§ 2. Oral and written forms of speech
General characteristics of speech forms
Speech communication occurs in two forms - oral and written. They are in a complex unity and occupy an important and approximately equal place in their importance in social and speech practice. Both in the sphere of production, and in the spheres of management, education, law, art, and in the media, both oral and written forms of speech take place. In real communication conditions, their constant interaction and interpenetration is observed. Any written text can be voiced, that is, read aloud, and oral text can be recorded using technical means. There are such genres of written speech as: for example, dramaturgy, oratorical works that are intended specifically for subsequent scoring. And vice versa, in literary works, techniques of stylization as “orality” are widely used: dialogical speech, in which the author seeks to preserve the features inherent in oral spontaneous speech, monologues of characters in the first person, etc. The practice of radio and television has led to the creation of a unique form oral speech, in which spoken and voiced written speech constantly coexist and interact (for example, television interviews).
The basis of both written and oral speech is literary speech, which acts as the leading form of existence of the Russian language. Literary speech is speech designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized patterns. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, that is, they are recorded in grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks. The dissemination of these norms is facilitated by schools, cultural institutions, and mass media. Literary speech is distinguished by its universality in its functioning. On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created.
However, oral and written forms of speech are independent and have their own characteristics and features.
Oral speech
Oral speech is sounding speech that functions in the sphere of direct communication, and in a broader sense it is any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that are the result of the complex activity of the human pronunciation organs. Rich intonation capabilities of oral speech are associated with this phenomenon. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human feelings, experiences, moods, etc.
The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Therefore, oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. Thus, a gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting (in this case, gestures have a national-cultural specificity, therefore, they must be used carefully, especially in oral business and scientific speech). All these linguistic and extralinguistic means help to increase the semantic significance and emotional richness of oral speech.
Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature deployment in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, that is, he thinks as if “on the go,” therefore oral speech may be characterized by unfluency, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units, for example. “The director called. Delayed. It'll be there in half an hour. Start without him"(message from the director’s secretary for participants in the production meeting) On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions; “The department/ carried out a lot of work/ over the course of a year/ yes/ I must say/ great and important// educational, and scientific, and methodological// Well/ everyone knows/ the educational// Do I need to detail/ the educational// No// Yes / I also think / it’s not necessary //"
Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation). Prepared oral speech It is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized”, and to resemble direct communication.
Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, hmm) allows the speaker to think about what happens next. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraselogical levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. The phonetic and morphological levels of the language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms, are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, even the presence of speech errors, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones. Participial and adverbial phrases are usually replaced by complex sentences; verbs are used instead of verbal nouns; inversion is possible.
As an example, here is an excerpt from a written text: “Distracting slightly from domestic issues, I would like to note that, as the modern experience of the Scandinavian region and a number of other countries has shown, the point is not at all in the monarchy, not in the form of political organization, but in the division of political power between the state and society.”(“Star”. 1997, No. 6). When this fragment is reproduced orally, for example at a lecture, it will, of course, be changed and may have approximately the following form: “If we abstract from domestic issues, we will see that the issue is not at all about the monarchy, it is not about the form of political organization. The whole point is how to divide power between the state and society. And this is confirmed today by the experience of the Scandinavian countries"
Oral speech, just like written speech, is standardized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, poor structure, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication" *. The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account, then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions.
* Bubnova G. I. Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communications: Syntax and prosody M, 1991. P. 8.
The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, but it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial and everyday style of speech. The following functional types of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.
As an example, here is an excerpt from an interview with the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia: “Of course, there are exceptions... The mayor of Izhevsk approached us with a claim to declare the law adopted by the republican authorities unconstitutional. And the court actually recognized some articles as such. Unfortunately, at first this caused irritation among the local authorities, to the point that, they say, as it was, so it will be, no one can tell us. Then, as they say, “heavy artillery” was launched: the State Duma got involved. The President of Russia issued a decree... There was a lot of noise in the local and central press" (Business People. 1997. No. 78).
This fragment also contains colloquial particles well, they say, and expressions of colloquial and phraseological nature at first, no one ordered us, as they say, there was a lot of noise, expression heavy artillery in a figurative sense, and inversion issued a decree. The number of conversational elements is determined by the characteristics of a specific communicative situation. For example, the speech of a speaker leading a meeting in the State Duma and the speech of a manager leading a production meeting will, of course, be different. In the first case, when meetings are broadcast on radio and television to a huge audience, you need to be especially careful in choosing spoken language units.
