Square(thousand km 2) 1788.9 (10.5% of the territory of Russia);
Population(million people) 12.4 (8.5% of the country’s population);
Population density(persons per 1 km 2) 7;
Number of cities 112;
District center city of Yekaterinburg;
Big cities Zlatoust, Kamensk-Uralsky, Kurgan, Magnitogorsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nizhny Tagil, Salekhard, Surgut, Tyumen, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chelyabinsk.
A harsh picture of the tundra kingdom, surprising in the summer with the splendor and diversity of its herbs and an abundance of berries, forest-tundra with lonely trees, fragrant taiga wilds and colorful mixed forests, birch forest-steppes, flowery meadows of cereals and variegated grasses all this is the Ural Federal District. The territory of the district is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, and in the west are the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.
This wonderful region in many respects, with countless valuable natural resources and a colorful history, attracts tourists. Grandiose Ural Mountains with bizarre rocks, sharp ridges and descending stone rivers, they call travelers from all over the world their attractions. You will see amazing festive mountain landscapes Ilmen Amazing with its freedom and richness of flora and fauna, this gigantic natural geological museum. In the area there is a city of craftsmen Zlatoust. In these places, archaeologists found the ancient settlement of Arkaim, where the horse was first tamed, the war chariot was invented, and the first copper smelting furnace was built. The ancient Siberian city of Tobolsk makes a striking impression with its wooden tower houses with carved platbands, cornices and intricate ridges on the roof ridges. And, of course, the only stone one in Siberia Tobolsk Kremlin, a magnificent monument of Russian architecture.
Extreme points of the Ural Federal District:
- The northernmost point of the district located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, on the northern tip of Bely Island in the Kara Sea. On land, the northernmost point northern tip of the Yamal Peninsula;
- southernmost point in the Chelyabinsk region (Bredinsky district);
- easternmost point in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Nizhnevartovsk region);
- westernmost point in the Chelyabinsk region (Asha district).
Natural resources:
The Urals amazes with the richness of its mineral resources. It’s not for nothing that it’s called the country’s underground storehouse. The famous geologist Academician A.E. Fersman called this mountainous country “the pearl of the mineral kingdom,” considering it the most important world center of geochemical raw materials. The wealth of the region iron And copper ores, and complex ores, for example, iron ores with an admixture of titanium, nickel, chromium, copper ores with an admixture of zinc, gold, and silver. By reserves platinum, asbestos, precious And ornamental stones The Urals belongs to one of the first places in the world. The platinum belt stretches in the mountains of the Middle and Northern Urals. Oldest place gold mining in Russia Berezovskoye field near Yekaterinburg. Large deposits were found in the Northern Urals bauxite And manganese. There are reserves in the area marble And talc.Reserves oil And gas deposits such as Urengoy, Yamburg, Medvezhye, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk make the Ural Federal District one of the world leaders. The initial total recoverable oil resources are about 55% of the total Russian resources, gas - about 56%, which is enough to provide the whole of Russia with oil and gas fuel.
Great economic importance biological resources tundra and forest-tundra - this seemingly life-poor zone. It produces a significant amount of fur and game; in its rivers and lakes there is a lot of fish (sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, peled, muksun, whitefish, vendace, tugun, omul, smelt). In addition, the tundra is the main breeding area for reindeer.
Climate:
The climate in the Kurgan region and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is sharply continental, in other regions and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug it is continental.In the Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the average January temperature is from -16 to -20°C, the average July temperature is from +17 to +20°C. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (in the Chelyabinsk region, in the mountains 600 mm) to 500 mm (in the north of the Sverdlovsk region, in the mountains 600 mm). In the north of the Tyumen region, in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, winter lasts 8×10 months, the average temperature in January is from -18 to -29 ° C, in July from +4 to + 17 ° C, permafrost is widespread. Precipitation ranges from 200 to 600 mm per year. The absolute minimum temperature in Yamal is -63°C.
