How did Babylon perish? The Rise and Fall of Ancient Babylon

I. The Rising of Babylon

In the hot desert of Mesopotamia

On the banks of the Euphrates River

Once upon a time there lived a carefree people,

Built the great city.

There they praised one goddess,

And like a great shrine,

Worshipers of that goddess

Serving with love and war,

Like the secret center of her land

A beautiful city has been built.

Over the abyss of the Euphrates waters

They erected the blue gates,

And the wonder animals at the gates

Like maternal care

Kings were given to those

Who brought success to the city?

II. King Belshazzar

As it says on the gate walls,

Debauchery reigned in that city:

The more women, hops, wines

The happier sir.

Ishtar herself ruled there,

And with her King Utsur-Bel-Shar,

Known to everyone as Belshazzar.

A ruler immersed in a feast

I was always drunk. Half a hundred lire

They played for him in the halls

And they all served Belshazzar.

The king was knowledgeable in sciences

He knew what he was doing in a year

The moon rotates across the sky,

Venus knew the metamorphoses,

And rosebuds are sacrificed to her

He personally brought it to the temple,

To find the source of strength again.

This could go on forever:

Freedom, joy and carelessness,

However, his enemy did not sleep

And he approached Babylon.

Yes, only the murmur of enemy forces

I couldn't hear you over the songs.

III. Belshazzar's feast

Celebrating the great holiday

Without noticing anything around,

The ruler ordered to bring

Holy cups from the lands,

Where they praised another god

Severe and angry towards people.

And drinking from that cup,

Cursing her design is simple,

The last Babylonian king

Swore allegiance to Ishtar:

“You alone are my only God,

Goddess of love and valor!

Jehovah! Get away from my walls

Your stern face is dangerous,

But no matter how cruel you are,

I am the king and god in Babylon,

And I myself punish cruelly,

We don't need another god."

And at this very moment

The text on the walls is his vision,

MenE me, - that text read, -

And also – tekel uparsin.

What did it mean – “don’t be afraid - again,

The deity will return - love.

At the hour when eras change,

And the God-Child will enter the halls,

All the gods will return, rejoicing.”

This is how Belshazzar understood the inscription.

Visions on the walls of the hall,

We opened many eyes there.

IV. Traitor from Judea and capture of the palace

At that time he was staying in the palace

A faithful assistant to enemy forces.

He was considered a sorcerer

And an expert on the meaning of dreams.

When those bowls were brought

From Jehovah's land

Arrived disguised as an astronomer

Many days' journey from home.

He heard the king curse Jehovah,

When I was recently feasting.

And of course, scolding

For the insolence of Belshasr, he

He planned to overthrow Babylon,

So that the religion is different

From now on reigned in him

Death for the king, captivity for the goddess.

And more and more indignant,

Devotedly conjuring to Jehovah,

He said to the king: “There I see

Words: “As soon as dawn

Touches the roof of Babylon,

Moans will be heard everywhere,

And you will be executed like a beast.”

Utsur drove him out the door,

And he didn’t believe a word

Knowing full well the enemy’s malice.

Belshazzar was looking only for passion,

He kissed Ishtar again,

Touching her cheeks

The last gift of the former paradise

He ate greedily and with interest.

And at the very moment when in front of him

Truth and peace have been revealed,

And the joy of being alive,

The ghosts of another burst in,

And the ringing of rapiers was heard.

V. The Murder of Belshazzar

The sorcerer sprinkled gold into his hand

To the traitor - the priest of Marduk.

And the priest opened the gates,

He clearly nodded at the castle,

Pointing - there is a king

And also copper and cinnabar.

To the bloody warriors of Persia

Said: “You will save Marduk,

Overthrow only the temple of Ishtar,

And King Bel-Shar will perish with her.”

Enemies burst into the hour of pleasure,

Having destroyed the barriers before you,

They broke the bowls, the temple

Wine splashed in the corners.

They took the women and slaves,

The king's spears were pressed against the wall,

Having torn the crown from his head,

The regent was killed - alas.

