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Presentation on the topic: Systematic approach to management

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Systems approach to managementApproaching management as a system Systems are more than just a concept. This is: a way of intellectual life; attitude; the concept of the nature of reality and how to study it. “Traditional” thinking: Analysis → Synthesis Systemic thinking: Synthesis → Analysis

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Basic system concepts System (Greek) - a whole made up of parts; a certain set of elements combined to achieve a goal. An element is the smallest link in the structure of a system, the internal structure of which is not considered at the selected level of analysis. Connections are what connect the elements and properties of the system into a whole. The structure of a system is a set of elements and connections between them , which determine the organization of the object as an integral system.

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Basic system concepts Subsystem - a system included in the system under consideration. Supersystem - a system that includes the system under consideration. External environment of the system - a system consisting of elements that do not belong to the system under consideration. Signal - information about the state of the element. Message - a set of signals. System inputs - elements of the system to which input influences are applied or to which input signals are received. System outputs are elements of the system that exert influence or transmit a signal to another system.

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The most important properties of systems 1. The relationship between the environment and the system.2. Integrity. “The whole, conceived as many.” Primacy of the whole: it is not the elements that make up the whole, but on the contrary, the whole gives rise to elements when it is divided. The role of the elements is to ensure the functioning of the whole. Each element can only be considered in its connection with other elements. The functioning of the system cannot be reduced to the functioning of individual elements.3. Goal orientation - the system has goals for its development and moves towards achieving these goals.4. Information content. For the system to function, it is necessary to have communication channels and be full of them with signals.

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The most important properties of systems 5. Non-additivity - a system is not equal to the sum of the subsystems included in it. n nС ≠ Σ PSi or C = Σ PSi + Δ , i=1 i=16. Isolation – relative isolation, autonomy of systems (presence of borders).7. Stability is the ability of a system to fend off external influences and persist (deviations in small quantities).8. Uncertainty. 8.1 Fundamental uncertainty 8.2 Incomplete observability.9. Emergence - the target functions of individual subsystems, as a rule, do not coincide with the target function of the system itself.

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The most important properties of systems 10 Synergy is the unidirectionality of actions in the system, which leads to strengthening (multiplication) of the final result.11. Infinity is the impossibility of complete cognition and comprehensive representation of systems by a finite set of descriptions.12. Hierarchy (nesting).13. Continuity of operation - the system exists as long as it functions.14. The ability for self-development is the complication of the system, increasing its internal diversity. The source of self-development is the continuous process of the emergence and resolution of contradictions.15. Controllability is the conscious organization of the purposeful functioning of the system and its elements.16. Compatibility – all elements must have the properties of “affinity”, mutual adaptability, and mutual adaptability.

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Conclusions: If each part of the system considered separately is forced to work with maximum efficiency, the system as a whole will not function as efficiently as possible. The effectiveness of the system depends not so much on the work of the elements individually, but on their interactions. The sum of the best solutions for the individual parts , will not be the best solution for the whole.

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Laws of development of systems (according to G.S. Altshuller) 1. Laws of statics. They determine the beginning of life of systems that arise as a single whole through synthesis from parts. 1.1 The law of completeness of the parts of the system. A necessary condition for the viability of a system is the presence and minimum performance of its main parts. 1.2 The law of system conductivity. A necessary condition for the viability of a system is the end-to-end flow of costs and results across all its parts. 1.3 The law of coordinating the rhythm of parts of the system. A necessary condition for the viability of a system is the coordination of the rhythm of all its parts.

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Laws of development of systems (according to G.S. Altshuller) 2. Laws of kinematics. They determine the development of systems regardless of specific economic, physical and other factors. 2.1 The law of increasing the degree of ideality of systems. The development of all systems is in the direction of increasing the degree of ideality, i.e. improvement of the system is manifested in the constant reduction of costs per unit of useful effect. An ideal system is one that does not exist, but its functions are performed. 2.2 The law of uneven development of parts of the system. The development of parts of the system is uneven; the more complex the system, the more uneven the development of its parts. 2.3 The law of transition to the supersystem. Having exhausted the development possibilities, the system is included in the supersystem as its part; At the same time, development occurs at the supersystem level.

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Laws of development of systems (according to G.S. Altshuller) 3. Laws of dynamics. They characterize the development of systems under the influence of specific technical, physical, organizational, economic and other factors. 3.1 The law of transition to the micro level. The development of the main elements of the system occurs first at the macro and then at the micro levels. This means that first the main issues of the development of the organization are resolved at the upper levels of management, and then partially transferred to lower levels. 3.2 The law of increasing the degree of entrepreneurship. The development of systems is in the direction of increasing their entrepreneurial spirit, i.e. systems that are not independent or have little independence become more independent with a more pronounced individuality.

