used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and independent sentences. Classification of unions:
1) by morphological structure:
Unions are primitive (not pro and v. water). Conjunctions that are morphologically indivisible and incompatible in modern Russian with significant parts of speech. A, and, but, or, whether, or, etc. Derivative conjunctions. Conjunctions that are word-formatively connected with significant words. Divided into:
a) simple conjunctions. What, so that, how, as if, as if, exactly, when, etc.;
b) compound conjunctions. Because, since, before, while, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, since, after, before, likewise as, as, etc.;
2) by use:
Single conjunctions (non-repeating). But, however, on the other hand, etc. „ Repeating unions. And... and, or... or, either... or, then... then, etc. Double (paired) conjunctions. If... then, although... but, since... then, barely... how, only... like, etc.
Conjunctions are comparative. Both... and, not only... but also, not so much... how much, if not... then, not that... but (a), not that... but (a) and etc.
Gradational unions see gradational unions.
3) by syntactic function:
Coordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions that serve to connect syntactically equal units (homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence). According to their meaning and the nature of the relationships they express, they are divided into:
a) connecting conjunctions expressing a transfer relationship. And, and... and, neither... nor, etc.;
b) adversative conjunctions, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, difference. A, but, yes, however, same, but, etc.;
c) divisive conjunctions, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation of actions, phenomena, signs. Or, or, whether... or, then... then, or... or, not that... not that, etc.;
d) explanatory conjunctions, expressing the attitude of explanation. Exactly, that is, somehow, etc.;
e) connecting conjunctions, expressing relations of accession, i.e., serving to attach words, phrases and sentences containing additional remarks not provided for in the original plan of the statement. Yes and, also, and also, also, etc. Other coordinating conjunctions are also used in the connecting meaning.
Subordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions that serve to connect syntactically unequal units (main and subordinate clauses, less often members of a simple sentence). Among them are:
1) functional conjunctions, performing a purely syntactic role of expressing the dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one. What, in order, like, etc.;
2) semantic conjunctions, serving not only to formally attach a subordinate clause to the main one, but also to express certain semantic relations. Divided into:
a) temporary unions. When, as soon as, as soon as, barely, barely, only, only, before, since, until, not yet, after, etc.;
b) explanatory conjunctions. What, to, how;
c) causal conjunctions. Since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, because of that, in connection with the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.;
d) alliance of investigation. So;
e) comparative conjunctions. As, as if, as if, exactly, likewise, etc.;
f) conditional conjunctions. If, if, if, if only, once, etc.;
g) concessional alliances. Although, let it be, let it be, despite the fact that, etc.;
h) target alliances. In order to, in order to, then in order to, etc.
One of the important elements of speech in everyday life is conjunctions. In Russian, it is very difficult to communicate without them: after all, they are connecting elements in any text. With them, speech becomes more beautiful and varied.
Let's figure out what is meant by this term in our language. What words can be attributed to them, what are their functions.
Let's look at the types and categories of this part of speech and find out the main features. Let's draw up a plan for analyzing these words as a specific category of speech and do the analysis using a specific example.
Definition and functionality
The Russian language is rich in different types of helper words. One of these basic categories of speech is conjunctions.
The essence of this term is as follows: they can be called words that connect various repeating elements in a passage, its segments, several different sentences.
These are kind of linking words.
It is important to know: words of this category do not change and should not be elements (members) of a sentence!
Types of unions
The classification of such terms occurs, as a rule, in 3 directions. Let's look at each one separately.
According to syntactic features
These words connect fragments of compound or complex sentences. Let's look at each type separately.
Essays
They are also called compound ones. These words can only be used when linking equal fragments of a complex sentence.
Groups of coordinating words are distinguished, some of them are given in the table.
Subordinates
They are used as follows - one fragment of a complex sentence is subordinate to another. These segments are considered subordinate clauses.
The following groups of such words are distinguished.
Sometimes elements of subtype 7 can easily be confused with explanatory and other categories of this service category of speech. To avoid confusion, clarifying questions should be asked.
According to morphological characteristics
They are divided as simply as the previous type into:
- simple (one word) – a, and, but, etc.;
- compound (several words) – not only, but also; and others.
Moreover, the latter are also divided into 2 categories: double and repeating. Most often, the second type is a subtype of the first.
Doubles can be attributed to: if...yes, when...then...; and for repeating ones - this...that, neither...nor...
By word formation
According to how they are formed, they can be divided into:
- non-derivative – occurred independently of other categories;
- derivatives - formed from words of other categories.
