environmental factors.
Definition of the natural environment
Since the natural environment is, in essence, the surrounding natural elements, then, based on this, two categories are distinguished: natural and those created by man. The understanding of the natural environment also differs depending on the global scope of this concept, because by it we can mean the entire outer space that surrounds our planet, and in a narrower sense we can refer to this as the biosphere and the outer shell of the Earth. It is more correct to understand the habitat as the interaction of different elements of the surrounding world, since the perception of elements in a static state does not fully correspond to reality.
So, we can deduce several components of the natural environment:
1. It consists of elements that interact with each other.
2. The natural environment can be understood in different aspects and scales, but its main feature is that it is a set of living conditions for a living being.
3. It affects the life of organisms in different ways: favorably, unfavorably and neutrally.
4. Distinguish between natural environmental factors and those artificially created by man.
Next, we will look at the environmental factors that shape the environment. Natural environment and abiotic factors These are a number of conditions that relate to the inorganic environment. They, in turn, are divided into chemical and physical. In the first category, inorganic nature is considered from the point of view of its chemical composition. For example, there is a big difference between fresh and salt water; some organisms can live in each of them, while others cannot exist. The chemical composition of the atmosphere, soil and other environmental elements is also considered here. Physical factors include air, soil, water temperature, pressure level, wind direction and strength, and radiation parameters. Surface topography and climate data are also considered here. Currently, ecologists are paying special attention to the climate, which has an unfavorable trend of change due to the anthropogenic factor. Natural environment and biotic factors Here the interconnection of living organisms on the planet is manifested. Thus, animals eat other living organisms, controlling their population. Those, in turn, become the habitat of others, for example, parasites. Some living organisms pollinate others and thereby contribute to their reproduction. In this category, there is an amazing balance between the existence of plants and animals: the former produce oxygen, which is necessary for animals, and they, in turn, produce carbon dioxide, which is necessary for plants. Natural environment and anthropogenic factors These are those factors that arise due to human activities. They can be both positive and negative. A person is able to change the environment, adapting it to meet his needs. For example, operating a plant in the coal industry without the use of filters can be very polluting due to heavy emissions. Waste can be disposed of in rivers and buried in the soil, which forces animals to leave their usual environment, and they may even die. On the other hand, there are organizations that are trying to restore the number of individuals of endangered species, and this also applies to anthropogenic factors. Since human activities are very diverse, they can indirectly or directly affect environmental conditions.
In environmental law, the question of the concepts used and their content has a special legal meaning. Such concepts are a means of expressing goals and defining objects of environmentally correct behavior, which their addressees should strive to achieve, etc. These concepts determine the content of legal norms. Analysis of concepts is also important because it makes it possible to communicate in the same language and adequately understand each other. When we talk about ensuring environmental safety, do we mean nature protection? Or is “environmental management” the same as “environmental management”?
One of the innovations of the emerging Russian legislation is that, as a rule, the text of the law provides the definitions of the basic concepts used in it. And this eliminates the possibility (or necessity) of their subjective interpretation. However, not all environmental laws and not all concepts are defined by the legislator.
The fundamental concepts in this area include: “nature”, “natural objects”, “natural resources”, “environment”, “natural environment”, “nature conservation”, “environmental protection”, “ecology”, “ecological requirements”, “environmental safety”, “ensuring environmental safety”, etc. These concepts are not defined in the laws. Let's try to analyze them.
"Nature" -an eternal, objectively existing category. As an integrated object of regulation, use and protection, the concept of “nature” is rarely used in modern environmental legislation. It has been replaced by the concept of “environment”. One of the few laws containing requirements regarding nature is the Constitution of Russia: Art. 58 imposes on everyone the responsibility to preserve nature and the environment. Obviously, the legislator puts different content into these concepts. To what extent is this division justified?
In the natural scientific sense, nature is the totality of objects and systems of the material world in their natural state, which is not a product of human labor activity*. In the legal sense, along with the totality of objects and systems of the material world in their natural state, the concept of “nature” also justifiably includes some natural objects created by human labor: artificially planted forest, fish grown in fish factories and released into a reservoir, wild animals released into the wild for permanent residence**. The main criteria when defining an object as an element of nature are inseparability from natural conditions, inseparability of ecological connections, and insulation from the action of natural forces.
