In Russian everything six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when a word has the same form in different cases.
There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.
1. Statement of the question.
Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.
Both candidates(who? – R. p.).
What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).
After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).
In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.
She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).
2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:
|
Case |
Auxiliary word |
Case question |
|
Nominative |
||
|
Genitive |
whom? what? |
|
|
Dative |
to whom? what? |
|
|
Accusative |
whom? what? |
|
|
Instrumental |
||
|
Prepositional |
speak |
about whom? about what? |
To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.
3. Replacing the singular with the plural.
To go on the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).
Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).
4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.
Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).
Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).
5. The magic word is mom.
Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – Genitive; mom U – accusative.
Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.
Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.
6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.
|
Case |
Prepositions |
|
Nominative |
|
|
Genitive |
without, at, from, to, with, from, near |
|
Dative |
|
|
Accusative |
on, for, under, through, in, about, |
|
Instrumental |
over, behind, under, with, before, between |
|
Prepositional |
in, about, about, on, at |
As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).
Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.
I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.
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Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently, correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, everyone has heard how some foreigner tries to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't succeed and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like them, you need to know grammar.
A noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. It has such unstable features as number and case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in a sentence. In this article you will learn how to determine cases of nouns, what are indirect cases, how to ask questions about them correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.
Cases
The only rule for correct modification of nouns is the correct placement of the ending in connection with the question asked. This is an easy task for native speakers, but foreigners need to remember the endings and identify them correctly.
Declensions
There is also 3 types of declination in nouns.
- First declension. Creatures name. masculine and feminine endings -a, -ya. For example, a flask, a pig.
- Second declension. Creatures name. masculine and neuter with endings -о, -е. For example, a tree, a well.
- Third declension. The name of feminine creatures with a zero ending, or ending in -ь. For example, horse, horse.
Changing nouns different declinations.
| Question | 1st declension (plural) | 2nd declension (plural) | 3rd declension (plural) | |
| Nominative pad. | who what? | tire(s), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Genitive pad. | who?, what? | tires(tyres), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Dative case. | to whom; to what? | tire(s), mother(s) | spaceship(s) | horses(horses) |
| Accusative pad. | who?, what? | tire(s), mother(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Creative downfall. | by whom?, by what? | tire(s), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Prepositional pad. | About who about what? | about the tire (about tires), about mom (about moms) | about spaceship (about spaceships) | about the horse (about horses) |
In Russian there is such a concept as indirect cases– these are all cases except the nominative.
They all have their own meaning:
Determinants
There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most effective way today is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.
Using determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, just put this word in front of the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to remember one word.
In addition, the question is of great importance for determining case. The table gives an idea of what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in the Russian language.
Cases are the foundation of Russian grammar and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But it’s very easy to remember all of them; two days of cramming is enough to remember them for the rest of your life. Good luck!
Oh, this declension... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you really rack your brain in order to remember all the unstressed endings in all kinds of cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become a little more competent!
What is declination?
Declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Let's look at the examples in the table.
The table of declension of nouns by case shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of one case or another. Accordingly, all words related to the same phrase will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing the endings of nouns in a weak position, in other words, not under stress.
How many declensions can a noun have?
The table of declension of nouns by case, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension of our language. But, as you know, he is very rich, and there are no simple rules in him. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declinations.
So, what types of declinations are there? The most common are the first, second and third declension.
A separate group consists of words that end in -ies: intent, crime, agreement, etc.
The next group are words ending with -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.
There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inflected in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called differently inflected nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as path and child are also considered indeclinable.
And finally, there are also words that cannot change either by case or number, and “look” the same in all forms. These are indeclinable, or unchangeable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.
Why do you need to be able to determine declination?
The table will tell us how to determine the declension of a noun a little later. But very often the question arises: why do this? Why remember all these cases, endings, many “special” words that need to be remembered? But here's why. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking along the path, or I'm walking along the path? What should I do? Which letter should I choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? to what?) - WINTER. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) pathE. The issue is resolved!
How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make mistakes in this rather simple question!
Nouns of 1st declension
These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in the initial form -A or -I(remember that the initial form for a noun is nominative and singular).
There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in the Russian language: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.
The table of nouns of the 1st declension will compare words with stressed and unstressed endings to show that all words of a given declension will have similar case endings.
Nouns 2nd declension
These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but “appears” in other forms) and neuter gender with the endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing by case.
As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only prepositional case forms with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.
Nouns of the 3rd declension
These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words take in different forms.
It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - And.
Nouns starting with -и, -я
The word “aspiration” is neuter, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change like words of the 1st declension. The table of declension of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.
As can be seen from the table, the words in -ies differ from words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.
Remember that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will be inclined differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.