Written speech
Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to record sound language (and, accordingly, sound speech). On the other hand, writing is an independent communication system, which, while performing the function of recording oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions. Written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, expands the sphere of human communication, breaks the boundaries of the immediate
environment. By reading books, historical documents from different times of peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, Sumerians, Incas, Mayans, etc.
Historians of writing argue that writing has gone through a long path of historical development from the first notches in trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type that most people use today, i.e. written speech is secondary to oral speech. Letters used in writing are signs that represent speech sounds. The sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters, and knowledge of the letters allows them to be reproduced in sound form, that is, to read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to divide speech: periods, commas, dashes correspond to intonation pauses in oral speech. This means that letters are the material form of written language.
The main function of written speech is to record oral speech, with the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people in cases where When direct communication is impossible when they are separated by space, i.e., located in different geographical locations, and time. Since ancient times, people, unable to communicate directly, exchanged letters, many of which have survived to this day, breaking the barrier of time. The development of such technical means of communication as the telephone has to some extent reduced the role of writing. But the advent of the fax, and now the spread of the Internet system, which help to overcome space, has again activated the written form of speech. The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time.
Written speech unfolds not in temporary, but in static space, which gives the writer the opportunity to think through the speech, return to what has already been written, and rearrange sentences And parts of the text, replace words, clarify, carry out a long search for the form of expression of thoughts, refer to dictionaries and reference books. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics. Written speech uses bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. The order of words in a sentence is fixed, inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example in texts of an official business style of speech, is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the basic unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax, therefore, as a rule, written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, inserted constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each of these is strictly related to the preceding and subsequent context.
From this point of view, let us analyze an excerpt from the reference manual by V. A. Krasilnikov “Industrial architecture and ecology”:
“The negative impact on the natural environment is expressed in the ever-increasing expansion of territorial resources, including sanitary gaps, in emissions of gaseous, solid and liquid waste, in the release of heat, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, in changes in landscapes and microclimates, often in their aesthetic degradation "
This one simple sentence contains a large number of homogeneous members: in ever-increasing expansion, in emissions, in excretion, in change; heat, noise, vibration etc., participial phrase including..., participle increasing, those. characterized by the features mentioned above.
Written speech is focused on perception by the visual organs, therefore it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a page numbering system, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font selection, etc.
“The most common form of non-tariff restriction on foreign trade is a quota, or contingent. Quotas are a restriction in quantitative or monetary terms on the volume of products allowed to be imported into a country (import quota) or exported from the country (export quota) for a certain period.”
This passage uses font emphasis and explanations given in parentheses. Often, each subtopic of the text has its own subtitle. For example, the above quote opens the part Quotas, one of the subtopics of the text “Foreign trade policy: non-tariff methods of regulating international trade” (ME and MO. 1997. No. 12). You can return to a complex text more than once, think about it, comprehend what has been written, having the opportunity to look through this or that passage of text with your eyes.
Written speech is different in that the very form of speech activity definitely reflects the conditions and purpose of communication, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation application or an information message in a newspaper. Consequently, written speech has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of linguistic means that are used to create a particular text that reflects the typical features of a certain functional style. The written form is the main form of existence of speech in the scientific, journalistic; official business and artistic styles.
Thus, when we say that verbal communication occurs in two forms - oral and written, we must keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that these forms of speech have a common basis - literary language and in practice they occupy approximately equal space. The differences most often come down to the means of expression. Oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbalism, it uses a certain amount of “its own” linguistic means, it is tied more to the conversational style. Writing uses alphabetic and graphic notations, often bookish language with all its styles and features, normalization and formal organization.
A person uses speech to express thoughts and communicate with other people. Initially, an oral form of speech (UR) appeared, and since the invention of writing, it became possible to record thoughts, literary words and documents for future generations. Written speech (WSR) allows you to prolong the existence of oral speech. Mastering each form of the existence of speech as an example of the functioning of language requires time and effort.