* Krasilov V.A. Nature conservation: principles, problems, priorities. M., 1997. P. 4.
** Legal issues of nature conservation. M., 1963. P. 7.
Nature as a set of objects and systems of the material world in their natural state is the entire Universe, including the Earth, the Sun, and Space. But as an object of relations regulated by environmental law, the concept of “nature” is mainly limited by the limits of practical human use and anthropogenic impact on it.
Nature consists of individual objects - earth (soils), subsoil, water, atmospheric air, flora and fauna, near space.
Although the concept of “nature” is almost never used in environmental legislation, relations regarding the use and protection of nature are actually regulated by regulating the use and protection of its individual objects or resources.
Environment – one of the most fundamental categories of modern science and practice, standing on a par with such categories as peace, economy, society, democracy. It is the environment, and not nature, that is the integrated object of legal regulation of social relations regarding nature at the present stage in accordance with both national and international law.
The concept of “environment” (“umwelt”) was introduced into the science of “ecology” in the second half of the 19th century. German biologist Jacob Uexküll. This was done, as he wrote, “to designate the external world surrounding living beings to the extent that it is perceived by the senses and organs of movement of animals and induces them to certain behavior” *.
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*Cit. By: V. Immodest. From the philosophy of “hostility” to the “philosophy of interdependence” // Green World. 1995. No. 20. P. 14.
As an object of environmental legislation, the concept of “environment” began to be used in foreign economically developed countries in the 60–70s. XX century, i.e. at a time when the state of nature (water, air, soil) was recognized in some of them (USA, Japan, UK, Germany, France, etc.) as a crisis. In our country, this concept was introduced into circulation later. Thus, the Law of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 was called “On the Protection of the Natural Environment.”
Many domestic works correctly point out the incorrectness of the concept of “environment”. In the phrase “environment” there is an obvious tautology made when translating from English – “environment” or German “umwelt”. This term “is verbose and virtually illiterate,” wrote Professor N.F. Reimers, - since the word “surrounding” requires a definition in Russian - surrounding whom?”*. In the literature and practice of environmental activities, the phrase “human environment” is sometimes used. For example, this was the name of the UN Conference held in 1972 in Stockholm.
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* Reimers N.F.Ecology. Theories, laws, rules, principles and hypotheses. P.13.
What caused the use of the concept in question in law? Or why did the legislator not like the concept of “nature” as an object of legal regulation? The new term “environmental protection” was introduced due to the fact that “mankind’s interest in preserving the favorable state of nature as a living environment for people in conditions of rapid scientific and technological progress, population growth, urbanization, etc. has come to the fore.”* . Simultaneously with this new area of activity, the areas of “nature conservation” (in the narrow sense, as the protection of wildlife, protection of landmarks) and “protection of natural resources” are preserved in the social practice of foreign countries. Thus, by environment is meant, or should have been meant, something other than nature.
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*Kolbasov O.S.Ecology: politics - law. M., 1976. P. 16.
Indicative in this regard is the Model Law on Environmental Protection, prepared under the auspices of the Council of Europe and adopted by it in 1994. The concept of “environment” includes, along with natural resources - such as air, outer space, water, soil, climate, fauna and flora in their interaction, it includes the values that shape the human-made environment, as well as the quality of life and conditions to the extent that they have or can have an impact on human well-being and health. The concept of environment thus covers human living conditions and other objects of artificial origin. In the United States, regulation of the protection of historic sites is part of environmental law.
As for the motivation for using the concept “environment” instead of the concept “nature” in Russian law, it is very diverse. According to A.S. Tymoshenko, “the term “nature” is increasingly being replaced by the term “environment”, since the latter most accurately corresponds to that part of the natural environment with which humans interact or will interact in the foreseeable future... It is known that people’s attitude to nature is mediated primarily by the idea that a significant influence on a person is exerted only by that part of the surrounding cosmos that is in one form or another included in human activity (“humanized”).”*
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* A.S.Formation and development of international environmental law. M., 1986. S. 20-21.
Professor V.V. Petrov believed that “the concept of “environment” consists of the concepts of nature and the human environment. Under nature Current legislation increasingly understands the natural environment in the narrow sense of the word as an objective reality that exists independently of human consciousness, as a consequence of the objective evolutionary development of the material world and consisting of natural ecological systems. In this understanding, this is the natural human habitat, little touched or practically unchanged by human economic activity.
