Passive vocabulary examples of words. Active and passive vocabulary of the Russian literary language

Active and passive vocabulary. Passive vocabulary includes historicisms and archaisms. Historicisms are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts, for example, chain mail, corvee, horse tram, modern subbotnik, Sunday, socialist competition, Politburo. These words fell out of use along with the objects and concepts they denoted and became passive vocabulary; we know them, but do not use them in our everyday speech. Historicisms are used in texts that deal with the past, fiction, and historical research. Archaisms are outdated names of phenomena and concepts that exist in modern times, to denote which other, modern names have arisen.

There are several types of archaisms 1 the word can become obsolete entirely and completely go out of use lanita - cheeks, neck - neck, right hand - right hand, shuytsa - left hand, so that - so that, destruction - destruction 2 one of the meanings of a word can become obsolete, while while the rest continue to be used in modern language belly - life, thief - state criminal of False Dmitry II was called Tushinsky thief the word give has lost its meaning to sell over the last 10 years, and the word throw away has the meaning to put on sale 3 in the word may change 1-2 sound and or place of stress number - number, bibliomtek - library, mirror - mirror, snurok - lace 4 an obsolete word may differ from modern ones by the prefix and or suffix druzhstvo - friendship, restaurateur - restaurant, fisherman - fisherman 5 the word may change individual grammatical forms Wed the name of the poem by A.S. Pushkin Gypsies is the modern form of gypsies or the belonging of this word to a certain grammatical class of the word piano, hall were used as feminine nouns, and in modern Russian these are masculine words. Word obsolescence is a process, and different words may be at different stages of it.

Words that have not yet fallen out of active use, but are already used less frequently than before, are called obsolete vouchers. Obsolete words are contrasted with neologisms - new words, the novelty of which is felt by speakers.

Linguistic neologisms are words that appear as names for new objects, phenomena, concepts that do not yet have names in the language, or as new names for already existing objects or concepts.

Linguistic neologisms arise in the following ways: 1 a new word, a new lexical unit appears in the language. It appears through the borrowing of shop tour, charter, shaping, image or the emergence of a new word according to word-formation models existing in the language from the old word geography lunography or neologism-borrowing marketing marketing, computer computer, computer geek, computerization 2 a new word arises from an already existing word in the language meaning, for example, teapot - a non-specialist with weak skills in something, stroke - paste for correcting text, round - negotiation phase, pirate - unlicensed, shell - garage. In the future, this meaning can break away and form a new homonym word.

If an object, concept, phenomenon, called a neologism, quickly becomes irrelevant, the neologism may not have time to become a commonly used word, master the language, and this word may immediately go into the passive vocabulary, becoming historicism.

This is the fate that befell many neologisms from the time of the NEP, the first years of perestroika: kooperator, gekachepist, voucher. Language neologisms are used by native speakers in their everyday speech and are known and understood by many. If the existence of a linguistic neologism is justified, pretty soon the neologism enters the active vocabulary and ceases to be recognized as a new word. However, the creation of new words, word creation is also possible in other situations—an artistic word, a situation of friendly communication, the speech of a child who has not yet fully mastered the vocabulary of the Russian language.

An adult, a poet, a writer consciously resorts to word creation in order to make his speech more expressive or to play with the rich word-forming capabilities of the language, a child does this unconsciously. The results of such word creation are called individual contextual, author's neologisms. So, we find in A.S. Pushkin the words ogoncharovan, kuchelbeckerno, in V.V. Mayakovsky lyubenochek, and hasten, turn blue, lighten.

Sometimes the author's neologisms become real words and enter the literary language, such as, for example, the words pendulum, pump, attraction, constellation, mine, drawing, which entered the Russian language from the works of M.V. Lomonosov, industry, love, absent-mindedness, touching - from works of N.M. Karamzin, fade away - from F.I. Dostoevsky, mediocrity - from I. Severyanin. The functions of obsolete words are varied.

Firstly, they can be used directly to name and designate corresponding objects and phenomena. Thus, outdated words are used, for example, in scientific and historical works. In works of art on historical themes, this vocabulary is used not only to denote obsolete realities and outdated concepts, but also to create a certain flavor of the era. Obsolete words can be used in literary text to indicate the time in which the action takes place.

Obsolete words, mainly archaisms, can also perform stylistic functions - they can be used to create solemnity in the text. Phraseology Words, when combined with each other, form phrases. Some of them are free, they are formed by us in speech as needed. Each word in them retains its independent meaning and performs the function of a separate member of the sentence. For example, reading an interesting book, walking down the street.

But there are phrases that are called non-free, connected, or phraseological. In them, words, when combined together, lose their individual lexical meaning and form a new semantic whole, which in terms of semantics is equated to a separate word, for example, let the red rooster - set it on fire, beat the thumbs - mess around, from minute to minute - soon, with a pinhead - small . As a rule, such combinations are fixed in the language as a result of frequent and long-term, sometimes centuries-old, practice of use.

The same combination can appear either as free or as bound, depending on the context and meaning. For example, He closed his eyes and quickly fell asleep - the Dean's office turned a blind eye to the student's misbehavior. A set of lexically indivisible, integral in meaning, reproduced in the form of ready-made speech units combinations of words is called phraseology from the Greek phrasis expression and logos doctrine, science. Phraseologisms can be divided into groups from the point of view of the origin and tradition of using expressions from colloquial speech to speak one's teeth, to lose one's head, miracles in a sieve, fish without fish and cancer, expressions from professional spheres of use were born in a shirt, from argot to baffle, green street - from the vocabulary of railway workers, clumsy work, without a hitch - from the speech of carpenters, rub in points expressions from bookish literary speech and terms and phrases from scientific use center of gravity, chain reaction, roll down an inclined plane, bring to white heat b expressions from works of fiction and journalism And the casket simply opened I. Krylov with feeling, with sense, with arrangement A. Griboyedov the living corpse of L. Tolstoy The case smells of kerosene M. Koltsov. Like a word, a phraseological unit can have synonyms and antonyms, for example, two pairs of boots - a bird of a feather, beat swords into plowshares - sheathe a sword phraseological units-synonyms make a mess - clear up the mess, rolling up the sleeves - carelessly, heavy to lift - easy to lift rise of phraseological units-antonyms. Phraseologisms of the Russian language by origin are divided into two groups: Original Russian and Borrowed.

