Oxygen is lighter or heavier than air. Oxygen is a light gas or a heavy one

Gas is one of the states of matter. It does not have a specific volume, filling the entire container in which it is located. But it has fluidity and density. What are the lightest gases there are? How are they characterized?

The lightest gases

The name “gas” was coined back in the 17th century because of its consonance with the word “chaos.” Particles of matter are indeed chaotic. They move in random order, changing trajectory every time they collide with each other. They try to fill all available space.

Valve rope. One end of the rope, which allowed the valve of Picard's balloon to be manipulated, would go into the gondola. How to secure the hole through which the rope entered so that air does not leave the cabin in a rarefied environment? To introduce a rope to operate the valve from the airtight container of the stratosphere, Professor Piccard invented a very simple device, which was later used on such balloons built in Russia.

Inside the gondola, he placed a siphon tube, the long branch of which communicated with outer space. A valve rope ran inside the pipe, the displacement of which did not change the difference in liquid levels. It was possible to pull the rope out without fear of air escaping from the boat, since the mercury had closed the pipeline through which the rope moved. The barometer is suspended on a scale. The upper end of the cuvette barometer tube is attached to one balance plate, while the other plate contains several balances that balance it.

Gas molecules are weakly bonded to each other, unlike molecules of liquid and solid substances. Most of its species cannot be perceived with the help of the senses. But gases have other characteristics, for example, temperature, pressure, density.

Their density increases as pressure increases, and as temperature increases they expand. The lightest gas is hydrogen, the heaviest is uranium hexafluoride. Gases always mix. If gravitational forces act, the mixture becomes inhomogeneous. The light ones rise up, the heavy ones, on the contrary, fall down.

Will the balance change when barometric pressure changes? Looking at the hanging barometric scale tube, it would seem that a change in the level of mercury it contains should not affect the balance of the plates, since the column of liquid is supported on the mercury contained in the bucket and does not affect in any way at the moment of suspension.

It's right; however, any change in barometric pressure will affect the artifact's balance. Figure Will the balance fluctuation change with atmospheric pressure? The atmosphere presses on the pipe from above, without the latter resisting resistance, since a vacuum arises above the mercury. Therefore, weights placed on the other plate balance the glass tube of the barometer and the pressure created by the atmosphere on it; since the atmospheric pressure on a section of pipe is exactly equal to the weight of the column of mercury contained in it, this causes the scale to balance the entire mercury barometer.

The lightest gases are:

hydrogen;
nitrogen;
oxygen;
methane;

The first three belong to the zero group of the periodic table, and we’ll talk about them below.

Hydrogen

Which gas is the lightest? The answer is obvious - hydrogen. It is the first element of the periodic table and is 14.4 times lighter than air. It is denoted by the letter H, from the Latin name Hydrogenium (giving birth to water). Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe. It is part of most stars and interstellar matter.

Therefore, changes in barometric pressure will affect the balance of dishes. The so-called scale barometers are based on this principle, to which a mechanism for recording their readings is easily connected. Siphon in the air. How should the siphon be used without capsizing the vessel and without any traditional procedures? The container is filled almost to the brim.

Drawing. Is there a simple procedure to run this siphon? The problem is getting the liquid to rise through the siphon tube above its level in the vessel and reach the elbow of the device. When the liquid passes the elbow, the siphon will begin to work. It won't cost you any effort if you take advantage of the following little-known property of liquids that we'll talk about.

Under normal conditions, hydrogen is absolutely harmless and non-toxic, odorless, tasteless and colorless. Under certain conditions, it can significantly change properties. For example, when mixed with oxygen, this gas easily explodes.

Can dissolve in platinum, iron, titanium, nickel and ethanol. When exposed to high temperatures, it transforms into a metallic state. Its molecule is diatomic and has high speed, which ensures excellent thermal conductivity of the gas (7 times higher than that of air).

Take a glass tube of a diameter that you can cover with your finger. By covering it in this way we will submerge its open end in water. Of course, water cannot enter the tube, but if you move your finger, it will enter immediately, and we will understand that at first its level will be higher than the level of the liquid in the container; then the liquid levels will be equal. Let's explain why the liquid level in the tube first exceeds the liquid level in the container. As the fluid rises through the pipe, its speed is not reduced by gravity because the moving part is always supported by its lower layers in the pipe.

On our planet, hydrogen is found mainly in compounds. In terms of its importance and involvement in chemical processes, it is second only to oxygen. Hydrogen is found in the atmosphere and is part of water and organic substances in the cells of living organisms.

Oxygen

Oxygen is designated by the letter O (Oxygenium). It is also odorless, tasteless and colorless under normal conditions, and is in a gaseous state. Its molecule is often called dioxygen because it contains two atoms. There is its allotropic form or modification - ozone gas (O3), consisting of three molecules. It is blue in color and has many characteristics.

In this case, we do not observe what happens when we throw the ball up. A ball thrown upward undergoes two movements: one upward, with constant speed, and the other downward, uniformly accelerated. There is no second movement in our tube, since the rising water continues to be pushed by other particles of liquid that rise. You don't have to suck on these siphons to make them work.