VI. Speech of Cyrus and the prophecy of the goddess

The Great Cyrus killed him,

Persian king. Continuing the feast,

He went out to the priests and said:

“War is coming for hundreds of years,

The goddess has disappeared - she

Bent by the burdens of slavery,

You can't get to Babylon

To her from the Persepolis sands -

Eastern golden shackles.

There will be no heaven - Jehovah

Will rise over the world very soon

Also known as Allah,

Ahura-Mazda, Krishna... collapse

Came to the sanctuary of the goddess,

She was sent to the desert

Tempt orphan monks

Jump around the hills like a goat,

This Tsar-city will perish in the mud..."

And here are the most ancient shrines,

They are still buried there

In the abyss of the watery depths

Blessed Euphrates

And only alien soldiers

Year after year they steal crumbs,

Traces of the last eras

in which he was famous -

Holy city Babylon.

But no, Ishtar's prophecy

It's about to come true, Bel-Shar

Will regain its former strength,

And a new era will come,

When a beautiful goddess

He won't leave us anymore.

Marduk, Jehovah, Allah

Will forever turn to dust.

Each king will be a magician.

Each prophecy was fulfilled uniquely. Taken together, biblical prophecies provide grounds for viewing history as one multifaceted process.

One of the most unusual prophecies in the Bible concerns the fate of the ancient city of Babylon. The fate of Babylon amazes modern scientists.

The mysterious city of Babylon, the capital of the ancient world, the center of the Babylonian Empire, where trade, education, culture and much more flourished, was also the subject of some prophecies.

Scriptures and Dating (Prophecies)

(783-704 BC)

Isaiah 13:
19. And Babylon, the beauty of the kingdom, the pride of the Chaldeans,
Will be overthrown by God, like Sodom and Gomorrah.
20. Will never be settled,
And from generation to generation there will be no inhabitants in it.
The Arabian will not pitch his tent,
And the shepherds and their flocks will not rest there.
21. But the beasts of the desert will dwell in it,
And the houses will be filled with eagle owls;
And the ostriches will settle in,
And the shaggy ones will jump there.
22. Jackals will howl in their palaces,
And hyenas - in houses of entertainment.

Isaiah 14:
1. His time is near, And his days will not slow down.

Isaiah 14:
23. And I will make it a land of hedgehogs and swamps,
And I will sweep it away with a destroying broom.
The Lord of hosts speaks.

(626-586 BC)

Jeremiah 51:
26. And they will not take from you a cornerstone,
And a foundation stone.
But you will forever be desolate,
The Lord speaks.
43. Its cities became empty,
A dry land, a steppe, a land where no one lives
no one,
And where the son of man does not pass.

Predictions.

1. Babylon will be like Sodom and Gomorrah (Isa. 13:19).
2. Will never be inhabited again (Jer. 51:26; Isa. 13:20).
3. The Arabs will not pitch their tents there (Isa. 13:20).
4. No sheep will graze there (Isa. 13:20).
5. The beasts of the desert will inhabit the ruins of Babylon (Isa. 13:21).
6. The stones of Babylon will not be used for building work (Jer. 51:26).
7. Few will visit the ruins (Jer. 51:43).
8. Babylon will be covered with swamps (Isa. 14:23).

Specific fulfillment of prophecies

The above history of Babylon has already given us some examples of the concrete fulfillment of biblical predictions.

Babylon was indeed destroyed and became "like Sodom and Gomorrah." Note that this prediction (1) does not say that Babylon will perish in the same way as these two cities, dwelling only on its fate after the destruction.

Austin Layard gives a vivid picture of contemporary Babylon, compares it with Sodom and Gomorrah, and also recalls other prophecies. “The place where Babylon stood became a bare and terrible desert.

Will never be inhabited again (Jer. 51:26; Isa. 13:20). Prediction (2)

Saddam Hussein wanted to restore ancient palaces, temples and even the Tower of Babel "Rebuilding Babylon is his goal in an attempt to control not only Iraq, but ultimately an empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean.

Babylon is helping to unite the Iraqi people around it." And Saddam liked what happened so much that he decided to build one of his palaces next to Babylon. In the form of a ziggurat. And for better visibility, he ordered a hill 50 meters high to be built. And the palace is already put on top. Now this palace stands idle.

