Map of the Crimean War 1853 1856 atlas. Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr)

The military potential of Nicholas I, with an army of almost a million, was impressive. The training of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets, the rate of fire from cannons of Russian sailors was better than that of the British. However, in the Baltic, White Sea, Western Pacific and Black Sea - defense tactics were adopted in the sea basin. After the entry of the 80,000-strong Russian corps into Moldavia and Wallachia on June 21, 1853, Russia did not raise the Christians of Serbia and Bulgaria to fight for liberation.
On March 20, 1854, Russian troops crossed the Danube, but there was no talk of a breakthrough into the Balkans. The concentration of huge armed forces along the western borders of Russia prevented enemy landings in western Russia and the entry of Austria, Sweden, and Prussia into the war, but left few troops in Crimea. The defeat of the Turkish fleet by Admiral P. S. Nakhimov in Sinop did not stimulate an attack on the Bosphorus.
In August 1854, the Allies captured the Åland Islands. In Crimea, on September 8, on the Alma River, Russian troops under the command of A. S. Menshikov defended their positions for several hours and, having lost about 5 thousand people, avoided encirclement. The enemy did not immediately break into the then defenseless Sevastopol. On September 11, the Northern Bay was blocked by seven sunken ships. In the heat of the moment, the ships were sunk along with guns, provisions, gunpowder, ammunition and officers' property. The sea crews on the bastions created a "petrified fleet", strengthening the city's defenses.
On October 24, 1854, approximately 14 thousand people fought on both sides in the Battle of Inkerman. Although the Russian infantry fought fiercely and twice broke into the British camp, it did not throw them off Sapun Mountain. At the beginning of May, the Allies increased their forces to 170 thousand and approached almost Sevastopol itself. On June 6, Sevastopol heroically repelled the general assault, during which the losses of both sides amounted to about 5 thousand people. The attempt to turn the tide of the war in Crimea failed. In the battle on the Chernaya River on August 4, Russian officers led divisions in dense masses at different times in a frontal assault on the Fedyukhin Heights. After 5 hours of the offensive, Commander-in-Chief M.D. Gorchakov refused to continue the battle, the Russians lost over 3 thousand killed and 5 thousand wounded, allied losses amounted to 196 killed and 1551 wounded. On August 24, 150 thousand shells were fired at Sevastopol, to which the Russians responded with only 50 thousand. On August 27, 58 thousand French and British stormed the Malakhov Kurgan. The defenders fought heroically. Almost a third of the troops from the entire garrison died. By 5 o'clock in the evening Malakhov Kurgan was taken. On August 28, the remnants of the Black Sea Fleet were scuttled and the city’s fortifications were blown up. The heroes of Sevastopol - V. A. Kornilov, P. S. Nakhimov, V. I. Istomin, E. I. Totleben, as well as the entire rank and file showed the highest courage, endurance and dedication.
Feudal Russia was defeated not by the numbers and quality of the enemy's weapons, but by the industrial revolution of the capitalist states. Defeats in field battles forced Russian officers to abandon drill in favor of combat training and became the reason for large-scale “Milyutin” reforms of the 1860-1870s.

The Peace of Paris in 1856 weakened Russian influence in Central Europe.

Goals: - study the causes, course and consequences of the Crimean War;

Show that the war had a significant impact on the development of international relations, exposed the weakness of the Russian Empire, changed the internal political situation in the country, and gave a new impetus to subsequent modernization;

To cultivate a sense of pride and love for the Motherland through examples of the desperate, courageous defense of their native land by Russian soldiers, the work of doctors in the most difficult conditions of besieged Sevastopol;

Develop skills in working with documents, the ability to highlight the main thing,

Establish cause-and-effect relationships.

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Subject : Crimean War 1853-1856.

Lesson type : learning new material.

Goals: - study the causes, course and consequences of the Crimean War;

Develop skills in working with documents, the ability to highlight the main thing,

Establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Plan:

Causes of the war.

a) a reason for war;

b) participants in the war.

2. The course of military operations.

A) Battle of Sinop;

B) defense of Sevastopol;

B) war heroes

4. Reasons for Russia's defeat.

Equipment : portraits of Nicholas I,Vladimir AlekseevichKornilov, Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, Totleben Eduard Ivanovich, IstominVladimir Ivanovicha, lesson presentation materials, outline maps, documents

Preliminary preparation: messages from students “D. Sevastopolskaya", "Sailor Cat", "Nakhimov P.S."

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

March 2013 marked 157 years since the end of the Crimean War, during which Nicholas I died.

