Lesson on the world around us. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. PREVENTING THEIR ILLNESS.
Goals: to form students’ knowledge about the respiratory organs and their functions, to give an idea of the correct breathing mechanism, and to warn about the dangers of smoking; develop the skill of comparing a schematic drawing and its description in an educational text; develop imagination, the ability to find analogies; cultivate a caring attitude towards the respiratory system, a negative attitude towards smoking.Equipment: illustrations (plants, animals, people); crossword “Sports”, table “Respiratory organs”.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.– Look at the pictures. What do they show? (Animals, plants, people.)
– What do we not see either in these pictures or in real life? And yet this is an indispensable condition for the life of plants, animals, and humans? (Air.)
- Every living thing breathes. Plants, animals and humans breathe.
The child was born. The first cry of a new person was heard - this is the first breath, which means he will live. With the first cry, air rushes into the respiratory tract, straightens and fills the lungs.
It is known that a person can live without food for more than a month, without water - 10 days. Without oxygen, life fades away in 4–7 minutes! Why is the need for oxygen greater than for food and water? (Because there is no oxygen supply in the body.)
– What are we going to talk about today?
– Lesson topic: “Respiratory organs.” We will learn why the respiratory organs are needed.
– What do we use to breathe?
– How do we breathe?
-What do we breathe?
– What is dangerous for the respiratory system?
II. Checking homework.
Answers to the crossword puzzle (task 11).
1. Shoulder. 2. Water. 3. Fighter. 4. Strength. 5. Speed. 6. Chat. 7. Bone. 8. Endurance. 9. Koschey. 10. Fiber. 11. Tendon. 12. Agility. 13. Ingenuity. 14. Laughter. 15. Sports. 16. Biceps. 17. Chess player. 18. Training.
Questions (textbook, part 2, pp. 19, 20).
– Aristotle said: “Nothing destroys a person so much as prolonged inaction.” How do you understand the meaning of the statement? (Children's answers.)
Crossword "Sport"
1. Exercise to develop physical strength and agility.
2. A man of strong physique and great strength.
3. Water sports.
4. Jump over your head.
5. Hunting wild animals and birds.
6. The boxer loses consciousness as a result of a blow received.
7. Physical exercises and games that strengthen the body.
8. Cycling track.
9. Sports game with a ball.
10. Cross-country running.
Answers: 1. Gymnastics. 2. Athlete. 3. Swimming. 4. Somersault. 5. Hunting. 6. Knockout. 7. Sports. 8. Track. 9. Basketball. 10. Cross.
III. Learning new material.
Why, how and with what help does a person breathe?
- Why do we breathe? (We feed the brain with oxygen, otherwise it becomes lethargic and begins to die.)
– What is called breathing? (Children's answers.) Compare your answers with the definition in the textbook (Part 2, p. 21).
- Let's see which organs carry out the breathing process.
– Look at the drawing. (You can use a poster.) Name the respiratory organs.
- Guess the riddle:
On your face
There is a house.
There are two windows in it:
They let air through
And smells are distinguished. (Nose, nostrils.)
– Let’s start our “journey” with an air bubble. From nose to lungs. What does a person need a nose for? (A person needs the nose for breathing and smell.)
– Why can the nasal cavity be called a filter, a stove, a controller, a guard post of the body? Find the answer to this question yourself in the textbook (Part 2, p. 21). (Children's answers.)
– How to breathe correctly, through the nose or mouth? Why?
– Where will the air bubble go next? (Through the larynx into the trachea.)
– Feel it in the front of the neck – it is a hard and ribbed tube. The trachea is also called the windpipe. In the walls of the trachea there are C-shaped transverse strips of durable cartilage so that the windpipe is always open.
“...We are rushing down the air tube to the lungs. Look how beautiful it is all around! The walls of the tunnel shimmer from light waves running from below, as if a feather grass field is swaying. But this is not feather grass, but tiny eyelashes that flutter very quickly, five hundred times a minute, and gradually push out the dust that has broken through all the barriers. Without these little eyelashes, half a bucket of dust would accumulate in our lungs throughout our lives.
- Oh-ho-ho! So, lungs are like bags?
– Not really, although inside they have “three hundred million tiny air-filled sacs. They look like grapes and are called very beautifully – alveoli.” (Yudin G.)
– Why can the lungs be compared to “vine trees”? (In appearance: they consist of pulmonary vesicles.)
The lungs contain about 300 million pulmonary vesicles - alveoli. If all of a person's alveoli were laid out on a surface, they would occupy an area that could accommodate a tennis court! The total surface of the alveoli is also huge.