Owls soar into the sky from rare trees, and a fetid jackal whines in an abandoned furrow. Verily, the day of the fulfillment of prophecy has come for Babylon. The beauty of the kingdom, the pride of the Chaldeans, became like Sodom and Gomorrah. Desert animals live in it, houses are filled with eagle owls, shaggy creatures gallop around the surrounding area. Jackals howl in abandoned houses, and snakes nest in palaces" (Isa. 13:19-22).

Desert beasts will inhabit the ruinsBabylon

"In the bushes around Babylon", adds Layard, "flocks of gray owls may be found, reaching a hundred or more birds." Modern travelers and archaeologists almost invariably speak of wild animals around the ruins of Babylon.

“What a contrast between the level of ancient civilization and the present desolation! - exclaims, in agreement with prediction 1 , famous archaeologist Kerman Kilprect. “Wild animals, wild boars, hyenas, jackals and wolves, sometimes even - that’s what now inhabits the thickets near Babylon.” (Prediction 5).

According to stories traveler V

“According to the stories of travelers, writes Floyd Hamilton, “not even Bedouins live in the city.” Various superstitions do not allow the Arabs to pitch their tents there; In addition, the soil around Babylon does not grow grass suitable for grazing sheep." "There is not a single sheep pasture around Babylon," Stoner points out.

Here are some excerpts from a letter written by Edward Chiera from the places where Babylon stood: “The sun has just set, and the purple sky smiles, not thinking about the abandonment of these lands... A dead city! I visited Pompeii and Ostra, but those cities were not dead, only temporarily abandoned. The babbling of life is heard in them, and life itself blooms in their surroundings... Death is the only reality of these places.

I wish I knew the reason for all this desolation. Why did a thriving city, the capital of an empire, have to completely disappear? Or was the prophecy about the transformation of the wondrous temple into the abode of jackals simply fulfilled?” “The hooting of owls and the howling of lions can still be heard in the vicinity of Babylon,” writes Nora Kubi. She also writes that the workers hired by the archaeologist Layard “refused to pitch their tents near the abandoned ruins of Babylon. Mystery and horror seemed to hang over the crumbling heaps of bricks and sand..."

Talking about prediction 6

Talking about prediction 6, stating that “the stones of Babylon will not be used in the construction,” Peter Stoner points out that “bricks and other building materials from the ruins of Babylon were used in the construction of the surrounding cities, but the stones, the same ones, were brought to Babylon from distant places at considerable expense , were never used and remained in their places."

Understand the execution prophecies 6 not so easy. First, the prophecy of Jeremiah 51:26 does not say who exactly “will not take” the corner stone and the foundation stone. If we are talking about conquerors, then, indeed, in the case of the conqueror of Babylon, King Cyrus of Persia, the prophecy is fulfilled as we have seen above.

However, bricks from Babylon can be found in other cities. How to explain this? Here it is worth asking the following question: can a brick be considered a “stone”? Or did Jeremiah literally mean the stones that were used to lay foundations? The latter seems more likely.

Prediction 7

Few people will visit these ruins, says prediction 7 . Stoner notes in this regard that, unlike most other ancient cities, Babylon still lies off the popular tourist routes and is rarely visited.

Prediction 8

According to prediction 8 , the city will be covered with swamps. And indeed, writes the Encyclopedia Britannica, “a significant part of the city has not yet been discovered, because it is hidden under a thick layer of silt. As for Hammurabi’s Babylon, only minor traces remain of it, and it itself is now hidden under water.”

“A significant part of the territory under ancient Babylon has been one giant swamp for several years,” Layard points out. “The river embankments, which no one looked after, collapsed, and the waters flooded the surrounding lands” (Is. 21:1).

“Not a single blade of grass grows from this soil, as if poisoned with a deadly poison,” writes Nora Kubi about the flooded part of Babylon, “and the reed swamps surrounding the ruins of the city exude the fumes of fever... Layard,” she continues, “saw malarial swamps, which the Arabs called a “water desert”... After the fall of the city, the great engineering structures of Babylon fell into disrepair, irrigation canals became clogged, and rivers overflowed their banks.”

