Punctuation marks are a necessary element of the written form of Russian speech. A modern test cannot be recorded without punctuation marks and cannot be reproduced normally. Punctuation marks provide the writer and reader with an unambiguous understanding of the sentence and text.

The purpose of punctuation marks is to convey the syntactic and semantic division of the text, as well as the main structural features of the intonation of the sentence. The transfer of intonation structure is not an end in itself; its elements insofar as they participate in the syntactic and semantic division of the text. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning and intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, semantic to the structural.

Sometimes punctuation marks act as duplicate indicators of division in the presence of special linguistic means - conjunctions, allied words, as well as connective particles. The use of punctuation marks is governed by rules that are mandatory and identical for all speakers and writers.

The following punctuation marks are used in Russian punctuation: period, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, parentheses, quotation marks. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by paragraph indentation, or a red line.

Punctuation marks in the modern punctuation system of the Russian language have functions assigned to them. They either separate parts of the text from each other, or highlight any segments within parts.

In accordance with this, there are two main functions of punctuation marks:

departments;

discharge.

These functions are often complicated by more specific, semantic-distinguishing functions.

The main functions of all punctuation marks, as well as their semantic distinguishing functions, are described in the set of rules of Russian punctuation.

Punctuation marks with separating function

The separating marks are period, exclamation and question marks, semicolon, colon, ellipsis, paragraph (in this case the term is used to mean paragraph indentation).

Separating punctuation marks divide written text into semantically and grammatically significant parts. Close functionally are the symbols comma (separator), semicolon, period. Their difference is often only “quantitative”: they record pauses of varying degrees of duration, “semantically, the parts divided by commas and semicolons are less independent, they represent segments within one sentence; the dot denotes the completeness of the thought.” These signs are used when listing syntactically equivalent parts of the text: members of a sentence, parts of a sentence (comma and semicolon), individual sentences (period). For example, a comma: “between homogeneous members: And here a fresh wind blows, smelling of the river, resin, the mysterious spirit of damp wood...”.

Features of the use of semicolons are associated with its graphic originality. Being a connection of a period and a comma, it is used as a sign, as it were, “intermediate” between them. The semicolon is used, on the one hand, to simply more clearly, more noticeably indicate the boundary between very common components of a sentence, within which there are other punctuation marks; on the other hand, to emphasize the relative semantic independence of the parts (“There were no passers-by; the windows of the palace were dark; the sentry at the entrance stood motionless, wrapped in a sheepskin coat, with a gun stuck to his side”)

The qualitative similarity of the listed signs is easily understood by comparing examples designed differently:

• 1) The crowd suddenly rushed forward and separated us. Hats and caps flew into the air. A furious "hurray" exploded near the podium. (K.G. Paustovsky).
• 2) The crowd suddenly rushed forward and separated us, hats and caps flew into the air, a frantic “hurray” exploded near the podium.

The general functional significance of these signs and at the same time their difference in the degree of text division they indicate make it possible to use them in complex sentences as a certain gradation system. For example: “Fences ran across the cleared area, stacks and haystacks became, small smoky yurts grew; finally, like a victory banner, on a hill from the middle of the village a bell tower shot up to the sky.” This non-union complex sentence has four syntactically equivalent parts, but the first three are separated by commas, and the fourth is separated by a semicolon; This arrangement of signs makes it possible, firstly, to emphasize the greater semantic cohesion of the first three parts of the sentence and, secondly, the isolation and semantic independence of the fourth part of the sentence. In addition, such signs are justified from the point of view of the structural organization of the sentence: the first three have a common member that unites them into a single whole - in a cleared place, and in the fourth part there is an introductory word, and finally, its attribution to this part of the sentence is only possible when there is a semicolon separating the preceding part of the text.

A single comma, like a semicolon, always stands between syntactically equivalent parts of text or word forms that are equivalent in syntactic function.

Punctuation marks with special function

Emphasis marks include brackets and quotation marks, commas and dashes when used in pairs. In this case, parentheses and quotation marks are invariably used in pairs. The remaining punctuation marks are used on both sides of the highlighted component if it is located in the middle of the sentence.