Table of declension endings for nouns
Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings of words belonging to different declensions.
| Case | -1 cl- | -2 cl- | -3 cl- | -ies | -and I |
| I.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o, -e house, dish | |||
| R.p. | paws, bullets | home, dishes | |||
| D.p. | paw, bullet | home, dish | |||
| V.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o/-e house, dish | |||
| etc. | -oh/-ey paw, bullet | -om/-em home, dish | greatness | ||
| P.p. | about the paw, about the bullet | about the house, about the dish | about greatness |
Let's hope that no one will have any difficulty choosing the desired ending and determining the declension of nouns in the Russian language. The table explained everything in great detail.
It should be noted that -ies And -and I cannot be isolated as a separate morpheme, ending. In this case, these are simply the letters with which the word ends. such words are the topic of another article.
Declension of plural nouns (the table here is, in general, unnecessary) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest that you decline any words in the plural yourself and make sure of this.
Indeclinable nouns
There are few indeclinable words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension; in different cases they “behave” differently. These are words ending with -me(there are about ten of them), the words “path” and “child”. Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered differently indeclinable.
| I.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| R.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| D.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| V.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| etc. | rush-en-em | put-em | dit-yat-ey |
| P.p. | o strem-en-i | about the way | oh dit-yat-i |
As you can see, the word “child” is inclined in a very special way. The word "path" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like a word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like a word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending with -me, in indirect cases they acquire the suffix -en-.
You need to remember these words so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.
Unbending words
These are mostly borrowed words - coming from other languages. They can indicate the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as first or last names of people, names of objects. Having entered our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when entering a sentence. No matter what case or number such a word should be placed in, it will sound the same.
- Pour me some coffee - I admire morning coffee - we're talking about coffee.
- This is my cockatoo - I don’t have a cockatoo - give food to the cockatoo - remember the cockatoo.
- Dumas's novel - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.
It is incorrect and ignorant to inflect such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the joke phrase “I’m sitting in the first row of a movie theater with a popiroska in my tooth.” Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Declinable words must be used correctly, but indeclinable words do not need to be changed at all.
Let's sum it up
Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not a complicated process at all, which will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.
There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are also special words ending in -and I And - Yep, and a few different words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on gender and ending in the nominative case.
All words of the same declension have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. Or you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!
Words on -and I And -ies are not included in the three main groups, because they change according to cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.
You should also remember a small group of differently inflected words. Their set of endings does not coincide with any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.
And finally, inflexible words: they do not change, no matter in what context they are used. Decline words such as in a sentence cinema, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.
We hope that the article was useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as noun declension. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the correct ending will now not be difficult.
Be literate!
Changes in words in Russian by case called declination. Case-- this is a certain form of this word. There are six cases in the Russian language.
Nominative singular is the initial form of a noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral or verbal form - participle. For nouns in the nominative case we will ask questions Who? or What?: boy, tree. The nominative case usually belongs to subject in a sentence.
Genitive answers the questions whom? or what?, no boy, no tree.
Dative answers the questions to whom? or what? I'll give it to the boy, I'll give it to the tree.
Accusative answers the questions whom? ** or ** what? I see a boy, a tree.
IN instrumental case nouns we will ask questions by whom? or how?, admiring the boy, the tree.
IN prepositional case valid questions to a noun about whom? or about what?, I think about the boy, about the tree.
Case, in Russian, is a category of grammar that interacts nouns with other words in a text or sentence. Cases directly depend on the inflected noun to one degree or another, and, as a rule, the endings of these words change. There are six cases in total in the Russian language, namely:
1) nominative (answers the questions: who? or what?)
2) genitive (answers the questions: whom? or what?)
3) dative (answers questions to whom? or what?)
4) accusative (answers the questions: who? or what?)
5) instrumental (answers the questions: by whom? or with what?)
6) prepositional (answers the questions: about whom? or about what?)
In Russian, case is a grammatical category that is used to express the attitude towards an object denoted by a noun. There are 6 cases in modern Russian. Here is a table where you can see all the cases, as well as their endings for various genders in the singular and plural.
Case is a grammatical category characteristic of nouns and adjectives. Words can change by case and this change is called declension. That is, nouns (and adjectives) are declined according to cases. This declension depends on other words that stand next to the given word and determine its case.
There are a total of 6 cases in the Russian language:
Nominative - who?/what? - friend, bag
Genitive - who?/what? - friend, bags
Dative - to whom?/what? - friend, bag
Accusative - who?/what? - friend, bag
Creative - by whom?/what? - friend, bag
Prepositional - about whom?/about what? - about a friend, about a bag
Case in the Russian language is a separate grammatical category through which one expresses one’s attitude towards an object. In general, there are cases determined based on the questions asked, but here is the table:
Pay attention to auxiliary words that help determine case.
The one presented below will allow you to study and remember such an important topic in the Russian language as case.
Case is the form of a word, when the word changes according to cases - inflected.
But not all parts of speech can have a case and are declined according to cases.
For example, we can decline nouns, adjectives, pronouns, but we do not decline verbs by case.
There are only six cases in the Russian language, each case has its own questions for animate and inanimate objects, and also has different endings for the singular and plural.