Population:
Besides Russians, many other peoples live in the Ural Federal District: Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, Germans (about 0.9%), Mari and Komi. Indigenous peoples of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Khanty And Mansi. The Khanty are related to the Mansi, their common name is Ob Ugrians. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is inhabited by northern peoples Nenets and Khanty. The majority live in the Tyumen region Selkup.Folk crafts:
In the hands of skilled and talented craftsmen, the riches of the earth can be transformed into works of art that will bring pleasure and joy to those who see or use them. Sverdlovsk craftsmen transform Ural gems and ornamental stones into beautiful artistic products. Tyumen art masters specialize in bone carving. On some of these skillful miniatures you can see scenes from the life of the peoples of the North.The Ural Federal District is the sixth largest federal district in Russia with a population of more than 12.30 million people. About 35% of the district's population is concentrated in the Sverdlovsk region, approximately 40% of the district's population is concentrated in the Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions.
Until 2016, natural growth was observed in all regions of the Ural Federal District, except for the Kurgan region, however, in 2016, the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions also showed a slight decline due to natural reasons. As a result, in 2016, the population of the Ural Federal District grew by approximately 0.3%, while the population of the Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions decreased.
The total fertility rate (TFR) in the Ural Federal District in 2016 was 1.92 children per woman (in Russia - 1.76), which allowed the district to take second place among other districts in the country, but did not allow it to exceed the level of simple reproduction (2, 06). It is also worth noting that in all regions included in the Ural Federal District, this indicator is higher than the Russian average. The highest figure is in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.084), Kurgan Region (2.03), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (2.02) and Tyumen Region (2.002). The last place in the district in terms of fertility per woman is occupied by the Chelyabinsk region (1.81).
The decline in the birth rate in the Russian Federation in 2016 seriously affected the Ural Federal District: the TFR decreased by 2.35%. Moreover, in all regions the TFR fell by more than 1.5% (in the Kurgan region - by 4.4%, and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - by 4.75%). The number of births per 1,000 people decreased by 4.7%.
It should be noted that the Ural Federal District ranks second in the country in terms of the overall mortality rate, reaching 12.5 deaths per 1,000 people by 2015 (the figures are lower only in the North Caucasus Federal District). The county stands out because it has had a very slow rate of decline in death rates. In terms of life expectancy, the district is among the outsiders and ranks sixth in the country (70.38 years in 2015). The lowest figure (69.03 years) was noted in the Kurgan region, the highest - in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (72.58).
In 2016, mortality (the overall rate) in the macroregion decreased, as in Russia as a whole, by 1.6% (the difference is not in favor of the Ural Federal District by 0.1 percentage points), the decrease affected all regions of the Federal District, except for Yamalo- Nenets Autonomous Okrug (stagnation is observed). At the same time, mortality from infectious diseases fell by 0.3%, including almost 17% from tuberculosis. Thus, mortality from infections in the macroregion is growing mainly due to AIDS. Mortality from external causes decreased by more than 5%, which is approximately comparable to the all-Russian dynamics.
The incidence of HIV in the Ural Federal District is the highest among all federal districts -
1,058.1 per 100,000 population.
If we consider the six main classes of causes of death (data for 2014), then in the Ural Federal District there is an excess of all-Russian mortality rates in all classes, except for mortality from cardiovascular diseases in women (in men, the national average is 3.6% higher).
For infectious diseases, the excess is two times or more in women, and more than 80% in men. Nothing similar is observed for other reasons; the difference for external reasons is usually about 10% in working age. Thus, this situation can largely be explained by the high mortality rate from HIV/AIDS.
The incidence of HIV in the Ural Federal District is the highest among all federal districts - 1,058.1 per 100,000 by 2014. The incidence in 2014 was about 130.9 per 100,000 (slightly lower than in the Siberian Federal District). The leadership belongs to the Sverdlovsk region - 1,414.8 per 100,000 (third place in the Russian Federation in terms of incidence) and 168.3 per 100,000 (second place in the Russian Federation in terms of incidence).
As for the age composition of the population, the Ural Federal District is in the middle of the list among federal districts in terms of the share of the population over working age (22.6% in 2015), which is also confirmed by the dependency ratio - 734 per 1,000 people of working age in 2015.