Probability of random fulfillment of prophecies

The Babylonian people were destined to disappear, the Egyptian people to continue to play an important role in the ancient world, which is what happened. How is it that both of these unlikely events happened exactly as prophesied, and not the other way around?”

Peter Stoner estimates the probability of random execution prophecies 1-7 , multiplying the corresponding probabilities for each prediction: „1/10 (destruction of Babylon) x 1/100 (never to be repopulated) x 1/200 (Arabs will not pitch their tents there) x 1/4 (lack of sheep pasture) x 1/5 (wild animals will live in the ruins) x 1/100 (stones will not be used in the construction of other buildings) x 1/10 (people will not pass by the remains of the city). This brings us to a probability of one in five billion."

The archaeologist wrote:" Dead city! I've been to Pompeii, I've been to Ostia, I've wandered through the empty corridors of the Palatine. But those cities were not dead, just temporarily abandoned. The hum of life echoed there, and life itself blossomed around. These cities were a step in the development of civilization, which received its share from them and now continues to exist before their eyes. And here is the real kingdom of death.

Keller makes an interesting remark. “Babylon was not only a trade center, but also a religious center. This is evidenced by one ancient inscription, which states that “In total, there are in Babylon 53 temples of the supreme gods, 55 temples of Marduk, 300 prayer houses for the earthly gods, 600 for the heavenly gods, 180 altars of the goddess Ishtar, 180 of the gods Nergal and Adad, and 12 altars dedicated to various other deities."

In the ancient world there were many centers of religious worship, such as Thebes and Memphis, Babylon, Nineveh and Jerusalem. Pagan deities, which according to those who believed in them were as powerful as God, eventually began to fall out of favor, especially after the birth of Jesus. At the same time, God never agreed to be even considered next to the pagan gods, moreover, he cursed those cities where they were worshiped.

The next photo shows a road with its original asphalt surface preserved. This asphalt is 4,000 years old.

Babylon, excavated by Koldewey, was the capital of an empire created almost exclusively by the will of one of its last kings, Nebuchadnezzar II. The period of the so-called Neo-Babylonian kingdom lasted from 605 to 538 BC. e., and at the end of it, Babylon from the center of the civilized world turned into a dying provincial city, with few inhabitants, dilapidated and forgotten.

So what is the reason for the fall of the majestic capital?

Part of the answer is that in the age of military despots, states are only strong when their rulers are strong. In the case of Babylon VII-VI centuries. BC e. One can name only two such strong rulers who were able to turn the course of history for the benefit of their people - Nabopolassar (626-605 BC) and his son Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BC). The kings of Babylon who ruled before and after them ended up as puppets either in the hands of foreign rulers or local priests.

When Nabopolassar came to power, Babylon, as it had been for the previous two hundred years, was still a vassal state of Assyria. During this time, Assyria conquered almost the entire then known world, taking possession of vast territories and causing the boundless wrath of the conquered peoples. The Medes were especially burdened by the Assyrian yoke, and Nabopolassar made the main bet on them in the struggle for independence. The Medes successfully repelled the attacks of the Assyrians for several centuries and became famous as skilled horsemen and brave warriors. King Cyaxares of Media, to the delight of Nabopolassar, agreed to seal the alliance by marrying his daughter Amytis to the Babylonian prince Nebuchadnezzar.

After this, both kings felt strong enough to wage an all-out war against the hated Assyrians. Apparently, the leading role in this war was played by the Medes, who besieged Nineveh for three years; Having broken through the walls, they were able to achieve their goal - to destroy the Assyrian capital, in which the Babylonians willingly helped them. After the fall of Assyria, Nabopolassar, as an ally of the victorious Indian king, received the southern part of the former empire. Thus, Babylon gained independence and new territories not so much through military action as through the skillful diplomacy and insight of its ruler. Prince Nebuchadnezzar later became famous for his military campaigns, defeating the Egyptians at the Battle of Carchemish in 604 BC. BC, and then the Jews in the Battle of Jerusalem in 598 BC. e. and the Phoenicians in 586 BC. e.