Table of cases of the Russian language with questions and examples below:
Case is the form of a word in which it is used in Russian. There are six cases in the Russian language and each of them is characterized by its own formulation of the question to which it answers. Here is a table of cases with prepositions and endings used -
Case is the grammatical basis of a word, shows the syntactic role of the word and links words into sentences. To change by case means to inflect a word.
In order for sentences to be logically connected and nouns to be easily perceived, numeral adjectives must take the necessary form. To do this, you need to be able to decline correctly, and here we turn to CASE for help.
Nouns are very widely represented in the Russian language. They can act as main and secondary members of a sentence. By using noun cases, speakers and writers can relate these parts of speech to others in the context of a sentence. Another category of a noun is directly related to cases - its declension. By the way, the spelling correctness of what is written depends on the correct definition of which.
Case category
The case of nouns is a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation and even word order.
In modern Russian there are only 6 case forms.
Case name | Noun case questions | |
Nominative | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |
Dative | To whom? Why? | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | |
Instrumental | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? |
Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance during the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remain in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the address: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.
The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative
In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns have a lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.
Nominative. This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case there is always a subject, as well as a word in them. p. can be an integral part of the predicate.
Example: The roses bloomed on time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.
Another example: This tree is birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).
Meanings of the genitive case
Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:
- a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
- affiliation: mom's shoes b;
- object of some action: boiling water;
- definition relations: beauty of the fields.
The genitive case is used for the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (who?) a bull. With a cardinal number: thousand (what?) rubles.
As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:
- denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: write out a receipt;
- used after verbs such as to fear, to achieve, to lose me and others: seek (what?) permission.
The genitive case is used when reporting an exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.
Meanings of the dative and accusative cases
Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. Thus, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).
The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: I'm writing a poem.
Instrumental and prepositional cases
A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:
- weapon or method of action: punch (with what?)(way), hit (with what?) with a hammer(weapon);
- subject performing the action: written (by whom?) by mother; washed with (what?) a rag;
- is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (what?) a doctor.
The prepositional case is special, as is clear from its name. It always requires a preposition. May refer to:
- topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about Goethe's work; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
- temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
- used to indicate a date, but not a full date, but indicating the year: I was born (when?) in nineteen ninety.
Declension of nouns
To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a primary role. There are three types of declension in the Russian language, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender must be known first.
Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and endings -а/-я. Also included in these declensions are the few masculine nouns: Vitya, grandfather, dad. In addition to gender, they are united by the endings -a/-я.
The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a zero ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.
If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will belong to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.
Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change by case like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, greeting.
To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.
For example, let’s determine the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was riding on flat ground.
Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word has 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by area depends on the word was driving. We ask a question: drove (where?) around the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. Terrain- feminine, ending in b, therefore the third declension.
Declension of singular nouns
To determine with what ending you need to write a noun, you must know gender, number, case and declension. Declension can be hard or soft: a word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.
Let's give examples of declension of singular nouns and pay attention to endings in some forms.
First declension
Solid type | Soft type | ||
Nominative | Provocation |
||
Genitive | Provocations |
||
Dative | Provocations |
||
Accusative | Provocation |
||
Instrumental | Provocation |
||
Prepositional | About provocation |
Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun ending in -iya, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.
Second declension
Masculine | Neuter gender |
||||
Solid type | Solid type | Soft type | |||
Nominative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Prepositional | |||||
Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -й/-и, then it is necessary to write -и in this case.
Third declension
We pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after sibilants in the singular in this declension it is necessary to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.
Declension of plural nouns
Let's look at the cases of plural nouns.
1st declension | 2nd declension | 3rd declension |
|||
Solid type | Soft type | Masculine | Neuter gender | ||
Nominative | Pots | ||||
Genitive | Pans | ||||
Dative | Pictures | Pots | |||
Accusative | Pots | ||||
Instrumental | Paintings | Pots | Barracks | ||
Prepositional | About the paintings | About pans | About the barracks | ||
Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.
The endings -и/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be found in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.
To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).
Nouns like treaties, elections, engineers, officers, designers You only need to write with the ending -ы. A different inflection is a violation of the norm.
Indeclinable nouns
The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing by case, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.
Singular | Plural |
|||
Nominative | stirrups | |||
Genitive | stirrups | |||
Dative | stirrups | stirrups | ||
Accusative | stirrups | |||
Instrumental | stirrup | stirrups | ||
Prepositional | about the stirrup | about stirrups | ||
Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.
Immutable nouns
Another special group of nouns is unchangeable. They are not put in number and case form. They always have the same form: without kimono(R.p.) - about kimono(P.p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).
How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? We look at the number and case according to the word to which it refers. Examples:
1. Pedestrians were hurrying along the new highway.
2. New highways have been built.
In the first sentence we determine the number and case of the adjective new(units, d.p.). In the second - also by adjective new(plural, im.p.).
Unchangeable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( citro, cafe), and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also unchangeable. For example: Computer, nuclear power plant.