Name the years of the reign of Nicholas I. (1825-1855)

The peace treaty was signed on behalf of Alexander II, the son of Nicholas I.

You see the book "Crimean War". We will not be able to read it in 45 minutes, but we will try to find out the main reasons, character, follow the course of hostilities and summarize the results of the Crimean or Eastern (as it was called in Western Europe) war.

Lesson assignment: What are the reasons for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War?

We open the book: read the table of contents “Lesson Plan”, put the scroll on the board.

II. Learning new material.

1. Causes of the war.

Survey.

What is the Eastern Question, why did it escalate in the middle of the 19th century?

The Crimean War (1853-1856) was caused by the aggravation of contradictions between European powers in the southern seas, in the Middle East and the Balkans, in Transcaucasia, in the struggle of European states for influence on the weakening Ottoman Empire, which was engulfed in the national liberation movement. Nicholas I said that Türkiye is a sick man and his inheritance must and can be divided.

What were Russia's foreign policy plans in the Middle East?(Strengthening Russian positions on the Balkan Peninsula, establishing control over the Bosporus and Dardanelles).

What was the regime of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits?

(According to the London Convention of 1848, shipping in the straits was placed under international control, the principle of their closure to warships of all European powers in peacetime was proclaimed. For Russia, this meant the isolation of its fleet in the Black Sea basin and a lack of confidence in the security of its southern borders, since The Ottoman Empire could, in the event of hostilities, open the straits to ships of European powers).

Review of the table on the slide.

Nicholas I believed that the war would have to be waged with one weakened empire, and hoped to negotiate with England on the division of the “inheritance” of this “sick man.”

Nick.I counted on isolation France, and also for support Austria for the “service” rendered to her in 1849 in suppressing the revolution in Hungary.

England did not agree to an agreement with Russia, because this strengthened Russia’s position in the Middle East.

In 1853 A secret treaty was concluded between England and France directed against Russia.

N.I’s calculation that France does not have sufficient military forces to pursue an aggressive policy in Europe. But Napoleon III, to strengthen his position on the throne, strove for a “small” but “victorious” war.

Austria feared the strengthening of Russia in the Balkans and was ready to support any action directed against it.

That. The Crimean War began in a situationdiplomatic isolationRussia. It had to fight against a coalition of the most technically developed capitalist states.

The Tsar and his dignitaries relied on Russia's unlimited human and material resources. However, this calculation also turned out to be erroneous. The backward military industry, which was based mainly on serf labor, could not provide the army with the latest weapons and equipment. The mediocrity of the command, embezzlement, outdated weapons and poor roads greatly reduced the combat effectiveness of the Russian army.

Smoothbore rifles fired at 300 paces, in Europe - rifled - at 100 paces, the sailing fleet - in Europe - steam, outdated naval artillery in Russia.

Participating countries:Russia - on the one hand;

England, France, Türkiye - on the other hand.

Austria, Prussia – neutrality

The nature of the war follows from these reasons. What is he like?(Invading, colonial)

Question: what was the reason for the start of the war?

Working with textbook text:(p. 81, paragraph 1, paragraph 1-2)

(The reason for the Crimean War was the dispute that arose in the early 50s between the Orthodox and Catholic churches about the “Palestinian shrines” located on the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Here the interests of Russia, which defended the interests of the Orthodox clergy, and France, which patronized Catholics, collided).

October 20, 1853 Nicholas I published a Manifesto on the protection of the Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire and on the occupation of the Danube principalities.

Russian army consisting of 82 thousand soldiers under the command of the prince

M.D. Gorchakova crossed the Prut and within a month occupied Moldavia and Wallachia.

September 27, 1853 The Ottoman court proposed to Russia in the current. 18 days to clear the Danube principalities, and a week later, without waiting for the expiration of the ultimatum, he began military operations on the Danube and in Transcaucasia.

The war took place on two fronts -Balkan and Transcaucasian.

2. The course of military operations.

Military operations in the Danube principalities developed sluggishly.

Türkiye planned to deliver the main blow in Transcaucasia.

A) Battle of Sinop;

For this purpose, a Turkish squadron under the command of Osman Pasha arrived at the port of Sinop. The Turks planned to land a large assault force in the Sukhum-Kale region. But this plan was thwarted by the decisive actions of the Russian fleet.

Watch a video about the Battle of Sinop

Historian E.V. Tarle said the following words: “being too absorbed in maritime interests, he forgot to fall in love and forgot to get married.”