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Types of systems and models 1. Deterministic - systems and models that neither the whole nor their parts are purposeful (for example, a mechanism, a plant...). Example of use: Corporation - Mechanism2. Animated (animate) - systems and models that, as a whole, pursue certain goals, and their parts are non-purposeful (for example, animals (including people)). Example of use: Corporation - Organism3. Social (public) - systems and models in which both their parts and they as a whole are purposeful (for example, a corporation, a nation...). Example of use: Corporation - Union of Individuals

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Some laws of systems (“for business”) S. Beer’s Law: improving the performance of individual elements does not lead to improving the functioning of the system as a whole. The golden rule of management: “Do not repair what works well” (“The best is the enemy of the good”). Law background Bertalanffy (s-equifinality) - a certain final state of an open system does not depend on its initial state and is determined by the characteristics of the processes occurring inside and the nature of its interaction with the environment. (“We are born equal, but not the same.” A saint and a robber can grow into the same family.) For open systems, there is always not one, but many ways to achieve the same result. Conclusions: there are always several options for the correct solution; the manager’s task is not to come up with something new, but to imagine all the solutions in a fairly complete manner and choose the most suitable one; the shortest solution path is not always the fastest; quickly achieving a result is not always the most effective.

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Some laws of systems (“for business”) The law of necessary diversity (R. Ashby’s principle) - only diversity can absorb diversity. The point is that in order to maintain a system in a controlled state, it is necessary that in the event of any external influence that could throw the system out of balance, there would be a reaction that returns the system to the desired state. Trap – norms of response to positive influences. (Russian mentality - no one expects good things, so our families and organizations are more likely to fall apart in a situation of prosperity, prosperity and success than due to fire, inflation, illness). Rules: identify the maximum set of external and internal influencing factors (“What if?...”); develop a response technology.

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The question of the boundaries of the system ☻ closed systems - they strive to minimize interaction with the environment, limit their inputs and outputs to the limit, and make them as controllable as possible. “-” - lack of required information (and other resources) → the need to “have everything inside” → growth and complexity of the system → loss of controllability → death.☺ open systems – wide contact with the environment, maximum consideration of the needs of the environment “-” - danger of dissolution in the environment (in other systems), loss of integrity → death. Image – a ship in the open ocean. There is a given direction and changing environmental conditions (wind, currents, reefs...). Options: strictly following a given direction, fighting the elements - all resources can be spent on this fight, the crew will forget about the purpose of the journey (closed system); refusal to fight the elements, following the will of the waves - we will move on tacks, sometimes in the opposite direction, we may end up on reefs (open system).Exit → MEASURE.

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The textbook reveals the issues of studying an organization as a complex social formation - a socio-economic system with an orderly internal structure, a variety of connections between elements, including human relations, requiring some specific methods and approaches. The organization is viewed and studied using systemic, structural, functional, process, behavioral, information and situational approaches.
The textbook was developed taking into account the requirements of state educational standards and is intended for students of higher educational institutions of economic and non-economic specialties; it can be used as methodological material in the preparation, retraining and advanced training of personnel in the field of management, as well as in scientific and practical activities.

General concepts of systems theory.
The study of any complex object involves representing it as a system. This is especially true in conditions of a changing and uncertain environment, the dynamics of external and internal processes of the organization.
By system we mean a set of elements ordered in a certain way, interconnected and forming an integral unity.

As a rule, all artificial systems are purposeful, i.e. are created and exist to achieve a specific goal(s). We can highlight the basic features of the system:
there is a certain order of arrangement and interaction of materials, energy and information (design, system structure);
there is a goal to achieve which the system is created;
outputs of materials, energy and information are placed in accordance with a predetermined order;
there is a set of preferences (priorities, criteria, assessments) that ensures an optimal (rational, preferable) combination and interaction of system elements.

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION THEORY. ORGANIZATION - SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM
1.1. General concepts of systems theory
1.2. Organization as a system
1.3. The theory of organization in the system of sciences
1.4. Evolution of views on organization
2. STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION
2.1. Complexity of the organization
2.2 Formalization
2.3. Ratio "centralization / decentralization"
2.4. Main types of organizational structures
3. FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
3.1. Decision making in organizations
3.2. Coordination
3.3. Organizational communications
3.4. Organizational effectiveness
4. PROCESSES IN THE ORGANIZATION
4.1. Main and supporting activities of the company
4.2. Rules for identifying processes in an organization
4.3. Business process management system
4.4. Modern techniques for describing business processes
4.5. Reengineering
5. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO AN ORGANIZATION
5.1. Leader - manager - leader
5.2. Organizational culture
5.3. Intergroup relations in the organization
5.4. Trust in organizations
6. SITUATIONAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION
6.1. Diagnostics and situation analysis
6.2. Models of the situational approach to organization
6.3. Forms of organizations in Russia
6.4. Integration of organizations
6.5. Organizational change and development
7. INFORMATION APPROACH TO THE ORGANIZATION
7.1. The impact of information systems on an organization
7.2. Information in the organization
7.3. Creation and implementation of information systems
7.4. The role of information systems in the activities of organizations
7.5. E-business and e-commerce
CONCLUSION
WORKSHOP ON ORGANIZATION THEORY
P1. General recommendations for studying the course
P2. Guidelines
P3. Practical topics
P4. Materials for implementation in the learning process
LIST OF SOURCES USED.