The following types of the latter variety of words are distinguished:
- a combination of several words of this category of type 1;
- decree. word ch. sentence member + simple conjunction;
- word of this category + generalizing link;
- historical education.
Algorithm for parsing a conjunction as a part of speech
How to find and determine the nature of conjunctions in any text is written either in a reference book, or in a textbook or collection.
An example of analysis according to the specified plan
We were preparing a scene to perform well at a regional theater competition. In order to there was variety, we included dance, literature, games in the concert program And musical numbers. Hope, What we will perform well.
For clarity, the search terms are highlighted.
- To
- Union – connects members of the SPP;
- Subordinating, simple, derivative.
- In order to
- Union – connects members of the SPP;
- Subordinating, compound, derivative.
- Union - connects one. SPP members;
- Cogent, simple, non-derivative.
- Union – connects members of the SPP;
- Subordinating, simple, non-derivative.
Conclusion
We learned what types of conjunctions are divided into, how coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ, and what subtypes they are divided into. The result will be a table characterizing this part of speech.
And sentences, but gives them additional meaning, coloring, and in some cases serves to form new forms of words. The most common is the particle “not”, expressing negation. Often these auxiliary parts of speech are used to enhance emotional connotation: “really”, “even”, “directly”, “exactly”, etc.
If, based on the characteristics given, you could not determine what part of the speech in front of you is a conjunction or a particle, there is one way that can help you. Try to isolate what interests you from the phrase and look at the result. If you remove the conjunction, then either its parts will be inconsistent with each other (for example, remove the “or” in this one). Isolating a particle in most cases will not lead to such a matching problem (try removing the “zhe” particle here). Also, if you remove a particle, the meaning of the phrase may change to the opposite (in the case of particles “not”, “not at all”, “hardly”, etc.).
There are so-called parts of speech. They are, but spelled differently. For example, the conjunction “too” and the pronoun with the particle “the same”. In such cases, replacing the word comes to the rescue. The conjunction can usually be replaced by a simple one (“and”): “I was there too” = “And I was there.” The combination “same” cannot be replaced in this way. In addition, the “same” particle can be removed from it without losing the meaning of the sentence: “He re-read the same publication again” = “He re-read that publication again.”
Students first become acquainted with unions in elementary school. Later, when they begin to study the structure of compound and complex sentences, they will need to learn to distinguish between types of conjunctions, and also - unions from allied words (pronouns and adverbs).
First of all, you need to know that unions- these are auxiliary parts of speech. They do not answer any questions, unlike independent parts of speech, and do not have any independent meaning (attribute, action, state, etc.). Conjunctions are necessary in order to connect homogeneous members or simple sentences into complex ones . For example, in the sentence “Forests, fields and meadows are covered with a blanket of snow,” the conjunction “and” connects homogeneous “fields” and “meadows.” But in the sentence “Forests, fields, meadows are covered with a blanket of snow, and winter is coming into its own,” the conjunction “and” connects simple sentences as part of a compound sentence. Conjunctions are divided into two main groups: coordinating (and, or, either, a, yes , but, but, however, etc.) and subordinates (what, that, if, because, etc.). Remember that essays unions are needed both to connect homogeneous members when listing, and in complex ones to connect two independent simple sentences. And here are the subordinates unions and conjunctions help to attach a subordinate clause in a complex sentence. Learn to distinguish subordinate clauses unions from allied words (and adverbs). Conjunctive words perform the work of conjunctions, but they answer a question, have a specific meaning and perform some syntactic role, like any other independent part of speech (adjective, pronoun, etc.). So, in the sentence “I knew what was for lunch today” the word “what” is, because. it is the subject, answers the question “what?”, indicates the subject. But in the sentence “I knew that I wouldn’t make it to the station in time,” the word “what” is a subordinating word. It does not have any specific meaning, it is not, but only attaches a subordinate (explanatory) clause to the main sentence. Keep in mind that all coordinating unions belong to three: connective (and, not only - but also, yes - in the meaning and), divisive (either, or) and adversative (but, but, and, yes - in the meaning but). In addition, unions can be simple (consisting of one word) or compound (include two or more words). For example, in the sentence “I couldn’t come to visit them because I didn’t calculate my time,” the conjunction “since” is subordinating and compound. And in the sentence “The winter was cold, and we rarely go to the mountains,” the conjunction “and” is coordinating, connecting and simple.
Particles are a functional part of speech. They are intended to form the forms of words or introduce different shades of meaning into a sentence. Difficulties in the Russian language are caused by homonymous conjunctions, as well as prefixes and suffixes. It is necessary to learn how to differentiate between them in order to avoid grammatical errors when writing.