Message about P.S. Nakhimov

The brilliant victory of the Russian fleet at Sinop was the reason for direct intervention in March 1854 England and France in the military conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

As a result of diplomatic intrigues, it was possible to persuade only Sardinia, which sent only 15 thousand to Russia. soldiers who all died in Crimea

The British attempted to land onÅland Islands, on Solovki and on the Kola Peninsula, in Petropavlovsk- Kamchatka . All these attacks were repulsed.

View TsOR.

Animated map "Crimean War 1853-1856"(3- 4)

B) defense of Sevastopol;

September 2, 1854

September 8, 1854

In October 1854

(working with the circuit)

But still, the fate of the war was decided in Crimea.

September 2, 1854 . Allied troops began landing on the Crimean Peninsula near Yevpatoria.

September 8, 1854 . The first battle took place on the river. Alma, lost to A.S. Menshikov, commander of the Russian troops in Crimea.

The path to Sevastopol was open.

In October 1854 his heroic defense began, which continued

months. (349 days) (October 1854- August 1855)

The city was subjected to five massive bombings.

June 6, 1855 . - a general assault on Sevastopol, repulsed with heavy losses for the enemy.

P.S. Nakhimov.

August 27, 1855 French troops captured the southern part of the city and the height dominating the city - Malakhov Kurgan.

After this, Russian troops had to leave the city.

Watch a video about the defense of Sevastopol
Demonstration of portraits of participants in the defense of Sevastopol
Watching a video from the film “Nakhimov” about the sinking of ships
Work on a document in a book

Question: - Why, expressing disagreement with the commander-in-chief’s decision to scuttle ships in Sevastopol, V.A. Kornilov not only did not carry out the order, but also found words for his subordinates showing the correctness of this decision?

(It is morally difficult for sailors to take such a step, work was put into each ship, each had its own name, biography, glorious victories, the sailors grew together with them as with comrades. The sunken ships, as it were, served

last service as soldiers. Today at this place, in Sevastopol

bay - a monument to sunken ships. Out of the chaos rises a symbol of victory - a strict, majestic column.

First-person stories about the defenders of Sevastopol - Daria Sevastopolskaya and the sailor Koshka.
Work on the document “Defense of Sevastopol” (extracts from Alabin’s notes on March 15, 1855)

Question: - What influence did women and children have on the defenders of Sevastopol?

What do you know about N.I. Pirogov?(The professor of the Medical and Surgical Academy was the first to use plaster casts and anesthesia on a mass scale in the conditions of military field surgery.)

Summer 1855 . rus. army under the command of N.N. Muravyova began the siege of the large Turkish fortress of Kars, which fell November 15, 1855

The award received by N.N. Muravyov for this victory had “Karsky” added to his surname.

Despite successful actions in Transcaucasia, the fall of Sevastopol predetermined the outcome of the war.

3. Terms of the Paris Peace Treaty

Peace talks have begun in September 1855

Russia was deprived of the south. Parts of Bessarabia with the mouth of the Danube,

Those taken during hostilities by the allies were returned to Russia

Sevastopol, Evpatoria and other port cities in Crimea in exchange for Kars

And his area is occupied by Russian troops.

Russia and the Ottoman Empire were prohibited from having on the Black Sea

The military fleet, as well as military fortresses and arsenals on its shores.

The Black Sea straits were declared closed to military vessels of all

Countries for a time of peace.

Freedom of navigation of ships of all countries on the Danube was established.

4. Reasons for Russia's defeat.

Exercise: Name the reasons for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.

The weakness of the military industry,

Poor supply of the army,

Poor condition of roads,

Mistakes in developing strategic plans.

Results of the Crimean War:

The army is drained of blood

The treasury is empty

The economy is upset

As a result, all the shortcomings of management became visible, all the backwardness from

Western countries militarily, economically, socially,

From now on it was necessary to conquer again.

The war had one thingpositive consequence For Russia:

It became obvious that fundamental changes are needed.

Because of this, the autocracy had to begin to carry out

peasant and other reforms - in the field of justice, finance, local government, education and the press, in military affairs.

Guys, what adjective words would you put next to the words Russian patriotism, Russian? What is he like? (Special... rooted, deep, independent of the political system. It manifests itself when it comes to the Motherland, the native land.)

What lessons of the Crimean War should we remember today? What should we consider when remembering this war?

(War is always grief, blood, suffering of people, aren’t the people paying too high a price for the adventures of their rulers: the French,

English, Russian?)

Therefore the first lesson- this is a rejection of wars as a means of solving foreign policy problems.

Second lesson - shrewdly, skillfully build foreign policy, avoid strategic miscalculations.