Thus, thanks to the diplomatic skill of Nabopolassar and the military prowess of Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian Empire was created, and its capital became the largest, richest and most powerful city in the entire then known world. Unfortunately for the subjects of this empire, the successor of its great kings was Amel-Marduk, whom the Babylonian historian Berossus describes as “the unworthy successor of his father (Nebuchadnezzar), unrestrained by law or decency”—a rather curious accusation against an Eastern monarch, especially if you remember all the atrocities of former despots. But we should not forget that the priest accused him of “intemperance,” and it was the priests who conspired to kill the king, after which they transferred power to the commander Nergal-Sharusur, or Neriglissar, who took part in the siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC. e., according to the Book of the prophet Jeremiah (39:1-3):

“In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came with all his army to Jerusalem, and besieged it.

And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, on the ninth day of the month, the city was taken.

And all the princes of the king of Babylon entered into it and sat in the middle gate, Nergal-Sharetzer, Samgar-Nebo, Sarsehim, the chief of the eunuchs, Nergal-Sharetzer, the chief of the magicians, and all the other princes of the king of Babylon.”

It is noteworthy to mention two Nergal-Sha-retzers at once, which is not surprising, since this name means “may Nergal protect the king.” The second of them, the chief of the magicians, was most likely a court official; the first, obviously, was the son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar, whose son, Amel-Marduk, was killed during the uprising. Little is known about this Neriglissar, except that he reigned for only three years (559-556 BC), and his son even less - eleven months. Then the priests placed another of their protege on the throne - Nabonidus, the son of a priest.

Nabonidus seems to have spent the seventeen years of his reign doing nothing but restoring the temples of his country and tracing the ancient history of his people. He traveled throughout the kingdom with a retinue of historians, archaeologists and architects, overseeing the implementation of his building program and not paying much attention to political and military issues. He founded his permanent residence in the Teima oasis, transferring the management of the empire onto the shoulders of his son Bel-Shar-Usur, that is, the biblical Belshazzar. Nabonidus called him “the firstborn, the offspring of my heart.”

As often happens - at least in the official versions of history - a pious, enlightened and peace-loving monarch, instead of recognition and love, receives the contempt and ingratitude of his subjects. What the Babylonians themselves thought about this ruler, whose manners resembled more a professor than an emperor, we do not know. The thoughts and opinions of the average Babylonian never served as a measure of the valor of the rulers of ancient Mesopotamia, but we can more or less likely guess that the average person was hardly interested in the history of religion or the restoration of temples in distant provinces. The king, on the contrary, was very interested in this, and especially in the restoration of the temple of Sin, the ancient lunar deity, the son of Enlil, the god of the air, and Ki, the goddess of the earth. He so wanted to rebuild this temple in his hometown of Harran that this desire gave rise to discontent among the Babylonian priests and merchants; in other words, they felt that their god and their interests were suffering due to the fault of the very man whom they had nominated for kingship.

Be that as it may, it so happened that Babylon, the most impregnable city in the world, in 538 BC. e. yielded almost without bloodshed to the onslaught of the Persian army led by Cyrus the Great. Surely this fact discouraged many contemporaries and some scientists of later times, because in that era the capture of the city was accompanied by streams of blood, destruction of houses, torture of local residents, violence against women and other similar atrocities. This again contradicts what is described in the Bible and predicted in the prophecy of Jeremiah. The story about “king” Belshazzar and the writing on the wall should most likely be considered a fairy tale, for Belshazzar was the son not of Nebuchadnezzar, but of Nabonidus, and not a king, but a prince. And they killed him not in Babylon, but on the western bank of the Tigris during the battle with the Persian Cyrus. And he did not at all cede his kingdom to “Darius the Mede.”

Likewise, Jeremiah's terrible prophecy that Babylon would become a place of desolation and savagery was ultimately fulfilled not because Yahweh decided to punish the offenders of the Jews, but because of the prolonged wars and conquests that devastated the land over the centuries. Despite all the prophecies, the great city continued to prosper under the rule of Cyrus, whose laudatory inscription partly explains what happened:

“I, Cyrus, king of the world... After I mercifully entered Babylon, with immeasurable joy I made my home in the royal palace... My numerous troops peacefully entered Babylon, and I turned my attention to the capital and its colonies, freed the Babylonians from slavery and oppression. I made their sighs quiet and softened their sorrows.”