In general, water entering the tube reaches the liquid level in the container with an initial velocity. Friction significantly reduces its height. On the other hand, it can also be increased by reducing the diameter of the upper part of the tube. By the way, we see how we can use the described phenomenon to operate a siphon. By hammering one end of the trap, the other is immersed in the liquid at the maximum possible depth. Immediately remove your finger from the tube: the water will rise through it, exceeding the level of the liquid outside, it will pass through the highest point of the elbow and begin to descend in another branch; this way the siphon will start working.

Oxygen and hydrogen are the most common and lightest gases on Earth. There is more oxygen in the crust of our planet, it makes up approximately 47% of its mass. In a bound state, water contains more than 80%.

Gas is an essential element in the life of plants, animals, humans and many microorganisms. In the human body, it promotes redox reactions, entering our lungs with air.

In practice, it is very convenient to apply the described procedure if the siphon has a suitable shape. In the picture there is a type of siphon that works by itself. The explained explanations allow us to understand how it works. To raise the second elbow, the corresponding part of the tube must have a slightly smaller diameter, so that the liquid passing from the wide tube to the narrow one will rise to a greater height. Siphon in a vacuum. Will the siphon work in a vacuum? To the question “Is it possible to transfer liquid in a vacuum through a siphon?” Usually he answers strictly: “No, it’s impossible!”

Due to the special properties of oxygen, it is widely used for medical purposes. With its help, hypoxia, gastrointestinal pathologies, and attacks of bronchial asthma are eliminated. In the food industry it is used as a packaging gas. In agriculture, oxygen is used to enrich water for fish breeding.

Nitrogen

Like the two previous gases, nitrogen consists of two atoms and does not have pronounced taste, color or odor. The symbol for its designation is the Latin letter N. Together with phosphorus and arsenic, it belongs to the subgroup of pnictogens. The gas is very inert, which is why it received the name azote, which is translated from French as “lifeless.” The Latin name is Nitrogenium, that is, “giving birth to saltpeter.”

Solution As a rule, the circulation of liquid in a siphon is explained solely by air pressure. But this assumption is a “physical” bias. In a siphon surrounded by a vacuum, liquid flows freely. Paul in his book "Introduction to Mechanics and Acoustics". How can we explain the operation of the siphon without attributing it to the action of the atmosphere?

To explain this, we propose the following reasoning: the right side of the "thread" of liquid contained in the siphon is longer and therefore heavier, so drag the remaining liquid to the long end; a rope supported by a pulley illustrates this fact very well. An obvious explanation of how a siphon works.

Nitrogen is found in nucleic acids, chlorophyll, hemoglobin and proteins, and is the main component of air. Many scientists explain its content in humus and the earth's crust by volcanic eruptions that transport it from the Earth's mantle. In the Universe, gas exists on Neptune and Uranus, and is part of the solar atmosphere, interstellar space and some nebulae.

Now let's consider the role played by pneumatic pressure in the described phenomenon. this only ensures that the liquid "thread" is continuous and does not escape from the siphon. But under certain conditions, this “thread” can remain continuous only due to the adhesion between its molecules without the intervention of external forces.

Transfer of mercury through a siphon soaked in oil. The continuity of the "thread" of mercury in the tube is ensured by oil pressure; the latter acts as atmospheric pressure and prevents the formation of air bubbles in the water. As a rule, the siphon stops working in a vacuum, especially when air bubbles appear at its highest point. But if there are no traces of air on the walls of the tube, as in the water contained in the container, and the device is handled with care, it can be operated in a vacuum. In his book quoted above he supports it very strongly, saying: In the teaching of elementary physics the action of the siphon on air pressure is very often attributed.

Humans use nitrogen mainly in liquid form. It is used in cryotherapy, as a medium for packaging and storing products. It is considered the most effective for extinguishing fires, displacing oxygen and depriving the fire of “fuel”. Together with silicon it forms ceramics. Nitrogen is often used for the synthesis of various compounds, for example, dyes, ammonia, and explosives.

However, this statement only applies with many limitations. Representation of a siphon taken from the treatise of Cheron of Alexandria. It's true that there is nothing new under the sun. It is that the correct explanation of the workings of the siphon, which fits well with what we have just discovered, dates back more than two millennia and goes back to Chaeron, a mechanic and mathematician of Alexandria, 1st century BC. This wise man did not even suspect that air has weight, so he, unlike the physicists of our time, did not accept the error that we have just analyzed.

Conclusion

Which gas is the lightest? Now you know the answer yourself. The lightest are hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, which belong to the zero group of the periodic table. They are followed by methane (carbon + hydrogen) and carbon monoxide (carbon + oxygen).

There is a common phrase that a person cannot live without something (fill in your own words), like without air - and this is absolutely true. It is he and oxygen that are a necessary condition for the existence of the predominant number of living beings on Earth.

