Many catchphrases that we hear every day came into our language from the Latin language. Today we will talk about 6 expressions that you have probably heard, but do not know their history.
1 Abandon hope, everyone who enters here.
Desine sperare qui hic intras - Abandon hope, everyone who enters here.
This phrase became widespread after it became the final words in Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy. This inscription was placed above the gates of Hell in his work, and in the future it appeared in many other poets and writers: Pushkin (“Eugene Onegin”), Chekhov (“The Cynic”), even Lenin, who included the phrase in his article.
Today, this phrase can be heard in many films, TV series and read on the pages of various books. Most often it is used either in an ironic way, or to emphasize that the situation is truly hopeless, and it is better to immediately give up hope.
2 Devil's Advocate
Advocatus diaboli - Devil's Advocate. No, we're not talking about a movie with Keanu Reeves. When this phrase was coined, even his parents were not in the plans. The Devil's Advocate was originally a position in the Catholic Church. Such people were busy looking for documents against canonizing the deceased monk. Their duties included delving into the archives, looking for evidence that the deceased was not as pure as they would like. If the devil's advocate did not find sufficient evidence, beatification (that is, elevation to sainthood) was successful.
Today we call the “Devil's Advocate” a person who supports an obviously bad decision in a dispute. He deliberately puts it in a good light, trying to get people on his side.
3 God is with us
Deus vult - God is with us. Another phrase that came to us from the church. The Deus Vult was used by Pope Urban II during the First Crusade. Later, this cry was “picked up” by other crusaders, and after a little time the phrase began to be used in different countries, albeit with translation. Now Deus Vult is associated with the Crusaders in much the same way as the bonfires of the Inquisition.
Today, this phrase is used in the media to refer to the alternative right movement, and is the motto of the Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem.
4 Money doesn't smell
Writer, historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
Aes non olet - Money has no smell. Yes, you will be surprised, but this phrase also came to us from Latin. According to legend, the Roman Emperor Vespasian said it while receiving taxes on public toilets. She was addressed to Titus, his son, who did not understand this action. Guy Tranquill, an ancient Roman historian and philosopher, describes this situation in his book. The direct text says nothing there and the emperor’s speech was conveyed indirectly: “... he took a coin from the first profit, brought it to his nose and asked if it stinks.”
Today the phrase “money doesn’t smell” is used when referring to a not entirely honest way of income. It characterizes circumstances when a person does not neglect any means to achieve wealth.
5 I came, I saw, I conquered
Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar
Veni vidi vici - I came, I saw, I conquered. The famous words spoken by Julius Caesar in Rome when he spoke about his military successes in the West. They were said after Caesar won the victory for the third time in the kingdom of Pontus, but this time the Roman consul did not celebrate the victory as such, but the fact that it was won very quickly, Caesar literally “came, saw and conquered.”
Today the meaning of the phrase has not changed. It is used when talking about a quick triumph that did not require much effort.
6 Knowledge is power
Artist Francis Bacon
Scientia est potential - Knowledge is power. The authorship of this phrase is quite controversial. There are at least three contenders for authorship, but due to inaccuracies in the translation, we still don’t know who was the first to say this. The phrase first appears in the old Arabic book “The Way of Eloquence.” The phrase was later used by Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes. In any case, “Knowledge is power” means only one thing – that knowledge is power.
“Abandon hope, all who enter here” is the end of the inscription placed above the gates of hell in The Divine Comedy, created by Dante Alighieri in 1307-1321 (“Hell”, canto 3, stanza 3). The original expression is Italian. “Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch"entrate", literally translated as: “Abandon all hope, you who enter.”
The full text of the inscription above the gates of hell (translated by M. Lozinsky) reads:
Variants of the phrase in some languages
- Italian Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch’entrate
- German Lasst alle Hoffnung fahren, die ihr hier eintretet
Symbolic meaning
The words “Abandon hope...” became a meme, symbolizing the gates of hell as a border, crossing which “... enter the mournful city to torment,... enter the eternal torment.”
Also sometimes this expression is used to denote something hopeless and unrealizable.