Original Russian phraseological units The emergence of original Russian phraseological units can date back to the time of the existence of the Proto-Slavic language, common Slavic or Proto-Slavic, Old Russian language, East Slavic, Old Russian and Russian languages, Russian proper. One of the indicators of the Proto-Slavic origin of a phraseological unit, therefore, is its parallel fixation in the East-West South Slavic languages and their dialects Indian summer, from the head to the feet, East Slavic phraseological units are registered in the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages and their dialects written with a pitchfork on the water, from all the legs, the actual Russian phraseological units are usually noted only in the Russian language in full Ivanovo, which is what my leg wants. Primordial Russian phraseological units can be associated with mythological ideas, folk customs, rites, rituals: sparrow night - a dark night with a strong thunderstorm, a time of rampant evil spirits headlong - in the original meaning it means a ritual delineation for protection from evil spirits to wash the bones - the emergence of phraseological units associated with the reburial rite, before which the excavated remains, i.e. bones were washed.

With material culture, specific realities, historical facts, it is as if Mamai passed - the Tatar Khan Mamai made devastating raids on Rus' - Mamai's massacre - Khan Mamai was defeated in the Battle of Kulikovo without slurping salt - salt, as an expensive product, could not have been given to an unwanted guest during a treat.

With professional, slang, argotic speech, terminological vocabulary to get out of the rut from the professional vocabulary of drivers, silently from the speech of the military, sapa - hidden undermining, put on the map from gambling jargon With various genres of folklore, a hut on chicken legs, a red maiden, a grandmother said in two , little man, grasping at straws With the names of specific people who created phraseological units or the context that contributed to its emergence leavened patriotism Vyazemsky, monkey labor, a disservice, a snout in a cannon Krylov, shut up the fountain K. Prutkov, end up with a broken trough Pushkin

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Active vocabulary

vocabulary that can be used reproductively, in contrast to passive vocabulary, which the communicator understands when reading and listening, but does not use in speech.

Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M.: Flinta: Science. L.L. Nelyubin. 2003.

See what “active vocabulary” is in other dictionaries:

ACTIVE VOCABULARY- ACTIVE VOCABULARY. Vocabulary that is used productively by the student to express thoughts in speech and writing, in contrast to passive vocabulary, which the student understands when reading and listening, but does not use in speech. A. l. called... ...

vocabulary- (from the Greek lexikos verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Vocabulary of oral speech. Colloquial everyday vocabulary. Vocabulary of bookish written speech. Social journalistic vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Vocabulary- (from the Greek λεξικός relating to the word) a set of words of a language, its vocabulary. This term is used both in relation to individual layers of vocabulary (everyday vocabulary, business, poetic, etc.), and to designate all words... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

In Russian: 1) by frequency of use (active and passive vocabulary); 2) by period of use (outdated and new vocabulary); 3) by the nature of the reflection of the activity (terminological and professional vocabulary); 4) by… …

vocabulary according to the parameter of sociolinguistic use- in Russian: 1) by frequency of use (active and passive vocabulary); 2) by period of use (outdated and new vocabulary); 3) by the nature of the reflection of the activity (terminological and professional vocabulary); 4) on social... ...

Frequency words of the language vocabulary used in everyday communication. The core of active vocabulary consists of neutral (commonly used) vocabulary, which has: 1) epidigmatics - a developed system of meanings; 2) syntagmatics –… … Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

active vocabulary in Russian- Frequency words of the language vocabulary used in everyday communication. The core of active vocabulary consists of neutral (commonly used) vocabulary, which has: 1) epidigmatics - a developed system of meanings; 2) syntagmatics – broad... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Training content- active grammar, active vocabulary, active grammatical minimum, active vocabulary, active vocabulary, articulation, aspect of learning, aspects of language, listening, authentic material, database, types of speech activity... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

Vocabulary training- active vocabulary, active vocabulary, active vocabulary, non-equivalent vocabulary, untranslated semantization, vocabulary, non-equivalent vocabulary, neutral vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary, exotic vocabulary, lexical units,... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

LINGUISTIC FUNDAMENTALS OF THE METHODOLOGY- abbreviation, paragraph, automatic text processing, automatic translation, autonomous speech, speech adaptation, text adaptation, addresser, addressee, alphabet, speech act, active grammar, active vocabulary, active speech, active possession... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

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School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Active vocabulary of literary language. Interpretation. Pronunciation. Examples of use. Synonyms. Antonyms. Grammatical and stylistic characteristics, E. Skorlupovskaya. The dictionary contains more than 8,000 words and phrases, which represent the active vocabulary of the modern Russian language. . Each dictionary entry contains grammatical and stylistic...

Issues of the semantic system of language, the semantic structure of linguistic units, the relationship of various types of meaning, the development of methods for their research and a number of other complex issues of semasiology attract the attention of linguists of various schools and directions. The meaning of a word is one of the most complex and at the same time the most important not only linguistic, but also logical, psychological and philosophical categories, since it is directly related to the basic question of the relationship between thinking and language, concept and word, and it reflects the diversity of the inner world of man and surrounding reality. Modern linguistics, developing in many directions, has already accumulated significant experience in the study of lexical meaning. Lexical units carry different types of both extralinguistic and linguistic information itself, which underlies the identification of different types of meaning. Currently, in linguistics, much attention is paid to the problems of linguistic nomination, to which, in terms of their linguistic functions, the object of our study - obsolete words - belongs.

Language as a system is in constant motion, and the most mobile level of language is vocabulary: it first of all reacts to all changes in society, replenished with new words. At the same time, the names of objects and phenomena that are no longer used in the life of peoples fall out of use. In the functioning of the vocabulary of any language, including Russian, a dialectical contradiction is revealed: on the one hand, there is a desire for stability, stability, on the other, for constant change and development. Therefore, at each stage of existence in the language system, it is possible to distinguish active and passive vocabulary.

The active vocabulary includes all the vocabulary that is familiar, used every day in one or another area of communication, while the passive vocabulary includes outdated vocabulary and words that appear in speech and are included in the language system, tending to be consolidated in it. From obsolete words that form the peripheral part of the language system during the period of its functioning under study, one should distinguish those words that existed in the history of the language, but are unknown to ordinary speakers of the language of the analyzed era and cannot be understood without referring to specialized literature. Thus, in relation to the modern Russian language, the words arshin, konka, polites should be characterized as passive words, and the words skora - “skin”, loki - “puddle”, swagger - “puffiness, swagger”, etc. - as not included in the system of modern Russian language.

The concept of active and passive language stock was introduced into lexicographic theory and practice by L. V. Shcherba. Shcherba referred to passive vocabulary as words that have become less common and the range of use of which has narrowed. However, the passive vocabulary of a language “should not be confused with the passive vocabulary of a particular native speaker, depending on his profession, education, daily work, etc.”

