Sexual vocabulary Medical sexology is the only branch of the science of sex and sexual relations that has received official status in Russia. The specific terms that prevail in it constitute the lexical field of communication among sexologists,

METAPHORICAL VOCABULARY

METAPHORICAL VOCABULARY Used in folklore to define basic sexual concepts Male genital organ Female genital organs The process of copulation ram ram play (girl) battery lady drive white

LECTURE No. 5

STYLISTICS

Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the functioning of linguistic units within the literary language in accordance with its functional stratification in various conditions of linguistic communication.

There are 5 styles of literary language: scientific, journalistic, official business (these are book styles), colloquial and artistic.

First of all, functional styles differ in vocabulary. From a stylistic point of view, the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is divided into neutral and emotionally charged.

All words in a language mean something. If a word has no meaning, then it is not a word, but only a meaningless complex of sounds. Irina Tokmakova’s children’s poem talks about the word “plym,” which means nothing: “And I came up with a word, the simple word “plym.” Doesn't jump, doesn't jump and doesn't mean anything "plim, plim, plim." The "word" "plym" is not a word because it has no meaning. So, all the words of the language have meaning, i.e. something is called: an object, its sign, sign of a sign, action, etc., i.e. words have a nominative (nominal) function. (The term is derived from the Latin word “nominative”, which means “naming”; in linguistics, the nominative is also the name for the nominative case form of names). For example: book, big, play, always. But there are words that can not only name an object, phenomenon, action, but also evaluate them. For example: bore, freeze, sit in galoshes and so on. Such words, in addition to the nominative function, also have an expressive-evaluative or connotative function.

Words that have only a nominative function are called stylistically neutral. Words that have nominative and connotative functions are called emotionally charged.

Determine which words are stylistically neutral and which are emotionally charged: rain, well done, we, ten, birch, birch tree, house, house, gate, gate, people, little people, sleep, talk, chat.

But there are words that have several meanings (multiple meanings), which in one meaning can be stylistically neutral, and in others - emotionally charged. For example, “bear” in the meaning of “animal” is a neutral word, but in the meaning of “a clumsy, clumsy person” it is emotionally charged. The word “water” is neutral, but in the sentence “not coffee, but water” (meaning “liquid, tasteless drink”) already has a clearly negative connotation, just as in the meaning of “verbosity with poverty of thought” in the sentence “there is a lot of water in the report” "

The basis of the literary language is stylistically neutral vocabulary. 3/4 of the words in the Russian language are stylistically neutral.

Emotionally charged vocabulary is divided into two large groups: book and colloquial. At the end of the 10th century (988), bookish written language appeared in Rus'. Its existence proceeds along with the existence of oral spoken language. The problem is that in Rus' written speech is not a recording of oral speech. In the 10th century, they spoke the Old Russian language, and wrote using the Old Church Slavonic language, brought along with liturgical books from Byzantium. Therefore, learning to write and read is not an easy task for a Russian person. Imagine that you speak Russian, but must write, for example, in Ukrainian. Despite the similarity of languages, they still differ significantly. This is the phenomenon of the Russian language. Book speech (Old Church Slavonic) at first had only a written form, and colloquial speech (Old Russian) had only an oral form. But gradually book speech began to be used orally (conducting services, retelling liturgical books), the vocabulary of the Old Church Slavonic language became more understandable and familiar, then, with the advent of literature, Old Russian colloquial vocabulary began to be written down. There is a gradual process of bringing the two languages ​​closer together, and then merging into one language, in which, however, the division of vocabulary into book and colloquial is preserved.

At the present stage of language development, we easily understand bookish speech. But mastering book speech as a means of communication is still a certain difficulty, because From childhood and most of our lives, when communicating, we use primarily colloquial speech, and growing up, thanks to the media and education in educational institutions, we begin to understand bookish speech, but in order to independently begin to speak or write in bookish language, some effort is required and special training. This is due to the fact that the written form and the Old Church Slavonic language left their indelible imprint on book speech, making it specific, different from colloquial speech.

First of all, book and colloquial speech differ in vocabulary.

In terms of origin, colloquial vocabulary is predominantly Old Russian, while book vocabulary is Old Church Slavonic and borrowed from other languages.