Impact on culture
For centuries, “The Divine Comedy” has been a powerful starting point for the creativity of artists, poets, philosophers, and politicians. It is not surprising that many of its plots, and, in particular, the theme of the peculiar border of light and darkness - the gates of hell with a warning text above the gate, along with the theme of the hopelessness of certain intentions, were used quite widely. For example:
- A. S. Pushkin (novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”, chapter 3. stanza 22):
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Notes
Excerpt characterizing Abandon hope, all who enter here
In the second hour, the four Rostov carriages, loaded and stowed, stood at the entrance. The carts with the wounded rolled out of the yard one after another.The carriage in which Prince Andrei was carried, passing by the porch, attracted the attention of Sonya, who, together with the girl, was arranging seats for the countess in her huge tall carriage, which stood at the entrance.
– Whose stroller is this? – Sonya asked, leaning out of the carriage window.
“Didn’t you know, young lady?” - answered the maid. - The prince is wounded: he spent the night with us and is also coming with us.
- Who is this? What's your last name?
– Our very former groom, Prince Bolkonsky! – sighing, answered the maid. “They say he’s dying.”
Sonya jumped out of the carriage and ran to the Countess. The countess, already dressed for the trip, in a shawl and hat, tired, walked around the living room, waiting for her family in order to sit with the doors closed and pray before leaving. Natasha was not in the room.
“Maman,” said Sonya, “Prince Andrei is here, wounded, near death.” He's coming with us.
The Countess opened her eyes in fear and, grabbing Sonya’s hand, looked around.
- Natasha? - she said.
For both Sonya and the Countess, this news had only one meaning at first. They knew their Natasha, and the horror of what would happen to her at this news drowned out for them all sympathy for the person they both loved.
– Natasha doesn’t know yet; but he’s coming with us,” said Sonya.
- Are you talking about dying?
Sonya nodded her head.
The Countess hugged Sonya and began to cry.
"God works in mysterious ways!" - she thought, feeling that in everything that was done now, an omnipotent hand, previously hidden from people’s view, began to appear.
- Well, mom, everything is ready. What are you talking about?.. – Natasha asked with an animated face, running into the room.
“Nothing,” said the Countess. - It's ready, let's go. – And the countess bent down to her reticule to hide her upset face. Sonya hugged Natasha and kissed her.
Natasha looked at her questioningly.
- What you? What happened?
- There is nothing…
- Very bad for me?.. What is it? – asked the sensitive Natasha.
Sonya sighed and did not answer. The Count, Petya, m me Schoss, Mavra Kuzminishna, Vasilich entered the living room, and, having closed the doors, they all sat down and sat silently, without looking at each other, for several seconds.
The count was the first to stand up and, sighing loudly, began to make the sign of the cross. Everyone did the same. Then the count began to hug Mavra Kuzminishna and Vasilich, who remained in Moscow, and, while they caught his hand and kissed his shoulder, he lightly patted them on the back, saying something vague, affectionately soothing. The Countess went into the imagery, and Sonya found her there on her knees in front of the images that remained scattered along the wall. (According to family legends, the most expensive images were taken with them.)
On the porch and in the courtyard, people leaving with daggers and sabers with which Petya had armed them, with their trousers tucked into their boots and tightly belted with belts and sashes, said goodbye to those who remained.
As always during departures, much was forgotten and not properly packed, and for quite a long time two guides stood on both sides of the open door and steps of the carriage, preparing to give the Countess a ride, while girls with pillows, bundles, and carriages were running from home to the carriages. , and the chaise, and back.
- Everyone will forget their time! - said the countess. “You know that I can’t sit like that.” - And Dunyasha, gritting her teeth and not answering, with an expression of reproach on her face, rushed into the carriage to redo the seat.
- Oh, these people! - said the count, shaking his head.
The old coachman Yefim, with whom the countess was the only one who decided to ride, sitting high on his box, did not even look back at what was happening behind him. He knew from thirty years of experience that it would not be long before he was told “God bless!” and that when they say, they will stop him two more times and send him for forgotten things, and after that they will stop him again, and the countess herself will lean out of his window and ask him, by Christ God, to drive more carefully on the slopes. He knew this and therefore, more patiently than his horses (especially the left red one - Falcon, who kicked and, chewing, fingered the bit) waited for what would happen. Finally everyone sat down; the steps gathered and they threw themselves into the carriage, the door slammed, they sent for the box, the countess leaned out and said what she had to do. Then Yefim slowly took off his hat from his head and began to cross himself. The postilion and all the people did the same.