There is no unity among scientists in understanding the essence of the term passive vocabulary. Broad understanding: the passive vocabulary includes words that are rarely used or are not used by all native speakers. These are the names of rare things; outdated words; words that have not yet become common property; words that exist either only in book or only in colloquial speech; words known only to a narrow circle of specialists in any field of knowledge. Narrow understanding: the passive vocabulary includes words that are understood by the majority of native speakers, but are rarely used, almost not used in everyday communication - part of the obsolete and part of the new vocabulary that is just entering the language system.

Obsolete and new words represent two fundamentally different groups in the vocabulary of the passive vocabulary.

Archaization process

The archaization of one of the meanings of a word is a very interesting phenomenon. The result of this process is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words used in an unusual, outdated meaning for us. The process of archaization of part of the vocabulary of a language, as a rule, occurs gradually, therefore, among the obsolete words there are those that have a very significant “experience” (for example, child, vorog, reche, scarlet, therefore, this); others are removed from the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, since they belong to the Old Russian period of its development. Some words become obsolete in a very short period of time, having appeared in the language and disappeared in the modern period; Wed : shkrab - in the 20s replaced the word teacher, rabkrin - Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate; NKVD officer - NKVD employee. Such nominations do not always have corresponding marks in explanatory dictionaries, since the process of archaization of a particular word may be perceived as not yet completed. The reasons for the archaization of vocabulary are different: they can be extra-linguistic in nature, if the refusal to use the word is associated with social transformations in the life of society, but they can also be determined by linguistic laws. For example, the adverbs oshyu, odesnu (left, right) disappeared from the active dictionary because the producing nouns shuytsa - “left hand” and desnitsa - “right hand” became archaic. In such cases, the systemic relationships of lexical units played a decisive role. Thus, the word shuytsa fell out of use, and the semantic connection of words united by this historical root also disintegrated (for example, the word shulga did not survive in the language in the meaning of “left-handed” and remained only as a surname, going back to a nickname). Antonymous pairs (shuytsa - right hand, oshyu - right hand), synonymous connections (oshyu, left) have been destroyed. However, the word right hand, despite the archaization of words associated with it through systemic relations, remained in the language for some time. In Pushkin's era, for example, it was used in the “high syllable” of poetic speech. One of the reasons was also a change in the productivity of service morphemes, for example: the loss of the word-formative variant dorogotnya and the appearance of the variant dorogotnya due to the fact that by the end of the 17th century. the suffix -rel- began to be added to the stems of verbs (cf.: running around, knocking, chattering), while the suffix -izn- began to be intensively used in denominative word formation (cheapness, novelty, whiteness). There are known cases of the revival of obsolete words, their return to the active vocabulary. Thus, in modern Russian, such nouns as soldier, officer, ensign, minister and a number of others are actively used, which after October became archaic, giving way to new ones: Red Army soldier, chief division, people's commissar, etc. In the 20s, from the passive vocabulary, the word leader was extracted, which even in Pushkin’s era was perceived as outdated and was listed in the dictionaries of that time with the corresponding stylistic marking. Now it is being archaized again. Relatively recently, the Old Church Slavonic word parasite has lost its archaic connotation.

However, the return of some obsolete words to the active vocabulary is possible only in special cases and is always due to extralinguistic factors. If the archaization of a word is dictated by linguistic laws and is reflected in the systemic connections of vocabulary, then its revival is excluded.

Thus, we can conclude that the vocabulary of the Russian language is in constant development: it is regularly updated with new words, forming the composition of active and passive vocabulary. Active words usually include words used daily, in oral and written speech. Passive vocabulary consists of words that are used rarely and not by all native speakers. These may include outdated words, jargon or professionalism. Obsolete words arise as a result of the process of archaization. The reasons for this process may be extra-linguistic in nature or may be dictated by linguistic laws. Words also tend to return to the active vocabulary from the passive one, however, if the formation of an obsolete word was determined by linguistic factors, then it will never be revived.

HISTORISM AND ARCHAISMS IN O. MANDELSHTAM'S POETIC TEXTS

2. 1. Stylistic functions of obsolete words

2. 1. 1. Stylistic functions of historicisms

Among obsolete words, a special group consists of historicisms - the names of disappeared or irrelevant objects, phenomena, concepts, for example, oprichnik, chain mail, gendarme, policeman, hussar, tutor, institute, etc. The appearance of historicisms, as a rule, is caused by extra-linguistic reasons: social transformations in society, the development of production, the renewal of weapons, household items, etc.

Historicisms can be classified into several semantic groups:

The first lexical-semantic group consists of words denoting positions and titles. This group includes words denoting a high social position of persons: tsar, boyar, prince. The next lexical-semantic group consists of words denoting military vocabulary. This includes words such as berdysh, chain mail, spear. The third lexical-semantic group consists of words denoting clothing. This group includes words such as caftan, bast shoes, terlik, feryaz. The fourth lexical-semantic group consists of words denoting buildings and their parts. These are words such as cell, bedchamber, cookhouse. The fifth lexical-semantic group consists of words denoting everyday concepts: tub, vzvar, cart.

Words that differ in the time of their appearance in the language become historicisms: they can be associated with very distant eras (tiun, voivode, oprichnina), and with recent events (tax in food, gubkom, district).

The meaning of historicisms as stylistically colored words acquires its special significance in works of fiction, since it is they that allow the author to find his own, unique style of presentation and, most importantly, to bring the reader as close as possible to the era discussed in the work. After all, it is words that allow us to most fully imagine the events, customs and customs of the past. This is due to the fact that language is a constantly changing organism that reacts very quickly to various not only cultural, but also political and social changes in society. Thus, the words boyar, tsar, etc. ceased to be used due to the disappearance of the concepts. The words of this group are called historicisms. Obsolete words include not only words that have long gone out of use, but also those that arose and became obsolete relatively recently. Native and borrowed words can be obsolete.

Obsolete words in modern literary language can perform various stylistic functions. In particular, historicisms are used in works of art about the historical past of our country to recreate the flavor of the era and depict antiquity.

2. 1. 2. Archaisms, their stylistic functions

Archaisms include the names of currently existing objects and phenomena, for some reason supplanted by other words belonging to the active vocabulary; for example: every day - always, comedian - actor, necessary - necessary, percy - chest, verb - to speak, to know - to know. Their main difference from historicisms is the presence of synonyms in modern language, devoid of a hint of archaism.