III. Consolidation.

Contour map task

a) On a contour map, indicate the location of the defeat of the Turkish fleet by the Russian squadron at the beginning of the Crimean War.

b) Designate the city that held the defense for 349 days.

c) Designate the territory ceded from Russia by the Peace of Paris in 1856.

Fill in the blanks.

IV. Lesson summary.

Making marks.
D/z paragraph 14, document to it.

Fill the gaps

1. The largest battle at sea during the Crimean War took place in November 1853. V. ___________. The Russian squadron was commanded by _____________.

2. The most important event of the Crimean War was the defense of_______________

in _____________ It was led by admirals _______________________.

3. This speaks volumes about Russia’s lower level of technical readiness for war compared to Western countries. that the Russian ships were ______________, and the English and French were already ___________.

Russian guns were ____________, and English and French were ___________, the Russians used _____________ as a means of transport, and the British laid _______________ even on foreign territory.

Fill the gaps

1. The largest battle at sea during the Crimean War took place in November 1853. V. ___________. The Russian squadron was commanded by _____________.

2. The most important event of the Crimean War was the defense of_______________

in _____________ It was led by admirals _______________________.

Russian guns were ____________, and English and French were ___________, the Russians used _____________ as a means of transport, and the British laid _______________ even on foreign territory.

Fill the gaps

1. The largest battle at sea during the Crimean War took place in November 1853. V. ___________. The Russian squadron was commanded by _____________.

2. The most important event of the Crimean War was the defense of_______________

in _____________ It was led by admirals _______________________.

Russian guns were ____________, and English and French were ___________, the Russians used _____________ as a means of transport, and the British laid _______________ even on foreign territory.

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov

Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov

Istomin Vladimir Ivanovich

He commanded the most important section of the defense, the key position of the left flank - Malakhov Kurgan

Eduard Ivanovich Totleben

Plan:

1 Causes of the war.

a) a reason for war;

b) participants in the war.

2. Progress of military operations.

a) Battle of Sinop;

B) defense of Sevastopol;

B) war heroes

3. Terms of the Paris Peace Treaty

4. Reasons for Russia's defeat.

EXCERNSATION OF THE EASTERN QUESTION Eastern Question The Eastern Question is the name of a group of problems and contradictions in foreign policy associated with the weakening of Turkey, the rise of the Balkan peoples, and the struggle of the great powers for the division of spheres of influence in the region. REGION: handing over the keys to the Bethlehem Church in Jerusalem to the Catholic clergy

Türkiye Crimean War Nicholas I Alexander II Russia EASTERN no allies Abdul-Mecid allies: England France Sardinia

Russia and Turkey 1) contradictions between Russia and Turkey over the right of Russian military ships to pass through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles 2) the struggle of European states for influence on the weakening Ottoman Empire, which was engulfed in the national liberation movement. Causes of the war

To undermine the international authority of Russia to weaken its position in the Middle East to tear away from it the territories of Poland, the Caucasus, Crimea, Finland The goals of the participants in the war England France to strengthen its position in the Middle East, using it as a sales market Louis Bonaparte, the French emperor, dreamed of strengthening his power through a victorious war

Forces of the sides Allies Russian Guns Rifled percussion, shooting at steps Smooth-bore flint, shooting at 300 steps Battle tactics Scattered formation Closed formation

In 1853 he negotiated with Turkey, which ended in a breakdown of relations and the beginning of the Crimean War. Since the fall of 1853 - Commander-in-Chief of the ground and naval forces in Crimea. In February 1855, he was removed from the post of commander-in-chief “due to illness.” Menshikov Alexander Sergeevich (1787–1869) His Serene Highness Prince, statesman and military leader.

Stages of the Crimean War Stages of the war Opponents of Russia Main events From April 1854 to February 1856 Turkey, France, England, Sardinian Kingdom Allied attack on Odessa Aland Islands Solovetsky Monastery Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Allied landing in Crimea heroic defense of Sevastopol Sevastopol STAGE 2

Naval commander, vice admiral (since 1852). Participant in the Battle of Navarino in 1827, from 1849 - chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, from 1851 he actually commanded the fleet. In 1854, being the chief of staff of the garrison, he led the defense of Sevastopol. He died while inspecting positions on Malakhov Kurgan. Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806–1854) (1806–1854)

Totleben Eduard Ivanovich (1818–1884) Russian general engineer (from 1869), count (from 1879). He supervised engineering work during the defense of Sevastopol in 1854–1855. In 1863–1877 actually headed the military engineering department. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878. led the siege of Plevna.