Instructions
Particles give statements various modal and emotional shades of meaning (denial, reinforcement, bewilderment, admiration, limitation, etc.). They never change and are not members of a sentence. According to their meaning and role in a statement, particles are usually divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal (or subjective-modal).
Shaping particles serve to form the morphological moods of the verb (conditional, subjunctive and imperative). These are the particles “would”, “let”, “let”, “so that” and “-those”, which in writing merges with the verb. For example, “would go”, “let (let) go”, “”; “if only he were my friend”, “let’s sing”, “so that it’s quiet.” Please note that the particle “would (b)” can appear not after, but before the verb to which it refers: “I would learn to draw,” “I would do it even better.”
The particles “not” and “neither” are considered negative. They should be distinguished from homonymous prefixes, which are written together with words. The particle “not” gives a negative meaning to a sentence or individual words, but sometimes (with a double negative) it brings a positive meaning. For example, in the sentence “This should not happen,” the particle “not” makes the entire statement negative. And in the sentence “He couldn’t help but help,” the double negative “not - not” takes on a positive meaning.
Modal or subjective-modal particles introduce various semantic shades into a sentence, and also serve to express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
Particles that serve to introduce semantic nuances into a sentence are divided into four groups: interrogative (“a”, “whether”, “”, “really”); demonstratives (“here”, “there”); clarifying (“exactly”, “just”) and restrictive (“only”, “only”, “exclusively”, “almost”).
Particles expressing feelings are also divided into four groups: exclamatory (“what the”, “how”); intensifying (“same”, “even”, “nor”, “after all”, “really”, “everything”), indicating doubt (“hardly”, “hardly”) and mitigating (“-ka”).
It is necessary to distinguish between particles and other parts of speech homonymous to them. For example, the conjunction “to” from the pronoun “what” with the particle “would”: “We’re going to the forest to get some fresh air” and “What would you like?” To the conjunction “so that” one can meaningfully add the expression “in order.” The particle “would”, it can be separated and rearranged to another place without loss of meaning: “What would you wish for?” or “What would you like?”
In the same way, one can distinguish the conjunctions “too”, “also” and the particle “the same”, which comes after the pronoun “that” and the adverb “so”. For example, in the sentence “The same as yesterday”, the particle “same” with the demonstrative pronoun “that”. It can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence will not change: “The same as yesterday.” The conjunctions “also” and “also” are close in meaning to the conjunction “and”. For example, in the sentence “He also came,” the conjunction “also” can be replaced by: “And he came.”
note
The particles “-taki”, “-s”, “-ka”, “-that” are written with a hyphen: “wrote after all”, “go-ka”, “no-s”, “he”.
Sources:
- Spelling particles in Russian
- how to distinguish a conjunction from a pronoun
The particle can sometimes be confused with other service particles. Although it is not a full-fledged part of the sentence, it can cause confusion, which is why you can, for example, put an extra comma. From time to time it is worth reviewing the school curriculum and refreshing your memory of basic things in order to avoid simple mistakes.
The particle belongs to the auxiliary parts of speech and serves to express various semantic shades of the words and, as well as to form the forms of words. They are not members and do not change. All existing particles can be divided into two categories: semantic and formative.
Although particles are not members of a sentence, in school it is customary to underline a particle not together with the word to which it refers; As a rule, this word is a verb.
Semantic particles, as the name suggests, are necessary to express shades of meaning, subtleties, and nuances. Depending on the meaning, they are classified into the following groups:
1) negative: not, neither, not at all, far from, not at all;
2) interrogative: really, really, whether (l);
3) indicative: here, there;
4) clarifying: exactly, directly, just, exactly, exactly;
5) restrictive / excretory: only, only, almost, solely, then;
6) exclamation marks: what for, how, well (and);
7) intensifying: even, same, neither, after all, really, after all, well;
8) emollients: -ka, -to, -s;
9) with the meaning: hardly (hardly), hardly (hardly).
Shape-forming particles are particles necessary for the formation or conditional mood: would, let, let, let, yes. Such particles are always components of the verb form, and therefore are part of the same part of the sentence as.
Some researchers identify an additional group of particles that do not fall into any of the above categories: supposedly, they say.
Classifications
Particles are also divided into primitive and nonprimitive by origin. The first group includes mainly colloquial and little-used particles like, see, let, say, I suppose, those, tea, well, sir, in, de, as well as yes, -ka, nor, yet. All other particles belong to the second group.
Please note that many particles in their properties are close to adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and introductory words.