If it is at the beginning or end of a sentence, then a comma, a dash or (sometimes) a combination of a comma and a dash are used once - after the highlighted phrase or before it. For example, the use of commas that highlight separate phrases at the beginning and end of a sentence: “Looking at the clouds, I remembered all the last days spent on the schooner.”

Their purpose is to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence; Such commas are used for isolation, for highlighting addresses, introductory constructions, and interjections.

The most common punctuation mark is the comma - the most “neutral” among other marks used in the middle of a sentence. Emphatic commas sharply diverge in function from periods and semicolons; in this case, they are included in a different system of punctuation meanings, those that are characteristic of emphases, in particular the paired dash and parentheses. For example:

commas for isolation: I spent the night somewhere on the outskirts, in a penny hotel, and left Sevastopol early in the morning (I.A. Bunin);

commas with introductory words and introductory sentences: Yesterday, they say, someone’s hunt passed us along the high road to the outgoing field, along with the hunt of young Tolstoys (I.A. Bunin);

commas when addressing: Indeed, Petya, tell the singer, let him serve the samovar (Gorky);

commas highlighting subordinate clauses: Some who stood closer reluctantly pulled off their hats (A.N. Tolstoy);

Here a new gradation is observed: commas, dashes, parentheses (commas highlight parts of the sentence that are less significant and complex; dashes - parts that are more significant and common; parentheses - especially sharply exclude parts from the composition of the sentence). For example, the use of emphases and parentheses, commas and dashes, dashes and parentheses:

• 1) The lower part of the face protruded somewhat forward, revealing the ardor of a passionate nature, but the tramp (based on some characteristic, although difficult to discern, signs, I immediately assumed that my guest was a tramp) had long been accustomed to restraining this ardor (V.G. Korolenko);
• 2) Nowhere in all of Russia - and I have traveled quite a bit in all directions - have I not listened to such deep, complete, perfect silence as in Balaklava (K.G. Paustovsky);
• 3) He became sad, taciturn, and the external traces of Baku life - premature old age - remained with Green forever (K.G. Paustovsky).

The distinctive role of such signs is especially clearly revealed when they are interchangeable. For example: Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty (the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev-Zaimishche) just as he listened to Denisov (L.N. Tolstoy). - Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty, the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev-Zaimishche, also...

The fact that parentheses are the most powerful disabling sign in comparison with commas and even dashes is confirmed by the possibility of using them not only inside sentences, but also in paragraphs. As an emphatic mark, they are used in syntactic units larger than a sentence. For example: Eight minutes to five. All the cadets are ready, dressed up for the ball. (“What a stupid word,” thinks Alexandrov, ““dressed up.” It’s as if they dressed us up in Spanish costumes.”) The gloves were washed and dried by the fireplace (A.I. Kuprin).

Quotation marks also serve as emphasis. The quotation marks are:

direct speech.

words not used in their usual meaning; words used ironically; words proposed for the first time or, conversely, outdated and unusual, etc. For example: In our country, as I have already said, a kind of pathetic, childish reverence for authors still reigns in literature to this day: in literature we highly honor the “table of ranks” and are afraid to speak out loud the truth about “high-ranking persons” (In G. Belinsky);

names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, ships, etc., which are conventional names. For example: As I remember now, the first thing I read was: “Pompadours and pompadours” (A. Karavaeva).

Multifunctional punctuation marks

As for such single signs as ellipses, colons and dashes, they, along with the general separating function, also perform a variety of semantic functions: they “fix certain semantic relationships that arise between parts of a sentence under the influence of a specific communicative task.”

Ellipsis is a sign that conveys understatement of thought, reticence, as well as intermittency and even difficulty in speech, for example: “Yes, life...” he said, after a pause and throwing a new log into the fire (V.G. Korolenko); He... don’t think... He’s not a thief or anything... just... (V.G. Korolenko).

An ellipsis can also convey the significance of what is said, indicate subtextual content, the hidden meaning contained in the text.