In this case, the water will be in balance. Dissolution You can pass gases through a siphon. This requires atmospheric pressure to intervene, since the fluid molecules are not bonded to each other. Gases heavier than air, such as carbon dioxide, are transferred by a siphon in the same way as liquids if the container from which the gas is escaping is placed above another. In addition, it is also possible to pass air through a siphon, provided that the following conditions are met. The short arm of the siphon is inserted into a large test tube filled with water and inverted on the vessel with water, so that its mouth is below the liquid level of the latter.

Air is a mixture of gases that form the Earth's atmosphere.

Comparison

Oxygen is a gas that has no color, taste or odor. The oxygen molecule consists of two atoms. Its chemical formula is written as O 2. Triatomic oxygen is called ozone. One liter of oxygen is equal to 1.4 grams. It is slightly soluble in water and alcohol. In addition to gaseous, it can be in a liquid state, forming a pale blue substance.

It is this excess pressure that pushes outside air towards the sample. Raising water using a pump. At what height does a conventional suction pump lift water? Figure How high does the water rise from such a pump? Most textbooks say that you can lift water using a suction pump to a height of no more than 10.3 m above its level outside the pump. But it is very rarely added that the height of 10.3 m is a purely theoretical value and is practically impossible in practice, since during operation of the pump there is between its piston and the walls of the pipe. In addition, it must be taken into account that under normal conditions water contains dissolved air.

Air is a mixture of gases. 78% of it is nitrogen, 21% is oxygen. Less than one percent falls on argon, carbon dioxide, neon, methane, helium, krypton, hydrogen and xenon. In addition, there are water molecules, dust, grains of sand, and plant spores in the air. The mass of air is less than the mass of oxygen of the same volume.

Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by Englishman Joseph Priestley by placing mercuric oxide in a closed vessel. The term “oxygen” itself was introduced into use by Lomonosov, and put “in place No. 8” by the chemist Mendeleev. According to its periodic table, oxygen is a non-metal and the lightest element of the chalcogen group.

In practice, the siphon is almost the same height when used to transport water over mining or hills. Gas outlet. Under the hood of the air pump is a bottle sealed with normal pressure gas. It would seem that compressed gas with four times the force should come out at a higher speed. However, when a gas leaves a vacuum, its exit velocity is almost independent of its pressure. The very compressed gas comes out at the same speed as the other, which is less. This physical paradox is explained by the fact that the compressed gas is under high pressure; in turn, the density of the liquid, which is driven by the said pressure, also increases in the same proportion.

In 1754, the Scot Joseph Black proved that air is not a homogeneous substance, but a mixture of gases, water vapor and various impurities.

Oxygen is considered the most abundant chemical element on Earth. Firstly, due to its presence in silicates (silicon, quartz), which make up 47% of the earth’s crust, and another 1,500 minerals that make up the “terra firma”. Secondly, due to its presence in water, which covers 2/3 of the planet's surface. Thirdly, oxygen is an unchanged component of the atmosphere, more precisely, it occupies 21% of its volume and 23% of its mass. Fourthly, this chemical element is part of the cells of all terrestrial living organisms, being every fourth atom in any organic matter.

In other words, by increasing the pressure, the mass of gas that moves increases, moreover, as many times as the driving force increases. It is known that the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of the said body.

For this reason, the acceleration of gas release should not depend on its pressure. A motor project that does not consume energy. The suction pump lifts water because a vacuum is created under the piston. But if only a vacuum is created during this process, an equal amount of energy will be required to raise the water to 1 m and to 7 m. Is it possible to take advantage of this property of a water pump to create an engine that does not consume energy?

Oxygen is a prerequisite for the processes of respiration, combustion and decay. Used in metallurgy, medicine, chemical industry and agriculture.

Air forms the earth's atmosphere. It is necessary for the existence of life on Earth; it is a prerequisite for the processes of respiration, photosynthesis and other life processes of all aerobe creatures. Air is needed for the fuel combustion process; Inert gases are extracted from it by liquefaction.

How? Solution Assuming that the work put into lifting water using a suction pump is independent of its height is incorrect. In fact, in this case, only work is put into the practical vacuum under the plunger; but this requires different amounts of energy, depending on the height of the column of water raised by the pump. At the bottom it is pushed by atmospheric pressure, the decreasing weight of a column of water 7 m high and the elasticity of the air released from the liquid and accumulated below the specified element; that the elasticity of the gas is 3 m of water column, since the height of 7 m is the limit.

Lately I've been doing nothing but serious things. I was so tired of this that I decided to do some bullshit last night to relax. Make, say, a top list of the heaviest gases. If anyone is interested, here are the results.

More precisely, first a few comments.

Note #1. The list, especially in its easy part, is probably incomplete. All sorts of substances have been synthesized to hell, and my poking is unlikely to have covered the entire field.