– How are the lungs connected to the trachea? (Bronchi.)
Work from notebook No. 2 (task 14, p. 7).
– We answered the question with what we breathe. How do we breathe?
- Stand up. Place your hands on your chest and observe what the breathing process consists of? (Inhale and exhale.)
– Resolve a dispute between two students. One believes that when you inhale, the lungs expand and therefore air enters them. Another is that air enters the lungs, causing them to expand. Which student is right?
Work on a drawing from a textbook (part 2, p. 21).
– Look at the pictures. (Inhale, exhale.)
The red plate in the figure is the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped plate located under the lungs. Together with the rib muscles, it provides respiratory movements. By contracting, the diaphragm allows the lungs to expand - inhalation occurs. To exhale, the diaphragm must relax.
– Does a person breathe through the skin? (Yes.)
– How do different animals breathe? (Pulmonary respiration, gill respiration, tracheal (in insects).)
– Which groups of animals breathe with their lungs? (Mammals, birds, amphibians, humans.) (See p. 22 for the curious.)
– Make a swallowing movement. Breathing stops at this moment. Why is this happening? (Air does not enter the lungs, since the entrance to the nasal cavity is closed by a small tongue of the soft palate, and the entrance to the trachea is blocked.)
-What do we breathe?
– Why are the respiratory organs often called the air gates to the body? (Through them air and oxygen enter the body.)
– We are always surrounded by an invisible cloud of dust, smoke and other harmful substances. Along with dust, there are always bacteria and microbes in the air. It is estimated that there are 2,600 microbes in 1 m3 of air in a school classroom at the beginning of classes, and their number is 13,500 by the end of classes.
– How to keep the air in the room (classroom) clean and fresh? (Ventilate, wet cleaning.)
Work in notebook No. 2 (task 13, p. 7).
– Let’s consider what a person’s need for oxygen is.
Written on the board:
Sleep – 20 l.
Walking – 40 l.
Light work – 60 l.
Heavy work – 120 l.
A running person needs 70 liters of air per minute.
Conclusion: The harder the work, the more oxygen the human body requires to supply intensely working muscles.
– Who needs more oxygen, children or adults? (Children, as they move more and breathe more often.)
– It is known that untrained people, even with little physical activity, begin to breathe rapidly. Trained people breathe evenly and deeply even when doing hard physical work. Explain why this happens.
For the curious.
In athletes, the lung capacity is 1–1.5 liters higher than normal, and with an increase in the vital capacity of the lungs, the depth of breathing increases, and respiratory movements become less frequent. They are performed up to 6–10 times per minute versus 14–18 movements in people who do not engage in sports.
Singers, musicians, athletes, and yogis know how to breathe best. Health depends on proper breathing.
Physical education minute
Are you probably tired? Yes!
And so everyone stood up.
They stretched their necks together,
And, like geese, they hissed: “Sh-sh-sh!”
And like bunnies they jumped,
Let's gallop, gallop
And they disappeared behind a bush.
– What is dangerous for the respiratory system? (Children's answers.)
We will talk in more detail about what happens to a person if he smokes himself, and what happens to those non-smoking people who surround him while smoking and inhale the smoke from his cigarette.
– Can you describe how smoking affects a person’s appearance? (The person loses weight, his complexion becomes ugly, his hair becomes dull.)
– How does the skin of a smoker change? (The skin becomes thin and dry, wrinkled, his skin color is yellowish, unhealthy.)
– What happens to the hair? (Hair does not shine - it becomes dull, lifeless, brittle.)
– What do smoker’s eyes look like? (Under the eyes there are dark circles, the eyes are inflamed, reddened.)
– What happens to the teeth? (Teeth turn yellow, begin to deteriorate, smokers always have an unpleasant odor from their mouth, even chewing gum and toothpaste do not help.)
– What do smokers’ clothes smell like? (The smell is unpleasant. It smells like sour tobacco smoke.)
– What does smoking do to a person? (It poisons him and makes him sick.)
– It’s true: a person gets sick. The human body quickly gets used to tobacco and becomes dependent on it. The smoker needs to smoke more and more cigarettes every day, and soon he can no longer do without tobacco. It's a disease.
- Guys, how many of you have ever been in the same room with smokers? Tell me how you felt.
The observations of two or three children are heard.
– Why did you feel bad? (Because tobacco smoke from a cigarette spreads throughout the room. Because tobacco smoke is unpleasant. It irritates the throat.)