Lesson objectives:

1. Finding out the causes, course and consequences of the Crimean War.

2. Development of skills in working with text, the ability to highlight the main thing, establish cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Fostering a sense of pride and love for the Motherland through examples of the desperate, courageous defense of their native land by Russian soldiers.

Lesson equipment:

Personal Computer;
multimedia video projector;
map “Crimean War”;
technological lesson map;
test tasks;
exhibition of books dedicated to the events of the Crimean War.

Lesson Plan

Teacher's opening speech
Updating basic knowledge about the history of the “Eastern Question” in Russia.
The teacher's story about the cause, occasion, events of the Crimean War, filling out the lesson plan.

During the classes

I. Org. moment:

Hello! Today we have a lesson on the topic “Crimean War”. I really want you to remember this lesson, and the events that we will talk about will remain in your heart.

II. Updating basic knowledge:

Let us remember what the historical terms “Eastern Question” are (relations with Turkey, favorable treatment for ships through the Bosporus and Dardanelles, assistance to the Balkan peoples in the struggle for independence) (Show on map)

For Russia, this issue took a long time to resolve.

-What events related to his decision occurred in the first half of the 12th century. (Russian-Turkish wars, the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Poti, free trade in the straits.

III. Explanation of new material:

Let's formulate the objectives of our lesson together. What do you think you should find out in this lesson? (students' answers)

War is not only the causes and not only the results. This is also the fate of people, courage and heroism. Most recently, we celebrated the days of liberation from the Nazi invaders of our village; this year we will celebrate the 62nd anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Have you ever wondered why it was our country, our people, who won this victory, why they defeated the French in 1812, why even when our troops retreated, the invaders did not feel the joy of victory. Today in class I want you to feel the heroism and courage of Russian soldiers.

Work according to the textbook: Open the textbook on page 93 §14 p.1 Independently highlight the reasons and reason for the start of the war.

(Write your answers in the lesson plan)

Reason: contradictions between European powers in the Middle East.

Occasion: a dispute between Catholic and Orthodox clergy in Palestine about who will be the guardian of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Name the countries participating in this war?

Russia – revision of the regime, strengthening of influence.

Türkiye - suppression of the national liberation movement, return of Crimea, the Black Sea coast.

England and France are to undermine Russia’s international authority and weaken its position in the Middle East.

Why did Russia have no allies in the Crimean War? (How can one explain the miscalculations made by Nicholas I)

Let's look at the course of military operations, and fill out the table as my story progresses:

The war began on two fronts, the Balkan and Transcaucasian.

The most striking event of this period was the Battle of Sinop.

(Teacher's story about the battle, accompanied by a demonstration presentation slides, see Appendix 2)

Work on the map:

Consider how the enemy ships were positioned.

In essence, by deciding to attack the Turkish fleet, Nakhimov took a very serious risk. The Turkish coastal batteries in Sinop were good, and the guns on the ships were also in good working order. But for a long time, since the end of the 16th century, the Turkish fleet, once one of the most formidable and capable in the world, did not have any capable admirals at the decisive moments of its existence. This turned out to be the case on the fatal day of Sinop for Turkey. Osman Pasha positioned his fleet, as if in a fan, at the very embankment of the city; the embankment ran in a concave arc, and the line of the fleet turned out to be a concave arc, covering, if not all, then many of the coastal batteries. And the location of the ships was, naturally, such that they could meet Nakhimov with only one side: the other was facing not the sea, but the city of Sinop.

Here is the picture that appeared before the eyes of our squadron: “Most of the Turkish frigates were still burning, and when the flames reached the loaded guns, shots fired spontaneously, and the cannonballs flew over us. We saw the frigates take off one after another. The entire raid and our ships were so brightly illuminated by the fire that our sailors worked to repair the ships without needing lanterns.”

Entry of England and France into the war (alliance with Turkey) March 1854, announcement of the won (actions April 1854 to February 1856 - actions on land)

September 1854 60 thousand landed in the Crimea, attacking the main Russian fortress on the Black Sea - Sevastopol. (E.V. Tarle Crimean War)

Battle of the Alma River.

The enemy had an almost double superiority in forces. Allied rifled guns hit at a distance of 1200-1300 steps, and Russian smooth-bore guns only at 200-300. The roar of guns, the whistle of bullets, curses, prayers, screams and groans, the neighing of horses - everything merged into a terrible roar. The Vladimir regiment especially distinguished itself in the Battle of Alma. Showered by enemy shells and under a hail of bullets, the “Vladimirs” with guns at the ready bravely walked forward. It was a living wall of bayonets, moving menacingly towards the enemies. The English commander-in-chief Raglan and his retinue looked with amazement and horror at the courageous attack of the “Vladimirites”. Having come to his senses, Raglan rushed to his gunners and shouted: “We must stop this avalanche!” The battle was lost. But the British suffered huge losses. The English general, examining the field strewn with dead bodies after the battle, said sadly: “Another such victory, and England will not have an army.”