The ability to speak, read, and write are a person’s first steps towards general literacy, and it must be improved throughout life. Without mastering speech, it is difficult to imagine such complex thought processes as analysis and synthesis. Without them, a person is deprived of the opportunity to be independent in making decisions, exchanging information, and filtering data received from outside. SD and PR have characteristics that unite them as types of intellectual activity, but there are also a number of differences between one form and the other. 
What do spoken and written language have in common?
If we talk about literary language, it should be noted that it functions in oral and written forms. They are characterized by:
- Standardization: the whole variety of language norms can be seen in dictionaries of different types, as well as in fiction, in samples of recitation of texts related in style to scientific, journalistic, and artistic.
- Opportunity to express emotions, address the addressee or interlocutor, express demands or requests: thanks to word forms, the breakdown of lexemes into parts of speech, and the abundance of graphic and intonation means, a person is able to express any desire, as well as express what he has planned in writing.
- The use of the same terms to denote the genre diversity of both SD and PR. For example, a speech and a report are both carefully planned, structured, graphically designed in the form of text types of information messages intended for voiced in public, and these speeches themselves as such. The same can be said about an artist’s monologue on stage: before being expressed, it must be thought out and transferred to paper.
- The need to adhere to the requirements of stylistics and lexicology. For example, the scientific style (articles and conference reports) is characterized by “dryness” of the language, complexity of syntactic constructions using participial and participial phrases, and terminological richness. The artistic style involves the use of a wide range of emotionally charged and diminutive words, sublime and disparaging vocabulary, and phraseology. It is also possible to convey in novels, stories, fables, and essays the features of spoken language interspersed with dialect words. This gives the works a unique flavor, whether they are written on paper, presented in the form of plays in the theater, or adapted into a screenplay for film.
SD and PR as forms of language functioning help to establish information connections, give a clear definition of the qualities of the described or analyzed objects, convey modality (attitude to people, objects, phenomena), call “things by their proper names,” and obtain information about the world around us from various sources. The transmission of thoughts expressed in spoken or written words from person to person and the receipt of an “answer” is the key to effective communication between intelligent beings who speak speech.
What is the difference between spoken and written speech?
Compliance with language norms helps to make speech bright, rich, and not harsh on the ear. To make it expressive, various means are used in accordance with the rules enshrined in the language. Thus, SD is characterized by the inclusion of non-verbal means of communication to enhance the effect on the public. In PR, “special treatment” can be shown by using capital letters, changing the font, and introducing underlines. But that is not all.
The application of language norms in various forms of speech is as follows:
In UR – orthoepic and intonation. By the pronunciation of various sounds and the designation of stressed syllables, you can determine in what language the statement was made. Even people with poor linguistic training are able to distinguish Russian from Ukrainian, English from German, Spanish from French. It is important to follow the rules for softening sounds and duration of vowels, since these signs allow you to distinguish between words that are similar in sound. This helps the speaker and listener to rid each other of semantic confusion. 
Correct use of intonation means makes it possible not only to distinguish a request from an order, a question from a statement, but also to understand the mood of the speaker. In tonic languages, intonation changes within one word, and with insufficient knowledge of the norms, listeners can be misled. Chinese language learners face similar difficulties.
In PR – spelling, graphic and punctuation. The graphic form of a word can only be seen in writing. To write correctly, you need to study the rules of spelling and constantly practice - “write out” in order to eliminate annoying mistakes. To display intonation and tempo of speech (long and short pauses) in writing, punctuation marks are used: period, comma, colon, semicolon, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, dash. The use of each sign is strictly regulated by rules, although liberties are possible in creative writing: these are the so-called copyright marks.
SD in the form of a speech, report, presentation sounds good if the speaker (lecturer, speaker, speaker) has written “help”. In this case, the text and its oral presentation may differ: the speaker is free to make adjustments during the presentation. Oral speech activity is more variable than written, so students should not miss lectures. A scientific article or textbook can be re-read hundreds of times, but repeating a lecture exactly down to the intonation is almost impossible. The teacher presents the same topic differently for different audiences. 
The effectiveness of UR largely depends on auxiliary communicative tools: facial expressions, gestures, posture, position of arms and legs, the speaker’s address to the audience, eye contact. An important condition for successful interaction between the listener and the speaker is feedback in the form of clarifying questions, repeated questions, and an emotional reaction to the statement.