– Tobacco smoke is harmful to everyone!
– Guys, in a burning cigarette, during the combustion of tobacco, a huge amount of harmful substances that are dangerous to human life is formed. Where does tobacco smoke go when inhaled? (Into the lungs.)
– Do you think such smoke is useful for humans? (No, it pollutes the lungs. It prevents clean air from entering the lungs.)
The teacher attaches posters “Lungs of a Smoking Person” from the series “Smoking is harmful to health” to the board.
– Look at the first poster. How have the lungs of a smoker changed? (They turned black.)
– Indeed, tobacco smoke is harmful not only to smokers themselves, but also to those who are nearby. Everyone who surrounds a smoker is called a passive smoker. And although they themselves do not smoke, they also inhale tobacco smoke and harm their health. Precisely because not only smokers themselves suffer from tobacco smoke, but also those around them, in enclosed spaces where there are a lot of people, they put up a “No Smoking!” sign.
The teacher hangs a poster with a picture of a sign on the board.
– What sign does it look like?
– In what places have you seen such a sign? In front of you is a sign “Smoking area”. If you see such a sign, what should you do? (Move aside so as not to inhale tobacco smoke.)
Smoking is evil
Smoking is not a harmless activity that you can quit without effort. This is a real drug addiction, and it is dangerous because many people do not take smoking seriously.
Nicotine is one of the most dangerous poisons of plant origin.
Birds (sparrows, pigeons) die if you just bring a glass rod soaked in nicotine to their beak.
Children living in smoky rooms suffer more and more from respiratory diseases. During the first year of life, children of smoking parents have an increased incidence of bronchitis and pneumonia and an increased risk of developing serious diseases.
Work from the textbook (part 2, pp. 23–24).
– Why is smoking dangerous?
– What have you learned about tobacco smoke?
– Should I try smoking?
– What should you do if someone smokes nearby?
Listen to one parable.
In the distant past, when tobacco had just been brought to Armenia from distant countries, one old man, kind and wise, lived at the foot of Ararat. He immediately disliked this intoxicating plant and urged people not to use it. One day the elder saw that a huge crowd had gathered around foreign merchants who had laid out their goods. The merchants shouted: “Divine leaf, divine leaf! It contains a cure for all diseases!”
A wise old man came up and said:
– This “divine leaf” brings other benefits to people: a thief will not enter a smoker’s house, a dog will not bite him, he will never grow old.
The merchants looked at him with joy.
– You are right, oh wise old man! - they said. – But how do you know about such wonderful properties of the “divine leaf”?
And the sage explained:
- A thief will not enter the house of a smoker because he will cough all night, and a thief does not like to enter the house of a person who is awake. After a few years of smoking, a person will become weak and will walk with a stick. What kind of dog will bite a person if he is carrying a stick?! And finally, he will not grow old, for he will die young...
People walked away from the merchants, thinking...
– I invite you to think about the fact that your health largely depends on you.
IV. Consolidation and generalization.
– Reflect in your notebooks and on the board the path of a balloon through our body.
Nose > trachea > bronchi > lungs.
Crossword puzzle "Respiratory organs"
Horizontally:
2. Upper body.
3. What we breathe.
5. Component of air.
7. A plant whose leaves contain nicotine.
8. Part of the airway that can be felt in the neck.
10. Respiratory organs located in the chest.
Vertically:
1, 3. Components of breathing.
2. Carbon dioxide...
4. Pathogenic microorganism.
6. The process by which air enters the body.
9. Substance dangerous to the body (general concept).
Answers. Horizontal: 2. Chest. 3. Air. 5. Oxygen. 7. Tobacco. 8. Trachea. 10. Lungs.
Vertical: 1. Inhale. 2. Gas. 3. Exhale. 4. Microbe. 6. Breathing. 9. Poison.
V. Lesson summary.
– How long can a person not breathe? (1–1.5 min.)
– Is all the air breathable? Scientists did the following experiment: they placed a mouse under a large glass bell. She ran there for a while and then died. Why?
(Breathing requires oxygen. The mouse under the hood used up all the oxygen breathing. And then died, it had nothing to breathe.)
Riddle: Two airy petals,
slightly pink,
Doing important work
They help us breathe. (Lungs.)
– Human breathing consists of two parts: external - when we inhale and exhale air, and internal - when oxygen taken from the air by the lungs is delivered to the tissues by red blood cells.
This is interesting!
When a person sneezes, the speed of air movement is over 160 km/h.