Note #2. “Heavy” was determined by molecular weight. In fact, for fairly complex molecules, and even near the boiling point, the simple linear relationship between the density of a gas and its molecular weight can be violated (in severe cases, such as HF, by as much as 30 percent). But it is clear that no one has ever collected a liter of some TeClF5 just to weigh it accurately. Yes, of some of these substances, probably not even a liter has been produced in the entire history! Therefore, in the absence of a better ruler, there will still be molecular weight. We divide it by 29 - and we get, to a first approximation, how many times the gas is heavier than air.

Note #3. “Gas” is defined as a substance that boils or completely sublimates at a temperature below +20 Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

Here you go. Now, finally, the slides are our hit parade:

10. N(CF 3) 3 . We took ammonia and replaced the hydrogens with methyl groups, in each of which we replaced the hydrogens with fluorine. The result was perfluorotrimethylamine. Weight: 221, boiling point -6 C. , .

9.5. Here they suggested radon Rn to me, with a mass of 222 and a boiling point of -62 C.

9. C 4 F 10. Ordinary butane, in which all the hydrogen has been replaced with fluorine. That's what it's called: perfluorobutane. Weight: 238, boiling point -1.7 C. . The substance, by the way, is very chemically resistant, does not attack anyone first, is physiologically inert, and therefore is used as a filler in some fire extinguishers and a contrast agent for ultrasound in medicine.

8. TeF 6. Tellurium, hung on all sides with fluorine, i.e. tellurium hexafluoride. Weight: 241.6, boiling point -37.6 C. . Unlike the previous gas, however, it is very toxic and has an extremely unpleasant odor, like most volatile tellurium compounds. Reacts with water.

7. CF 3 CF 2 I. Take ethane, replace all the hydrogen with fluorine and one iodine atom. The comments suggested that it is called perfluoroethyl iodide. Or 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-2-iodoethane, if according to IUPAC (link). Mass: 245.9, boiling point +13 C. (if you scroll to page 424) reports that the substance is an anesthetic suitable for anesthesia. So it is unlikely that it is completely “evil” in its properties.

6. C 4 F 10 O. This is, in general, ether, but also with fluorine everywhere instead of hydrogen. It's called decafluorodiethyl ether. Mass: 254, boiling point 0 C. the same and indicates that the substance is physiologically inert, but also potentially applicable for anesthesia.

5. TeClF 5 . Weight: 258, boiling point +13.5 C. . By analogy with relative No. 8, it’s probably also a terrible muck.

4. F 5 TeOF. Mass: 259.6, boiling point +0.6 C. Presumably called tellurium hypofluorite, if I interpreted correctly. And it's probably not honey either.

3. IF 7. Weight: 259.6, boiling point +4.8 C. Iodine heptafluoride. . Irritant, strong oxidizing agent, in contact with organic materials can cause fire. When looking at this substance, there is immediately a temptation to “construct” something even heavier, replacing fluorine with chlorine - say, IClF 6. Alas, it turns out that there are practically no compounds between halogens in which more than two types would be involved. That is, there is a dead end here.

2. W(CH 3) 6. A tungsten atom covered with methyl groups. Hexamethyltungsten, hexamethyltungsten; remember tetraethyl lead? Same breed. Weight: 274.05, boiling point -30 C (sublimates). reports that the compound decomposes at room temperature, so you need to work with it very quickly, and in general placing it on this list is a bit of a stretch. But let it be.

And finally, the winner:

1. WF 6. Tungsten hexafluoride, tungsten hexafluoride. Mass: 297.3 (10 times heavier than air, 12.4 grams per liter), boiling point +17.1 C. On the verge, but still a gas. . This substance is quite stable, well studied and used in the production of semiconductors. True, I don’t recommend inhaling it: it’s a poison, plus it’s very corrosive.

Wikipedia, however, carefully refers to it only as “one of the heaviest gases.” Why? First, go through all the chemistry to check. Who knows if among the numerous organohalogens there are some even heavier gases hidden, known only to a couple of experts?

And secondly, WF 6 has several very specific competitors that can change its status in the future. For example:

1. WClF 5 with a molecular weight of 314.2. This substance definitely exists (for example, and there are many more indications), it is stable enough to be “added” to other reagents in some esoteric tricks, and it is reliably volatile. But find it accurate I couldn't reach the boiling point. I strongly suspect that it is simply unknown to anyone due to its complete practical uselessness.

2. PoF 6 (323) (), OsF 8 (342) (), AmF 6 (357) (). All of these substances are considered theoretically possible (in particular, polonium hexafluoride PoF 6 is supposed to be a gas with a boiling point of -40 C). They tried to synthesize them all, but no luck has smiled on anyone yet.

So the question of “heaviest gas” remains open.

And for a snack. The results obtained suggest the following “recipe” for the construction of heavy gases:

1. Take something symmetrical and heavier. Atom or functional group.
2. Cover it symmetrically on all sides with fluorine. This already gives the result, but then:
3. Replace one fluorine with another halogen, if possible.