Book vocabulary

In the modern Russian literary language, book vocabulary bears the stamp primarily of the Old Church Slavonic language. This is manifested in the presence of Old Church Slavonic morphemes (suffixes and prefixes), added during word formation to native Russian, Old Church Slavonic or foreign-language roots:

-ti-, -stv-, -stvi-, -ost, -ni-, -eni-, -ani- etc. (these suffixes usually serve to form verbal nouns characteristic of book speech; in colloquial speech we rarely resort to such nouns, preferring verbs): develop - developyou e, master – mastereni e, influence – influenceneither e, produce – productionstv oh, hello - hellosti e, search - searchneither I;

-tai, -tel: progresstai , herald, spytai , authoritiestel , undertel , creationtel ;

bottom- (nis-), up- (resur-), from (is-), pre- (pre-), through-: walk(neutral) – nis walk(book) , fall(neutral) – nis fall(book) , sing(neutral) – sun sing(book) , give(neutral) – WHO give(book) , sit(neutral) – sun sit down(book) , conduct(neutral) – pre conduct(book) , write(neutral) – before write(book) .

All participle suffixes (-ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box-, -vsh-, -sh-, -t-, -eat-, -om-, -im-, -enn-, -nn-) and gerunds (-a-, -i-, -v-, -lice-, -learn-) and suffixes of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives (as well as comparative degrees of adverbs) (-ee, -e, -she, -aysh-, -eysh-) are also Old Church Slavonic, so these forms are used mainly in book speech: Vedasohm oh, storethem oh, nonsenseushch oh, likuyushch yay, cheerfulbox yay, screamasch yay, lovebox oh, saved meyonn oh, greataish yay, smarteish th etc. In colloquial speech, we prefer verbs to participles, and adjectives with words to adjectives in the form of degrees of comparison. Very. Wed: The earth, abundantly watered by rain, turned lushly green(book) and The rain poured heavily on the earth, and it turned green(colloquial); most famous(book) – very famous(colloquial), richest(book) – very rich(colloquial), most talented(book) – very talented(colloquial).

Vocabulary borrowed from other languages ​​is stylistically neutral (names of objects taken from other peoples: beets, notebook, doll, sail, lantern, ribbon(Greek) workbench, painter, clover, bandage(German) suit, blouse, loaf, lamp(French) plaid, cupcake, tank, tram, hockey(English.), bazaar, robe, treasury, herd, watermelon, barn(Turkic language), etc.).

A large layer of borrowed vocabulary is bookish in its stylistic coloring: abstract, appeal, office, inauguration, ceremony etc.

Foreign language morphemes are actively used by the Russian language to form book vocabulary. These are consoles anti-(gr. opposite, hostility), dis-(French from, times; destruction, removal, absence of something), counter-(lat. against), super-(lat. above, above), fast-(lat. after), suffixes –ist-, -ism-, -izatsi- etc., which can be added to roots that are different in terms of origin - Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic, foreign: anti-scientific, antibodies, antichrist, disinfection, disorganizer, counteragent, counterattack, dust jacket, superman, postfix, postposition, atheist, feminism(women's movement for equal rights of women with men), democratization, as well as foreign language roots

air(lat. bird) – aviation, airmail, auto(Greek self) – machine gun, car, autograph, agro(gr. field) – agronomist, aqua(lat. water) - watercolor, astro(gr. star), biblio(Greek book) – library, bibliography, bio(Greek life) – biography, biology, hubbub(gr. marriage) – monogamy, polygamy, gastro(gr. stomach, abdomen) – gastronomy, gastritis, geo(gr. earth) – geography, geology, hemo(gr. blood) – hemoglobin, gram(Greek notation, letter, sign) – logogram, telegram, graph(Greek I write) – autograph, biographer, humane(lat. human) – humanist, humane, demo(Greek people), times(gr. power) – democracy, core(gr. place for running) – airfield, cosmodrome, log(gr. teaching, word) – psychology, morphology, meter(gr. measure) – meter, thermometer, morpho(gr. form) – morphology, pan(gr. all) – panorama, pneumatic(gr. blow) – pneumatic pump, pre(gr. pre) – preamble, prefix, proto(group one) – prototype, psycho(gr. soul) – psychiatrist, psychology, theca(gr. container, box) – library, music library, thermo(gr. warm) – heat treatment, type(gr. imprint, image) – prototype, background(gr. sound) – telephone, tape recorder, photo(gr. light) – camera, epo(gr. speech) – epic, orthoepic.

In book vocabulary, special lexical layers are distinguished: special, official and sublime vocabulary.