Under human environment is understood as that part of the natural environment that has been transformed in the process of anthropogenic human activity, consisting of the organic unity of natural, modified, transformed ecological systems”*. Indeed, there are countries in the world where no real wild nature remains. Thus, in Holland and Great Britain the landscape is completely under human control.
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* Petrov V.V.Environmental law of Russia. Textbook. M., 1995. P. 98.
We cannot help but draw attention to the fact that the content of the concept of “environment” in foreign and Russian legislation is different. The introduction of a new concept in foreign legislation is partly justified by the fact that its content, along with natural factors, included some elements of the social environment (living conditions, historical monuments, etc.).
Russian legislation regulates the protection of the natural environment, i.e. nature in the sense that we talked about above. Used by V.V. Petrov's criteria of nature as the natural habitat of man, little touched or practically unchanged by human economic activity, and the human environment as part of the natural environment, which is transformed in the process of anthropogenic activity, i.e. activities carried out by humans seem unconvincing. It is known that under the influence of human activity, all of nature has been changed to a greater or lesser extent. True, when the author of this textbook commented on Art. 58 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which “everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment...”, it was necessary to show the difference between these concepts, and therefore it was necessary to resort to the criteria used by V.V. Petrov*.
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* Constitution of the Russian Federation. A comment. M., 1997. pp. 362-366.
Taking into account the above and the analysis of the current Russian legislation, we can conclude that, within the meaning of Russian environmental law, the concepts of “nature” and “natural environment” are identical.
Do the concepts of “natural environment” and “environment” differ in content? The law, as noted, regulates the protection of the natural environment. Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the right of everyone to a favorable environment. There is reason to say that we are talking about the same thing.
It can be assumed that the term used in the Constitution includes in its content something more than the natural environment, for example, the human habitat. But in the current legislation the term “habitat” is already used as an object of regulation. So, in Art. 5 of the Law of the RSFSR “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” establishes the right of citizens to a favorable living environment (including the natural environment, working conditions, living conditions, living conditions, recreation, education and training, food, consumed or used products of the national economy), the factors of which are not must have a dangerous and harmful effect on the human body of present and future generations. Both environmental and sanitary-hygienic requirements determine the content of the concept “habitat” used in Art. 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation « On the fundamentals of urban planning in the Russian Federation."
In support of the assumption that the Constitution of the Russian Federation refers to the natural environment, evidenced, in particular, by the fact that the specially authorized state body in this area is called the State Committee for Environmental Protection.
Environment can be defined as the natural surroundings, i.e. a set of natural systems, natural objects and natural resources, including atmospheric air, water, land (soil), subsoil, flora and fauna, as well as climate and near space, in their interrelation and interaction.
Fundamental to environmental law is the concept favorable environment. This term is often used in legislation and practice, and therefore can be considered the most legally significant along with the concept of the environment itself. It is the concept of a favorable environment that serves as a target for the legal regulation of environmental management and environmental protection, a criterion for assessing the legal nature of environmental requirements established in legislation and the corresponding activities of authorized government agencies. It has so far been little developed in doctrine; in this textbook it is discussed in the section on the environmental and legal status of man (see section 4).
The fundamental concept in environmental law also includes the concept “environmental protection” (“protection nature"). Relations regarding environmental protection form the subject of legal regulation of this industry. Environmental protection, along with natural resource management and ensuring environmental safety, is in accordance with Art. 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is a subject of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation. To define this concept, one must answer the question: environmental protection from what or for what? In the process of life activity, the satisfaction of various human needs and anthropogenic impacts on nature, various forms of its unfavorable changes and degradation take place, in particular, its chemical, physical and biological pollution and depletion of natural resources. Accordingly, the environment is protected from degradation, from unfavorable changes in its qualitative characteristics and depletion of natural resources.