(Vladislav Artemov “Crimean War 1853-1856”, White City, Moscow 2005)

Despite courage and heroism, this battle was lost. What is the reason?

Working with a document , from “Memories of Sevastopol” by V. Zarubaev.

(Page 90 textbook by A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina)

Defense of the city - fortress of Sevastopol:

Construction of fortifications (bastions, embankments) Slides from the presentation (cm. Appendix 2)
- sinking of ships work with documents (p. 90 textbook by A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina) from the orders of V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov
-What feelings did the admirals experience when giving this order?
-What words show the need for these actions?

Guns and 10,000 sailors joined the ranks of the city's defenders.

Heroes: The defense of the city lasted 11 months (349 days).

Students' story about war heroes.

Do you know about the heroes of the Crimean War?

Admirals
- Daria Sevastopolskaya
- Plastuns (Their costume was unusual, worn checkmen, hats, patched trousers of different colors, shoes made of raw, untreated leather).

Kolya Pishchenko - 10-year-old boy (awarded the heroic cross)

1 month of service was equivalent to 1 year.

At the end of August the last fierce bombing began. 800 guns continuously destroyed the city

Gun fire fell
And for three whole hours straight
People didn't talk
And the bullets hit at random.
And, forever deaf, the birds,
Silent, they hurried away
Following them, flashing with lightning
Night receded to the west
Mass of fiery shaft
Went against all the elements
Uprooted oak trees
Chopped rocks into pieces.

Capture of the dominant height - Malakhov Kurgan.

Peace of Paris (March 1856)

(Page 89 A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina)

(Write down the outcome of the war)

IV. Lesson summary:

Let's return to the tasks that we set in class.

What caused the war? The reason?

What are the main events?

What was the main result of the Crimean War for Russia?

Why didn't the winners feel joy from their victory? (15,700 people died from disease, 3,600 died)

But what was truly great

Will remain great forever.

Homework: prepare a story about the Crimean War using technological maps.

On October 23, 1853, the Turkish Sultan declared war on Russia. By this time, our Danube Army (55 thousand) was concentrated in the vicinity of Bucharest, with forward detachments on the Danube, and the Ottomans had up to 120 - 130 thousand in European Turkey, under the command of Omer Pasha. These troops were located: 30 thousand at Shumla, 30 thousand in Adrianople, and the rest along the Danube from Viddin to the mouth.

Somewhat earlier than the announcement of the Crimean War, the Turks had already begun military operations by seizing the Oltenice quarantine on the left bank of the Danube on the night of October 20. The arriving Russian detachment of General Dannenberg (6 thousand) attacked the Turks on October 23 and, despite their numerical superiority (14 thousand) almost occupied the Turkish fortifications, but was pulled back by General Dannenberg, who considered it impossible to hold Oltenica under the fire of Turkish batteries on the right bank of the Danube . Then Omer Pasha himself returned the Turks to the right bank of the Danube and disturbed our troops only with isolated surprise attacks, to which the Russian troops responded.

At the same time, the Turkish fleet delivered supplies to the Caucasian highlanders, who were acting against Russia at the instigation of the Sultan and England. To prevent this, Admiral Nakhimov, with a squadron of 8 ships, overtook the Turkish squadron, which had taken refuge from bad weather in Sinop Bay. On November 18, 1853, after a three-hour Battle of Sinop, the enemy fleet, including 11 ships, was destroyed. Five Ottoman ships were blown up, the Turks lost up to 4,000 killed and wounded and 1,200 prisoners; The Russians lost 38 officers and 229 lower ranks.

Meanwhile, Omer Pasha, having abandoned offensive operations from Oltenitsa, gathered up to 40 thousand to Kalafat and decided to defeat the weak advanced Lesser Wallachian detachment of General Anrep (7.5 thousand). On December 25, 1853, 18 thousand Turks attacked the 2.5 thousand detachment of Colonel Baumgarten at Cetati, but arriving reinforcements (1.5 thousand) saved our detachment, which had shot all the cartridges, from final death. Having lost up to 2 thousand people, both of our detachments retreated at night to the village of Motsetsei.