Homework: workbook No. 2 (task 12), use the pictures in the textbook (part 2, p. 23). Textbook (pp. 21–24).
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE LESSON
The respiratory organs are susceptible to diseases ranging from simple to complex and dangerous. A lot of them. Here are some of them:
1. Hypothermia of the nose and part of the windpipe - inflammation of the nasal mucosa (runny nose).
2. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa by pathogenic microbes - influenza.
3. Hypothermia of the bronchi - cough.
4. Hypothermia of the lungs - pneumonia.
5. Tuberculosis is a dangerous disease, caused by microbes; it is very difficult to cure the disease, and in its advanced state it is impossible. They used to call him consumption.
6. Cancer. Almost untreatable. It is not felt at the beginning of the illness, and when a person feels that he is sick, it is already too late.
Knowledge of the world
TOPIC: “Respiratory organs. The lungs and their work."
GOALS: to form a concept about the respiratory organs, their functions and the importance of breathing for the body; introduce the rules of respiratory hygiene, explain the need to follow these rules; develop thinking, memory, attention, curiosity, promote cooperation and self-control.Equipment: table on the topic, model of human organs.DURING THE CLASSESThe largest blood vessel coming from the heart. (aorta)
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to all organs and tissues. (arteries)
What does blood take away from the body (taken into the lungs)? (carbon dioxide)
Through what vessels does dark blood return to the heart? (veins)
What are the names of the smallest blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to every cell in our body? (capillaries)
This muscle sac is located on the left side of the chest and acts like a pump. (heart)
What does arterial blood carry to each cell? (oxygen)
This fluid supplies all organs in the human body with oxygen, nutrients and vitamins. (blood)
Organizational moment. Lesson topic message.
Checking homework. Crossword.
Mastering new material.
When we breathe, our body receives oxygen, which we need as the most important gas for life. Our brain can live without it for no more than 5 minutes. All the cells that make up the body take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Our breathing apparatus consists of two lungs. Passing from the nose and mouth to the lungs, the air passes through channels that gradually decrease in size. This channel system is like a tree upside down (trunk, branches, leaves), where the trunk is the trachea, the branches are the bronchi, and the leaves are the alveoli. Breathing allows us to speak because it vibrates the vocal cords, like the strings of a guitar, and produces sounds.
We take a breath and suck in air through our nostrils. It quickly passes through the nasal cavity and enters the windpipe - the trachea. It's designed quite cleverly. When we swallow something, the trachea is closed with a small flap to prevent food from accidentally entering the lungs. And when we take a breath, the pharynx closes, and the air flows not into the stomach, but into the lungs.
But if we decide to scream or laugh while swallowing food, the valve may not close in time, a crumb or drop will fall into the trachea, and we will have to cough for a long time until it flies out.
Breath
The lungs (1) are like an air pump that is driven by the chest muscles. The lungs inflate to take air in and contract to release it, like a balloon. When we inhale, air passes from the mouth and nose into the trachea (2), then into two wide tubes - the bronchi (3), which branch into smaller bronchi (4). The inside of the bronchi is covered with tiny cilia. These moist cilia capture dust particles that managed to slip through the trachea along with the air. Absolutely clean air must enter the lungs. The bronchi act as a filter. The smallest bronchi end in alveoli, which look like millions of air bubbles. Small blood vessels run near the alveoli. The blood takes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide into the alveoli, which we exhale.
Inhale and exhale.
The breathing movement is not subject to human will. we breathe without thinking about it. But you can inhale and exhale more forcefully or hold your breath for a while. When we inhale (A), the chest muscles push the ribs apart, the chest and lungs expand and absorb air. When we exhale (B), the muscles relax, the ribs move, the lungs contract and the air comes out.
Observation.
DO PHYSICAL EXERCISE
COUNT THE NUMBER OF INHALES AND EXHALES IN 1 MIN
CONCLUSION
5. Riddle.
HERE IS THE MOUNTAIN, AND AT THE MOUNTAIN
TWO DEEP HORES.
IN THESE HOLES THE AIR FLOWS,
IT COMES IN AND OUT. (Nose)
6. Assumption.
Why can the nasal cavity be called a filter, a stove, a controller, a guard post of the body?
The blood vessels of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity act as a water heating system, warming the inhaled air to body temperature. In contact with the mucous membrane, the inhaled air is moistened and cleared of dust particles, which settle on a thin layer of mucus covering this membrane. The nerve endings of the olfactory nerves “control” the chemical composition of the inhaled air; this is the only organ capable of perceiving odors.