During a dialogue, conversation, or public speaking, the speaker can observe the reaction of the audience almost instantly: laughter, surprise, applause, booing, questions. Receiving a reaction to the PR is extended over time, which prolongs the pleasure of reading, allowing you to return to an already familiar text again and again in order to revive experienced emotions in memory.
a productive type of speech activity in which information is transmitted using speech sounds. U.r. - living speech, which is not only pronounced, sounds, but - most importantly - created in a matter of seconds, at the moment of speaking. This is created, spoken speech. The expression living word is often used to characterize it. (By the way, in the 20s of the 20th century there was even an Institute of the Living Word in our country.) U. r. should not be confused with spoken written speech, which occurs when reading aloud or reproducing a written source by heart. In U.R. conditions, as a rule, there is a direct addressee of the speech, which makes it possible for the speaker to take into account the immediate reaction of the listeners. It is necessary to note the following features of oral speech: 1) redundancy (repetitions of what was said, various kinds of clarifications, explanations, etc.); 2) economy (when the speaker does not name, omits something that is easy to guess; 3) interruptions (self-interruptions) (when the speaker, without finishing the sentence he started, begins another, when he makes corrections, clarifications to what was said, etc. ); 4) the use of non-verbal means of communication: volume, flexibility of voice, gestures, facial expressions, etc. The following genres of U. R. are distinguished. (only literary speech is considered). In a conversational style: 1) conversation in the family or with friends, acquaintances; 2) anecdote; 3) a story about yourself. U.r. used in all four types of book style: 1) report, discussion speech - scientific style; 2) report - business style; 3) parliamentary speech, report, interview, discussion speech - journalistic style; 4) a story from the stage (for example, I. Andronikova) - the style of fiction. In contrast to written speech, where planning and control of the utterance plays an important role, the degree of preparedness of the U. R. depends on different speech situations. It should be noted that creative genres that have not been prepared in advance, the so-called spontaneous genres, when the content, structure, and form of presentation have not been thought out. This is a conversation in the family, with friends, acquaintances, an interview (without pre-written questions), a speech in a debate. In addition to unprepared speech, there is a distinction between partially prepared speech, when the content and purpose of the statement are mainly thought through. This is a business conversation, i.e. a conversation with an official, usually in an official setting, an interview (with pre-prepared questions), a speech in a debate, an anniversary public speech, a scientific report, etc. And finally, there is a prepared U . R. The following so-called verbal-spontaneous genres are distinguished (the verbal expression is not thought out, the main thing is not thought out, what will be done and in what sequence). These are a lecture, oral abstracting, an opponent’s speech in a discussion, a public anniversary speech, a scientific report, etc. In educational activities, such genres of educational activities as conversation, lecture, report, speech in debate, and less often interviews are used. Lit.: Melibruda E.Ya. I-you-we: Psychological possibilities for improving communication. - M., 1986; Odintsov V.V. Speech formulas for popularization. - M., 1982; Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. - Saratov, 1992; Varieties of urban oral speech. - M., 1988; Sokolov V.V. Culture of speech and culture of communication. - M., 1995. L.E. Tumina 261
Speech is divided into two main types, opposed to each other, and in some respects comparable. This is oral and They diverged in their historical development, therefore they reveal different principles of organization of linguistic means. General literary linguistic means, combining such types as oral and written speech, are the basis for the formation and functioning of synonymous series. The book-written and oral-conversational means separating them are used in full in their type, and the opposite is accessed with certain restrictions.
Orality
Orality is the main factor that unites the various varieties into which it is divided. The properties of written speech are realized in varieties of the book-written type. Of course, shape is not the only factor in unification. But in the oral-conversational type it is precisely this that predetermines the formation and functioning of specific linguistic means that distinguish oral speech from written speech. The properties of speech are related to the nature of its generation. Let's look at it in more detail.
Differences in the production of spoken and written language
The difference in forms is based on a deep psychophysiological difference. Psychologists have found that the mechanisms of generation and perception of oral and written speech are not the same. When generating written speech, there is always time to think about the formal plan of the statement, due to which the degree of its structure is high.