In the Ural Federal District there is a natural population increase (2.3 per 1,000 people) and a small migration increase (1.24 per 1,000), which varies greatly from region to region. In the federal district, migration loss to other Russian regions is observed almost everywhere, and recently there has been an acceleration in the departure of the population from the Far North zone (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), which may be due to a slowdown in the development of the oil and gas complex and a drop in demand for workers in this industry. That is, new workers arrive in smaller numbers to replace those leaving.
The Ural Federal District was formed in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000.
The Ural Federal District includes 6 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The center of the Ural Federal District is a city (population as of January 1, 2007 - 1.3 million people).
The area of the territory of the Ural Federal District is 1788.9 thousand km2, which is 10.5% of the territory of Russia. Population of the district as of 01.01. 2007 12.2 million people, of which the urban population accounts for 79.5%, the rural population - 20.5%.
The Urals has a very favorable economic and geographical position. It is located in the central part of Russia, between developed regions and the resource-rich eastern regions of the country. The Ural Federal District is located close to both western and eastern markets for finished products.
The industrial complex of the Urals is one of the most powerful in the country. The district is distinguished by the most developed oil, gas and mining industries. The resources of manganese, iron ores, silver, copper, zinc, and gold are concentrated here. The extraction of lead, nickel, cement raw materials, and coal is of great importance. Stone mining is carried out. About 70% of Russian oil reserves and 91% of natural gas are concentrated in the district. Iron ore and non-ferrous metals occur within the Ural Mountains. More than 300 oil, gas and gas condensate fields are located on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, including the shelves. These regions belong to the West Siberian oil and gas province, which ranks second in the world in terms of geological reserves of oil and gas after the unique basin in the Persian Gulf region.
Pipeline transport plays a major role in the supply of oil and gas from Western Siberia. The oil pipelines Nizhnevartovsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk - Irkutsk, Surgut - Polotsk, Nizhnevartovsk - Ust-Balyk - Omsk originate on the territory of the district; gas pipelines Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod, Urengoy - Chelyabinsk. Oil is transported from the fields of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug via two main oil pipelines: Tarasovskoye - Kholmogory and Kholmogory - Western Surgut.
The region's electric power industry is represented mainly by thermal power plants. The largest of them are Surgut GRES-1 and GRES-2, Urengoyskaya and Nizhnevartovskaya GRES in the Tyumen region; Reftinskaya, Sredneuralskaya, Serovskaya, Nizhneturinskaya GRES in the Sverdlovsk region; South Ural State District Power Plant in the region.
Since 2006, the economic development of the Ural Federal District has been viewed through the prism of the “Industrial Urals - Polar Urals” project, which involves the introduction into circulation of very large resources, ensuring, first of all, stimulation of the basic sectors of the economy of the district and Russia as a whole - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metalworking and mechanical engineering. The main goal of the project is the industrial development of a new mining region in the east of the district, as well as the stable functioning of the basic sectors of the economy of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. As part of the project, the development of deposits on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains has already begun.
In Uralsk, the main infrastructure sectors of the economy - transport and communications - have become more active. Due to the higher rates of development of road and rail communications, the structure of the district’s transport complex (which is dominated by pipelines, forming about 74% of all traffic) is becoming more balanced.
Active work is carried out in the field of housing construction. Since the beginning of 2006, 1,178 thousand m2 of housing have been commissioned in the Ural Federal District, which is 22.4% more than a year ago. The leader in absolute terms is the Chelyabinsk region, where 325.7 thousand m2 of housing were commissioned during this period.
The Ural Federal District has significant forest resources. The Sverdlovsk region is home to the most important centers of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The production of lumber, particle boards, plywood, factory-made wooden houses, thermal insulation, finishing and other materials, wood products, and furniture has been established.
The agro-industrial complex of the Ural Federal District specializes in the production of grain (rye, spring wheat, oats) and products (meat, milk, wool).
The Ural Federal District is located at the junction of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia, which differ in their natural and economic conditions. The region stretches in the meridional direction for thousands of kilometers from the Arctic Ocean and the Polar Urals to the steppes of the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan. The territory of the district covers the eastern slopes of the Northern, Polar and Subpolar Urals, as well as the spaces of the West Siberian Plain, from the Urals in the west to the borders of the Yenisei basin in the east; from the Southern Urals with the forest-steppe and steppe plains of the Trans-Urals and Cis-Urals in the south to the coast of the Kara Sea with coastal islands in the north.