After the battle at Chetati, the Lesser Wallachian detachment, reinforced to 20 thousand, settled in apartments near Kalafat and blocked the Turks’ access to Wallachia; further operations of the Crimean War in the European theater in January and February 1854 were limited to minor clashes.

The Crimean War in the Transcaucasian theater in 1853

Meanwhile, the actions of Russian troops in the Transcaucasian theater were accompanied by complete success. Here the Turks, having assembled a 40,000-strong army long before the declaration of the Crimean War, opened military operations in mid-October. The energetic Prince Bebutov was appointed head of the Russian active corps. Having received information about the movement of the Turks towards Alexandropol (Gyumri), Prince Bebutov sent a detachment of General Orbeliani on November 2, 1853. This detachment unexpectedly came across the main forces of the Turkish army near the village of Bayandura and barely escaped to Alexandropol; The Turks, fearing Russian reinforcements, took a position at Bashkadyklar. Finally, on November 6, a manifesto was received about the beginning of the Crimean War, and on November 14, Prince Bebutov moved to Kars.

Another Turkish detachment (18 thousand) on October 29, 1853 approached the Akhaltsykh fortress, but the head of the Akhaltsykh detachment, Prince Andronnikov, with his 7 thousand. On November 14, he himself attacked the Turks and put them to a disorderly flight; the Turks lost up to 3.5 thousand, while our losses were limited to only 450 people.

Following the victory of the Akhaltsykh detachment, the Alexandropol detachment under the command of Prince Bebutov (10 thousand) defeated a 40 thousand-strong Turkish army on November 19 in a strong Bashkadyklar position, and only the extreme fatigue of people and horses did not allow them to develop the success achieved by pursuit. However, the Turks lost up to 6 thousand in this battle, and our troops - about 2 thousand.

Both of these victories immediately raised the prestige of Russian power, and the general uprising that was being prepared in Transcaucasia immediately died down.

Crimean War 1853-1856. Map

Balkan theater of the Crimean War in 1854

Meanwhile, on December 22, 1853, the united Anglo-French fleet entered the Black Sea in order to protect Turkey from the sea and help it supply its ports with the necessary supplies. Russian envoys immediately broke off relations with England and France and returned to Russia. Emperor Nicholas turned to Austria and Prussia with a proposal, in the event of a war with England and France, to maintain strict neutrality. But both of these powers avoided any obligations, refusing at the same time to join the allies; To secure their possessions, they concluded a defensive alliance among themselves. Thus, at the beginning of 1854, it became clear that Russia was left without allies in the Crimean War, and therefore the most decisive measures were taken to strengthen our troops.

By the beginning of 1854, up to 150 thousand Russian troops were located along the Danube and the Black Sea to the Bug. With these forces it was planned to move deep into Turkey, raise an uprising of the Balkan Slavs and declare Serbia independent, but the hostile mood of Austria, which was strengthening its troops in Transylvania, forced us to abandon this bold plan and limit ourselves to crossing the Danube to capture only Silistria and Ruschuk.

In the first half of March, Russian troops crossed the Danube at Galati, Brailov and Izmail, and on March 16, 1854 they occupied Girsovo. A non-stop advance towards Silistria would inevitably lead to the occupation of this fortress, the armament of which had not yet been completed. However, the newly appointed commander-in-chief, Prince Paskevich, had not yet personally arrived at the army, stopped it, and only the insistence of the emperor himself forced him to continue the offensive towards Silistria. The commander-in-chief himself, fearing that the Austrians would cut off the retreat route of the Russian army, proposed returning to Russia.

The stop of Russian troops at Girsov gave the Turks time to strengthen both the fortress itself and its garrison (from 12 to 18 thousand). Approaching the fortress on May 4, 1854 with 90 thousand, Prince Paskevich, still fearing for his rear, positioned his army 5 versts from the fortress in a fortified camp to cover the bridge across the Danube. The siege of the fortress was carried out only against its eastern front, and on the western side the Turks, in full view of the Russians, brought supplies to the fortress. In general, our actions near Silistria bore the imprint of the extreme caution of the commander-in-chief himself, who was also embarrassed by incorrect rumors about the alleged union of the allies with the army of Omer Pasha. On May 29, 1854, shell-shocked during a reconnaissance mission, Prince Paskevich left the army, handing it over to Prince Gorchakov, who energetically led the siege and on June 8 decided to storm the Arab and Peschanoye forts. All orders for the assault had already been made, and two hours before the assault an order was received from Prince Paskevich to immediately lift the siege and move to the left bank of the Danube, which was carried out by the evening of June 13. Finally, according to the terms concluded with Austria, which pledged to support our interests in front of the Western courts, on July 15, 1854, the withdrawal of our troops from the Danube principalities, which had been occupied by Austrian troops since August 10, began. The Turks returned to the right bank of the Danube.