This is how I found almost all the gases on this list. Are other ways possible? I've seen some variations, but they all seem to be less promising:

a) Chlorine, not fluorine? Much worse volatility. True, PbCl 4 is a curious exception, but even its boiling point is +50 C.

b) Oxygen, with almost the same mass as fluorine, binds twice as many electrons and the connection is easier. Probably the top on this path is Mn 2 O 7, unstable, explosive, but purely formally it seems to sublimate at -10 C. Of the more stable compounds, it is worth noting, perhaps, OsO 4 with a boiling point of as much as 130 degrees.

c) Carbonyls, including heavy metals, exist, are stable, and are well studied. But, although volatile, they are mostly solid at room temperature. The most volatile of them are nickel Ni(CO) 4 (boils at +43) and cobalt Co 2 (CO) 8 (+52). Both are highly toxic compounds that should be avoided if possible.

c) Methyl groups and organometallics in general. The already mentioned tetraethyl lead, although liquid at room temperature, looks promising. Especially if you add halogens to the methyl groups. Alas, I was not able to really examine this field. Maybe one of the experts can tell me something.

Thank you for your attention. All.

Air is a mixture of gases that form the Earth's atmosphere.

Comparison

Air is a mixture of gases. 78% of it is nitrogen, 21% is oxygen. Less than one percent comes from argon, carbon dioxide, neon, methane, helium, krypton, hydrogen and xenon. In addition, there are water molecules, dust, grains of sand, and plant spores in the air. The mass of air is less than the mass of oxygen of the same volume.

In 1754, the Scot Joseph Black proved that air is not a homogeneous substance, but a mixture of gases, water vapor and various impurities.

Oxygen is a prerequisite for the processes of respiration, combustion and decay. Used in metallurgy, medicine, chemical industry and agriculture.

Conclusions website

Oxygen is a homogeneous substance; air consists of a number of components.
Pure oxygen is heavier than air of equal volume.
Air is only part of the atmosphere, and oxygen is an essential component of the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

Really, natural gas is a cheap and accessible fuel. I brought a match and behold - thermal and even light energy. It is quite easy to manage and use.
But is everything so reliable and simple?

Natural gas is produced in gas fields, and it is supplied from the production site through gas pipelines to our gas stoves and heating devices. It can be simpler - to stoves and boilers. How good. Take it and use it!

So we take it and use it. They brought their actions to automaticity: light a match, bring it to the gas burner, open the tap... That's right, that's how it should be. Gas must not be allowed to escape without combustion, otherwise...

The main flammable component of natural gas is methane. This is one of the hydrocarbons about which there is so much fuss - political, economic... Its content in natural gas can be up to 98%. In addition to methane, natural gas also contains ethane, propane, butane. Non-flammable components include: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor. By the way, it is interesting to know that the combustible elements of the periodic table in our nature are only carbon, hydrogen and partially sulfur. Nothing else is burning.

Methane mixed with air is explosive in 5-15% of cases, i.e., when fire is introduced, the mixture instantly ignites and releases a large amount of heat. The pressure increases 10 times! I won’t explain what it is and what it looks like, believe the author - it’s scary!

Let's imagine (let it be a bad dream) that in a room with an internal volume of 100 cubic meters. it turned out to be from 5 to 15 cubic meters. natural gas (I note right away that the specific smell will be unbearable). And then someone in a nightgown, a nightcap and with a candle in his hands is heading there. He really wants to know what stinks so disgustingly... He doesn’t know! Won't have time...

Natural gas itself is colorless, tasteless and odorless. He'll be odorized! That’s right, they give everyone a well-known “aroma”, and the intensity of the smell is made so so that the human nose can sense gas when its volume is already 1%. This means that another 4% and a terrible dream with someone in a nightgown, a cap and a candle in their hands will become a reality...

...At least put out the candle. And do not use any electrical appliances. The ignition temperature of natural gas is within 750 degrees C, and this is the temperature of any electrical spark or even the tip of a cigarette during a puff.

Open windows and doors faster - create a draft, such that the cap would be torn off, and to hell with this heat. Natural gas is approximately twice as light as air and it will quickly fly away into the atmosphere.
Call the gas service, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the police, anywhere, they won’t be offended. Notify them if you smell gas. Don't forget to tell us your address. Be sure to talk to your neighbors. So what if you were left in just your nightgown, maybe they will be pleased...

Good luck to you, warmth and peace!

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic, colorless and odorless combustion product commonly known as carbon monoxide. Whether this substance is heavier or lighter than air depends on external conditions. Most often it is formed during the combustion of carbon in an oxygen-poor environment. If a fire occurs in a closed, unventilated room, people die from poisoning.

Carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless, so it cannot be smelled

Properties of carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide has been known to people since ancient times because of its toxic properties. The total use of stove heating often led to poisoning and death. There was a danger of burning for those who covered the chimney damper at night when the coals in the firebox were not yet burned out.

The insidiousness of carbon monoxide is that it is colorless and odorless. Carbon monoxide is slightly less dense relative to air, causing it to rise. During fuel combustion, carbon © is oxidized by oxygen (O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) is released. It is harmless to humans and is even used in the food industry, in the production of soda and dry ice.