Words can be archaized only partially, for example, in their suffixal design (vysost - height), in their sound (ocm - eighth, goshpital - hospital), in their individual meanings (nature - nature, fairly - excellent, disorder - disorder). This gives grounds to distinguish several groups within archaisms:

1. Lexical archaisms - words that are outdated in all their meanings: lzya (possible), barber (hairdresser), zelo (very), therefore, know, is coming. They can also be divided into several subgroups, for example: a) A group of words denoting parts of the human face and body (mouth, eyes, face); b) Lexico-semantic group of words denoting a person according to some characteristic (child, husband, thief); c) Group of traditional poetisms. This group is represented by a number of very common, traditional and characteristic words for the poetic lexicon, such as bliss, delight, bush, curtains.

d) A group of words denoting the physical or emotional state of a person. It can combine such lexemes as vigil, hunger, hope and the word kruchina, recorded in dictionaries as folk poetic.

e) A group of words related to the theme of death (deceased, buried).

f) A group of words symbolically denoting a region, a land given by fate (vale, monastery); g) Words denoting speech (verb, verb, name), serving to create an atmosphere of sublimity and solemnity; h) A group of words related to the perception of phenomena in the surrounding world (look, listen, know, taste); i) A group of words denoting any action (perform, do, bestow, anoint).

2. Lexico-word-formation archaisms - words in which individual word-formation elements are outdated: fisherman, flirt, vskolki (since), necessary, handicrafts (craft), transgress.

3. Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words whose phonetic design is outdated and has undergone some changes in the process of the historical development of the language. The leading place here is occupied by incomplete words, which are representatives of genetic Slavicisms (solodky, vorog, young, breg, night, Sveisky (Swedish), Aglitsky (English), Iroism, atheism).

4. Lexico-semantic archaisms - words that have lost their individual meanings: guest - merchant, shame - spectacle, vulgar - popular, dream - thought.

5. Grammatical archaisms are outdated grammatical forms of nominal parts of speech. They can also be divided into several groups: a) A very large group consists of grammatical archaisms-nouns.

b) A sign of morphological archaization of adjectives is inflection: even. The -ago inflection of a full adjective is an indicator of the genitive singular.

c) A very small group of morphological archaisms is represented by pronouns (for example, personal az, interrogative colic, attributive).

Archaisms in modern literary language can perform various stylistic functions.

1. Archaisms, and especially Old Slavonicisms, which have replenished the passive composition of the vocabulary, give speech a sublime, solemn sound.

Old Church Slavonic vocabulary was used in this function even in ancient Russian literature. In the poetry of classicism, acting as the main component of the odic vocabulary, Old Slavonicisms determined the solemn style of “high poetry.” In poetic speech of the 19th century. With the archaizing Old Church Slavonic vocabulary, the outdated vocabulary of other sources, and above all Old Russianisms, was stylistically equalized. The tradition of writers turning to outdated high vocabulary in works of civil and patriotic themes is maintained in the Russian literary language in our time.

2. Archaisms are used in works of art about the historical past of our country to recreate the flavor of the era.

3. Obsolete words can be a means of speech characterization of characters, for example, clergy, monarchs.

4. Archaisms, and especially Old Slavonicisms, are used to recreate the ancient oriental flavor, which is explained by the closeness of Old Slavonic speech culture to biblical imagery.

5. Highly outdated vocabulary can be subject to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor and satire. The comical sound of outdated words is noted in everyday stories and satire of the 17th century. , and later - in epigrams, jokes, parodies written by participants in linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the Arzamas society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

In modern humorous and satirical poetry, outdated words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech.

When analyzing the stylistic functions of obsolete words in artistic speech, one cannot help but take into account the fact that their use in some cases may not be related to a specific stylistic task, but is determined by the characteristics of the author’s style and the individual preferences of the writer. In the poetic speech of Pushkin’s time, the appeal to incomplete words and other Old Slavonic expressions that have consonant Russian equivalents was often due to versification: in accordance with the requirement of rhythm and rhyme, the poet gave preference to one or another option (as “poetic license”): “I will sigh, and my languid voice, like a harp’s voice, will die quietly in the air” by Batyushkov; “Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva. ", "Go to the banks of the Neva, newborn creation. "at Pushkin. By the end of the 19th century. poetic liberties were eliminated and the amount of outdated vocabulary in the poetic language sharply decreased. However, also Blok, and Yesenin, and Mayakovsky, and Bryusov, and other poets of the early 20th century. they paid tribute to outdated words traditionally assigned to poetic speech (though Mayakovsky had already turned to archaisms primarily as a means of irony and satire). Echoes of this tradition are still found today; for example, in Yevtushenko’s works: Winter is a respectable regional city, but not a village at all.

In addition, it is important to emphasize that when analyzing the stylistic functions of obsolete words in a particular work of art, one should take into account the time of its writing and know the general linguistic norms that were in force in that era. After all, for a writer who lived a hundred or two hundred years ago, many words could have been completely modern, commonly used units that had not yet become a passive part of the vocabulary.

The need to turn to an outdated dictionary also arises for authors of scientific and historical works. To describe the past of Russia, its realities that have gone into oblivion, historicisms are used, which in such cases act in their own nominative function. Yes, academician D. S. Likhachev in his works “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Culture of Rus' in the Time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise” uses many words unknown to a modern speaker of the language, mainly historicisms, explaining their meaning.

Sometimes the opinion is expressed that outdated words are also used in official business speech. Indeed, in legal documents there are sometimes words that in other conditions we have the right to attribute to archaisms: deed, punishment, retribution, deed. In business papers they write: herewith attached, this year, the undersigned, the above-named. Such words should be considered special. They are set in an official business style and do not carry any expressive or stylistic meaning in the context. However, the use of outdated words that do not have a strict terminological meaning can cause unjustified archaization of business language.

2. 2. Features of the use of outdated vocabulary in the poetry of O. Mandelstam

The very fact that many modern authors turn to archaic, high vocabulary suggests that they recognize this vocabulary as one of the means of stylistic expressiveness. Thus, the lexical layer under consideration is not alien to the language of poetry of the 20th century.

When analyzing outdated vocabulary in O. Mandelstam’s poetic texts, one should pay attention to the fact that historicisms are quite rare in them. We noted 36 word usages.

The appearance of this special group of obsolete words, as a rule, is caused by extra-linguistic reasons: social transformations in society, the development of production, the renewal of weapons, household items, etc.

Historicisms, unlike other obsolete words, do not have synonyms in the modern Russian language. This is explained by the fact that the very realities for which these words served as names are outdated. Thus, when describing distant times, recreating the flavor of bygone eras, historicisms perform the function of special vocabulary: they act as a kind of terms that do not have competing equivalents. Words that differ in the time of their appearance in the language become historicisms: they can be associated with very distant eras, and with recent events. In O. Mandelstam's poems, this layer of outdated words is used primarily for historical stylization, to reflect the flavor of the era in which the action takes place.