There is a division and: into simple, composite, dissectable and non-dissectable particles. The first includes all particles consisting of one, the second - formed from two or more words, the third - all particles that can be separated by other words (as if not, if only not, even if, rather, if only, at least, almost (was), almost, etc.), to the fourth - those that cannot be separated in any way. There is also a small group of so-called phraseologized particles: whatever (it is), exactly, that’s the case, not otherwise (as), no matter what, that and (look / wait).
Video on the topic
A word, which is a formal means of connecting syntactic units.
The honors of some compound conjunctions (“not only... but also”, “both... and”) are found with different homogeneous members of the sentence or in different sentences that are part of the complex.
Those consisting of one are called simple: “and”, “a”, “but”, “or”, “yes”, “as”, “either”, “that”, “as if”. And conjunctions, which are a combination of significant and non-significant words, are compound. For example: “while”, “that is”, “as soon as”, “despite the fact that”, “in view of the fact that”, “while”, “as” and others.
Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions convey equal, independent relationships between homogeneous members or parts of a complex. For example: “The house was on a hill and had a wide view.” In this, the coordinating conjunction “and” connects 2 simple sentences in a complex sentence. And in the sentence: “A light wind, then subsided, then woke up again” - the conjunction “that... that” connects homogeneous members of the sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions convey unequal, dependent relationships between parts of a complex sentence. For example: “We wanted (what?) to do it sooner” (expository clause). Or: “The book will be published (under what condition?) if it is accepted by the publishing house” (clause clause).
Types of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
When making a morphological analysis of a conjunction, it is necessary to indicate its meaning and morphological features (coordinating or subordinating; unchangeable word), as well as indicate its syntactic role.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) Connective, which include “and”, “yes”, “not only... but also”, “both... and”. For example: “It’s still snowing today.”
2) Adversatives: “but”, “a”, “yes” (meaning “but”), “but”, “however”. For example: “We were born in different countries, but we all don’t want war!”
3) Dividing, this group includes conjunctions “or”, “either”, “that... that”, “not that... not that”. For example: “Now to the right, now to the left the roar of falling trees.”
In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) Temporal: “when”, “before”, “while”, “only”. For example: “We were still sleeping when the telephone rang.”
2) Explanatory, this group includes: “what”, “so that”, “how” and others. For example: “He said that a friend was visiting him.”
3) Causal: “since”, “because”, “due to the fact that”. “Since the sun has set, it has become chilly.”
4) Conditional: “if”, “once”, “how soon”, “whether”, “if”. For example: “If only you wanted, if only you knew.”
5) Concessive: “although”, “despite the fact that”. “Although it was already morning, the city was still sleeping.”
6) Target: “in order”, “in order to”, “in order to”. For example: “To love music, you need to listen to it.”
Video on the topic
A conjunction is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text.
Unions do not change and are not members of the sentence.
By formation, unions are divided into
1) non-derivative (primitive), that is, those that are not related in origin to other parts of speech: a, but, or, yes and;
2) derivatives (non-derivatives), formed
By connecting non-derivative conjunctions: as if,
By combining the demonstrative word from the main part and a simple conjunction: in order to,
By connecting a conjunction with a word with a generalized meaning: until, while,
Historically from other parts of speech: yet, although, in order.
According to their structure, unions are divided into
1) simple (written without spaces): a, for;
2) compound (written with one or more spaces): since, while.
The types of compound conjunctions are
1) double (two-component) conjunctions, the parts of which are located distantly with obligatory (not so much...as, not only...but also) or optional (if...then, once...then, barely... as) the second part,
2) repeating, that is, such compound doubles that consist of identical parts (neither...nor, then...that, or...or).
According to the nature of the syntactic relations they express, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions connect equal components. They connect homogeneous members of a sentence (sometimes heterogeneous ones too, for example: She has a niece, and she’s pretty, - where the connecting conjunction connects the subject and the attribute), parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.
Coordinating conjunctions have the following categories of meaning:
1) connective (meaning “both this, and that”): and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), neither...nor, as...so and, and...and, not only...but and, as... so and, also, also;
2) dividing (meaning “either this, or that”): or, either, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...or;
3) adversatives (meaning “not this, but that”): a, but, yes (meaning “but”), however, but.
In linguistics, the list of categories of coordinating conjunctions by meaning is supplemented by three more categories:
4) gradational: not only...but also, not so much...as, not so much...but;
5) explanatory: that is, namely;
6) connecting: also, also, yes and, and, moreover, and.
As you can see, some of these conjunctions find a place in the classification proposed by school grammar (not only... but also, too), and some do not fit into it (that is, moreover, etc.).