This inscription is, of course, in the best spirit of official wartime reports, both ancient and modern, but it gives at least some idea of the siege of Babylon in 539 BC. e. - namely, that Babylon was treacherously surrendered; otherwise Nabonidus' son Belshazzar would not have had to fight outside the city. Additional details of this story are set forth by Herodotus, who may well have heard the story of the capture of the city from an eyewitness. The Greek historian writes that Cyrus besieged the city for quite a long time, but unsuccessfully because of its powerful walls. In the end, the Persians resorted to the traditional trick, taking advantage of the division of the Euphrates into several lateral branches, and the advance troops were able to enter the city along the river bed from the north and south. Herodotus notes that the city was so large that the townspeople living in the center did not know that the enemies had already occupied the outskirts, and continued to dance and have fun on the occasion of the holiday. Thus Babylon was taken.

So, Cyrus conquered the city without destroying it, which happened extremely rarely in ancient history. There is no doubt that after the Persian conquest, life in the city and the surrounding lands continued to proceed as before; In the temples, sacrifices were made daily and the usual rituals were performed, which served as the basis of public life. Cyrus turned out to be a wise enough ruler not to humiliate his new subjects. He lived in the royal palace, visited the temples, worshiped the national god Marduk, and paid due respect to the priests who still controlled the politics of the ancient empire. He did not interfere in the trade and commercial activities of the city, and did not impose an unnecessarily heavy tribute on its inhabitants. After all, it was the unfair and burdensome exactions of selfish tax collectors that often served as the cause of uprisings in conquered cities.

This would have continued for quite a long time and the city would have flourished further if not for the ambitious plans of pretenders to the Babylonian throne during the reign of Cyrus' successor Darius (522-486 BC). Two of them claimed to be the sons of Nabonidus, the last of the independent kings of Babylon, although whether this was actually the case is unknown to us. The only mention of them remains in the Behistun inscription, carved by order of Darius. From it we learn that the Persian king defeated the rebels, and executed one of them, Nidintu-Bela, and crucified the other, Arakha, in Babylon. On the relief, Nidintu-Bel is depicted second, and Arakha seventh, in a row of nine conspirators tied to each other by the necks and standing in front of Darius. Nidintu-Bel is depicted as an elderly, possibly gray-bearded man with a large, fleshy nose; Arakha is represented as young and stronger. Persian texts say the following about these rebels:

“A certain Babylonian named Nidintu-Bel, son of Aniri, rebelled in Babylon; he lied to the people, saying, “I am Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus.” Then all the provinces of Babylonia went over to this Nidintu-Bel, and Babylonia rebelled. He seized power in Babylonia.

So says King Darius. Then I went to Babylon, against this Nidintu-Bel, who called himself Nebuchadnezzar. Nidintu-Bel's army held the Tigris. Here they fortified themselves and built ships. Then I divided my army, putting some on camels, others on horses.

Ahuramazda helped me; by the grace of Ahuramazda we crossed the Tigris. Then I completely destroyed the fortifications of Nidintu-Bel. On the twenty-sixth day of the month of Atria (December 18), we entered into battle. So says King Darius. Then I went to Babylon, but before I reached it, this Nidintu-Bel, who called himself Nebuchadnezzar, approached with an army and proposed to fight near the city of Zazana on the banks of the Euphrates... The enemies fled into the water; the water carried them away. Nidintu-Bel then fled with several horsemen to Babylon. With the favor of Ahuramazda I took Babylon and captured this Nidintu-Bel. Then I took his life in Babylon...

So says King Darius. While I was in Persia and Media, the Babylonians raised a second revolt against me. A certain man named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Khaldit, led the uprising. In a place called Dubala, he lied to the people, saying, “I am Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus.” Then the Babylonians rose up against me and went with this Arakha. He captured Babylon; he became king of Babylon.

