About the book “Physics of the Future” by Michio Kaku.

Physics of the future Michio Kaku

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Title: Physics of the Future
Author: Michio Kaku
Year: 2011
Genre: Foreign educational literature, Other educational literature, Physics

About the book “Physics of the Future” by Michio Kaku

Michio Kaku is an outstanding American scientist of Japanese origin, a major specialist in the field of theoretical physics. In his acclaimed book entitled “Physics of the Future,” the author makes predictions regarding the scientific and technological progress of mankind for the next century. The work consists of several sections, divided according to key areas: medicine, computer technology, space travel and others. Each topic is considered in three time periods: the coming decades, the middle of the 21st century and the distant future. The author concludes his work with a description of one day in the life of a person in the distant future. This popular science work will be useful to read not only for those interested in science and technology, but also for everyone who cares about the fate of our world.

But really, who else, if not famous physicists, should think about what our life will be like in 2100? How will computer technology be subject to the power of our thoughts, how will objects move with its help, and how is it even possible to connect with the universal information field? Is it possible in principle to achieve all this? According to Michio Kaku's statement in his book Physics of the Future, this may not even be the case. Artificially grown human organs, machines flying through the air, unprecedented life expectancy - all these prospects are by no means fabulous inventions, but well-reasoned forecasts of leading scientists.

In order to explain his hypotheses presented in the work “Physics of the Future,” Michio Kaku focuses the reader’s attention primarily on already existing technologies and successfully conducted scientific experiments, as well as on his own conversations with advanced scientists of our world. At the same time, expressing his more than optimistic views regarding the rapid development of technology and science, the author makes a reservation that all this will be possible only on the condition that humanity does not commit any global stupidities, thereby jeopardizing its very existence. Therefore, he advises each of us to first change our way of thinking, throwing away the thirst for destruction and aiming at maintaining peace on earth. The book “Physics of the Future” will be interesting to read for anyone who wants to deepen their knowledge in this area and get quality food for thought.

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Quotes from the book “Physics of the Future” by Michio Kaku

In the normal world, we usually joke that you can't be "a little pregnant." But in the quantum world things are even worse. The woman in it would exist as the sum of all possible states of her body simultaneously: she would be simultaneously non-pregnant, pregnant, a girl, an old woman, a young woman, a business woman, etc.

Any body, even yours, can turn into a black hole if it is squeezed properly. For the human body, this would mean compressing all of its atoms to a size smaller than subatomic distances.

To make Harry Potter invisible, he would have to be liquefied, boiled and turned into steam, crystallized, heated and cooled - you must admit, any of these actions would be very difficult even for a wizard.

The result of the experiment was negative: apparently, a parallel universe does not exist, at least not in Colorado.

As a physicist, I have firmly learned that the “impossible” is very often relative.

The speed of light is the absolute traffic cop of the Universe.

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Everything that a person considers unreal is described in book "Physics of the Future". Who can know for sure what the world will be like in 2100? Nobody but Michio Kaku shares his ideas about the future of humanity. Is it possible to move objects using your imagination? Is it possible to clone people? What can willpower do? The author touches on these and other questions in the book and reveals to society unprecedented secrets that frighten and excite the mind. Even now it’s hard to believe in artificial organs, long and young life, and machines floating in the air. These miracles are reality, proven by scientists.

Michio Kaku is a famous American physicist and futurologist. Michio popularized string theory while a professor at New York University. Doctor of Philosophy has written a number of popular science bestsellers. The goal of his work is to reach the consciousness of society and convey complex scientific research in simple language.

Who is the book for?

Do you want to know what awaits us in 100 years, and what miracles medicine can create? Are you interested in the progress of the future and the structure of the Universe, modern technology and new computer capabilities? Then this book is a godsend for you.

From the book “Physics of the Future” the reader finds out about the realities of the 22nd century. Namely:

Teleportation;
Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations;
Travel into space;
The ability to read other people's thoughts;
Possibilities of genomic medicine;
Communication with a robot doctor;
New drugs aimed at fighting cancer;
What is the "mighty mouse gene?";
Calorie restriction prolongs life by 30%;
Immortality - growing and replacing human organs;
Revival of extinct civilizations;
The ability to create new forms of life that did not previously exist.