The colon is a sign warning of further clarification and clarification. The colon is used:

• a) after a generalizing word before the list of homogeneous members;
• b) in a non-union complex sentence, when its first part is specified;
• c) in a non-union complex sentence before the second part, revealing the reason for certain actions or states;
• d) in non-union complex sentences with explanatory relations - when the second part reveals the content of speech, thought, perception;
• e) after the author’s words before direct speech (essentially, in the same function as in non-union complex sentences with explanatory relations).

The explanatory function of the colon is specified by the following meanings: causality, justification, disclosure of content, specification of the general concept. For example:

I howled in pain and rushed at the Greek, but could not hit him even once: some two guys from the same company jumped up and grabbed my hands from behind (V. Voinovich);

The dash is a very meaningful sign. The breadth of its use in modern publications indicates a certain universalization of this sign. However, there are patterns in its use. “A dash, first of all, means all kinds of omissions - the omission of a connective in the predicate, omissions of sentence members in incomplete and elliptical sentences, omissions of adversative conjunctions; the dash, as it were, compensates for these omitted words - “preserves” their place.” For example: Great snipe - a free bird (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin); Ilyusha - to the gate, but his mother’s voice was heard from the window (A.I. Goncharov); Not to the skies of a foreign homeland - I composed songs for my homeland (N.A. Nekrasov).

A dash conveys the meaning of condition, time, comparison, consequence in cases where these meanings are not expressed lexically, that is, by conjunctions. For example: If he wanted it, the guy and Tanya would feel bad (V.F. Panova); I woke up - my great-grandmother was not there (V.F. Panova); Says the words - the nightingale sings.

The dash can also be called a sign of “surprise” - semantic, intonation, composition. For example: No one was allowed to see Tanya - only letters were sent to her in a stream (V.G. Zernova) (unexpected accession); What do you regret now - I believe (K.M. Simonov) (unusual arrangement of explanatory clause); Many times I sat on a tree under a fence, expecting that they would call me to play with them, but they did not call (M. Gorky) (unexpected result).

Finally, a dash is also capable of conveying purely emotional meaning: the dynamism of speech, sharpness, and the speed of change of events. For example: A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness (V.G. Korolenko); By evening the wave subsided - and the sunset flared up in the west (K.G. Paustovsky); Let's cross the stream along the oak tree - and into the swamp (M.M. Prishvin).

Question and exclamation marks mark the end of a sentence and also convey interrogative and exclamatory intonation. With their help, the writer expresses his attitude to the conveyed content.

The combination of question and exclamation marks in any position expresses various shades of protest, bewilderment, and irony. For example, Gorky is cunning?! He is not cunning, but simple-minded to the point of insanity. He does not understand anything in real life - he is childish (K. Chukovsky).

Specific peripheral functions are performed by question and exclamation marks, highlighted by brackets or dashes in the middle of a sentence. An exclamation mark most often serves as a means of expressively emphasizing a certain part of a sentence, a question mark - alone or in combination with an exclamation mark - expresses bewilderment, disbelief, irony, surprise. In this role, a question mark can even be used separately, conveying in the dialogue only the very fact of surprise or bewilderment of one of the interlocutors. In oral speech, it must be matched by gestures and facial expressions that express these emotions. For example: They treated us to ham sandwiches (!), sweet cheese rounds, tea and chocolate (K. Chukovsky).

Punctuation is a branch of the science of language that studies the norms of use of punctuation marks. Punctuation marks developed gradually in the history of the Russian language and acquired their modern appearance only by the 19th century. Ancient writings also used punctuation marks, but they were very different from modern ones. For example, a period was used in the middle of a line. The period corresponded to the modern comma. The quarter dot, or “imaginary cross,” corresponded to the dot. Moreover, in ancient times texts were written together, letter by letter. Since the 15th century, separate spelling has become increasingly common; a punctuation mark appears that we also use, but for us it is an “empty space,” that is, a space. Ancient scribes characterized it as follows: “Ice is moving apart, or parting, or breaking through. And it is placed in the Divine Scriptures in the lines between the words (words), the hollow space is moved apart, so that the words do not become intertwined.” The punctuation also included a sign of transference, or end-transfer; according to Meletiy Smotritsky - “unit”, which goes “from line to line”, not dividing, but connecting the word. In Church Slavonic, punctuation marks are very similar to modern ones. Only the question mark differs from modern punctuation marks. In Church Slavonic graphics it is a punctuational Greekism.