Explain the meaning of the following hygiene rule:
Can't human
Seal it in a box.
Ventilate your home
Better and more often. (Mayakovsky)
7. Drawing up rules of respiratory hygiene and measures to prevent respiratory diseases.
Work in groups.
Make a word from letters:
What causes severe harm to the respiratory system?
Iruekne (smoking)
A person can live without food and water for several days, but without air he cannot live even a few minutes. In a room where many people gather, it is difficult to breathe; there is less oxygen in the air. Tobacco smoke also spoils the air and makes it unfit for breathing. There is always dust in the indoor air. When sick people talk, cough, and sneeze, germs are released into the air, so be sure to ventilate your room and classroom frequently. Walk more in the forest, fields and meadows. in parks and squares and other places where there is a lot of greenery. There the air is especially clean and fresh and contains more oxygen.
While indoors,remember the basic rules:
Be sure to ventilate your room and open the window before going to bed.
Do not clean clothes and shoes indoors. Clean floors frequently and remove dust from items with a damp cloth.
Dry your feet thoroughly before entering the room.
Cover your mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing.
Consolidation.
1. Reading the textbook text with notes.
What new did you learn?
2. Riddle.
TWO AIR PETALS,
SLIGHTLY PINK,
IMPORTANT WORK IS DOING
AND THEY HELP US BREATHE. (Lungs)
Lesson summary.
Name and show the respiratory organs.
Homework.
Nosareva T.Yu., teacher of biology, geography and chemistry
MBOU "Lesozavodskaya secondary school" Konosha village, Arkhangelsk region, 2014
General lesson on the topic "Breathing"
The purpose of the lesson:
Educational: Bring into system students’ knowledge of the structure, functions and hygiene of the human respiratory system.
Developmental: To develop the ability to compare, classify and generalize the facts and phenomena being studied.
Educating: Continue to develop the need for a healthy lifestyle.
Introductory word from the teacher. Today in class we will remember and analyze what we know about the respiratory organs. To do this, we will have to formulate a range of basic issues and problems. What questions do you think we will consider? (what is breathing, its meaning, respiratory tract, breathing mechanism, main diseases, etc.)
On the slide and on the interactive board there is a note: “I breathe, and that means I live...” V. Vysotsky
– Do you think these words can correspond to our theme? Why? (Students express their opinions). As a result, we can conclude that breathing is a complex vital process.
– Let’s formulate the main goals of our lesson
Before the lesson begins, the lesson plan is written on the board:
I. Structure and functions of the respiratory organs.
II. Performing laboratory work.
III. Solving biological problems
IV First aid rules. Respiratory hygiene.
V. Summing up the lesson.
The class is divided into groups. Each group is headed by a consultant. Each consultant was given instructions before starting work (Appendix 2).
Structure and functions of the respiratory organs.
A representative from each group draws out a question number. Within 1 minute, students prepare and answer the question. Representatives of other groups have the right to supplement the answers of their comrades.
1.What is breathing? Why should you breathe through your nose?
2.How do speech sounds arise?
3.How does inhalation and exhalation occur? Nervous and humoral regulation?
4. How does gas exchange occur in the lungs and tissues?
Performing laboratory work.
Each student is given a sheet of text to complete the laboratory work.
Laboratory work No. 1 "Vital capacity of the lungs"
An adult, depending on height and age, in a calm state, consumes 300-900 ml of air with each breath and exhales the same amount. At the same time, the capacity of the lungs is not fully used. After any calm inhalation, you can inhale an additional portion of air, and after a calm exhalation, you can exhale another portion of air. The maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest inhalation is called the vital capacity of the lungs (VC). It is determined using a special device - a spirometer. On average, the vital capacity of the lungs is 3-5 liters.
Purpose of work: learn to calculate the vital capacity of the lungs using formulas.
Progress of work: calculation of the vital capacity of the lungs. For teenagers it is calculated using the formulas:
Boys 13-16 years old:
VC=((height (cm) x 0.052)) - ((age (years) x 0.022)) - 4.2 = : .
Girls 8-16 years old:
VIT=((height (cm) x 0.041)) - ((age (years) x 0.018)) - 3.7 = : .
Reporting form:
Calculate your own vital capacity using formulas.
Compare the results obtained with the average tabular ones.
Draw conclusions:
1) What is the value of vital capacity in your body?
2) Compare your vital value with the average tabular data.
3) How many participants in the group have VC above the norm, and how many have it below.