It's hard to imagine that such things could exist in real life. This book is not just science fiction, but a work full of research and evidence.

Reviews of the book “Physics of the Future”:

“Few people have the courage to say out loud that it is possible to genetically modify their lives, but why don’t we add genes if it will improve nature?” Nobel laureate James Watson

“What a fascinating book! Such a simple name “physics”, but I learned so many interesting things for myself. But there is one drawback - the author is inclined to the research of American scientists, are they really the only ones making progress? I'm sure there are many people in the world doing similar things. And so, I advise everyone"

“I respect Kaku, but after reading the book, I was given the idea that America is the only country where research is carried out. I would like to hear the opinions of other scientists. But in general, an interesting book, some things are so unreal that I can’t imagine how this is possible at all.”

"Informative. I recommend reading it. I am re-reading the book for the 2nd time. Those who are far from science will like it. You will be introduced to a view of the future, prospects and actions that await us in 2100. The book helped broaden my horizons."

Michio Kaku

Physics of the future

Dedicated to my beloved wife Xizue and my daughters Michelle and Alison

Introduction

100 year prediction

The empires of the future will be empires of the mind.

Winston Churchill

When I was little, two events helped shape me into who I am today and sparked two passions that have shaped my life.

The first event happened when I was eight years old. I remember very well how the staff room was buzzing, discussing the latest news: the great scientist had died. That evening the newspapers printed a photograph of his office with an unfinished manuscript on the table. The headline said that the greatest scientist of our era failed to complete his greatest masterpiece. I asked myself again and again: what could be so difficult that such a great scientist could not finish his work? What could possibly be so complex and so important? Gradually this question became more interesting to me than any detective story, more exciting than any adventure. I had to find out what was in that unfinished manuscript.

I later found out that the scientist's name was Albert Einstein, and the unfinished manuscript was to be his greatest achievement. This was an attempt to create a “theory of everything,” to derive a general equation, perhaps consisting of just a few letters, which would reveal the secrets of the Universe to humanity and allow its author to “understand God’s plan.”

Another defining event of my childhood was, oddly enough, television shows, especially the Flash Gordon series starring Buster Crabbe. Every Saturday morning I literally glued myself to the TV and was magically transported into a mysterious world of aliens, starships, battles with ray weapons, underwater cities and, of course, monsters. Yes, I took the bait and got hooked. I remember very well my first encounters with the world of the future and still experience childish delight when thinking about it.

However, after watching all the episodes of the film, I slowly began to understand that, although all the laurels in it went to Flash, in fact the main character in the plot was the scientist - Doctor Zarkov. Without it, the action would have stalled at the very beginning. It was he who invented the rocket ship, the invisibility shield, the energy source for the celestial city and many other necessary things. I realized that without a scientist the future is impossible. And although the young and beautiful heroes delight the audience, all the wonderful inventions of the future are the result of the work of unsung and often anonymous scientists.

Later, in high school, I decided to follow the example of the great scientists of the past and subject theoretical knowledge to practical testing. I wanted to be part of that great revolution that I was convinced would change the world in the very near future. I decided to build an atomic collision facility and asked my mother for permission to build a 2.3 million electron volt particle accelerator in the garage. She was a little surprised, but allowed it. After that, I went to Westinghouse and Varian Associates, got 400 pounds of transformer steel and 22 miles of copper wire, and built a pretty decent betatron accelerator in my mom's garage.

Even earlier, I had built a cloud chamber with a powerful magnetic field and spent some time photographing the tracks of antiparticles. But this was not enough for me. I set myself a new goal: to obtain a beam of antiparticles. The accelerator's magnetic coils provided me with a powerful magnetic field of 10,000 gauss (about 20,000 times more powerful than the Earth's magnetic field; in principle, such a field is enough to rip a hammer out of my hand). The machine consumed six kilowatts, taking all the electricity in the house; fuses kept blowing. (My poor mother must have wished more than once that her son had not been born a football player.)