- With God blessing! - said Yefim, putting on his hat. - Pull it out! - The postilion touched. The right drawbar fell into the clamp, the high springs crunched, and the body swayed. The footman jumped onto the box as he walked. The carriage shook as it left the yard onto the shaking pavement, the other carriages also shook, and the train moved up the street. In the carriages, carriages and chaises, everyone was baptized at the church that was opposite. The people remaining in Moscow walked on both sides of the carriages, seeing them off.
Natasha had rarely experienced such a joyful feeling as the one she was experiencing now, sitting in the carriage next to the countess and looking at the walls of an abandoned, alarmed Moscow slowly moving past her. She occasionally leaned out of the carriage window and looked back and forth at the long train of wounded preceding them. Almost ahead of everyone, she could see the closed top of Prince Andrei's carriage. She did not know who was in it, and every time, thinking about the area of her convoy, she looked for this carriage with her eyes. She knew she was ahead of everyone.
In Kudrin, from Nikitskaya, from Presnya, from Podnovinsky, several trains similar to the Rostov train arrived, and carriages and carts were already traveling in two rows along Sadovaya.
“You live in the world in full confidence that you are the king and ruler of your own universe, and so it is, in general, it is. But your rational and ordered universe is separated from chaos by only one thin glass partition, and you swim in this fragile aquarium with bug-eyed , frightened by a fish. And then something happens that you have no control over and about which you don’t even have an idea - and the aquarium shatters into pieces, the fish fights among the glass fragments, senselessly flaring its gills. Just now you were the master of your destiny, an explorer of the secrets of stories. , a supporter of a healthy lifestyle and a patriot of the environment, you nurtured ambitious plans for the future and firmly knew that you would celebrate the next New Year on the volcanic island of Tenerife, and then chaos slightly, very slightly touched you with its crazy, scorching breath, and glass cracked."
Boris Akunin, "Altyn-tolobas"
Do you know who non-pedophiles are? What? Relatives of non-sawed people? No, that's not true. I'll tell you who it is. And you will be surprised how easily absolutely anyone can become one, even you personally. Moreover, this does not depend on the level of computer literacy of a person, nor on his interests, preferences in anything, nor on age or gender, nor on religion, nor on country of residence. It doesn't really depend on anything. It is enough that you used a computer that is connected to the Internet. Nothing else matters.
Let me make a reservation right away: the purpose of this article is not to scare you or just manipulate your emotional state. The author’s only desire is to warn the reader about something that would not even occur to a normal person (until it’s too late), but that actually exists and can be dangerous when using a computer and the Internet thoughtlessly. So, let's begin.
How do you feel about torrent trackers? Well, you know, where are all sorts of unlicensed films, hacked computer software, music and other games? There are also other materials there - for example, books, educational materials, all sorts of photographs, again. Among the photographs, there are wallpapers for the desktop on a computer, and there is what is called “strawberry” - all kinds of photos with scenes of a sexual nature. Of course, there is video too, not just photos.
Abandon hope, everyone who enters here.
This is what Dante wrote above the gates of his fictional hell. As long as humanity has existed, people have been haunted by the question of what will happen to a person after death, especially what awaits a person as retribution for his atrocities.
I would like to say how many peoples, cultures, there are so many models of hell. And this is not entirely true: not only every nation, but also every person has his own model of hell, reflecting his idea of who should be punished and for what offenses.
The first ideas of hell appeared in ancient Egypt: according to legend, a deceased person went to the court of the god Osiris. Osiris placed a human heart on one scale and an ibis feather on the other. If a person's evil deeds outweigh the feather, then Osiris throws the heart to a monster with the body of a lion and the head of a crocodile.
Here we do not yet see cruel and perverted punishments for sins during life. But in the ancient Greek Hades, the kingdom of the dead, there is a picture of more refined retribution. For example, the myth of Tantalus, a rich king, favorite of the gods. During his life, he often climbed Olympus, feasted with the gods, and considered himself equal to the gods. For this, after his death, the gods cruelly laughed at Tantalus. In the kingdom of the dead, he was constantly tormented by hunger and thirst, but as soon as Tantalus leaned towards the crystal clear water of the spring, the spring disappeared, and as soon as he stretched out his hand for the ripe fruits on the branches, the branches rose high, high. But not only hunger and thirst tormented Tantalus, eternal fear was added to them: a huge rock hung over Tantalus, ready to collapse on him at any moment.
In Greek and Roman mythology, the gods punished a person not only after death, but sometimes during life, they could turn him into some kind of monster, etc.