Accordingly, when reading, you can always stop, think more deeply about what is written, and accompany it with your personal associations. This allows both the writer and the reader to transfer the necessary information from RAM to long-term memory. Not so with speaking and listening. The sounding, historically primary oral speech has its own characteristics. The properties of speech in this case are determined by the fact that it represents a certain flow, which only when it is produced can be interrupted by the speaker in accordance with his intentions to complete or suspend information. The listener, in his reception, must follow the speaker in time, and he does not always have the opportunity to stop where he needs to think more deeply. Therefore, it acts primarily when oral speech is perceived. The properties of speech in this case are that it is spontaneous, one-time, it cannot be repeated again in the form in which it was already spoken.
Automation
When studying a foreign language during preparation for a lesson, you can prepare each sentence in advance, but during the lesson itself this will not work: the task of spontaneous production requires re-producing speech portions in a smooth speech flow. The characteristic of oral speech is that it cannot be completely prepared; it is produced largely automatically. If the speaker controls it too much, it will lose the quality of spontaneity and naturalness. Control over oneself is fully possible only in slow educational speech, which with its unnatural pace betrays its unoriginal character.
Voiceover of written text
What should be distinguished from produced spontaneous oral speech is the simple voicing of written text, carried out by announcers, artists, and sometimes speakers. Such voicing does not change anything in the text, and although it sounds, it remains the same as it was written. At the same time, the characteristics of written speech and all its properties are preserved. From orality, only an intonation contour and possible phonetic expressiveness appear in it. That is, the acoustic properties of speech sounds change. An interesting observation was made by E. A. Bryzgunova, who compared the actors’ dubbing of the same text: they were different. This means that as soon as the spoken element of speech appears, in this case intonation, discrepancies arise due to individualization.
Individuality
Oral coherent speech is always individual. For writing, this is not a common quality of all varieties. Only artistic speech and partly the speech of non-strict newspaper genres are individual. Each speaker has his own manner, which characterizes a person as a person from the point of view of his psychological, social, even professional characteristics and general culture. This applies not only to parliament, for example, the speech of each deputy highlights his personal qualities and intellectual capabilities, and gives his social portrait. Oral, coherent speech often means more to the listener than the information contained in the speech, for the sake of which the speech takes place.
Features of oral speech
If we turn to the factors of division operating in the oral-conversational type, it turns out that in addition to those operating in the book-written type, there are some additional ones. Some properties of oral speech are common to the entire oral-conversational type and are characteristic of it in contrast to the book-written type, dividing the modern Russian literary language into two parts. Others take part in identifying varieties of the oral-conversational type itself. Let's list these additional factors. Such properties of speech are addressed, situational, speech type (use of monologues and dialogues).
Addressability of oral speech
Oral speech is always addressed directly to the listener, who perceives it simultaneously with its production by the addressee here and now. Various technical tricks, such as a delayed and then reproduced recording, may not be taken into account, since they do not deprive the communicative act of the main thing: immediate perception, where time synchrony is important. The addressee of the speech can be: a) individual; b) collective; c) massive.
These three types of addressing of oral literary speech, coinciding with the action of other factors of its membership (all these factors, including addressing, are unidirectional), are involved in distinguishing three types of oral literary speech (oral-spoken type of literary language): 1) oral-conversational; 2) oral scientific; 3) radio and television.
Addressability of written speech
Here the targeting is not direct: paper serves as an intermediary between the author of the text and the reader, and it allows you to delay reading as much as you like, i.e., eliminate the factor of physical time, while speech itself is endowed with the qualities of spontaneity and reusability. Unlike oral speech, the proverb “The word is not a sparrow, if it flies out, you won’t catch it,” does not apply to it. Such indirect addressing cannot be a factor of division.
Situational
The basic properties of speech also include situationality. It is inherent in the conversational type, where the situation makes up for the verbally unexpressed meaning, any understatements and inaccuracies. It is usually considered an exclusive quality of spoken language, but, strictly speaking, it is constantly being discovered. This is shown, for example, by the analysis of poetic speech, when a biographical commentary is required for an accurate understanding and feeling of the poem. In general, comments of this kind, providing a work of art of any genre, make it possible to enrich the perception and understanding of the author’s intention. Added to the situationality is the common apperception base of the speaker and the listener, the commonality of their knowledge and life experience. All this allows for verbal hints and ensures immediate understanding. Partially situational nature is also characteristic of collectively addressed speech. For example, a teacher knows what his audience is like, what they know and can do, and what they are interested in. Situationalism is not characteristic of mass-addressed texts. Thus, it acts as a factor in isolating colloquial speech and as an incomplete factor characterizing oral scientific speech. Naturally, situationality cannot be characteristic of any type of written type.