So, my life was ruled by two passions: firstly, the desire to understand all the physical laws of the Universe and reduce them into a single consistent theory, and secondly, the desire to see the future. Over time, I realized that in fact these two passions complement each other. The key to understanding the future is the fundamental laws of nature; new inventions, machines and treatment methods created on their basis will determine the future of our civilization for many decades.

I learned that at all times man has tried to predict the future, and many attempts of this kind were useful and profound, but, alas, more and more historians, sociologists, science fiction writers and “futurists” wrote about the future. We can say that outside observers tried to predict the world of science without knowing anything reliably about science. Scientists - those who, in fact, create the future in their laboratories - are too busy with discoveries and breakthroughs to write popular books about the future.

Translator Natalia Lisova

Editor Maria Milovidova

Project Manager I. Seregina

Corrector O. Ilyinskaya

Computer layout O. Morozova, A. Fominov

Illustrator A. Andreev

Cover designer S. Timonov

All rights reserved. The work is intended exclusively for private use. No part of the electronic copy of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including posting on the Internet or corporate networks, for public or collective use without the written permission of the copyright owner. For violation of copyright, the law provides for payment of compensation to the copyright holder in the amount of up to 5 million rubles (Article 49 of the Code of Administrative Offenses), as well as criminal liability in the form of imprisonment for up to 6 years (Article 146 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

* * *

This book was published as part of the Dmitry Zimin Book Projects program and continues the Dynasty Foundation Library series. Dmitry Borisovich Zimin is the founder of the VimpelCom company (Beeline), the Dynasty non-profit program fund and the Moscow Time fund.

The “Book Projects of Dmitry Zimin” program combines three projects that are well known to the readership: the publication of popular science books in translation “Library of the Dynasty Foundation”, the publishing direction of the Moscow Time Foundation and the Enlightener award in the field of Russian-language popular science literature.

* * *

Dedicated to my beloved wife Xizue and my daughters Michelle and Alison

Introduction
100 year prediction

The empires of the future will be empires of the mind.

Winston Churchill

When I was little, two events helped shape me into who I am today and sparked two passions that have shaped my life.

However, after watching all the episodes of the film, I slowly began to understand that, although all the laurels in it went to Flash, in fact the main character in the plot was the scientist - Doctor Zarkov. Without it, the action would have stalled at the very beginning. It was he who invented the rocket ship, the invisibility shield, the energy source for the celestial city and many other necessary things. I realized that without a scientist the future is impossible. And although young and beautiful heroes delight the audience, all the wonderful inventions of the future are the result of the work of unsung and often anonymous scientists.

I learned that at all times man has tried to predict the future, and many attempts of this kind were useful and profound, but, alas, more and more historians, sociologists, science fiction writers and “futurists” wrote about the future. We can say that outside observers tried to predict the world of science without knowing anything reliably about science. Scientists - the ones who actually create the future in their laboratories - are too busy with discoveries and breakthroughs to write popular books about the future.

This is how this book differs from others. I hope that it will help the reader see the wonderful discoveries that await us in the future through the eyes of a first-hand participant and present the most authentic and authoritative view of the world of 2100.

Of course, it is impossible to predict the future with absolute accuracy. It seems to me that the most that can be done is to peer into the minds of scientists who today work at the forefront of science and diligently invent the future. They are the ones who create devices, devices and medicines that will completely change human civilization in the future. My book is a story about these people. I had the rare opportunity to observe this great revolution from the front row; I have interviewed more than 300 of the world's best scientists, thinkers and dreamers for television and radio in America. I took film crews to labs; we shot prototypes of those wonderful devices that will change our future. I have had the rare honor of being the host of many scientific programs on BBC, Discovery and Science TV channels, talking about the inventions and discoveries of modern soothsayers who dare not only to look into the future, but also to create it with their own hands. I had the opportunity to do my own research - string theory - and at the same time get acquainted with the most advanced research that is in the 21st century. turn the world upside down. I, it seems to me, was doing the most desirable things in science. My childhood dream came true.

But this book is different from my previous books. In books like Beyond Einstein, Hyperspace, and Parallel Worlds, I talked about the fresh winds of revolutionary change blowing through my field of theoretical physics, opening up new ways to understand the universe. In The Physics of the Impossible, I said that current discoveries in physics will probably eventually bring even the most daring science fiction ideas to life.