It is noteworthy that in pagan beliefs it was not criminals and sinners who went to hell, but... ordinary people, everyone except warriors. After death, warriors found themselves in a very peculiar paradise, where they spent their nights in merry feasts and their days in battles. In ancient times, such a picture of the world was pleasant to our warlike ancestors; later, with the development of agriculture and cattle breeding, the peaceful peasant began to look for less aggressive religions. For example, Christianity.
Most of all fantasies were generated by the myth of Christian hell and Christian demons of retribution. Christians believe that sinners will face “eternal torment” in hell. And they will see the corpses of the people who have departed from Me, for their worm will not die, and their fire will not be quenched, and they will be an abomination to all flesh. In the Bible, for example, there is a legend about how the Virgin Mary, after her death, asked the angels to show her hell, alternately flew with the angels to the north, south, east and west of hell, and saw the torment of sinners. Mary asked the angels why people were being tortured like this, asking for mercy for them. But the angels talked about the atrocities of sinners, and the Virgin Mary said: “According to their faith, they will be rewarded.” Thus, slanderers in hell were hung by the tongue, false witnesses had their mouths filled with fire, lazy people lay on beds of fire, women who had abortions were breast-fed by snakes. Nevertheless, the Virgin Mary begged God for the right for sinners to rest from torment once a year.
The legend about Christian hell gave rise to many followers - writers, poets, artists. Suffice it to recall Hieronymus Bosch, a master of depicting the most unimaginable monsters of hell. In his hell, people are crucified on musical instruments, naked sinners are entwined in a frantic dance with terrible demons, people are eaten alive by rats. Bosch especially hated gluttons and drew a sophisticated punishment for them: a huge monster with the head of a bird and a cook’s cauldron on its head devours gluttonous sinners and defecates them into the abyss. Greedy people in hell Bosch vomits gold coins, murderers vomit blood, etc.
Christian devils played pranks not only in hell, but also in the world of the living, and sinners were punished not only for obvious atrocities, but also for careless words. There is a legend about a girl who vowed to marry a guy and said, “Let the devils take me if I deceive him.” But the beauty’s heart is prone to betrayal, and soon the girl married someone else. At the wedding, a man in black approached her, invited her to dance, picked up the girl, flew through the air with her, turning into a demon. A couple of days later, the demons returned to the girl’s house, brought her wedding dress and veil, and said that they had to take only the sinner, and that they were returning her clothes.
Another man invited many guests to his house, prepared food, but the guests could not come. Then the owner exclaimed in his hearts, so let all the devils come to me! After some time, horsemen began to come to his yard, enter the house, and dog, cow and pig heads on human bodies began to protrude from the windows of the house: these were the devils. They drank wine, treated themselves to a laid table, and for a whole week no prayers could drive them out of the house.
In German folklore there is a legend about a wild hunter: a count who was distinguished by a ferocious disposition. One day he went hunting, killed a herd of cows along the way, killed a shepherd, destroyed a monastery in the forest, etc. The retribution was terrible, the count suddenly found himself alone in a dark forest, without his subjects, he could not scream or call for help. The earth opened up, crowds of demons burst out of hell and chased the hunter. At night they run across the dark sky, during the day - underground, and so on until the end of time.
Sometimes a person manages to fool demons and leave them in the cold. One peasant's wife was a witch and flew to the Sabbath. One day the husband asked his wife to take him with her. At the Sabbath, the guests sat down at a laid table laden with delicious dishes, but all of them were prepared without salt, since demons do not eat salt. The peasant said that he was a man and could not eat without salt, and that very minute they handed him a salt shaker. The guest exclaimed - Thank God, here is the salt! Immediately all the evil spirits disappeared, the man found himself alone in an open field, in an unfamiliar country, and then it took three months to get to his home.
Each person imagines hell in his own way: the torment of hell, sins for which one should be sent to hell. So Dante very cleverly and wittily punished all his enemies and ill-wishers by writing The Divine Comedy. In it, Dante describes in detail what punishment he wants to subject this or that enemy to.
In the first circle of hell - Limbo - the souls of unbaptized infants and pagans, for example, ancient Greek poets, philosophers, etc., languish.
The second circle is a whirlwind that carries around the souls of people who have been subjected to immeasurable passion.
In the third circle, the souls of gluttons toil in the mud in the rain; in this circle, Dante placed his late friend Chacko.
In the fourth circle spendthrifts and misers hang around, Dante places many cardinals there.