This video will tell you how to survive and provide first aid to a victim of carbon monoxide poisoning:

When a reaction occurs with insufficient oxygen, only one oxygen molecule is added to each carbon molecule. The output is CO - toxic and flammable carbon monoxide.

Toxicity and symptoms of poisoning

Often, exceeding this indicator can be found in large cities, which, of course, quite possibly may be the reason for people’s poor health

The toxicity of carbon monoxide is due to its ability to form a stable compound with hemoglobin in human blood. As a result, oxygen starvation of the body occurs at the cellular level. Without timely medical care, irreversible changes in tissues and death are possible.

The central nervous system is primarily affected. Damage to nerve tissue as a result of hypoxia leads to the development of neurological disorders that may appear some time after poisoning.

Carbon monoxide poisoning is an acute pathological condition that develops as a result of carbon monoxide entering the human body.

You can get carbon monoxide poisoning in the following situations:

In case of fire in an enclosed space.
Chemical production in which carbon monoxide is widely used.
When using open gas appliances and insufficient ventilation.
Staying on a busy highway for a long time.
In the garage with the engine running.
If the stove is used incorrectly, if the dampers close before all the coals have burned out.
Smoking a hookah can cause symptoms of poisoning.

The specific gravity of air and carbon monoxide is almost the same, but the latter is slightly lighter, due to which it first accumulates near the ceiling. This property is used when installing sensors that signal danger. They are located at the highest point of the room.

It is very important to recognize poisoning in a timely manner and take measures to save yourself and others. There are a number of symptoms associated with carbon monoxide toxicity:

pain and heaviness in the head;
cardiopalmus;
increase in pressure;
a knocking sound is heard in the temples;
a kind of dry cough;
nausea sets in;
vomiting begins;
pain in the chest area;
the skin and mucous membranes become noticeably red;
hallucinations are possible.

As preventive measures to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning, you should: regularly check, clean and timely repair ventilation shafts, chimneys and heating appliances

Finding yourself or other similar symptoms indicates the initial stage of poisoning.

Moderate severity is characterized by drowsiness and severe tinnitus, as well as motor paralysis, while the victim does not yet lose consciousness.

Symptoms of severe intoxication:

the victim loses consciousness and falls into a coma;
urinary and fecal incontinence;
muscle cramps;
constant breathing problems;
blue color of skin and mucous membranes;
dilated pupils and lack of reaction to light.

The person cannot help himself in any way and death finds him at the scene of the incident.

First aid and treatment

Regardless of the severity, carbon monoxide injury requires immediate medical attention. If you are able to walk on your own, you must immediately leave the affected area. Victims who are unable to move are put on gas masks and urgently evacuated from the affected area.

In case of carbon monoxide poisoning, you must immediately call an ambulance

First aid consists of the following actions:

It is necessary to free a person from restrictive clothing.
Warm up and let you breathe pure oxygen.
Irradiate with ultraviolet radiation using a quartz lamp.
If necessary, artificial respiration and cardiac massage are performed.
Give ammonia a whiff.
Take him to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.

In the hospital, therapy will be carried out aimed at removing the toxin from the body. Then a full examination is carried out to identify possible complications. After this, a series of restoration measures are carried out.

To avoid troubles and tragedies associated with intoxication, It is recommended to follow simple preventive measures:

Victims of carbon monoxide poisoning must be taken to fresh air or the room thoroughly ventilated.

Monitor the cleanliness of the internal lumen of chimneys.
Always check the condition of air dampers in stoves and fireplaces.
It is good to ventilate rooms with open gas burners.
Follow safety rules when working with a car in a garage.
If exposed to carbon monoxide, take an antidote.

Air is heavier than carbon monoxide by molar mass per unit. Their specific gravity and density differ little. Carbon monoxide is harmful to the human body. Poisoning statistics show that the peak of accidents occurs in the winter.

What is oxygen and air

Oxygen is a gas whose molecule consists of two oxygen atoms.
Air is a mixture of gases that form the Earth's atmosphere.

Comparison of oxygen and air

What is the difference between oxygen and air?
Oxygen is a gas that has no color, taste or odor. The oxygen molecule consists of two atoms. Its chemical formula is written as O2. Triatomic oxygen is called ozone. One liter of oxygen is equal to 1.4 grams. It is slightly soluble in water and alcohol. In addition to gaseous, it can be in a liquid state, forming a pale blue substance.
Air is a mixture of gases. 78% of it is nitrogen, 21% is oxygen. Less than one percent comes from argon, carbon dioxide, neon, methane, helium, krypton, hydrogen and xenon. In addition, there are water molecules, dust, grains of sand, and plant spores in the air. The mass of air is less than the mass of oxygen of the same volume.
Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by Englishman Joseph Priestley by placing mercuric oxide in a closed vessel. The term “oxygen” itself was introduced into use by Lomonosov, and put “in place No. 8” by the chemist Mendeleev. According to its periodic table, oxygen is a non-metal and the lightest element of the chalcogen group.
In 1754, the Scot Joseph Black proved that air is not a homogeneous substance, but a mixture of gases, water vapor and various impurities.
Oxygen is considered the most abundant chemical element on Earth. Firstly, due to its presence in silicates (silicon, quartz), which make up 47% of the earth’s crust, and another 1,500 minerals that make up the “terra firma”. Secondly, due to its presence in water, which covers 2/3 of the planet's surface. Thirdly, oxygen is an unchanged component of the atmosphere, more precisely, it occupies 21% of its volume and 23% of its mass. Fourthly, this chemical element is part of the cells of all terrestrial living organisms, being every fourth atom in any organic matter.
Oxygen is a prerequisite for the processes of respiration, combustion and decay. Used in metallurgy, medicine, chemical industry and agriculture.
Air forms the earth's atmosphere. It is necessary for the existence of life on Earth; it is a prerequisite for the processes of respiration, photosynthesis and other life processes of all aerobe creatures. Air is needed for the fuel combustion process; Inert gases are extracted from it by liquefaction.

TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between oxygen and air is as follows:

Oxygen is a homogeneous substance; air consists of a number of components.
Pure oxygen is heavier than air of equal volume.
Air is only part of the atmosphere, and oxygen is an essential component of the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

12.03.2018

Really, natural gas is a cheap and accessible fuel. I brought a match and behold - thermal and even light energy. It is quite easy to manage and use.
But is everything so reliable and simple?

Then, to raise the water, you need to overcome the pressure of the water column. High, i.e. normal atmospheric pressure. In the second case, when the water rises to 1 m, the plunger is also subjected to pressure 1 at a temperature higher, and the pressure acting from below comes from.

Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the pressure of the water column. Thus, hopes of obtaining an engine that does not consume energy are dissipated. Soak the fire with boiling water. Boiling water suffocates fires faster than cold water by absorbing the heat of the flame's evaporation and enveloping them in steam, thereby preventing air from entering. Wouldn't it be better if firefighters always had boiling water ready to put out fires?

A fire pump will not be able to draw boiling water, since there must be 1-volt steam under its piston instead of rarefied air. The gas contained in the container. Container A contains compressed air at a pressure greater than 1 at room temperature. The pressure of the compressed gas is indicated on the mercury column on the manometer. When valve B opens, a certain amount of gas is released, and the mercury column of the manometer tube drops to a height corresponding to normal pressure. Some time later it was noticed that although the key remained closed, the mercury rose again.

Bubble at the bottom of the ocean. If there were a bubble shape near the ocean floor, at a depth of 8 km, would it rise to the surface? Mariotte's law states that the density of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure. Applying this law to the case considered, we can conclude that the density of air under a pressure of 800 atm will be 800 times higher than at normal pressure. The air around us is 770 times denser than water. For this reason, the bubbly air at the bottom of the ocean must be denser than water, so it cannot appear.

However, this conclusion follows from the erroneous assumption that Mariotte's law is still valid at a pressure of 800 at. Already at a pressure of 200 in air, 190 times are compressed instead of 200; at a pressure of 400 at. 315 times. The greater the pressure, the greater the difference from the value established by Mariotte's law. At a pressure of 600 in air it compresses 387 times.

Segner wheel in the void. Will the Segner wheel turn into a vacuum? Those who believe that the Segner wheel turns as a result of pressing a jet of water into the air, they will be sure that it cannot be turned in a vacuum. However, said artifact rotates for a different reason. Its movement is caused by an internal force, namely the difference in pressure that the water exerts on the open and closed ends of the tube. This excess pressure does not depend at all on the environment in which the device is located, be it vacuum or air.

Goddard successfully conducted a similar experiment in which the recoil force of firing a pistol under the bell of a vacuum pump is converted into a tiny merry-go-round. Rockets fly in outer space, pushed by the same recoil force that is created during the release of gases.

Weight of dry and humid air. Which weighs more, one cubic kilometer of dry air or one of moist air, if the temperature and pressure are the same? Solution It is well known that a cubic meter of moist air is a mixture of one cubic meter of dry air and one of water vapor. Therefore, at first glance it appears that one cubic meter of moist air weighs more than other dry air, and that the difference is equal to the weight of the steam contained in the former. However, this conclusion is incorrect: moist air is lighter than dry air.

The reason is that the pressure of each of the components is less than that of the entire mixture; As pressure decreases, the weight of each unit volume of gas also decreases. Let's explain this in more detail. The total mass of one cubic meter of the mixture should be equal. That is, a cubic meter of air-steam mixture will be lighter than one of dry air.

Good luck to you, warmth and peace!

Thus, at the same temperature and pressure, a cubic meter of moist air has a lower weight than one of dry air. Maximum vacuum. To what extent do the most efficient modern pumps cut through the air? What does "emptiness" mean? How many molecules will remain in a 1 liter container from which the air has been evacuated by the most efficient modern pump?

Readers who have never tried to calculate how many air molecules remain in a 1 cm 3 container by reducing the pressure of the air contained in it a thousand times are unlikely to be able to answer this question in any way. At a pressure of 1 to 1 cubic centimeter of air contains. When the pressure drops 1000 times more.