In modern linguistics, punctuation is a science, a linguistic discipline about punctuation marks, their composition, meanings and rules for their use. Punctuation is also understood as a set of punctuation marks. The term punctuation comes from the Latin word “punctum”, which means “point”. Punctuation, therefore, literally means “the science of dots.” The word punctuation as part of the term punctuation marks is of original Russian origin. Outside of this term, it means “obstacle.” Comma and punctuation are words of the same root. The main and most significant difference between punctuation marks and other writing signs is functional: punctuation marks do not indicate speech sounds and are not part of “written” words. In relation to words, writing signs are generally divided into three main groups: 1) intra-word - letters 2) “word” signs - numbers 3) inter-word - these are precisely punctuation marks.

How many punctuation marks are there in Russian? The ten punctuation marks are as follows: periods, commas, colons, ellipses, semicolons, ellipses, dashes, question marks, exclamation marks, parentheses, and quotation marks. The following signs are added to them: a single bracket: for example: 1)... 2)... or a)... b)... etc.) ; a footnote sign, usually in the form of an asterisk (*) (this sign is also called an asterix, from the Greek Aster - “star”). Following the paragraph, other signs of division of the text are sometimes included in punctuation marks: chapters, various kinds of spaces, etc., but this is not yet widely accepted. Separately, it is necessary to say about the hyphen. First of all, it must be strictly distinguished from a dash: they differ in style (the hyphen is 2-3 times shorter: (-), (--) and functionally: the dash is exclusively a punctuation sign, and the hyphen has 2 or 3 different functions. Main the function of the hyphen is orthographic: it forms a semi-continuous spelling of some words: in our opinion, in an adult way, someone, someone, someone, firstly, secondly, etc., within the limits of spelling the hyphen; is used as a sign for transferring words from one line to another: se-stra, sister-tra or sister-ra. But a hyphen can also be a punctuation sign - it can stand between the defined noun and a single application: Masha-rezvushka, Anika-warrior, Western rogue. , old fisherman, old mother, spring beauty, Ossetian cab driver, etc.

Recently, in some scientific texts, a single oblique line—a fractional bar—has often begun to be used in the meaning of the conjunction or, in particular when dividing the conjunctions and, or: and/or, i.e. Next comes the text, which can either be attached to the previous text, or be in a divisive relationship with it. The fractional line in this meaning is also a punctuation mark. This function also uses parentheses. Let's give an example of such brackets: Chapters and paragraphs in books have, as a rule, “an independent number and (or) title” (according to the Dictionary of Publishing Terms). Instead of parentheses, you can use a slash here; “independent number and/or title.” The fractional slash is listed in the Morse code symbol system. In general, the following “alphabet” of punctuation marks is obtained (pay attention to the order in which they are listed):

• dot (.),
• colon (:),
• ellipses (….),
• semicolon (;),
• comma (,),
• commas (,),
• quotation marks: a) paws (“,”) b) Christmas trees (“”),
• question mark (?),
• Exclamation point (!),
• hyphen or dash (in punctuation role) (--),
• dash (--),
• double dash (---),
• slash (/),
• bracket ()),
• brackets: (),
• footnotes (*),
• paragraph, or indentation.

Punctuation marks are symbols used to format text. Why are punctuation marks needed? In a written text they perform the functions of separating and highlighting semantic parts, sentences, phrases and words, and also indicate the relationship between the elements of the text, their completeness, emotional coloring and intonation. Punctuation marks make text clearer and easier to understand when reading.

Without a correct understanding of why punctuation marks are needed, you cannot write an essay, all the thoughts in it will be mixed up, and you will end up with a real incoherent verbal mess. Let's talk about each sign separately. So, why do we need punctuation?

Dot

In writing it is used to complete sentences and separate one sentence from another “It's raining outside. I decided to stay home today.", and to shorten the words "etc. - and so on".

Ellipsis

Used to indicate a pause or unfinished thought: “Yes, I keep thinking about how things could have turned out, what would have happened to us... Why did you ask me about this right now?” It is also used to indicate pauses, during a sharp transition from one action to another: “He listened silently... Suddenly he jumped up sharply and began to say that he did not agree and would never do what he was told.”