Lazy and angry people toil in the swamp of the fifth circle.
In the sixth circle, heretics are burning in their coffins, where Dante sends Farinata, his political opponent, to suffer.
There, in the sixth circle, Pope Anastasius, whom Dante recorded as a heretics, suffers.
In the seventh circle, tyrants and robbers are boiling in a boiling stream of blood; Centaurs shoot at them from the shore with bows.
In the eighth circle, Dante punishes pimps and seducers, they are whipped by horned demons, flatterers - they sit in a mass of sewage, as well as confessors who traded in church positions: their legs, engulfed in flames, stick out of a stone wall. Soothsayers and sorcerers are toiling around there, with their necks twisted.
However, Dante’s descriptions of hell are not only terrible, but sometimes also funny: Dante talks about boiling tar in which bribe-takers are boiled, they are tormented with hooks by mischievous devils so as not to stick their heads out. Dante gives the devils funny names: Slant-Winged, Ruffnut, Dog Itch, Bad-tailed, etc. The devils make faces, make obscene jokes, in the end two devils fought for the right to hook one sinner, and they themselves fell into the tar. :))
Next, Dante shows the hypocrites, who were dressed in heavy lead clothes. Thieves who are bitten by poisonous snakes, Dante places a familiar thief Vanni Fucci there, he stole the sacristy and accused another of the theft.
Dante also punishes treacherous advisers, turning them into talking flames. Punishes alchemists with eternal itching, for example Master Adam, who mixed copper into gold coins.
In the ninth circle of hell, Dante shows the icy Lake Cocytus, where people who betrayed their loved ones were frozen. Dante also places the villain Alberigo there, who was not yet dead at that time. But Dante says that his body still lives, but his soul has already been cast into hell for many sins.
Finally, at the bottom of the deep crater of hell, Lucifer, the ruler of hell, sticks out of the ground. He has three heads, three mouths, in each mouth he holds a sinner: Cassius, Brutus and Judas. Dante says that hell appeared when Lucifer fell from heaven to earth, overthrown by God, and made a deep crater in the earth, on the slopes of which the worlds of retribution were located.
The most interesting picture of hell seems to me to be the worlds of retribution in the picture of the world of Daniil Andreev. In the book “Rose of the World” Andreev writes about parallel worlds, light and dark, surrounding our material earth, building a unique picture of the world. It is interesting that Andreev combines ancient legends (Heaven, Hell, the expulsion of dark angels) and the concepts of modern science (multidimensional worlds, energy, alien characters, etc.) Unlike Dante, who did not deny that he was writing a libel, Andreev assured that he really saw parallel worlds, spirits, demons, communicated with them, went into a trance. At night, in prisons and camps, Andreev traveled in his sleep to other worlds, then wrote down his impressions, hid them from his jailers, and miraculously sent his notes to freedom.
According to Andreev, the soul of a sinful person becomes heavy, while the person is alive, the material body supports the soul on Earth, like a float. But after death, the sinful soul begins to descend into dark worlds.
The souls are dragged to hell by the guardians of karma, creepy rectangular creatures with dog faces, very smart, but insensitive and merciless. Andreev writes that these creatures arrived on Earth from other planets from which dark forces were expelled.
The first layer of hell is called Scrivnus; those who during their lifetime paid too much attention to the material and too little to the spiritual are placed here. Skrivnus is a series of gloomy barracks, surrounded by a wall on one side and the sea on the other. Sinners spend all day doing meaningless, monotonous work, polishing broken dishes until they shine, mending torn rags that no one needs, etc. People get jobs from monsters who throw things over the wall.
Sometimes a black ship appears on the horizon, moored to the shore, and takes into its hold people who will descend to the lower circles of hell.
The next circle of hell is called Ladref, here people are punished for lack of spirituality and lack of faith. A person remains completely alone, but feels the invisible presence of other people in their tracks.
Ladref is followed by Morod, the kingdom of darkness and silence. Soil and plants are weakly phosphorescent. A person is left alone with himself, again and again relives the memory of his earthly atrocities, and is tormented by the pangs of conscience. Some soils serve as food, and something like luminous clothing, similar to rags, appears around a person’s etheric body.