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Through a system of connections they influence the state of others, therefore maintaining balance and harmony between them is the main task of management. 2. Modern idea of ​​the systems approach So, the systems approach to management is based on the fact that every organization is a system consisting of parts, each of which has its own goals. ...

Towards management; 2. justification of the factors and conditions for the effective functioning of the systems approach; 3. Development of scientific and practical recommendations. The object of the course work is organization, the subject is a systematic approach to the management of an organization. The methodological basis was the works of domestic and foreign specialists in the field of management, such as M. Kh. Meskon, M. ...

... “Minskmebel” has passed, and today, in a competitive environment, skillful advertising and constant serious marketing research of the market are becoming the main thing. 3. Development of a systematic approach in the management of Minskmebel LLC. The use of a systematic approach in management allows you to see the organization in the unity of its constituent parts, which are inextricably linked with the external environment. In this case it is necessary...

It arose in American psychology at the beginning of the 20th century. and became the subject of attention of managers who were especially interested in the issues of workers’ reactions to various incentives to work. From the second half of the 30s. the school of human relations was supplemented with behavioral concepts. American scientists Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) contributed to the development of this concept. A. Maslow...

Author: Uemov A.I.
Name
Publishing house: Thought
Year: 1978
Format: DJVU
Pages: 272
Size: 3.4 MB
Language: Russian
Quality: Excellent, 600dpi, text layer, color covers and b/w illustrations

The monograph examines the philosophical problems of systems research, the importance of a systems approach for studying complex phenomena of reality, for practice, and outlines one of the options for system construction - the so-called parametric theory of systems. The method of constructing such a theory is based on the application of the provisions of materialist dialectics, in particular the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete. The work provides an analysis of the fundamental concepts of this approach - the concept of a system and its main laws, system parameters and properties; A special formal language for systems research is being developed, with the help of which the main provisions of the theory are formulated.

Content:
Preface 3
Chapter I. MATERIALIST DIALECTICS AND SYSTEM APPROACH TO RESEARCH 7
1. The principle of interconnection as a methodological basis for a systematic approach 7
2. Systems approach and modern science 23
3. Systems approach and systems theory 37
Chapter II. CATEGORIAL APPARATUS OF GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 58
1. To the problem of the categorical basis of the language of the systems approach 58
2. Categorical foundations of the language of the systems approach 70
3. Formal definitions of the categories “thing”, “property”, “relation” 79
4. Correctly constructed formulas of the ternary description language 89
Chapter III. CONCEPT OF SYSTEM 98
1. Methods for clarifying the concept of system 98
2. Analysis of existing definitions of the concept of system 103
3. Relational generalization of definitions of the concept of system 118
4. Concept, structure and substrate of the system 126
5. Metatheoretical study of the definition of the concept “system” 130
Chapter IV. SYSTEM-WIDE PARAMETERS 141
1. Ways to build a general theory of systems 141
2. Relational system-wide parameters 145
3. Attributed system parameters 150
Chapter V. EMPIRICAL METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BINARY ATTRIBUTIVE SYSTEM PARAMETERS 177
1. Determining the value of attribute system parameters on specific objects 177
2. Establishing a connection between the values ​​of attributive binary system parameters using a computer 180
Chapter VI. ELEMENTS OF DEDUCTIVE GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 188
1. The importance of deductive systems theory 188
2. Operations and inference rules in the ternary description language 191
Chapter VII. SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXITY OF SYSTEMS AS A LINEAR SYSTEM PARAMETER 199
1. Problems of measuring “simplicity - complexity” 199
2. Measure of complexity according to N. Goodman 202
3. Entropy measure of substrate-structural complexity 204
Chapter VIII. SOME PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMIC (PARAMETRIC DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION IN NATIONAL ECONOMY AND SCIENCE 208
1. Dual definitions of the concept of a system and analysis of the structure of automated enterprise management systems 208
2. Identifying the logical structure of a sentence using a formalized system description language 210
3. System-parametric description of national economic complexes 217
4. System-wide patterns and problems of determining the direction of time 225
Chapter IX. APPLICATION OF GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY TO OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS 232
1. Correspondence between the explicit and latent structures of the system as a condition for its optimal functioning 232
2. System-theoretical aspects of environmental protection and rational use 234
3. Systematic approach and the problem of the rhythm of life 243
4. Using general systems theory to choose ways to learn foreign languages ​​248
5. The “simplicity-complexity” parameter and the problem of the truth of theoretical systems 260
Conclusion 270
CONTENTS 271