Of all the books, this is most similar to Visions, where the theme of my story was the development of physics in the next few decades. I am pleased that many of the predictions made in that book are now being realized exactly on schedule, due in large part to the wisdom and intelligent foresight of the many scientists with whom I spoke during the preparation of this work.

But this book provides a much broader panorama of the future; it talks about technologies that may not bear fruit for a hundred years, but which in due course will determine the fate of humanity. How we cope with the challenges and opportunities of the new century will, in my opinion, determine the final trajectory of the further movement of the human race.

Predictions for the coming century

Predicting the events of the next few years - much less looking a century ahead - is very difficult, but it is precisely such tasks that make us dream of technologies that can change the fate of the world.

In 1863, the great science fiction writer Jules Verne wrote perhaps his most ambitious work - a prophetic novel called "Paris in the 20th Century", where his extraordinary gift of foresight was revealed in full brilliance. At least he predicted the coming century with amazing accuracy. Unfortunately, the manuscript was lost in the mists of time; the writer's great-grandson accidentally came across it in a safe, where it lay for almost 130 years. Realizing what a treasure he had discovered, Jules Verne's heir published the novel in 1994, and it immediately became a bestseller.

Then, in 1863, kings and emperors still ruled the ancient empires, and poor peasants toiled in the fields by the sweat of their brow. A devastating Civil War was raging in the United States, almost tearing the country apart, and the steam engine was just beginning its victorious march around the world. But Verne predicted that Paris in 1960 would have glass skyscrapers, air conditioning, television, elevators, high-speed trains, gasoline cars, fax machines, and even something resembling the Internet. With incredible accuracy, Verne also described life in modern Paris.

It must be said that this was not a fluke, because just a few years later he made another impressive prediction. In the novel “From the Earth to the Moon” (1865), Jules Verne gave many precise details of those extraordinary journeys that more than a hundred years later, in 1969, led American astronauts to the Moon. He predicted the size of the space capsule (to within a few percent), the location of the launch site (in Florida, at the latitude of Cape Canaveral), the number of astronauts, the duration of the journey, the weightlessness the astronauts would experience, and the final landing in the ocean. (The only serious mistake was that the author of the novel used gunpowder, not rocket fuel, to carry astronauts to the Moon. But liquid-propellant rockets were still seventy years away from being invented.)

How did Jules Verne manage to predict the future a hundred years in advance with such amazing accuracy? His biographers note that Verne, not being a scientist, closely followed the development of science, constantly met with scientists and found out how each of them imagined the future development of his field. He collected information about all the major scientific discoveries of his time and accumulated an extensive archive. Jules Verne understood better than anyone else that it was science that in the very near future was destined to shake the foundations of civilization and usher it into a new age full of amazing events and miracles. And most importantly, the writer realized that science can transform society; this is precisely the key to his deepest insights.

Another great prophet of technology was Leonardo da Vinci, an artist, thinker and dreamer. He left us beautiful and accurate drawings of machines that were supposed to someday take to the skies: sketches of parachutes, helicopters, hang gliders and even airplanes. It is remarkable that many of his inventions would actually fly, although they were invented at the end of the 15th century. (His flying machines lacked one single ingredient: a motor with at least one horsepower, which would not be available for another 400 years.)

No less amazing is the fact that Leonardo left us a sketch of a mechanical adding device that was about 150 years ahead of its time. A lost manuscript, rediscovered in 1967, revealed a design for an adding machine with thirteen-digit digital wheels. When the handle was turned, the wheels inside had to scroll and perform arithmetic calculations. (The machine built according to this drawing in 1968 actually worked.)

In addition, in the 1950s. Another Leonardo manuscript was discovered with a sketch of a robot warrior in Italo-German armor, capable of sitting up and moving his arms, neck and jaw. A robot based on this project was also built and turned out to be quite functional.

Like Jules Verne, Leonardo communicated with the leading thinkers of his time and was able to see the future in these conversations; he was part of a small circle of people who were at the forefront of contemporary science. In addition, Leonardo constantly experimented, built models, drew, and this is a very important trait for anyone who wants to turn thoughts into deeds.