A person enters the next layer of hell - Agr, as if falling into a quagmire, a black swamp sucks him deeper and deeper. In Agra, amid the black vapors under the dark sky, the likeness of earthly cities glows. In Agra, one color predominates, not even red, but infrared, which a living person is not able to see. Sinners in Agra become like pygmies, gnomes, with naked ugly bodies, they feel constant shame for their squalor. The food here is mold on the walls of houses. But not only shame torments them, but also fear: huge predators live in Agra - volgras, baggy, loose, with gray spongy skin, with empty eye sockets, without a mouth. Volgras suck their victims through the pores of the skin. However, in cities there are buildings where Volgras do not fit, where sinners can hide for a while: these are temples. Volgrs have not two, but three sexes, the male individual copulates with a neuter individual, she carries the embryo for some time, then passes it on to the female.
The one who was devoured by the Volgras is reborn in a lower layer of hell - Bustvich. The body of a person in Bustwich resembles feces, which are devoured by huge white man-worms; the person seems to rot alive, but does not rot completely.
Below Bustvich is Rafag, where traitors and those who served the tyrants for their own gain are punished. In Rafaga, people are tormented by the agony of eternal, continuous exhaustion.
Shim big is a slow flow under the high arch of the tunnel. The souls of sinners lose their resemblance to people; they look like dark brown wisps. Here people are tormented by shame for their atrocities during life and the fear of falling into the stream, being carried downstream to the lower worlds.
Below Shim-big is Dromn, a punishment for atheists, for those who during their lifetime believed that nothing would happen after death. So the sinner receives this very “nothing” - an endless emptiness, non-existence, in which only the consciousness of a person remains.
Little by little, the sinner realizes that he is sinking somewhere lower and lower, and now he sees an endless reddish glow far below. This is the next layer, Fukabirn, hot magma. Below Fukabirn is Okrus, the viscous bottom of Fukabirn, in which the etheric body of man becomes like a metal ball. People who condemned the innocent, tortured the defenseless and children end up here. It is not for nothing that Andreev so severely punishes those who condemned the innocent, because he himself was thrown into Stalin’s camps for no reason at all.
Beneath Okrus is Gwegr, the still magma, and Ucarvair, the raging magma. Those who perverted lofty ideas and deceived millions of people are tormented there (in my opinion, a direct allusion to Stalin, whom Andreev condemned for his own suffering).
Andreev sends Yezhov and Beria, as well as Malyuta Skuratov and Robespierre to Propulk, the solid magma under Ukarvair. Under Propulk there is superheavy magma Yrl.
Next come the dark worlds located in the core of the planet. These are Biask, hopeless caves in which devils torment sinners, and the human body resembles an animal. In Biasca, those who seduced many people from the righteous path are punished.
Below Biask, sinners toil in Amiuc, vertical cracks, here they are punished for deliberate sadism on a huge scale. Near Amiuts - Ytrech, the kingdom of eternal night, Ivan the Terrible served his sentence in Ytrech.
At the very bottom of the layers of hell there is a special layer, Zhursch, created personally for one person - Judas.
Below, near Zhurshch there is Sufetkh, Andreev also calls it the world cemetery. Here are souls who persisted so strongly in evil that their own fundamental principles, monads, turned away from them and went to God to look for a more worthy soul. And without a monad, the soul (shelt) does not live, it slowly dissolves into non-existence. The spark of consciousness glimmers to the end, and the extent of its torment exceeds the imagination of the demons themselves. For example, Jules de Ratz, a sadist who bathed in baths of the blood of the children he killed, was imprisoned there.
In addition to worlds of retribution, Andreev shows worlds created by demons and for demons. Digm is a two-dimensional world where the devil lives, whom Andreev calls Gagtungr. The devil seems to lie in a purple ocean, spreading his black wings in the light of the violet sun. Gagtungr takes the minions of evil into his layer, for example, Torquemada. Beyond Digm is Shog, a multidimensional world where only Gagtungr himself can enter to communicate with Lucifer himself.
In dark worlds there is also a one-dimensional world, the Bottom, the density of which is comparable to the density of extinct stars, white dwarfs. Sinners and demons who have fallen to the Bottom must constantly climb up the one-dimensional world so that they are not pulled down to the Bottom of the galaxy, where time itself stops, and from where there is no way out. The bottom of the Galaxy is located in the region of the star Antares, where the “bottoms” of the dark worlds of all planets are found.
In our time, the theme of worlds of retribution has long migrated from religion and philosophy to literature, cinema, computer games; what once aroused horror in the hearts of people now will only arouse slight interest. People have not been afraid of sin for a long time; they live under the slogan “take everything from life.” And yet, ancient legends make us stop in the race of everyday life, look back, think about what will happen to us next, there, on the other side, and what if...