So says King Darius. Then I sent an army to Babylon. I appointed a Persian named Vindefrana, my servant, as commander, and I spoke to them like this: “Go and defeat this Babylonian enemy who does not recognize me!” Vindefrana then went with an army to Babylon. With the favor of Ahuramazda, Vindefrana overthrew the Babylonians...

On the twenty-second day of the month Markazanash (November 27), this Arakha, who called himself Nebuchadnezzar, and his main followers were captured and chained. Then I proclaimed: “Let Arakha and his chief followers be crucified in Babylon!”

According to Herodotus, who wrote his work just fifty years after these events, the Persian king destroyed the city walls and demolished the gates, although if he stationed his troops in the palaces and houses of the city in winter, he obviously did not destroy everything. True, the matter was not limited to the destruction of the fortifications; he also ordered the crucification of three thousand of the main instigators, which gives some idea of the population of Babylon in 522 BC. e. If these three thousand were representatives of the highest religious and civil leadership - say, one hundredth part of all citizens - then it turns out that the adult population was about 300 thousand, to which should be added about 300 thousand children, slaves, servants, foreigners and other inhabitants . Taking into account the population density of the cities of the Middle East, it can be argued that about a million people lived in Babylon and its environs.

Despite the destruction caused by Darius, the city continued to be the economic center of the Middle East, as it was located at the intersection of routes from north to south and from east to west. However, under the Persians, it gradually lost its religious significance. After another uprising, the Persian king Xerxes (486-465 BC) ordered the destruction of not only the remains of walls and fortifications, but also the famous temple of Marduk, and the statue was taken away.

The significance of such an order is especially emphasized by the fact that, according to popular belief in the Middle East, the well-being of a people depended on the well-being of the temple of its main god. Suffice it to recall how quickly Sumerian cities fell into decay after enemies destroyed their temples and stole statues of the gods. According to the unnamed author of “Lament for the Destruction of Ur,” it was the desecration of the statues of the gods that led to such sad consequences. It says nothing about the defeat of the army, poor leadership or economic reasons for the defeat - which our contemporaries would say when discussing the reasons for the defeat. All disasters, according to the author, happened solely because the dwellings of the gods were violated.

The most famous example of the identification of a national deity with the fate of a people is the Old Testament story of the destruction of the Temple and the theft of the Ark, which were the culminating moment of the destruction of the kingdom of Israel. The Ark is not just a shrine to the god Yahweh, it is a kind of symbol comparable to the eagles of the Roman legions (the loss of which was considered equivalent to the cessation of the existence of the legion). A box for storing a stone fetish, possibly from Mount Serbal on the Sinai Peninsula, was identified with the abode of Yahweh when he decided to come down to earth to people. Other Semitic peoples also had similar temples and “arks”. All of them, along with religious ones, also largely performed military functions, so that the Jewish Yahweh and the Babylonian Marduk played a similar role as a military deity. Thus, Yahweh, who in the early books of the Bible is identified with the Ark itself, leads the Israelites in battle, and is glorified in case of victory, but never blamed in case of defeat. Defeat, for example from the Philistines, is explained by the fact that during the battle the Ark was not on the battlefield. The captivity and exile to Babylon is also explained by the fact that Nebuchadnezzar took away the container of Yahweh. Now it was the turn of the Babylonians to suffer when Xerxes destroyed the sanctuary of Esagila and deprived them of the statue of Marduk.

The destruction of the central temple in such a theocratic society as Babylonian inevitably meant the end of the old order, since kings could no longer be crowned kings according to ancient customs at the Akutu festival. This ritual was so important in the state cult that it is mentioned in connection with all the victories of the state. So what was this “akutu” and why was it so necessary for the successful functioning of the Babylonian socio-political system?

First of all, it was a celebration of the New Year, which always played a very important role in ancient societies as a symbolic meeting of spring and a period of renewal of life. On such an important occasion, Marduk left his temple and was carried at the head of a huge procession along the Processional Road. Along the way, he met the gods of distant cities, especially the former rival and now chief guest of Nabu, the patron saint of the city-state of Borsippa. Both gods were brought into the Sacred Chamber or Holy of Holies, where they held council with the other gods regarding the fate of the universe. Such was the divine, or heavenly, meaning of the New Year holiday. The earthly meaning was that God transferred power over the city to his viceroy-king, for until the king “put his hand in the hand of Marduk,” thus symbolizing succession, he could not become the legitimate spiritual and earthly king of Babylon.