Using monologues and dialogues in writing
As for the relationship between monologue and dialogue types, this property of both written and oral types appears differently when dividing a literary language into varieties. In the book-written type it does not play the role of a division factor, but in the oral-conversational type it is such a factor. This is due to the different ratio of monologue and dialogue in written and oral varieties. In the book-written type, scientific speech is usually monologue, but signs of dialogism can also be seen in it. Although one may not agree with this: if they exist, they are not direct, but rather indirect in nature. Business speech can be expressed in a monologue, but single (usually) sentences expressing an instruction, request, instruction, order, etc. and containing the verbal form of the incentive (imperative) mood are close in form and organization to a dialogue line. Newspaper articles are usually monologue, but may contain elements of dialogue that imitate questions to the reader and his intended answers, while direct dialogue occurs in the genres of interviews, correspondence with readers, answers to questions, etc. In literary speech, dialogue is a means of communication heroes, while the author's speech takes on a monologue form. But there are genres that are completely dialogical. We are, of course, talking about plays and dramaturgy as an art form. In general, it turns out that as a factor of division, dialogue and monologue appear indistinctly, but quite clearly show the increase in dialogicity from left to right.
Monologues and dialogues in oral speech
In the oral-conversational type, the relationship is fundamentally different. It is determined by the fact that dialogical and monological, as a consequence, have different organizations, namely: monologue is a segment-by-segment syntax, dialogue is short conversational remarks of a rigid, specifically conversational syntactic structure. Of course, written dialogue also has its own syntactic features compared to a monologue, which is a space for the implementation of numerous syntactic models, the entire wealth of written speech. But here the differences between the dialogical and monological types do not entail such fundamental differences in syntax, where specifically conversational models take shape in the space of dialogue. In general, dialogicity in the oral-conversational type decreases from right to left. And it comes to a minimum in oral scientific speech. The equality of dialogue and monologue allows, among other factors of division, to distinguish oral speech as an independent variety, separated on this basis from radio, television and oral scientific speech.
What is speech?
1 class
Subject.“Oral and written speech.”
Target. Develop a concept of two forms of speech - oral and written.
Equipment. Cards with terms; record player; audio recording “Bird voices”; drawings illustrating the terms “oral” and “written language”.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
II. Lesson topic message
Teacher. Guys, do you want to play? Then, as I read, try to imagine a picture of what is happening.
The teacher reads Victor Lunin’s poem “Drops and Herons”:
They're dripping, they're dripping
Drops on the swamp,
Running, running
A heron through the swamp.
Drops grab -
There's no way they'll get caught.
There's no way they'll get caught
They don’t know why.
A drop hits the water -
Lo and behold, she’s nowhere to be found,
Just swamp and water.
- Drops, drops! Where are you going?
The herons cry bitterly:
- The drops have drowned!
– Did you like the poem?
Children. Yes.
U. There are constantly sounds around us. Some irritate us, others caress our ears, and sometimes we don’t notice many sounds at all. And all these sounds, if you try, can be conveyed. I suggest you now go on a journey to the most beautiful world - the world of sounds.
III. Work on the topic of the lesson
U. Let's depict everything that happens in the swamp. The girls will imitate the sound of falling raindrops by tapping their fingers on the desk. The boys stomp their feet - like herons running, and clap their hands - like they catch drops.
– Imagine that someone was watching our actions through the glass windows. Would this person be able to understand what was going on?
D. No. He didn't hear the verbal formulation.
U. Guys, shhh... Listen...
The teacher reads a poem:
In the morning, early in the morning
I hear in my dreams
Sounds from the street
They knock on me:
Postman's steps
The rustle of newspapers
And the wind and the branches
Hello and answer,
Horseshoes
measured ringing
Creaking carts
Groaning and groaning
And the voice of the milkmaid
From afar,
And the roar of cans,
And the splash of milk.
I hear a moo
Sleepy cows -
It's like breathing
Distant meadows.
When they drive away
Sheep under the window -
I hear an echo
In a forest ravine...
But the sounds are getting louder -
Barking, chirping, fussing,
And the sun through the shutters
Finds me
And whispers:
“Wipe your eyes quickly!
Enough eavesdropping.