Considering the forecasts of Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci and marveling at their prophetic gift, we involuntarily ask ourselves the question: is it possible today to predict the world of 2100? In full accordance with the traditions of Verne and da Vinci, in this book we will examine in detail the work of leading scientists who are already creating prototypes of future technologies today. This book is not a science fiction novel, not a product of the wild imagination of a Hollywood screenwriter, it is based on the results of serious scientific research currently being carried out in the largest laboratories in the world.

Prototypes of all the devices and mechanisms described in the book already exist. Neuromancer author William Gibson, who coined the word “cyberspace,” once said, “The future is here. It’s just not evenly distributed.”

It is also difficult to predict what the world will be like in 2100 because we live in an era of global scientific revolution, and the pace of knowledge of the world is constantly increasing. Over the past few decades, humanity has acquired more scientific knowledge than in all previous history. It is logical to assume that by 2100 the volume of scientific knowledge will have doubled more than once.

Perhaps the best way to understand the complexity and immensity of the task we undertake is to remember what the world was like in 1900, how our grandparents lived.

Journalist Mark Sullivan asks us to imagine a person reading a regular newspaper in 1900:

“In the newspaper for January 1, 1900, our American did not find, for example, the word “radio,” because there were still twenty years left before its appearance; or “cinema,” for its heyday was also yet to come; or the word “chauffeur”, for the automobile had just appeared and was still called a “horseless carriage”... There was no such word as “aviator”... Farmers had not yet heard anything about tractors, and bankers had not heard anything about the Federal Reserve System. Merchants have not heard of online supermarkets or the principle of self-service; sailors had no idea about diesel engines... On rural roads there were still heavy carts drawn by a pair of oxen... Cart horses and mules were found everywhere... A forge under a spreading chestnut tree was a completely common sight.”

To understand how difficult it is to make predictions 100 years into the future, we only need to imagine what it was like for people in 1900 to predict the world of 2000. In 1893, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 74 celebrities were tasked with predicting what life would be like 100 years later. A common problem for all participants was the underestimation of the speed with which science is developing and will continue to develop. For example, many respondents correctly predicted that there would be an air transatlantic service, but agreed that the means of communication would be controlled balloons. Senator John J. Ingalls said, "The order to bring up a dirigible will be as common today as the order to bring in a crew or boots." In addition, the participants in the project unanimously ignored the car, and the head of the US Postal Department, General John Wanamaker, even said that in a hundred years US mail would be delivered in mail coaches and on pack horses.

This underestimation of science and innovative technologies even extended to the patent office. In 1899, Charles H. Duell, Commissioner of the United States Patent Office, said, “Everything that can be invented has already been invented.”

Sometimes experts were literally blind in their own field and did not see what was happening under their noses.

In 1927, during the silent film era, Harry M. Warner, one of the founders of the Warner Brothers film studio, once remarked: “Who the hell wants to listen to actors?”

And Thomas Watson, president of IBM, said in 1943: “I think there is a market for computers in the world. About, say, five.”

Underestimation of the power of scientific discoveries also affected the venerable newspaper New York Times. In 1903 Times declared that flying cars were a waste of time, exactly one week before the Wright brothers successfully took off their airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1920 Times criticized rocket scientist Robert Goddard and declared his work nonsense because rockets cannot move in a vacuum. True, to the newspaper’s credit, it should be noted that 49 years later, when the Apollo 11 astronauts set foot on the moon, Times printed a refutation: “It has now been definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum. Times regrets his mistake."

From the above examples it is clear how dangerous it is to bet on the future.

In general, forecasts for the future, with rare exceptions, have always underestimated the speed of technological progress. We are convinced again and again that history is made not by pessimists, but by optimists. As US President Dwight Eisenhower once remarked, “Pessimism has never won a war.”

It is easy to see that even science fiction writers often underestimate the speed of development of science. Watching a rerun of the old Star Trek series, filmed in the 1960s, you will notice that much of the “23rd century technology” shown in it is already with us. Back then, audiences gazed in amazement at mobile phones, laptop computers, talking machines and typewriters that could take dictation. Nevertheless, today all these devices exist in reality. And very soon the first universal translators will appear, capable of interpreting simultaneously, and “triccorders” - devices capable of diagnosing diseases at a distance. (In general, most of the scientific discoveries of the 23rd century, with the exception of transporters and warp engines that allow flight at superluminal speeds, have already been made.)