Of the 36 historicisms, we found only 3 adjectives (morocco, lordly and Persian).

All historicisms found in poetic texts can be divided into several semantic groups, which mean:

1. Positions and titles (prince, duke, khan, nobleman, king, lordly);

1) The whistle of a steam locomotive. The prince is coming.

There is a retinue in the glass pavilion!

And, dragging the saber angrily,

The officer comes out, arrogant, -

I have no doubt - this is the prince.

2) The lamb on the mountain, the monk on the donkey,

To the duke's soldiers, slightly foolish

From wine drinking, plague and garlic,

And in a net of blue flies to a sleeping child.

2. Military vocabulary (chain mail, sword, front, armor, armored cars, rapier, mace);

1) On the square with armored cars

I see a man: he

He scares the wolves with burning brands:

Freedom, equality, law!

2) The shine of the steel of a samurai sword

And all the primordial darkness

They will merge into one nugget,

When more damned than stones

Captivating evil chin

At my little Mary's.

1) Ever flying to the silver trumpets of Asia -

Armenia Armenia!

The sun generously gives away Persian money -

Armenia, Armenia!

2) Ah, Erivan, Erivan! Or a bird painted you,

Or did the lion color like a child from a colored pencil case?

Ah, Erivan, Erivan! Not a city - a hard nut,

I love Babylons of your large-mouthed crooked streets.

4. Clothes (jackets, cap);

1) The skull develops from life

All over the forehead - from temple to temple -

He teases himself with the cleanliness of his seams,

It is clear with an understanding dome,

Foams with thoughts, dreams about himself, -

Cup of cups and fatherland to fatherland,

A star-stitched cap,

The Bonnet of Happiness is Shakespeare's father.

2) Alas, the candle melted

Hardened young men,

That they walked half-shouldered

In green camisoles,

What overpowered the shame

And the plague

And to all kinds of gentlemen

They served us right away.

5. Buildings and their parts (cell, acropolis);

1) In the northern capital a dusty poplar languishes,

The transparent dial got entangled in the foliage,

And in the dark greenery a frigate or an acropolis

Shines from afar - brother to water and sky.

6. Everyday concepts (morocco, ten-kopeck coin, Moskvoshway era):

1) It's time for you to know, I am also a contemporary,

I am a man of the Moscow seamstress era, -

Look how my jacket is puffing up on me,

How can I walk and talk!

2) When you think about how you are connected to the world,

You don’t believe yourself: nonsense!

Midnight key to someone else's apartment,

Yes, a silver ten-kopeck piece in my pocket,

Yes, celluloid films are a thief.

Table 2. 1

Semantic groups Historicisms Quantity

Positions and titles Prince, duke, khan, nobleman, king, lordly 6

Military vocabulary chain mail, sword, front, armor, armored car, rapier, mace, slings, 11

chariots, squads, rook

Name of peoples, countries barbarians, Khazars, Saracens, Persians, Byzantium, Erivan, Janissaries, 9

Scythian, Bedouin

Clothes camisole, cap 2

Cell buildings, acropolis 2

Everyday concepts: morocco, ten-kopeck piece, Moskvoshvey era, veche, spindle 5

Unlike historicisms, archaisms are much more common in Mandelstam’s works. We noted 174 uses. The most common nouns, adjectives and verbs found in texts.

Table 2. 2

Partial characteristics of archaisms in the poems of O. Mandelstam

Parts of speech Examples Percentages

Nouns godina, shelom, tympanum, bonds, apses, exedra, 64%

archangel, seraphim, under the canopy, boundaries, cart, coffee, snare, penates, downing, trees, tithes, spinning wheel, halls, vigils, mob, in radiance, heights, sleds, veks, curtains, flails, canoes, on purple, plebeians , Chaldeans, fiends, lots, barn, influx, quiver, purple, skiffs, tubs, lares, abysses, oblivion, robe, arrogance, lancers, forerunners, disgrace, tabernacles, skald, lightning, Levite, ether, child, shacks, spring , scaffold, hope, palace, barns, bosom, potholes, lists, senets, troublemakers, barber, sorcerer, stench, firmament, dishes, host, food, delight, milkiness, seven-branch, variations, birdhouse, sherbet, devil, hail, men , gulbischa, song, people, lies, holy fool, sleepyhead, judge, fingers, right hand, rumor, forehead, mouth, eyes, cheek, zegzica, head, cage, zephyr, palaces, goad, temple, petition

Adjectives of ethereal, mortal, tawdry, Lord's, 11%

foreign, lush, octagonal, azure, milky, spring, non-silent, Lenten, mortal, blessed, obscene, fragrant, not having, blessed, sweet-voiced, Italian, silvery, prophetic, midnight

Participles stolen, tasted, absent-minded, underpainted, 7%

future, weary, overwhelmed

Verbs and gerunds Collide, cajole, drag around, be ashamed, 12%

floats, devours, descends, reigns, embraces, enters, rests, twists, collides, kuralesit, said, rumor, behold, used to say, having seen, unconscious, judged, orbiting, ascend, reigns, treat, rdeya, prevails

Pronouns se, siya, sei, sii 2%

Adverb a hundred times, today, pleasantly, truly, in vain, 4%

Among the obsolete nouns there are both concrete (riza, skald, lightning, levite, krinitsa, block) and abstract (oblivion, hope, delight, lie).

Archaic verbs more often denote a person’s internal experience (flaunt, drag, be ashamed).

There are even fewer adjectives in poetic texts, mostly relative adjectives (morocco, foreign, bayunny, octagonal, milky), qualitative ones are less common (coarse, mortal). There are isolated cases of the use of pronouns and adverbs.

The predominance of archaisms-nouns and archaisms-verbs in O. Mandelstam's poems is apparently due to the fact that in the language there are quantitatively more nouns and verbs than other parts of speech. In Mandelstam's poems, the total number of nouns with the meaning of action, state, quality and abstract concept keeps balance with the number of object nouns. Of even greater importance is the fact that Mandelstam’s noun is one of the main carriers of imagery.

Mandelstam's early poems are dominated by adjective epithets, primarily qualitative ones. They are followed by participles - carriers of action, substitutes for the predicate verb.