During these actions, the Allies launched a series of attacks on our coastal cities on the Black Sea and, by the way, on Holy Saturday, April 8, 1854, they brutally bombarded Odessa. Then the allied fleet appeared near Sevastopol and headed towards the Caucasus. On land, the allies supported the Ottomans by landing a detachment at Gallipoli to defend Constantinople. These troops were then transported to Varna in early July and moved to Dobruja. Here cholera caused severe devastation in their ranks (from July 21 to August 8, 8 thousand fell ill and 5 thousand of them died).

The Crimean War in the Transcaucasian theater in 1854

Military operations in the spring of 1854 in the Caucasus began on our right flank, where on June 4, Prince Andronnikov, with the Akhaltsykh detachment (11 thousand), defeated the Turks at Cholok. Somewhat later, on the left flank, the Erivan detachment of General Wrangel (5 thousand) attacked 16 thousand Turks on the Chingil Heights on June 17, overthrew them and occupied Bayazet. The main forces of the Caucasian army, i.e. the Alexandropol detachment of Prince Bebutov, moved towards Kars on June 14 and stopped at the village of Kyuryuk-Dara, having the 60-thousand-strong Anatolian army of Zarif Pasha 15 versts ahead of them.

On July 23, 1854, Zarif Pasha went on the offensive, and on the 24th, Russian troops also moved forward, having received false information about the retreat of the Turks. Faced with the Turks, Bebutov lined up his troops in battle formation. A series of energetic infantry and cavalry attacks stopped the Turkish right wing; then Bebutov, after a very stubborn, often hand-to-hand fight, threw back the enemy center, using up almost all his reserves for this. After this, our attacks turned against the Turkish left flank, which had already bypassed our position. The attack was a complete success: the Turks retreated in complete frustration, losing up to 10 thousand; in addition, about 12 thousand bashi-bazouks fled. Our losses amounted to 3 thousand people. Despite the brilliant victory, Russian troops did not dare to begin the siege of Kars without a siege artillery park and in the fall retreated back to Alexandropol (Gyumri).

Defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War

Panorama of the Defense of Sevastopol (view from Malakhov Kurgan). Artist F. Roubaud, 1901-1904

The Crimean War in the Transcaucasian theater in 1855

In the Transcaucasian theater of war, actions resumed in the second half of May 1855 with our occupation of Ardahan without a fight and an offensive towards Kars. Knowing about the lack of food in Kars, the new commander-in-chief, General Muravyov, limited himself to just a blockade, but, having received news in September about the movement of Omer Pasha’s army transported from European Turkey to the rescue of Kars, he decided to take the fortress by storm. The assault on September 17, although carried out on the most important, but at the same time the strongest, western front (Shorakh and Chakhmakh heights), cost us 7,200 people and ended in failure. The army of Omer Pasha could not advance to Kars due to a lack of transportation means, and on November 16 the garrison of Kars surrendered.

British and French attacks on Sveaborg, Solovetsky Monastery and Petropavlovsk

To complete the description of the Crimean War, it is also worth mentioning some minor actions taken against Russia by the Western allies. On June 14, 1854, an allied squadron of 80 ships, under the command of the English admiral Napier, appeared near Kronstadt, then retreated to the Åland Islands, and in October returned to their harbors. On July 6 of the same year, two English ships bombarded the Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea, unsuccessfully demanding its surrender, and on August 17, an allied squadron also arrived at the port of Petropavlovsky on Kamchatka and, having fired at the city, made a landing, which was soon repulsed. In May 1855, a strong allied squadron was sent to the Baltic Sea for the second time, which, after standing for some time near Kronstadt, went back in the fall; Its combat activities were limited only to the bombing of Sveaborg.

Results of the Crimean War

After the fall of Sevastopol on August 30, military operations in Crimea stopped, and on March 18, 1856, the Parisian world, which ended the long and difficult war of Russia against 4 European states (Turkey, England, France and Sardinia, which joined the allies at the beginning of 1855).

The consequences of the Crimean War were enormous. After it, Russia lost its dominance in Europe, which it had enjoyed since the end of the Napoleonic War of 1812-1815. It has now passed to France for 15 years. The shortcomings and disorganizations revealed by the Crimean War ushered in the era of reforms of Alexander II in Russian history, which renewed all aspects of national life.