Given the glaring mistakes of our predecessors, who persistently underestimated the future, let us think: how can we provide a more solid scientific basis for our own forecasts?

Understand the laws of nature

Today we can say with confidence that the dark ages of science, when lightning or plague were considered the work of the gods, are over. We have a huge advantage over Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci: we understand the laws of nature much better.

Predictions, of course, will never be absolutely perfect, but the only way to make them as reliable as possible is to understand the four fundamental forces of nature that govern the Universe. The discovery and description of each of them at one time changed the history of mankind.

The first of the forces to receive a scientific explanation was the force of gravity. The laws of mechanics, discovered by Isaac Newton, explain the movement of objects through forces and interactions and show that neither mystical spirits nor metaphysics are needed for this. Newton's laws paved the way for the Industrial Revolution and steam traction, particularly railroads.

The second force, the mechanism of action of which man was able to understand, was the electromagnetic force, which illuminates our cities and powers all kinds of devices. Thomas Edison, Michael Faraday, James Clark Maxwell and other scientists and inventors understood electricity and magnetism and put them to the service of humanity. The result was the electronic revolution, which brought us many scientific wonders. This can be seen every time there is a power outage, when society suddenly finds itself thrown back 100 years.

The third and fourth in the process of understanding the fundamental forces were two nuclear forces: weak and strong interactions. After Einstein wrote his famous formula E = mc 2 and in the 1930s. Scientists managed to split the atom for the first time, they began to understand what forces make the skies burn. The secret of the burning of stars was discovered. The result was not only the enormous power of nuclear weapons, but also the hope that one day man would be able to harness these incredible forces here on Earth.

Today we have a fairly good understanding of all four of these types of interaction. The first of them - gravitational interaction - is currently described within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity. The remaining three forces are described within the framework of quantum theory - a theory that reveals to us the secrets of the world of elementary particles.

Quantum theory, in turn, gave us the transistor, the laser and the digital revolution - the driving force of modern society. In addition, with its help, scientists were able to uncover the secrets of the DNA molecule. The rapid pace of the biotechnological revolution is a direct result of the development of computer technology, because DNA sequencing cannot be done without the most complex machines, robots and computers.

As a result of all this, we have a better understanding than ever of the path that science and technology will take in the new century. Of course, on this path, completely unexpected discoveries and breathtaking scientific innovations await humanity, but the foundation of modern physics, chemistry and biology has already been laid and no major changes are expected here in the foreseeable future. We can therefore assert that the predictions contained in this book are not the product of idle speculation, but a reasonable estimate of the time frame within which today's pilot technologies can reach maturity and bear fruit.

In conclusion, let us name a few considerations that give us the right to believe that we are now able to discern the contours of the world as it will be in 2100.

1. This book is based on conversations with more than three hundred top scientists working on the cutting edge of science.

2. Not a single scientific development mentioned in the book contradicts the known laws of physics.

3. The four fundamental interactions and basic laws of nature are mostly known; no major changes are expected here.

4. Prototypes of all technological innovations mentioned in the book already exist.

For countless eons, man has been just a passive observer of the majestic dance of nature. He could only look in amazement and horror at comets, lightning, volcanic eruptions and terrible epidemics. He was sure that all this was beyond his understanding. For ancient man, the forces of nature were an eternal mystery; they were to be feared and revered. In order to somehow explain what was happening around, man created mythical gods and populated the earth and sky with them. He hoped that if he fervently prayed to these gods, they would show mercy and grant the fulfillment of his most cherished desires.

Today a person becomes a choreographer of natural dance. Sometimes he manages to make his own amendments to the laws of nature. I am confident that by 2100 we will complete this process and finally subjugate the forces of nature.

Michio Kaku

Physics of the future

Dedicated to my beloved wife Xizue and my daughters Michelle and Alison

Introduction

100 year prediction

The empires of the future will be empires of the mind.

Winston Churchill

When I was little, two events helped shape me into who I am today and sparked two passions that have shaped my life.