Based on the existing classification of archaisms, we have identified the following groups:

1. The first group consists of proper lexical archaisms: lar, abyss, oblivion, robe, arrogance, lancers, forerunners, disgrace, tabernacle, skald, mortal, lightning, Levitom, child, shacks, well, scaffold, hope, palace, rigi, bosom, ruts, forehead, right hand, fingers, compares, lists, senets, petition, troublemaker, tawdry, barber, founded, right hand, fingers, said, rumor, rumor, sorcerer, stench, foreign, firmament, viand, cajole, host, lush, food, lists, delight, sledge, eyes, lips, cheeks, zegzice, palaces, we see, behold, apse, exedra, archangel, seraphim, under the canopy, coming, boundaries, orbiting, hour, shell, tympanums, in vain, goad , arb, treat, tenetah, obuyan, penatov, sbitnya, mob, sled, vekshi, rdeya, flails, canoe, on purple, plebeians, Chaldeans, fiends, influx, quiver, purple, skiffs, sbiten, prevails, on a tub, prophetic , weeks; For example:

1) But clinking the spoon, it’s touching to look at

So that in a cramped gazebo, among dusty acacias,

Accept favorably from the bakery graces

Fragile food in an intricate cup

2) And after how pathetic Sumarokov

He babbled his memorized role,

Like the royal staff in the tabernacle of the prophets,

Solemn pain blossomed among us.

3) And in the inflamed interval,

Where we see nothing -

You pointed in the throne room

Celebration of white glory!

2. The second group includes lexical-phonetic archaisms, words whose phonetic design is outdated and has undergone changes: milkiness, seven-branch, lotions, variations, midnight, judge, azure, in radiance, skvoreshnik, vigil, Lord, octagonal, milky, vernal . The leading place is occupied here by non-vocal combinations, which give poeticization of speech and high expression: hail, before, dragging, head, sweet-voiced, tree, silver; For example:

1) Where is dear Troy? Where is the royal house, where is the maiden house?

It will be destroyed, Priam's tall tower.

And the arrows fall like dry wooden rain,

And other arrows grow on the ground, like hazel trees.

2) I wandered into the toy thicket

And he opened the azure grotto.

Am I real?

Will death really come?

3) When the grass disappears from the mosaics

And the church is echoing and empty,

I'm in the dark, like a crafty serpent,

I am dragging myself to the foot of the Cross.

3. The third group consists of grammatical archaisms: whispers, behold, this, this, these; Lenten, beloved, undecorated, blessed, mortal, blessed; For example:

1) And the fragile shell of the wall,

Like a house of an uninhabited heart,

Fill you with whispers of foam,

Fog, wind and rain

2) I love the priest’s leisurely step,

Wide extension of the shroud

And in the old net the darkness of Gennesaret

Lenten weeks.

3) We are pleased with the dominance of the four elements,

But the fifth was created by a free man.

Doesn't space deny superiority?

This chastely built ark?

4. The fourth group includes lexical-semantic archaisms: men, judged, for example:

1) Like a crane wedge into foreign borders -

On the heads of kings there is divine foam -

Where are you sailing? Whenever Elena

What is Troy alone for you, Achaean men?

2) Hagia Sophia – stay here

The Lord judged nations and kings!

After all, your dome, according to an eyewitness,

As if on a chain, suspended to heaven.

5. The fifth group consists of lexical and word-formative archaisms: silent, be ashamed, turn, hundredfold, of old, gulbischa, song, descends, stolen, entrails, emlet, enters, curly, stones, girdles, golden-haired, people, lies, fool, today, reigns, kindly, ascend, temple, obscene, fragrant, coffee, those who do not have, to their heart's content, Italian, tithes, halls, heights, curtains,

1) And the temple has a small body,

A hundred times more animated

The giant that is whole rock

Helplessly pinned to the ground!

2) Stay foam, Aphrodite,

And return the word to music,

And be ashamed of your heart,

Merged from the fundamental principle of life!

3) And I sing the wine of times -

Source of Italian speech -

And in the cradle of the ancestral Aryans

Slavic and Germanic flax!

Among the archaisms we found, we can distinguish the following lexico-thematic groups:

1) A group of words denoting parts of the human face and body: eyes, mouth, cheeks.

2) A lexical-semantic group of words denoting a person according to some characteristic: lancers, forerunners, skald, Levite, child, troublemaker, barber, sorcerer.

3) A group of traditional poetisms: neg, twist, rumor, delight, ethereal.

4) A group of words denoting the physical or emotional state of a person: oblivion, hope, is based, mortal.

5) Words denoting objects: birdhouse, stones, sledges, chests, potholes.

6) Words related to church vocabulary: robe, tabernacle, palace, firmament, seven-branched candlestick, Lord's, Lenten, week, will enter, holy fool, today, forerunner.

7) Abstract vocabulary: oblivion, arrogance, disgrace, abyss, hope, milkiness, lies.

8) Words denoting a dwelling (room) or part of it: shacks, senets.

Speaking about the stylistic functions that archaisms perform in the poetry of Osip Mandelstam, it should be noted that they play an important role in the formation of his special poetic style.

1. Function of poeticizing speech:

No, not the moon, but a light dial

Shines on me, and what is my fault,

What faint stars do I feel the milkiness?

2) Europe bitterly listens to the mighty splash,

The fat sea boils all around,

It can be seen that the oily sheen of the waters frightens her.

And I would like to slide off the rough cliffs.

2. High expression creation function:

1) You walked through a cloud of fog,

Delicate blush on the cheeks

2) The sound is cautious and dull

The fruit that fell from the tree

Among the incessant chant

Deep forest silence.

3. Historical stylization function:

Offended, they go to the hills,

Like plebeians dissatisfied with Rome,

Old sheep women are black Chaldeans,

Spawn of the night in the hoods of darkness.

4. Function of folklore stylization:

It's night outside. Master's lie:

After me there might be a flood.

What then? The wheeze of the townspeople

And the hustle to the wardrobe.

Thus, in poetic texts O. Mandelstam most often uses lexical, word-formation and phonetic archaisms, because they are more recognizable in the modern Russian language than grammatical archaisms, i.e. outdated forms of various parts of speech. In particular, most archaisms are expressed by nouns, verbs and adjectives.

We can conclude that the peculiarity of the use of archaisms (their thematic groups) by O. Mandelstam is that, unlike other poets, he does not primarily use words denoting parts of the human face and body, although such also occur, but, above all, , are outdated words denoting church concepts, as well as archaisms denoting a person based on some characteristic. This is due to the theme of the poet’s poems: quite often in his work there are poems on a church theme and poetic works related to philosophical lyrics, which depict people with different spiritual quests and ways of life. His favorite lexical sources are ancient mythology, the Bible, architectural and musical professional dictionaries. A large number of specifically literary, bookish words help create a solemn atmosphere, however, the poet does not fall into a literary template and dead bookishness. In the early works of O. Mandelstam, there are many more cases of the use of outdated words than in the poetic works of the last years of the author’s life. This change in style may be associated with historical and political changes in Russia: before the revolution of 1917, O. Mandelstam used more historicisms than after it.