At the Auschwitz concentration camp, on the main gate, only three words promising suffering and death were inscribed in clear letters:
"Edem Das Seine".
Abandon hope, everyone who enters here...
The first concentration camp in Germany was opened in 1933. The last one working was captured by Soviet troops in 1945. Between these two dates there are millions of tortured prisoners who died from backbreaking work, strangled in gas chambers, shot by the SS. And those who died from “medical experiments.” No one knows exactly how many of these last ones there were. Hundreds of thousands. Why are we writing about this many years after the end of the war? Because inhumane experiments on people in Nazi concentration camps are also History, the history of medicine. Its darkest, but no less interesting page...
Medical experiments were carried out in almost all of the largest concentration camps in Nazi Germany. Among the doctors who led these experiments there were many completely different people.
Dr. Wirtz was involved in lung cancer research and studied surgical options. Professor Clauberg and Dr. Schumann, as well as Dr. Glauberg, conducted experiments on sterilization of people in the concentration camp of the Konighütte Institute.
Dr. Dohmenom in Sachsenhausen worked on research into infectious jaundice and the search for a vaccine against it. Professor Hagen in Natzweiler studied typhus and also looked for a vaccine. The Germans also researched malaria. Many camps conducted research into the effects of various chemicals on humans.
There were people like Rasher. His experiments in studying methods of warming frostbitten people brought him fame, many awards in Nazi Germany and, as it later turned out, real results. But he fell into the trap of his own theories. In addition to his main medical activities, he carried out orders from the authorities. And by exploring the possibilities of infertility treatment, he deceived the regime. His children, whom he passed off as his own, turned out to be adopted, and his wife was infertile. When the Reich found out about this, the doctor and his wife were sent to a concentration camp, and at the end of the war they were executed.
There were mediocrities, such as Arnold Dohmen, who infected people with hepatitis and tried to treat them by puncturing the liver. This heinous act had no scientific value, which was clear to Reich specialists from the very beginning.
Or people like Hermann Voss, who did not personally participate in the experiments, but studied the materials of other people’s experiments with blood, obtaining information through the Gestapo. Every German medical student knows his anatomy textbook today.
Or such fanatics as Professor August Hirt, who studied the corpses of those who were exterminated at Auschwitz. A doctor who experimented on animals, on people, and on himself.
But our story is not about them. Our story today is about Josef Mengele, remembered in History as the Angel of Death or Doctor Death, a cold-blooded man who killed his victims by injecting chloroform into their hearts so he could personally perform autopsies and observe their internal organs.
Josef Mengele, the most famous of the Nazi doctor-criminals, was born in Bavaria in 1911. He studied philosophy at the University of Munich and medicine at the University of Frankfurt. In 1934 he joined the SA and became a member of the National Socialist Party, and in 1937 he joined the SS. He worked at the Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene. Thesis topic: "Morphological studies of the structure of the lower jaw of representatives of four races."
After the outbreak of World War II, he served as a military doctor in the SS Viking division in France, Poland and Russia. In 1942, he received the Iron Cross for saving two tank crews from a burning tank. After being wounded, SS-Hauptsturmführer Mengele was declared unfit for combat service and in 1943 was appointed chief physician of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The prisoners soon nicknamed him "the angel of death."
In addition to its main function - the destruction of "inferior races", prisoners of war, communists and simply the dissatisfied, concentration camps performed another function in Nazi Germany. With the arrival of Mengele, Auschwitz became a "major scientific research center." Unfortunately for the prisoners, the range of Joseph Mengele’s “scientific” interests was unusually wide.
Block No. 10, in which SS doctors carried out medical experiments. 
He began with work on “increasing the fertility of Aryan women.” It is clear that the material for research was non-Aryan women. Then the Fatherland set a new, directly opposite task: to find the cheapest and most effective methods of limiting the birth rate of “subhumans” - Jews, Gypsies and Slavs. Having mutilated tens of thousands of men and women, Mengele came to the conclusion: the most reliable way to avoid conception is castration.