The lightest gases

Here is their chemical composition. Solution Of course, air molecules are subject to gravity, although they move constantly and at high speed. Earth's gravity reduces the directional velocity component from the Earth's surface, thereby preventing molecules that integrate the atmosphere from leaving the planet. To the question of why the molecules that make up the atmosphere do not rush towards the Earth? it is necessary to answer as follows: they do not stop striving for the earth's surface, but, being absolutely elastic, they bounce off their “relatives” who come towards them and the earth, always maintaining a certain height.

The lightest gases are:

The height of the upper limit of the earth's atmosphere depends on the speed of the fastest molecules. Very few molecules have the speed seven times greater, which allows them to rise to heights. This fact explains the presence of “traces” of the atmosphere at an altitude of 600 km of the earth’s surface.

Gas that does not fill the entire container. Will gases always fill the space they are in? Can one gas occupy part of the ship, leaving another unoccupied? Solution We are accustomed to thinking that gas always occupies the entire volume of the container that contains it. That is why it is difficult to imagine under what conditions gas can occupy part of the ship, leaving the other part free. Then it would be a “physical” absurdity. But it didn’t take any work to mentally “create” such conditions for this paradoxical phenomenon.

hydrogen;
nitrogen;
oxygen;
methane;

The first three belong to the zero group of the periodic table, and we’ll talk about them below.

Hydrogen

For this reason, the gas does not always leave the container open to the empty space that surrounds it. This phenomenon can be observed in a vessel with a much lower height, for example, several tens of meters, in which there is little, in particular, heavy gas and at a fairly low temperature.

When reading this paragraph, the reader may get the following misconception: as above the lower vessel, the oil column is higher than above the upper one, the mercury will be shifted from the first to the second. In this case, it does not take into account the fact that not only oil, but also mercury, contained in a communicating tube communicating with both vessels, presses on the liquid of the lower container; its pressure is more noticeable to the latter than to the latter than to the other vessel. In general, the pressure differences of both oil columns and mercury columns should be compared.

It is easy to understand that the difference in the heights of the columns of both liquids is equal to one, but since mercury weighs much more than oil, the pressure of the former is more noticeable. Evapotranspiration and transpiration. Structure of a water molecule. Solid gaseous liquid. . Water has 2 densities.

Melting point: This is the T° at which a solid turns into a liquid, this T° corresponds to 0°C, in the case of water. The property is that some materials must conduct electric current. In the case of pure or distilled water, if certain conductivity tests are done, it results in it practically not conducting electricity, which means that its particles are not dissociated, that is, there is no presence of ions that are responsible for conducting electricity.

Oxygen

On the contrary, when it comes to drinking water, it leads to electricity as it contains many ions dissolved in it. For example, dissolved salt in water. This is a mixture of gases of a homogeneous type, i.e. one final physical phase is assessed. The air is mainly found in the lower layer of the atmosphere, which corresponds to the troposphere.

The atmosphere is divided into the following layers. Air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon dioxide, noble gases and water vapor. You can also find other components in the air, such as smoke, dust particles in suspension, ash, pollen, etc.

Gas is an essential element in the life of plants, animals, humans and many microorganisms. In the human body, it promotes redox reactions, entering our lungs with air.

Normal state of oxygen: gaseous. Soluble in water, but very little. It's heavier than air. Chemical properties of oxygen. In living organisms, it reacts with carbon to form carbon dioxide and with hydrogen to form water. Oxygen is involved in all combustion reactions. Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizer during combustion, oxygen being the oxidizer.

Main application: medicine. It is used in industry, especially in steel production, as it eliminates contaminants. This is an excellent oxidizing agent. Due to its oxidizing ability, it is used in special programs. It is present in all burns.

Nitrogen

It is indispensable for the life of organisms. This is the main source of water and air purification. This is the closest layer of earth. It contains 90% of the atmospheric gases and is therefore the one that contributes almost the entire mass of the atmosphere. And in Ecuador it reaches 17 km. The troposphere is called the dirty layer because it is concentrated dust separated from desert and industrial activity.

All phenomena that affect climate occur in this layer. It is located above the troposphere and is about 50 km thick. There are no climatic phenomena due to the lack of air. Laotian gases are: nitrogen, oxygen and ozone. This layer contains the ozone layer, which helps filter ultraviolet rays. The ozone layer is found in its highest concentration, approximately 25 km away, in Ecuador and lowest at the poles.

It is about 20 km thick. In this layer the density of gases is very low, and for this reason it was impossible to determine the T° of the exosphere, only the presence of hydrogen and helium gas was demonstrated. Carbon dioxide: a product of respiration and combustion. Characteristics: Non-toxic, but in high concentrations it causes asphyxia.

It is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Small jet, so it is used to make fire extinguishers. It dissolves in water, which facilitates the formation of acid. Disadvantages: increased concentration in the air causes. Acidification of acid rain.