Thus, the entire vocabulary of the Russian language is divided into active and passive. Active vocabulary includes all the vocabulary that is familiar and used every day in one or another area of communication. Passive - these are words that have become less common and the range of use of which has narrowed, that is, obsolete or obsolete words. The process of archaization is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms.

There are two groups of obsolete words: historicisms and archaisms. Historicisms are the names of disappeared or irrelevant objects, phenomena, concepts.

Having analyzed the poetic texts of O. Mandelstam, we noted 36 uses of historicisms. The dominant part of speech is the noun, but adjectives are also found. The historicisms found in the texts can be divided into several semantic groups of words that mean:

1. Positions and titles (princes, duke, khan, nobleman, king, lordly);

2. Military vocabulary (chain mail, sword, front, armor, armored car, rapier);

3. Names of peoples; countries that have now collapsed (Barbarian, Khazars, Saracens, Persians, Byzantium, Erivan);

4. Clothes (camisole, cap);

5. Buildings and their parts (cells);

6. Everyday concepts (morocco, ten-kopeck coin, Moskvoshway era).

The main stylistic function of the use of historicisms in Mandelstam’s works is to recreate the flavor of the depicted era.

Archaisms are found much more often in Mandelstam’s works. We noted 174 word usages. Most often in Mandelstam's poetic texts nouns and adjectives are found. We classified archaisms into several semantic groups: proper lexical archaisms (rizoyu, palace, bosom), lexical-phonetic archaisms (semyvesveshnik, milkiness, skvoreshnik; inconsistency grade, vlachas); grammatical archaisms (whispers, kuralesit; pronouns behold, this; inflections of Lenten, mortal); lexical-semantic archaisms (men); lexical and word-formative archaisms (shame on you, hundredfold, lie);

In the poems of O. Mandelstam, we also identified the following lexico-thematic groups of archaisms, which denote parts of the human face and body (eyes, mouth, cheeks), a person according to some characteristic (skald, child, barber, sorcerer), physical or emotional state person (oblivion, hope, mortal), objects (skvoreshnik, sherbet, lara), housing or part of it (shacks, senets), as well as words related to traditional poetism (neg, kruchinsya, delight, ethereal), church vocabulary (seven-veshchnik , Lenten, week, today) and abstract vocabulary (abyss, hope, milkiness, lie).

We noted that in the poetic works of O. Mandelstam there are more proper lexical, lexical-phonetic and lexical-word-formative archaisms. Frequent cases of the use of words related to church vocabulary or denoting a person on any basis are associated with the themes of the author’s poetic works. Church or philosophical themes dominate in O. Mandelstam’s work, which reveals the psychologism of the human soul. Also, the use of words belonging to these thematic groups is associated with the vocabulary in the author’s poetic texts, which he draws from ancient mythology, the Bible, musical and architectural dictionaries, which creates high expression in his works.

Archaisms are organically included in the fabric of Osip Mandelstam’s works. Archaisms participate in the formation of her unique poetic style and are used to poeticize speech, create a solemn atmosphere, and serve as a method of historical and folklore stylization.

In modern Russian, obsolete words include those that are known from works of classical literature. They are rarely used in speech.

Reasons for words becoming obsolete:

1) extra-linguistic; 2) intralinguistic.

Historicisms are words whose semantic changes are caused by extra-linguistic factors. These are the names of objects and phenomena of the old way of life, the old culture, social, economic and political relations that have become a thing of the past. Historicisms include the names of social institutions (corvée, quitrent, zemshchina), household items, clothing (arshin, frock coat, caftan), names of people by social status (smerd, boyar, prince, count, nobleman, hetman, centurion). the word historicism extralinguistic

Neologisms at one time included such words as budenovka, cart, committee of the poor, surplus appropriation, educational program, workers' faculty, but in a short time they became historicisms.

The intralinguistic reasons that determined the appearance of obsolete words include synonymous competition, as a result of which one of the synonymous words gives way to another. Such a process occurred at one time with the words eye and eye, brow and forehead, airplane and airplane, helicopter and helicopter, etc.

In addition, intralinguistic factors include the processes of expanding or narrowing the meaning of words as a result of the elimination of more specialized names. The following example is given in the linguistic literature: in Russian, each finger had a separate name. But the word FINGER was used only for the thumb, the word FINGER for the index finger, etc. Over time, the special names of fingers became unimportant and the word FINGER acquired a general meaning, spreading to all others, and the word FINGER began to be used as an archaic synonym for it.

Varieties of archaisms

Obsolete words that have fallen out of use as a result of intralingual processes are called archaisms. As the language develops, they are replaced by other words that are more acceptable to subsequent generations. Old nominations are becoming passive vocabulary.

In linguistics, there are several classifications of archaisms. So, N.M. Shan divides all archaisms into lexical and semantic. M.I. Fomina, A.V. Kalinin and others divide archaisms into the following groups: lexical proper, lexical-phonetic, lexical-word-formative, lexical-semantic.

Actually, the lexical archaisms are completely outdated (eye, forehead, finger, battle).

Lexical-phonetic archaisms include words whose sound form has changed in the process of historical development (bakcha - melon, busulman - Muslim, stora - curtain, klob - club number - number, calm - style).

Lexico-word-formation archaisms are words in which individual word-formation elements are outdated (friendship - friendship, nervous - nervous, rest - rest, buyer - buyer).

Lexico-semantic archaisms retained their sound form, but changed their meaning (the word druzhinnik is perceived by modern speakers as a participant in a voluntary association, and not a person who was a member of the princely squad).

Historicisms and archaisms are an important stylistic device in a literary text, by which one can determine the era in a work on a historical theme.

Neologisms and their types

Neologisms are new words or meanings that have recently appeared in a language. These are the names of new objects that appeared in the process of development of science, culture, technology, production, everyday life, names of new phenomena, actions, processes.

A neologism remains new until it has become commonly used and sufficiently frequent (programmer, computer, cybernetics). These words quickly entered the language and became an integral part of the vocabulary.

In the language there are such neologisms that name phenomena that are obviously transitory (new materials - crimplen, bologna, styles of clothes and shoes - Romanian, body shirt, hairstyles - gavroche, babetta), etc. Such words from the category of neologisms very quickly fall into the category of outdated vocabulary.

Linguistic scientists distinguish lexical neologisms - new derivatives and borrowed words (lunokhod, nuclear-powered rover, cruise, broiler), which make up about 90%, and semantic ones, which arose as a result of the emergence of new meanings in words functioning in the language, for example: dynasty - 1) series sequentially reigning monarchs from the same family, and 2) representatives of different generations from the same family, having the same profession (working dynasty), etc.