The area of the district is 1.79 million sq. km (10.5% of the territory of Russia), the population is 12 million people, of which 9.65 million people live in cities, and 2.42 million people live in rural areas . The Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions are characterized by the highest degree of urbanization. The central and southern parts of the federal district have the highest population density, where the density reaches 42 people per sq. km. National composition: Russians - 10.24 million (82.74%), Tatars - 636 thousand (5.14%), Ukrainians - 355 thousand (2.87%), Bashkirs - 266 thousand (2.15%), Germans - 81 thousand (0.65%), Belarusians - 79 thousand (0.64%), Kazakhs - 74 thousand (0.6%), Azerbaijanis - 66 thousand (0.54%). In the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts, about 5% of the population are indigenous peoples of the North - Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Selkups.
The Ural Federal District produces 16% of the gross national product and 20% of all industrial output of the Russian Federation. About 40% of taxes into the federal budget are collected here. The Ural Federal District occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation in terms of mineral reserves. Two-thirds of all proven oil deposits in Russia (6% of world reserves), about 75% of proven reserves of Russian natural gas (26% of world reserves), a sixth of iron ore, and almost 10% of timber reserves are concentrated here. The territory of the district is rich in bauxite, chromite, non-ferrous and rare metals, phosphates, barites, limestone, building materials, as well as water and forest resources. The forest structure is dominated by coniferous forests.
The Ural Federal District produces 92% of Russia's gas and 68% of its oil. About 40% of the all-Russian volume of steel and rolled ferrous metals, 45% of refined copper and 40% of aluminum, and 10% of engineering products are produced here. The concentration of industrial production in the Urals is four times higher than the Russian average. The basis of the district's economy is the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and mechanical engineering. In the largest cities - Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk - construction of subways is underway.
The composition and boundaries of the Ural Federal District have developed historically. In the 18th century, the Perm province was located on both sides of the Ural ridge, uniting Ufa, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Shadrinsk, Verkhoturye, and Irbit. By the end of the 19th century, the production-territorial structure of the Greater Urals had developed, which included the Western industrial and Southern agricultural regions, the territory of which is now part of the Volga Federal District, and the Gornozavodsky industrial and Trans-Ural agricultural regions, which today belong to the Ural Federal District. In 1924, the Ural region was formed, which, by its borders and composition, predetermined the formation of the Ural Federal District. Until 1934, the Ural region included the territories of modern Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan regions, Tyumen region with the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi districts, as well as the Perm region. The Ural economic region, consisting of five regions (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Orenburg, Kurgan) and two republics (Bashkir and Udmurt), provided, before the collapse of the USSR, 22% of the union production of coke, 30% of ferrous metals, 16% of plastics, 50% of potash fertilizers, 60% bauxite. In 2000, by decree of Russian President V.V. Putin, the Ural Federal District was formed as a new form of territorial government.
Administrative-territorial composition: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions. Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk-Ugra autonomous okrugs.
Territory- 1767.1 thousand km 2.
Population- approximately 12.6 million people.
Administrative center- Yekaterinburg city.
The Ural Federal District is located on territory belonging to two economic regions. The district unites the eastern part of the Ural economic region and the Tyumen region, which belongs to the West Siberian economic region.
The Ural Federal District has developed oil and gas industries, scooping and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, forestry and woodworking industries.
The district's specialization sectors can be considered the fuel industry, including oil and gas production, and ferrous metallurgy. The development of the fuel industry is associated with the location of the West Siberian oil and gas province on the territory of the district.
Indicators of the Ural Federal District
The district specializes in the extraction of fuel and energy minerals, metallurgical production and the production of finished metal products.
The high share of extraction of fuel and energy minerals (47.3%) in the structure of industrial production reduces localization coefficients for other types of economic activity. The development of the fuel industry is associated with the location of the West Siberian oil and gas province on the territory of the district.