Exclamation mark

It completes the sentence and denotes emotional coloring - excitement, surprise, anger, intense joy and much more, depending on the context of the sentence itself: “Hurry! Otherwise we will be late! An exclamation point can be placed not only at the end of a sentence, it can be used to highlight addresses: “Gentlemen! We're starting soon" or after the interjection: "Ah! I’m so sorry!”

Question mark

It is usually placed at the end of a sentence and expresses a question or doubt: “Why do we need GIA (state final certification) punctuation marks? Are they an integral attribute of correct written speech or a formality? The answer to this question, of course, is that without the correct use of punctuation marks, it is impossible to write correctly.

Comma

It is used inside a sentence to separate its parts from each other (homogeneous members of a sentence, participial and participial phrases, simple sentences as part of complex ones, and much more. “The sun was shining so brightly that even insects were in a hurry to hide from it” - a complex sentence. “Only having reached before work, I remembered that I left all the documents at home” - an adverbial phrase and a complex sentence.

Colon

It is placed inside a sentence and means that the part before it is connected with the part after it. When listing, a colon is placed after the generalizing word “And how many flowers there were: irises, daffodils, chrysanthemums, gerberas, lilies and roses!” A colon separates the author’s words from direct speech: “I thought: “What if something goes wrong?” A colon is also used in a complex sentence if one of the parts complements or explains the second: “He made this decision quickly, without thinking, he had reasons for it: he knew it was right.”

Dash

Used within a sentence and often replaces missing words or conjunctions. “A loving family is true happiness”, the subject and predicate are nouns, a dash is used instead of the missing word “it”. Also, a dash is used to indicate direct speech: “That’s exactly what I wanted to tell you,” she said and, after a pause, added, “but you never listened to me.”

Semicolon

Placed in a sentence if it has many components and commas, to separate parts: “The sun's glare jumped everywhere, reflecting from the water surface; who would have thought that such weather could exist in the middle of autumn.”

This is why punctuation marks are needed - they help to structure a sentence and highlight its individual parts. Why do we need copyright punctuation? They help to formulate a thought and draw the reader’s attention to precisely the moment that he considers the most important, even if, according to the rules, such an arrangement of signs is impossible.

Punctuation – This

1) punctuation system;

2) norms and rules for the use of punctuation marks, historically developed in Russian writing;

3) a section of linguistics that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their use in writing.

The main purpose of punctuation is to facilitate the reader’s understanding of the written text, its structure, syntactic and semantic. Text written without punctuation is read three to five times slower than formatted text. (Lecant)

At the heart of the word punctuation lies the root -five-, from which words such as comma, kick, obstacle etc. All these words contain, to one degree or another, the meaning of obstacle, barrier, situation, delay. Likewise, punctuation marks coincide with stops in speech, with intonation, with the transition to a new thought, to a new concept.

PUNCTUATION RULE

A punctuation rule is an instruction that specifies the conditions for choosing a punctuation mark (i.e., its use or non-use). The conditions for choosing a punctuation mark are the grammatical, semantic and intonation features of sentences and their parts.

Note. The place in the sentence where punctuation is necessary can be found by identifying features (signs). Identification signs of the use of punctuation rules:

1) morphological: the presence of participles, gerunds, interjections, conjunctions, individual particles;

2) syntactic: the presence of two or more grammatical stems, addresses, introductory words, isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, foreign speech;

3) sound: pronunciation with vocative and other types of intonations;

4) semantic: expression of reason, etc.

(M.T. Baranov, T. Kostyaeva... Handbook of the Russian language for students)

PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION

1. Intonation principle. (L.V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.A. Bulakhovsky) punctuation marks are indicators of the rhythm and melody of speech. (Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, in some cases ellipsis, etc.. (...)

The warm wind blowing from the south died down.

A sharp wind blowing from the west suddenly suddenly quiet.