Subordinating conjunctions combine unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of these components on the other. They mainly connect parts of a complex sentence, but can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members. So, for example, a subordinating conjunction although connects homogeneous members of a sentence. The book is interesting, although a little drawn out; conjunctions as if, as if, what connects homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence In winter, the night is longer than the day; The pond is like a mirror.
The following categories of subordinating conjunctions are distinguished by meaning:
1) temporary: when, while, barely, only;
2) causal: since, because; for (obsolete / bookish);
3) conditional: if, if (obsolete), if (obsolete);
4) targeted: in order to, in order to, in order to (obsolete);
5) concessional: although, despite the fact that;
6) consequences: so;
7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than;
8) explanatory: what, how, so that.
These lists can be supplemented with compound subordinating conjunctions, for example: while, as if, only, in connection with the fact that, for the purpose of etc. (see above).
Some conjunctions are multi-valued and can be classified into several categories, for example, so (target and explanatory), when (temporary and conditional).
Training complex 3 combines subordinating conjunctions into groups: explanatory and adverbial; All conjunctions of categories 1-7 fall into the adverbial group. In complex 1, 6 categories of subordinating conjunctions are distinguished: it does not describe concessive conjunctions and consequential conjunctions.
Morphological analysis of the union
It is necessary to distinguish conjunctions so that, too, also, but from combinations of pronouns that, then and adverbs so with a particle or preposition, cf.:
I want you to give me advice. - What would you advise me?
I want to go there too. - I think the same (same).
I also want to go there. - I think the same.
The book is difficult, but interesting. - Hide behind that tree.
The union is disassembled according to the following scheme:
2. Constant signs:
Immutable
Rank by value
Simple / compound,
What connects.
Sample morphological analysis of the union:
We all jumped up from our chairs, but again there was a surprise: the noise of many steps was heard, which meant that the hostess had not returned alone, and this was really strange, since she herself had appointed this hour.
(F. M. Dostoevsky)
but - a conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating, adversative, simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.
that - a conjunction, unchangeable, subordinating, explanatory, simple, unchangeable, connects parts of a complex sentence.
a - conjunction, unchangeable, coordinating, adversative, simple, unchangeable, connects parts of a complex sentence.
since - conjunction, unchangeable, subordinating, reason, compound, connects parts of a complex sentence.
All parts of speech are usually divided into independent and auxiliary. The first ones are the most important.
They represent the basis of linguistic diversity. The latter perform an auxiliary function. This includes unions. In Russian, they serve as connectives. There are also special rules for their use. In addition, such parts of speech can be divided into types. What are conjunctions in Russian? You will find the answer to this question below.
What are unions?
In the Russian language, this part of speech is intended to connect as well as parts and at the same time express semantic relationships between them.
Unlike related prepositions, conjunctions are not assigned to any case. All of them are classified on different grounds. Thus, according to their structure, unions are divided into two types: simple and compound. The first ones consist of one word (or, too), while the second ones consist of several words since).
Main classification
There is one more reason on which conjunctions in the Russian language are divided into types. The table fully reveals the essence of this classification.
Types of unions depending on the functions performed |
|||
Essays (serve to connect both homogeneous members and parts of complex sentences) | Subordinates (link the main and subordinate parts in a complex sentence) |
||
Connecting | And, yes, too, no, no, also | Explanatory | So that, how... |
Causal | Because, because... |
||
Nasty | Yes, but, well, but, however | So that, then so that... |
|
Temporary | When, barely... |
||
Conditional | If, when... |
||
Separating | Or, either, this, this, this, this or that | Concessive | Although, let... |
Comparative | As if... |
||
In addition, all conjunctions can be divided into non-derivative (and, as) and derivatives, that is, formed from other parts of speech (despite).
Punctuation points
There are special rules according to which it is determined whether any punctuation mark needs to be applied or not. As a rule, we are most often talking about a comma. It is always placed before the conjunction, but never after.
It should be noted that, despite the similarity of some parts of speech, the same rules cannot be applied to them. Thus, the conjunctions and prepositions that pepper the Russian language, although they have much in common, are still characterized differently. Let's return to the rules established directly for the part of speech that interests us. So, a comma before conjunctions is needed if they are adversative (“She didn’t get angry, but even screamed”), paired (“It’s either going to snow or rain”) or subordinating (“I’ll come if you you will call"). In addition, this punctuation mark is needed if it separates parts of a complex sentence (“Spring has come and the starlings have arrived”). If the conjunction connects homogeneous members, then a comma is not required (“Green and blue balls rushed into the sky”). These are the general rules for using this part of speech in writing. If, when writing, there is a comma before the conjunction, then a pause should be made at this point in the speech.