Occasionalisms are individually authored formations. They are characterized by one-time use, created “on occasion”, and are inherent only in a given context. Everyone knows the occasionalisms in the works of V. Mayakovsky (hammer, sickle, chamberlain, etc.), K. Fedin (starry eyes), E. Yevtushenko (bezneronie, nesgubinka, teasing, etc.), etc.

Dictionaries of obsolete and new words

There are no special dictionaries of historicisms and archaisms yet. However, many outdated words were included in V.I.’s dictionary. Dalia. Their meanings are reflected in a large academic encyclopedia.

For a long time there were no dictionaries of neologisms. However, back in Peter’s times, the “Lexicon of New Vocabularies” was compiled, which was essentially a short dictionary of foreign words. Some words were included in V.I.’s dictionary. Dahlem. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N., became significant in its composition of neologisms. Ushakova. A large number of them were included in S.I.’s dictionary. Ozhegova.

In 1971, a dictionary-reference book was published, prepared based on materials from the press and literature of the 60s, “New Words and Meanings,” edited by N.Z. Kotelova and Yu.S. Sorokina. The dictionary explains about 3,500 words that are widely used.

Active and passive composition of vocabulary - parts of the vocabulary of the modern language: active [from Lat. aktivus ‘effective’] vocabulary constitutes the central, “core” part of the entire vocabulary of a language and consists of words that are understandable to all speakers of this language and are often used by them in speech; passive [from lat. passivus ‘inactive’] vocabulary is a peripheral part of the vocabulary of a language.

This division of vocabulary was proposed by L.V. Shcherba, who drew attention to the fact that there are quite a lot of words in the language that are no longer used or rarely used in living speech, although they remain quite understandable.

According to one (more traditional and widespread) point of view, the passive vocabulary should include rarely used words that either have ceased to be relevant or have not yet entered into active speech use: obsolete - i.e. historicisms and archaisms; obsolete and, on the contrary, only recently appeared in the language - that is, neologisms. In this case, the stylistic stratification of the vocabulary is not taken into account - the active composition of the vocabulary can include not only commonly used stylistically neutral words with a developed system of meanings and wide compatibility, but also words limited in their use to a certain area (for example, special terms and professionalisms) , functional style of speech (for example, book or colloquial words) or their inherent emotional and expressive coloring.

Proponents of another point of view, on the contrary, base the division of vocabulary into active and passive on a stylistic principle: in their opinion, the passive vocabulary of a language includes words that are not stylistically neutral, limited in use or by the features of the phenomena they denote (names of rare realities, historicisms, terms), or stylistic coloring.

In connection with this ambiguity, some scientists propose to abandon the terms “active and passive vocabulary” and talk about different degrees of activity of words. Moreover, the boundaries between active and passive vocabulary are fluid - language reacts sensitively to changes in the life of society, and the result of its reactions is not only the creation of new words to denote previously non-existent objects, recently emerged phenomena and newly formed concepts, but also the constant the movement of some lexical units that have lost their relevance to the periphery of the language, and sometimes the return to active use of seemingly completely forgotten words. Thus, in recent times, the words benefactor, Duma, patriarch, gymnasium, croupier, mission etc. (some of these returned words even become a symbol of a new historical era, as happened with the word publicity), while the words national, class, collectivism and others, on the contrary, became part of the passive language stock. Similar changes in the lexical composition of the language are reflected in special dictionaries - for example, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language of the End of the 20th Century, published under the editorship of G. N. Sklyarevskaya. Language Changes" (St. Petersburg, 1998; and other publications) a special system of marks has been developed to indicate that a particular word in the described era moved from one part of the lexical stock to another or was updated.

Statistics on the use of lexical units, which is one of the characteristics of whether a word belongs to the active or passive composition of the vocabulary, is noted in frequency dictionaries. This is a relatively new type of lexicographic publications, the emergence of which is associated with the development of computer technology. Frequency dictionaries are compiled on the basis of computer processing of texts, which makes it possible to determine the numerical characteristics of the frequency of a particular word in them. There are general frequency dictionaries made on various speech materials. For example, “Frequency Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. L. N. Zasorina (Moscow, 1977) includes about 40,000 units and covers literary, journalistic and business texts; “Frequency Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language (based on materials from the National Corpus of the Russian Language)” by O. N. Lyashevskaya and S. A. Sharov (M., 2009; electronic version) includes over 50,000 words. There are frequency dictionaries associated with a particular area of language use (for example, “Frequency Dictionary of General Scientific Vocabulary” (M., 1970), “2380 words most commonly used in Russian colloquial speech” (M., 1968), etc.) , as well as dictionaries that statistically represent the vocabulary of a particular era (“Frequency dictionary of the Russian language of the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries” by A. A. Gruzberg (Perm, 1974), etc.), the language of a particular writer or individual work (for example, compiled by A. O. Grebennikov “Frequency Dictionary of A. P. Chekhov’s Stories” (St. Petersburg, 1999)). Such dictionaries help to penetrate deeper into the artistic world of the writer.

The terms “active and passive vocabulary”, “active and passive vocabulary” apply not only to the language as a whole, but also to its individual speaker. At the same time, the active and passive composition of the vocabulary of a language does not coincide with the active and passive dictionary of a particular person who speaks a given language: the composition of modern Russian vocabulary is calculated in tens of thousands of linguistic units (the most complete set of normative lexical units is presented in the two-volume “Consolidated Dictionary of Modern Russian Vocabulary”, ed. . R. P. Rogozhnikova (M., 1991), and a person’s active vocabulary ranges from 300 to 2000 words. The number of linguistic units actively used by a particular native speaker depends on the general cultural level of the speaker. To a large extent, the composition of active and passive The vocabulary of a linguistic personality is determined by the age, place of residence, profession, personal tastes and interests of a particular person. Thus, in the early and mid-2000s, the words were used to refer to a mobile phone: mobile, cell phone, a tube etc. All these words belonged to the active vocabulary of the Russian language and were understandable to all speakers, but for a particular person (depending on the region of Russia, age, social and professional status) this or that word could be on the periphery of the personal vocabulary. The word is handy (handy), familiar to the Russian-speaking population of Europe, in particular Germany, was alien to the residents of Russia.

The boundaries of my language are the boundaries of my world. (L. Wittgenstein).

Expanding the boundaries of your vocabulary in many ways means expanding the horizons of your ideas about the world.

Passive vocabulary examples of words. Active and passive vocabulary of the Russian literary language

Modern Russian language

What will we do with the received material:

See what “active vocabulary” is in other dictionaries:

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