2. Syntactic (grammatical) principle.(Ya. K. Grot) punctuation marks make the syntactic structure of speech clear, highlight individual sentences and their parts. This is reflected in the wording of most of the punctuation rules:

as a period, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence (when their delimiting role is meant); signs that highlight various constructions, but are not grammatically related to it, i.e., are not its members (introductory words, combinations of words and sentences; insertions, addresses; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with dependent words, standing immediately after the word being defined or torn from it by other members of the sentence (...)

3. Logical (semantic) principle. Punctuation ensures understanding of the text. (But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division, that is, the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.

For example: Three people in front of a photo, tense(I. Ilf).

The three in front of the photo are tense.

The semantic principle in the placement of punctuation marks is revealed especially clearly when isolation, as well as with connecting members of the sentence (...) Specific semantic shades fixed in a sentence can (...) vary, and therefore in punctuation, based on such a principle, there is always something subjective, individual (...)

CONCLUSIONS: all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity (...) It is now possible to single out separate principles only conditionally, for the convenience of study (...)

Thus, if we consider that syntactic units of speech are created in order to convey thoughts and emotions, then the combination of the action of all three principles in a single punctuation system will become obvious. (Valgina)

Intonation and punctuation are children of the same father - the meaning of speech.

Some cases of intonation and punctuation mismatch

1) There is no pause, but there is a comma:

He made several jumps, but, realizing that he could not catch up with them, he fell behind.

It’s strange for us to hear that if a person gets sick, he should have money for a doctor.

When they found out what had happened, they arrived immediately.

Conclusion: writing “by ear” is a source of errors.

2) There is a pause, but there is no comma.

A clearing cut through a centuries-old pine forest went far beyond the horizon.

Back in the fall, the Nazis burned the village for contacting the partisans.

And sailing to other lands on sea water, you will not find another Russia like this anywhere.

Punctuation marks and their functions.

11 punctuation marks:

period (.), question mark (?), exclamation mark (!),

ellipsis (...), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:),

dash (-), parentheses (parentheses) (), quotation marks ("") paragraph (red line)

Functions of the salary:

Separating (dot, ?, !, ;, …, :, red line) – separate text segments from each other

Emphasis (parentheses, quotation marks, single dashes and commas)

FUNCTIONS OF PUNCTION MARKS

Punctuation is an important means of formatting written speech. Punctuation marks indicate semantic , structural and intonation division of speech. It is known that punctuation marks not only organize written text to facilitate its perception by the reader, but also directly convey part of the information contained in the text. In particular, sometimes punctuation, by eliminating ambiguity, serves as the only available means of choosing the correct interpretation of the text.

According to its functions First of all, the signs are different separating (dividing)(period; question mark, exclamation mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and highlighting (two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks).

ellipses

An ellipsis can be a "pause" in the unfolding of a sentence and can end a sentence.

The ellipsis, along with the general separating function, has a number of specific, varied meanings, which most often reflect the emotional coloring of speech.

The ellipsis conveys understatement, reticence, interruption of thought, and often its difficulty caused by great emotional stress.

An ellipsis can convey the significance of what was said, indicate subtext, hidden meaning.

With the help of ellipsis, the author, as it were, signals the reader about his feelings, impressions, asks to pay attention to the next word or the previous one, to what is written (to unexpected or particularly important information), conveys the hero’s excitement, etc.

An ellipsis is a punctuation mark in the form of three dots placed side by side. In most cases it indicates an unfinished thought or pause.

Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) and their forms. You can’t do without knowing the parts of speech in the Russian language.

Firstly, a person’s written literacy depends on knowledge of the parts of speech, because many spelling rules are based on the ability to determine the part of speech of a specific word. For example, the use of a soft sign at the end of a word after a sibilant depends primarily on what part of speech the word is. If this is a noun of the 3rd declension, then “b” is written at the end (daughter, luxury, etc.), and if it is, say, a short adjective, then “b” is not written (mighty, dense). Or the noun “burn” is written with the vowel “o” after the sibilant at the root, and the verb “burn” is written with the vowel “e”.

Secondly, knowledge of parts of speech forms a person’s punctuation literacy. For example, such a part of speech as an interjection (oh, ah, well, etc.) is always highlighted in writing with commas.

Thus, morphology is a very important section of the science of language.