“Research” went on as usual. The Wehrmacht ordered a topic: to find out everything about the effects of cold on a soldier’s body (hypothermia). The experimental methodology was the most simple: a concentration camp prisoner is taken, covered on all sides with ice, “doctors” in SS uniforms constantly measure body temperature... When a test subject dies, a new one is brought from the barracks. Conclusion: after the body has cooled below 30 degrees, it is most likely impossible to save a person. The best way to warm up is a hot bath and the “natural warmth of the female body.”
The Luftwaffe, the German air force, commissioned research on the effect of high altitude on pilot performance. A pressure chamber was built in Auschwitz. Thousands of prisoners suffered a terrible death: with ultra-low pressure, a person was simply torn apart. Conclusion: it is necessary to build aircraft with a pressurized cabin. By the way, not a single one of these serially produced aircraft in Germany ever took off until the very end of the war.
On his own initiative, Joseph Mengele, who became interested in racial theory in his youth, conducted experiments with eye color. For some reason, he needed to prove in practice that the brown eyes of Jews under no circumstances could become the blue eyes of a “true Aryan.” He gives hundreds of Jews injections of blue dye - extremely painful and often leading to blindness. The conclusion is obvious: a Jew cannot be turned into an Aryan.
Tens of thousands of people became victims of Mengele’s monstrous experiments. Just look at the research on the effects of physical and mental exhaustion on the human body! And the “study” of 3 thousand young twins, of which only 200 survived! The twins received blood transfusions and organ transplants from each other. Sisters were forced to bear children from their brothers. Forced gender reassignment operations were carried out. Before starting the experiments, the “kind” Doctor Mengele could pat the child on the head, treat him with chocolate...
Josef Mengele conducted medical experiments on spinal cord punctures, and then surgical operations during savage experiments on merging dog meat with the human body...
However, the chief doctor of Auschwitz was engaged not only in applied research. He was not averse to “pure science.” Concentration camp prisoners were deliberately infected with various diseases in order to test the effectiveness of new drugs on them. In 2002, one of the former prisoners of Auschwitz sued the German pharmaceutical company Bayer. The makers of aspirin are accused of using concentration camp prisoners to test their sleeping pill.
Judging by the fact that soon after the start of the “approbation” the concern additionally purchased 150 more Auschwitz prisoners, no one was able to wake up after the new sleeping pills. By the way, other representatives of German business also collaborated with the concentration camp system.
The largest chemical concern in Germany, IG Farbenindustri, made not only synthetic gasoline for tanks, but also Zyklon-B gas for the gas chambers of the same Auschwitz.
After the war, the giant company was “disintegrated.” Some of the fragments of IG Farbenindustry are well known in Russia. Including as drug manufacturers.
In the company of "doctors" 
In 1945, Josef Mengele carefully destroyed all the collected “data” and escaped from Auschwitz. Until 1949, Mengele worked quietly in his native Günzburg at his father’s company. Then, using new documents in the name of Helmut Gregor, he emigrated to Argentina. He received his passport quite legally, through... the Red Cross. In those years, this organization provided charity, issued passports and travel documents to tens of thousands of refugees from Germany. Perhaps Mengele's fake ID simply could not be thoroughly checked. Moreover, the art of forging documents in the Third Reich reached unprecedented heights.
One way or another, Mengele ended up in South America. In the early 50s, when Interpol issued a warrant for his arrest (with the right to kill him upon arrest), Joseph moved to Paraguay. However, all this was rather a sham, a game of catching Nazis. Still with the same passport in the name of Gregor, Joseph Mengele repeatedly visited Europe, where his wife and son remained. The Swiss police watched his every move - and did nothing!
The man responsible for tens of thousands of murders lived in prosperity and contentment until 1979. The victims did not appear to him in his dreams. His soul, if it had any place to be, remained “pure”. The justice of the law did not prevail. Mengele drowned in the warm ocean while swimming on a beach in Brazil. And the fact that the valiant agents of the Israeli intelligence service Mossad helped him drown is rather just a beautiful legend.
Josef Mengele managed a lot in his life: live a happy childhood, get an excellent education at the university, create a happy family, raise children,
Josef Mengele with his son Rolf.
And he could not understand the accusations of committing atrocities - he always looked at his experimental subjects only as material for experiments. He saw no difference between the experiments he carried out on beetles at school and those he carried out in Auschwitz. And what regret can there be when an ordinary creature dies, either in school experiments, or on such a scale?!
P.S. I wonder what he himself would feel if he were brought into a medical office and a calm surgeon, already wearing gloves and a scalpel in his hand, his colleague, smiling, would first offer him an apple?