4) Write down the results on the worksheet.
Announce the results of the work done.
Vital indicators of adolescents
| Age (years) | Boys' vitals | Vitality of girls |
Physical exercise. Today we will check the capacity of our lungs without the help of a spirometer, but we will try to do it “relative to our neighbor” and with the help of a balloon. Everyone will have three attempts. So, with one exhalation you need to fill the balloon with air and compare the volume of the balloon with its neighbors. (Second attempt after 10 squats). This is not all testing. Without releasing a single drop of air from the balloon, you need to do several physical exercises:
Stretch your hand with the ball up as far as possible
At this height, transfer the ball to the other hand
At a height, grab the ball with both hands and bend back as much as possible
Thank you all very much! Everyone did great!
Problem solving.
Each team, in the same order as in the previous task, is read the text of the task. You are given a minute to think about your answer.
1. During the Great Patriotic War, such an episode occurred. Our intelligence officer was tasked with obtaining valuable documents from the enemy headquarters. Dressed in a German uniform, the scout tracked down the colonel with a briefcase containing the necessary documents. With a cry: “Uncle, I’m alive!” - the scout threw himself on the colonel’s neck and inserted a needle into his brain through the occipital foramen. The death occurred instantly, which allowed our people to take possession of the documents. Which part of the brain did the needle hit and which center did it destroy?
Answer: The needle inserted into the colonel’s skull struck the medulla oblongata, where the centers of respiration and blood circulation are located.
2. Many novice smokers take tobacco smoke into their mouths and then release it without inhaling. Why can this entertainment turn into a habit, which will then be difficult to break, and become the real reason for smoking?
Answer: Beginner smokers do not take into account that a number of substances: nicotine, alcohol, validol, nitroglycerin - can be absorbed in all parts of the digestive tract, starting with the oral cavity.
3. Why are children who, for one reason or another, have difficulty breathing through their nose, are more likely to catch colds? The air entering the lungs during breathing is subjected to “sterilization.” What protects the body from the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into it along with the inhaled air?
Answer: The nasal cavity is lined with ciliated epithelium and is densely penetrated with blood vessels. The air entering the nasal cavity: 1) is warmed, 2) moistened, 3) disinfected, 4) warmed. When children have a stuffy nose, they breathe through their mouth, so cold and polluted air enters the lungs.)
4. Humans and any mammal breathe normally when food is chewed in the mouth. Do they breathe while swallowing food? Why is this happening?
Answer: In humans and mammals, the digestive tract and respiratory tract are separated by the epiglottis when swallowing food, so they breathe while swallowing food.
Providing first aid(pull out the task, 1 minute for discussion)
1.First aid for a drowning person
2. Help with suffocation, covering with earth
3. Clinical and biological death
4.Artificial respiration and chest compressions
And now, I will read you a short excerpt from the book. Try to answer the question about what event it refers to:
“Having landed on the shore, we went deep into the island. We were met by many almost naked people, very slender and strong, who were coming from their villages with burning brands in their hands and grass, the smoke of which they drank. Others carried one large wrapper and lit it at every stop. Then everyone took three to four puffs from it, releasing smoke through their nostrils” (meeting of Columbus and his crew with the natives).
List the diseases that can occur in a smoker
Diseases
smokers
From all that has been said, what is the conclusion?
Conclusion: ( Smoking has a very negative effect on the body. We are once again convinced that there is not a single organ in the body that is not damaged by nicotine.)
What a great fellow you are! They passed the test with honor. Give yourself points for your work at this stage. Now fill out the memos that you will exchange at the end of the lesson (Appendix 3)
Summing up the lesson
Using the score sheets, each group calculates the number of points scored by each participant and the group as a whole. We determine the most productive group and the student of the group. Congratulations!
(music sounds)
“As long as I breathe, I hope (Dum spiro, spero)”
Probably, these words of the Roman poet Ovid are now filled with new meaning. Breathing is life, while a person lives, he develops, gains new knowledge, becomes a personality, and looks to the future with hope.
Giving marks for work in groups.
Literature.
School Student's Handbook. Biology. M., "Enlightenment", 1996.
Batuev A.S. Biology. Human. 9th grade. Textbook. M., "Bustard", 1998.
Batuev A.S. and others. Biology: Dictionary-reference book for the textbook "Biology. Man. Grade 9" ed. Batueva A. S. /M., Bustard, 2002.
Mash R.D. Biology. Man and his health. Collection of experiments and tasks. 8-9 grade. M., "Mnemosyne", 1997.