In relation to the concept of environmental protection, the question of the goals of activities to protect it is fundamentally important. The doctrine has two positions on this matter. The essence of the first: environmental protection is carried out to preserve nature. According to the second position, reflecting anthropocentric tendencies in the development of doctrine and environmental law, it is protected for the sake of maintaining favorable human living conditions. “The human environment” is the formula for this position. It was the human environment that, as already mentioned, was the subject of the UN Conference held in 1972 in Stockholm. To a certain extent, this position is expressed in the Law of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 “On the Protection of the Natural Environment.” Let us pay attention to its preamble: “Nature and its riches are the national heritage of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis of their sustainable socio-economic development and human well-being.” Man is not a part of nature, but nature is a part of man. It is obvious that the anthropocentric concept of environmental protection reflects human selfishness. It goes against the grain of things. But the essence is simple: nature is the mother of man, as well as of all living things. We, living beings, are children of nature and its organic part. Man differs from other living species only in that he is a biosocial being. And as a biological being, he is a natural part of nature, differing from others only in species characteristics, but living in terms of satisfying physiological needs according to natural laws. As a social being, man organizes his social existence according to social laws, which, in order to preserve man as a species, must be consistent with the laws of nature. As a being with intelligence, which distinguishes man from other living species, he is responsible for ensuring that his activities do not harm other species by changing the natural conditions of their habitat. Consequently, nature is a value that needs protection in itself, due to the fact that it serves as a source of life, but not only of humans. In addition, other organisms are more susceptible than humans to changes in the state of air, water, and soil. Their degradation and extinction mean for a person that he will suffer the same fate. They serve as an indicator of danger. In other words, nature has intrinsic value and needs special protection.
Thus, environmental protection refers to activities aimed at maintaining a favorable state of the environment, preventing degradation in the process of social development and restoring such a state, if it is disturbed, to maintain ecological balance. This means that the goal of environmental protection is to preserve (restore) its favorable state and maintain ecological balance. In the context of environmental law, this definition can be adjusted to clarify that environmental activities are carried out in accordance with legal environmental requirements.
In environmental law, the concept of “ecology” and various derivatives from it are widely used - environmental legal relations, environmental requirements, environmental behavior, environmental safety, environmental management, environmental legislation, environmental law, etc.
First time concept "ecology"(from the Greek oikos - dwelling, habitat, homeland, house, abode and logos - concept, doctrine) was introduced by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866 in his work “General Morphology of Organisms” to denote the doctrine of the relationships of organisms with their environment.
At the present stage, ecology as a science is being transformed into the field of knowledge about natural and natural-anthropogenic systems containing living components, about the principles of managing such systems in the process of environmental management, and improving the human environment. Social ecology is identified as a branch of sociology, which studies the patterns of interaction between modern society and the environment. Accordingly, when using the concept of “ecology” in environmental law (science or academic discipline), we mean and can mean only a field of knowledge. Although in practice this concept is used in other contexts. So, they say - “improve the environment.” In educational literature you can find the concept of “state environmental management”*, or “environmental management”**. The concept of “ecology” is used in the names of specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection (for example, in the Tomsk region this is the State Committee for Ecology and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation). The Russian Federation Law “On State Secrets” prohibits classifying information about the state of the environment. Here, apparently, we mean information about the state of the environment.
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* Adikhanov F.Kh.Environmental law. Workshop. Bibliography. Legislation. Barnaul, 1996. P.12.
**Erofeev B.V.Environmental law of Russia: Textbook. M., 1996.
Thus, ecology as such is only the fundamental basis for environmental knowledge, which is then transformed into legal norms; the basis is inalienable and absolutely necessary. Everything else is its applied spheres. They have their own postulates and theoretical generalizations based on an ecological foundation*.
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* Reimers N.F.Ecology. Theories, laws, rules, principles and hypotheses. P. 13.
One of the main categories of modern environmental law is legal environmental requirements(for design, construction, when using chemicals, etc.), they express the content of a legal norm.
It is obvious that legal environmental requirements are derivative and dependent on environmental requirements. The latter are defined as a measure of proper attitude towards the environment, established on the basis of knowledge of the patterns of functioning of nature under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors and determining the behavior of a person (society) in relation to it in certain situations*.
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* Sudavichyus B.V.Problems of reflecting environmental requirements in law. Author's abstract. candidate's dissertation M., 1988. P. 8.