In the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, oil and gas fields related to the West Siberian oil and gas province are explored and exploited, which contains 66.7% of oil reserves (6% of the world's) and 77.8% of gas (26% world reserves).
Let us characterize the distribution of productive forces across the territories of the district: the eastern part of the Ural economic region and the Tyumen region.
Economy and economy of the Ural Federal District
The Ural Federal District is located on the border of Europe and Asia and occupies 10% of the territory of Russia. The district concentrates about 9% of Russia's population. Center - Yekaterinburg. The Urals are called gray. This is not just a poetic image - the Urals are really old. The centuries-old restructuring of the mountains, the presence of its foothills either at the bottom or on the coast of ancient seas, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and other cataclysms ultimately brought benefit to people by making the subsoil accessible. The Ural Mountains contain almost the entire Mendeleev system of elements: gold, platinum, silver, asbestos, sulfur, bauxite, iron ore, copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, vanadium, potassium and table salt, gems (malachite, jasper, amethyst), etc.
Eastern foothills (Trans-Urals), composed of igneous rocks, they are especially rich in ore minerals, primarily copper. The main copper mining in Russia takes place at the Gaisky (near Orsk), Sibaysk (near Magnitogorsk), Revdinsky, and Krasnoturinsky deposits. Copper production plants operate in Mednogorsk, Revda, Krasnouralsk, and Kirovograd.
Aluminum smelters using local bauxite are located in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Nickel plants in Orsk and Verkhny Ufaley also use local raw materials. There are several nickel ore deposits in the region.
Lipovskoe (Rezhevskoe) is one of the largest. It is currently being intensively developed.
The Urals have long been famous for their centuries-old traditions metal smelting, with roots going back to the first Demidov factories. Currently, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, and Chelyabinsk metallurgical plants are operating.
Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant "Mechel" is one of the largest iron and steel enterprises in Russia. The enterprise consists of about one hundred divisions, united into large productions: coke-chemical, sinter-blast furnace, steel-smelting, rolling, special electrometallurgy. The plant's products are supplied both to Russian enterprises and to foreign countries. This is commercial cast iron, rolled carbon, structural, tool, bearing, electrical, corrosion-resistant steels and alloys.
The Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Plant produces ferroalloys: ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, ferrosilicochrome. Half of the plant's products are exported to more than 50 countries, including the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, and Sweden.
The Chelyabinsk Electrolytic Zinc Plant is the largest zinc producer in Russia. The quality and stability of the chemical composition of non-ferrous metals produced by the plant are quite high: zinc content is 99.975%, cadmium - 99.98, indium - 99.999%.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the district are the base for factories metal-intensive mechanical engineering and chemical enterprises.
The Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant produces pipes of various diameters, including for oil and gas pipelines with a diameter of 1220 mm. The Anker metal structures plant produces equipment for coke, metallurgical, oil refining and chemical industries. It should be noted that in recent years, the Anker plant has been actively developing new projects and technologies that meet international standards. Some projects of recent years: foundry yard of a slag granulation plant (for India), a plant for the production of fuel from coal dust (for France), anchor columns of a metallurgical plant (for Finland).
The region's mechanical engineering represents tractor plant(Chelyabinsk), which is the leading enterprise of the domestic tractor industry. In addition to powerful crawler tractors, bulldozers and engineering vehicles (trench excavators, pipe layers), the plant produces mini-tractors, which are in great demand among Russian farmers.
Energy, mining and steel rolling equipment is produced in Yekaterinburg; in Kurgan - buses; in Nizhny Tagil - freight cars; in Miass - Ural trucks.
Chemical industry in the district is represented by the Oxid enterprise (Chelyabinsk), which ranks second in Russia in the production of dry zinc white (the raw materials are the products of the electrolytic zinc plant). The company also produces a wide range of anti-corrosion coatings and other chemical products for the tire, rubber, paint and varnish and pharmaceutical industries.
Currently 90% Russian gas It is mined in the north, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Urengoy, Yamburg, Medvezhye. 70% of Russian oil comes from the fields of the Middle Ob region. The largest of them is Samoglorskoye, as well as Ust-Balyk spit, Megionskoye, Fedorovskoye.