V. S. School workshop. Biology. Human. 9th grade. M., Bustard, 2001.
Appendix 2
| Last name Student first name | Laboratory work | Structure and functions of the respiratory organs. | First aid | ||
Memo to the group leader
Before the workshop starts, check that group members have school equipment.
Performing laboratory work:
Read the progress of the work;
Get the job done. Each group member does the work independently;
Draw conclusions from the work;
Announce your results.
Read the text of your question. Mark active students on the record sheet.
The solution of the problem. Discuss the solution to the problem. Announce the progress of the decision.
Summarize the work at the seminar lesson. Enter your grades on the record sheet.
Note:
"+" is the complete correct answer
"+" is a correct, but not entirely accurate answer
"?" - incomplete answer
"^" – addition
Appendix 3
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Subject: “The meaning of breathing. Organs of the respiratory system; Airways,
Target: reveal the essence of the breathing process, its role in metabolism; continue development
concepts of the relationship between the structure and functions of organs using the example of the respiratory organs; explain
functional connection of the circulatory and respiratory systems; introduce some
hygiene rules.
Equipment: tables depicting the organs of the respiratory system.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational moment
2. Test of knowledge
Biological dictation
1.Vessel that carries blood to capillaries ( artery)
2.Death of tissue in a region of the heart ( heart attack)
3.An organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood from arteries to veins ( heart )
4.The part of the heart from which the movement of blood through the arteries begins ( ventricle)
5.Brain hemorrhage(stroke)
6.Device for stopping arterial bleeding of a limb (tourniquet)
7.Death of tissue (necrosis)
8.The ability of an organ to work under the influence of impulses arising within itself
(automatism)
9.A vessel in which gas exchange occurs (capillary)
10.The vessel that carries blood back to the heart (vein)
11.The muscular layer of the heart wall (myocardium)
12.Pressure measuring device (tonometer)
13.The part of the heart where the blood circulation ends (atrium)
14.Main artery, systemic circulation (aorta)
15.A disease associated with a persistent increase in blood pressure (hypertension)
16.The left side of the heart is rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide.
(arterial blood)
17.Originates in the left ventricle, delivers arterial blood enriched
oxygen to all tissues of the body and ends in the right atrium. (Big
circle of the circulatory system)
18.The continuous flow of blood through the vessels is called ( blood circulation).
19.A hollow muscular organ located in the chest (heart)
20.Powerful, thick-walled chambers that expel blood into the vessels during contraction
(ventricles)
21.Valves that prevent blood from flowing from the aorta back into the atria (lunate valves)
22.The period from one contraction to another is called ( cardiac cycle).
23.The atria, filled with blood, contract and push blood into the ventricles. This
the stage of contraction is called (systole atria)
24.Atrial systoles lead to blood entering the ventricles, which at this moment
relaxed. This state of the ventricles is called (diastole ventricles.)
25.Blood pressure inside arteries (arterial pressure)
26.The highest pressure at the time of heart systole is called ( systolic).
27.Leakage of blood from blood vessels due to damage to their integrity
(bleeding)
28.Bleeding in which the skin remains intact and blood flows into
body cavities (internal)
29.Bleeding that occurs when veins are damaged (venous)
30.Small arteries (arterioles)
3. Introduction to the topic.
Air (more precisely, oxygen) is the basis of all life processes of our body, built
on oxidation. This means that life itself is impossible without oxygen.
In this lesson you will learn how the respiratory system works, supplying oxygen to our
organism. In addition, you will become familiar with the mechanism of voice formation
4. Learning new material.
OXYGEN IS THE BASIS OF VITAL ACTIVITIES OF THE ORGANISM
Living cells of organisms typically obtain energy through oxidation and breakdown
organic substances, so they must constantly receive oxygen. For example, from
the glucose present in the body under the influence of oxygen forms carbon dioxide and water and
energy is released. This process occurs in mitochondria. (animal organelles and
plant cells)
Thus, normal cell activity is possible only if there is constant
supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide
is consumed so quickly that constant accumulation of one and removal of accumulations is necessary
another.
STAGES OF BREATHING
The exchange of gases between cells and the environment is called respiration. (collection
processes that ensure the entry of oxygen into the body and the removal of carbon dioxide)
Transfer of oxygen from the environment to cells, where it enters into metabolism, and removal
carbon dioxide can be divided into 4 stages.