Stand up and look!”
– What did you hear? What sounds disturbed the author's sleep?
The children answer.
- Let's try to convey all these sounds while reading the poem “Morning Sounds.”
The poem is being staged.
– What morning sounds from the street knock on your door? Draw them, and we will try to determine their owner.
Children make sounds.
– Who had difficulties during the game? Why?
The children answer.
Clarity of thought is always associated with clear verbal formulation. And now, for a while, let’s mentally transport ourselves to a July day. You are in the forest. There is a world of bright colors around you. And suddenly...
– Did you enjoy the walk in the summer forest? What is the beauty of this moment? What pictures did you draw for yourself in your mind? Do you think the life of our feathered friends is so carefree and joyful? What role do birds play in nature? Do birds need help from people? What role do the sounds they make for birds? Were you able to determine what the birds were singing about?
Children answer the questions posed.
– Try to imagine the hero of Sasha Cherny’s poem “Sparrow” and depict his actions.
Sparrow, my little sparrow!
Gray, nimble, like a mouse.
Eyes - beads,
Paws - apart,
Paws - sideways,
Paws - at random...
Jump, jump, I won’t touch you -
You see, I crumbled the bread...
Furh! He ran away... what a cheeky guy!
Ate all the grains
Ate all the crumbs -
And he didn't say thank you.
- Why didn’t the sparrow say thank you?
D. He can't speak.
U. I suggest the game “Finish the sentences”.
On the desk:
– What is speech?
D. What a person says.
speech.
– Why does a person need speech if you can communicate using facial expressions, gestures, and onomatopoeia?
The children's reasoning is listened to.
– Speech has a socio-historical nature. People have always lived and live collectively, in society. Social life and the collective work of people create the need to constantly communicate, establish contact with each other, and influence each other. This communication is carried out through speech. Thanks to speech, people exchange thoughts and knowledge, talk about their feelings, experiences, and intentions.
What does a person say when he opens his mouth?
D. Sounds.
U. What do these sounds add up to?
D. In words.
U. When communicating with each other, people use words and use the rules of a particular language. Many thoughts and actions cannot be expressed without words.
A card with the word appears on the board word.
– Writer Shibaev writes:
Words words words...
Everything has a name -
Both the beast and the object.
There are a lot of things around,
But there are no nameless ones.And all that the eye can see is
Above us and below us
And everything that is in our memory
Signified by words.
– What do words that are related in meaning form?
D. Offers.
A card with the word appears on the board offer.
U. In distant, distant times, people did not know how to write and read. But they knew how to compose wonderful songs, fairy tales, and various other stories. And some of them have survived to this day. How did they do it?
D. People retold them.
U. In the old days, people passed on all information by word of mouth. From grandparents to children, from children to grandchildren, and so on from generation to generation.
During the lesson, we used the lips, tongue, and larynx to express and prove our opinions.
All information came from word of mouth. We used oral language.
oral speech.
- Time passed. People began to try to use various signs to denote oral speech in writing. This is how another form of speech arose in human life.
A card with words appears on the board written language.
– What is necessary for writing?
D. Know letters and be able to write words.
U. So we built a diagram.
On the desk:
– What can you tell us about this scheme?
D. Speech can be oral and written. It consists of sentences that are formed using words.
U. Why cards? word And offer Do the arrows come from both sides?
D. Both spoken and written language consist of words and sentences.
IV. Reinforcing the material covered
U. What kind of speech do these riddles remind you of?
The field is white, the sheep are black.
D. Paper and letters. This is written speech.
U. The white pebble melted
He left marks on the board.
D. Chalk.
- This is written speech.
U. Lives without language.
Doesn't eat or drink
And he speaks and sings...
D. Radio. This is spoken language.
U. A sheet of paper in the morning
They bring us to our apartment.
On one such sheet
Lots of different news.
D. Newspaper. This is written speech.
U. What kind of speech do the people depicted in the pictures use?
There are four illustrations on the board:
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– Give examples of other situations in which spoken and written language can be used.
The children answer.
V. Lesson summary
U. Why do we need speech?
Children's answers.
- Guys, on our huge planet Earth, only we, people, have been given a great gift - the ability to speak, to communicate with each other using words. And I would really like you to use it only for the benefit of others. Try to be interesting interlocutors, listeners, and active readers.