Accordingly, a legal environmental requirement is understood as a rule provided for by a legal norm that establishes the measure of proper behavior of the subjects of environmental law to whom it is addressed regarding the use of natural resources and the protection of the environment from harmful effects. Ideally, such requirements should be established on the basis of knowledge of the patterns of functioning of nature under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, taking into account the interests of society in environmentally sound economic and social development.
We often hear about ecological systems. Although in environmental legislation the concept "ecological system" It is rarely used, since it is of a natural scientific nature; it is also of great importance for law. This concept is used, in particular, by the Water Code of the Russian Federation: standards for maximum permissible harmful effects on water bodies are established based on the maximum permissible value of anthropogenic load, the long-term impact of which will not lead to a change in the ecosystem of the water body (Article 109). Meanwhile, the analysis of developing law allows us to highlight the ecosystem approach to the legal regulation of environmental protection and natural resource management as one of the principles of environmental law. What is an ecological system (ecosystem)? This is an interconnected single functional set of organisms and their abiotic (i.e. inorganic) environment. This concept was introduced into scientific circulation by the English botanist A. Tansley in 1935. The American scientist E. Odum believes that the ecological system is the main functional unit of ecology, since it includes organisms (biotic communities) and the abiotic environment, and each of these parts influences the other and both are necessary to maintain life as it exists*. During the geological history of the Earth, nature has established a balance between and within ecological systems. Changes in the external, abiotic environment cause a response from the ecosystem, which can lead either to the elimination of these changes or cause a restructuring of the ecosystem itself. Ecological balance– the state of an ecological system, or biotic community (i.e., a community of living organisms), characterized by stability, the ability to self-regulate, resistance to disturbances, and restoration of the original state that existed before the imbalance**. Knowledge of the patterns of behavior of the ecological system and the factors influencing the ecological balance is extremely important for environmental law from the point of view of legal regulation of environmental management.
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* Odum E.Fundamentals of ecology. M., 1975.
** Handbook of Nature Conservation. M., 1980. S. 39, 43.
In domestic scientific literature, legislation and in the field of environmental management, the concepts of “environmental safety” and “ensuring environmental safety” are increasingly used. Ensuring environmental safety began to develop as an independent area of activity of society and the state, along with natural resource management and environmental protection. It is in this combination that these areas are classified by the Russian Constitution as the subject of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation. Taking into account the importance of the issue of the relationship between these areas, the concept of “ensuring environmental safety” will be discussed in the next section within the framework of the subject of environmental law
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External environment, habitat, the totality of all material bodies, forces and phenomena of nature, its substance and space, any human activity that is in direct contact with living organisms; a set of abiotic... Ecological dictionary
ENVIRONMENT- ENVIRONMENT, habitat and household. activities of the people. Raising O. s. spread into the 2nd half. 20th century, but the specification of its content continues. This concept is logical. the result of the evolution of the category geographical environment, under the swarm... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
The habitat and activities of mankind, the natural world surrounding man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e. a set of environmental elements created from natural... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
environment- According to GOST R 22.1.02 95 The totality of human habitats and social production activities, including the natural environment and elements of the cultural or socio-economic environment, jointly and directly providing... ... Technical Translator's Guide
- (environment) The conditions in which people live and animals and plants live. The natural environment is characterized by purity of air to breathe, suitability of water for drinking and soil for cultivation, as well as some other aspects... ... Economic dictionary
Environment- ENVIRONMENT, habitat and human activities. Includes natural and artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e. a set of man-made structures, vehicles, etc. (so-called second nature). Public... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Environment- The external context in which the behavior occurs. Our environment is what we perceive as happening outside of us. It is not part of behavior, but rather something to which we must react. A short explanatory psychological and psychiatric dictionary... Great psychological encyclopedia
1. The external environment in which the organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interaction. Note. In this context, the external environment extends from the environment within the organization to... ... Dictionary of business terms
The habitat, social production activity of mankind, including the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment created by it, that is, a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by the labor and will of man and not ... Dictionary of emergency situations
Books
- Environment. School encyclopedic dictionary, S. V. Alekseev, N. V. Gruzdeva, E. V. Gushchina. The “Environment” dictionary includes concepts and terms that are introduced into the State educational standard of general education in various academic subjects and are presented in a general list in...
- Environment. Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book. The dictionary "Environment" was created by the Cologne environmental group "Catalysis", uniting environmental scientists of various profiles who inform the country's public about environmental…