First stage - ventilation. (receipt from the environment into the lungs of air rich
oxygen and removal from the lungs of air rich in carbon dioxide into the external environment)
The second stage is gas exchange between the air of the lungs and the blood. This occurs in the capillary network
The third stage is the transport of gases by blood to and from tissues.
The first and second stages are called pulmonary breathing. (gas exchange between air in the lungs and
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system consists of the lungs (the respiratory organs of humans, terrestrial vertebrates and
some fish. In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into
air.), which are located in the chest cavity, airways - nasal cavity
(the cavity in which a person’s olfactory organs are located), nasopharynx (respiratory department
ways, upper part of the pharynx), pharynx, larynx(initial cartilaginous section of the respiratory
system, located between the pharynx and trachea, conducts air into the trachea and back. Participates in
larynx and bronchi in front of the esophagus), bronchi (a branch of the trachea in the lungs) and bronchioles
(smallest bronchi).
Airways bring air to alveoli of the lungs- tiny air sacs,
where gas exchange actually occurs. Oxygen entering the alveoli is transferred to the capillaries
and is carried by the blood to the cells of the body.
NASAL CAVITY
Airways (channels through which inhaled air is transported
from the environment to the lungs, and exhaled in the opposite direction) will be divided into upper and
lower respiratory tract.
Let's look at the structure of the upper respiratory tract.
Air enters the nasal cavity through the nostrils. It is divided by a cartilaginous septum into
right and left half. Each of them has winding passages. They increase
the inner surface of the nasal cavity.
A dense network of blood vessels runs through the walls of the nasal cavity. Hot arterial
blood moves through these vessels towards the cold inhaled air and warms it,
protecting the lungs from hypothermia.
As you already know, at the back of the nasal cavity is the organ of smell. The appearance of a sharp
odor leads to involuntary holding of breath.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBER OF THE NASAL CAVITY
As the air passes through the nasal cavity, it is moistened and purified. Mucous membrane
heavily supplied with cilia, blood vessels and mucus-secreting glands.
Thanks to this, it traps small particles, dust, and bacteria. Mucus contains substances
detrimental to microorganisms. One of them is lysozyme. In addition, in the mucous membrane
There are many lymphocytes in the lining of the nasal cavity.
People who constantly breathe through their mouth are more susceptible to inflammatory diseases
respiratory tract, since the inhaled air bypasses one of the stages of effective cleaning.
TONSILS
From the nasal cavity, air enters the nasopharynx through the internal nostrils - choanae. Then
air enters the larynx. In front of the entrance to the larynx and esophagus are the tonsils (organs
lymphatic system, participate in protecting the body from pathogens, in
development of immunity). They consist of lymphoid tissue, similar to that found in
lymph nodes.
The larynx looks like a funnel, the walls of which are formed by several cartilages. Front and sides
The larynx is formed by the thyroid cartilage. In men, it protrudes slightly forward, forming
Adam's apple The entrance to the larynx may be closed by a cartilaginous epiglottis (cartilage that covers the entrance to
larynx when swallowing food).
The entrance to the larynx is located next to the esophagus. Sometimes (when talking while eating) epiglottis
does not have time to cover the entrance to the larynx, and food particles can enter the windpipe. At
refrain from talking while eating.
The narrow part of the larynx contains two pairs of vocal cords. The lower pair of ligaments is involved in
right and left - arytenoid cartilages. When the arytenoid cartilages move, the ligaments may
get closer and stretch.
With calm breathing, the ligaments are separated. With increased breathing, they spread even wider,
so as not to interfere with air movement. When a person talks, the ligaments close, leaving
just a narrow gap. When air passes through the gap, the edges of the ligaments vibrate and make a sound.
damage from frequent inflammation of the respiratory tract, smoking, and alcohol abuse.
SOUND RESONATORS
The sounds produced in the larynx are amplified by the air cavities of the skull bones. These cavities
are called sinuses. In the frontal bone there is a frontal sinus, and in the maxillary bone -
maxillary sinus. They serve as resonators - they enhance the sound and give it additional
SPEECH FORMATION
form in the oral and nasal cavities. They depend on the position of the tongue, teeth, lips,
jaws and distribution of air flows between them. Speech formation process
called articulation.
From the larynx, air enters the trachea. Obviously, the trachea should always be open to the flow
air. To prevent the walls of the trachea from collapsing, it is reinforced with cartilaginous half-rings.
The trachea is located anterior to the esophagus. Its soft side is located towards the esophagus. At
As food passes through, the esophagus expands, and the soft wall of the trachea does not interfere with this.