Special vocabulary is characteristic of various fields of science and technology. The bulk of words in special vocabulary are terms. A term is the name of a certain concept of some field of science, technology, or art. Terms are contained in special terminological dictionaries. There are few of them in the explanatory dictionary of the literary language, only commonly used ones. For example, oversized– a product or product whose dimensions do not meet the norm, standard (special) (region of production), negation– the same as negation (in grammar: a word or morpheme that contains the meaning of the opposite of what is affirmed, for example “no”, “not”, “neither” (special), (region of science)), negative– 1) containing a negation, rejecting something; 2) in grammar: a sentence containing a negation before the predicate or as part of the predicate (special), (region of science) Negative sentence; 3) in mathematics: representing a value taken with a minus sign, less than zero (specialty), (region of science) A negative number; 4) in physics: relating to that type of electricity, the material particles of which are called electrons (specialty), (region of science) Negative electric charge. (Ozhegov, Shvedova, 2000 ed.). Terms contained in terminological dictionaries (dictionary of mathematical terms, dictionary of musical terms, dictionary of economic terms) can be classified as passive vocabulary, because These words are used only by a narrow circle of specialists. For people involved in other fields of activity, they are incomprehensible and are unlikely to ever be in demand. For example, prosopopoeia– one of the techniques of artistic depiction, which consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings, thoughts (synonym: personification); oxymoron- a phrase consisting of a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory features in the definition of a phenomenon. Sounding silence, bitter joy. (Dictionary of literary terms). It is unlikely that such words will be needed by a specialist in any other field of knowledge, not a literary scholar.

In the explanatory dictionary, next to the words of special vocabulary there is a stylistic mark (specialist.).

The language of business papers must comply with traditions official business style of literary language. The main features of the official business style are accuracy, excluding the possibility of any other interpretations and ambiguities, and locale– the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way by combining standard language models in a certain logical sequence. Bringing linguistic and textual means (arrangement of parts of text, highlighting paragraphs, headings, choice of font, etc.) of official documents to a single model, i.e. standardization and unification of business writing, justified by considerations of convenience, saving time when composing texts of business letters, and their processing. Language models are stable (clichéd, standardized) language expressions that make it possible to express regularly recurring situations of business communication with a high degree of accuracy. Over many years of practice in business correspondence, language formulas have been developed that allow one to clearly and concisely state the motives, reasons and goals of an official message, formulate a request, warning, order, assurance, refusal, etc.: in confirmation of our agreements...; in accordance with the customer's letter... etc. (motive for creating the document); due to delay in receiving the cargo...; due to completion work on... etc. (reasons for creating the document); to reconcile disputes questions...; to avoid conflict situations...; etc. (the purpose of creating the document); please consider the opportunity...; I order the creation of a commission...; We insist on compliance with all terms of this agreement... etc. (request, order, demand); We remind you that the agreement expires... etc. (reminder, warning); appoint to the position of head of department...(order, order); we inform you that...; we inform you that... etc. (message, notification), etc.

Words and expressions of official vocabulary used in a different, non-official business style of speech are called clericalisms (from the word office- department of the institution in charge of official correspondence and preparation of current documentation). If in an official letter you can “raise the question of marriage,” then in a personal letter addressed to your beloved girl, this combination of words is inappropriate. In the first case, this is the vocabulary of an official business style, in the second - clericalism. The concept of “bureaucraticism” was introduced by K.I. Chukovsky. Officialism is a clerical cliche that is perceived negatively because it impoverishes live speech, does not correspond to the chosen style, and its use is not justified. For example, you cannot say to a child: “What issue are you crying about, baby?”

In the explanatory dictionary, next to the words of official business vocabulary there is a stylistic mark (official).

In book speech it stands out noticeably sublime vocabulary. It allows you to make your speech solemn. Such vocabulary is used especially actively in poetry (hymns, odes). Most of its origin is archaisms - outdated words (not to be confused with historicisms - words denoting objects and phenomena that have passed away, for example posad- part of the city located outside the city walls, inhabited by artisans and merchants; golovazhnya– measure of salt of Ancient Rus'; hryvnia- a monetary unit of Ancient Rus', a silver ingot weighing about half a pound). Basically, archaisms are Old Slavonicisms: lips - lips, cheeks - cheeks, eyes - eyes, forehead - forehead, hands - hands, right hand - right hand, sleep - skin, father - father, Fatherland - Motherland etc.

In the explanatory dictionary, next to the words of sublime vocabulary there is a stylistic mark (high).

In journalistic works, sublime vocabulary is used for two purposes: to create solemnity and as a means of irony. An ironic impression is created when colloquial or colloquial words are used next to words of sublime vocabulary.