In addition, Akunu was an annual festival of all the gods, as well as their priests, priestesses and temple servants. The ceremonies to celebrate the New Year were so solemn and symbolic that not a single king of Babylon, Assyria, and at first Persia dared to refuse to attend the Assembly of the Gods. Statues of gods, kings, princes, priests and the entire population of the city dressed in special clothes for this occasion; every detail of the ritual had its own religious significance, every action was accompanied by such ceremonies that this holiday could rightfully be called the most solemn and magnificent spectacle in the entire then known world. The number and roles of the participants, the number of victims burned, the processions of ships and chariots, as well as the unusually magnificent rituals represented the quintessence of the entire religious tradition of the Babylonian state. Only by realizing all this can one understand why the desecration of the temple of the main god disrupted the structure of the Babylonian theocracy and weakened the vital forces of society. The theft of the main idol meant that no Babylonian would henceforth be able to join his hand with the hand of Marduk and declare himself an earthly king with a divine right to lead the country, and no Babylonian would be able to see the religious action that depicted the death and resurrection of Marduk.

The destruction of the “soul” of the city, of course, did not mean that it instantly turned into ruins and was abandoned by its inhabitants. Yes, many influential citizens were crucified or tortured to death, and thousands were taken into captivity, becoming slaves or soldiers of the Persian kings who fought against the Greek city-states. But during the time of Herodotus, who visited the city around 450 BC. e., Babylon continued to exist and even flourish, although outwardly it gradually deteriorated, since it no longer had local kings who would take care of the condition of the walls and temples. The Persian rulers had no time for this; they tried to conquer Sparta and Athens, but without success, losing troops and navy. In 311 BC. e. The Achaemenid Empire under the leadership of Darius III suffered a final defeat. Alexander the Great entered Babylon and proclaimed himself its king.

Alexander's contemporaries give an excellent description of Babylon. As some later authors, notably the Greek Flavius Arrian, note, Alexander, wishing to immortalize his exploits for posterity, appointed several of his subordinates as military historians, instructing them to record the events of each day. All records were compiled into a single book, which was called “Ephemerides” or “Daily Book”. Thanks to these records, as well as the stories of warriors recorded later by other authors, we have the most complete description of military campaigns, countries, peoples and conquered cities in the entire era of antiquity.

Alexander did not have to take Babylon by storm, since the ruler of the city Mazeus came out to meet him along with his wife, children and mayors. The Macedonian commander, apparently, accepted the capitulation with relief, since he did not really want to besiege this, judging by the description of the contemporary Greek historian, a very fortified city. From this we can conclude that the walls destroyed by Xerxes in 484

BC e., by 331 they were restored. The local population was not at all preparing to repel the attack, but, on the contrary, gathered to greet the Greek conqueror. Officials vied with each other to try not only to point out Darius’ treasury, but also to strew the hero’s path with flowers and garlands, erect silver altars on his way and fumigate them with incense. In short, Alexander, who had not fired a single arrow, was given such honors as were later given only to the most famous Roman generals. The Babylonians, remembering that the capture of a city is usually celebrated with executions or crucifixion of prisoners, hastened to appease the winner by providing him with herds of horses and herds of cows, which the Greek quartermasters favorably accepted. The triumphal procession was led by cages of lions and leopards, followed by priests, soothsayers and musicians; bringing up the rear were Babylonian horsemen, a kind of guard of honor. According to the Greeks, these horsemen “submitted themselves to the demands of luxury rather than utility.” All this luxury surprised and amazed the Greek mercenaries, who were not accustomed to it; after all, their goal was extraction, not conquest of new territories. The Babylonians were superior to these, in their opinion, semi-barbarians in cunning and intelligence. And it's worth noting that in this case, they actually saved the city by avoiding battle and making the invaders fall in love with it. This is exactly what the priests, officials and horsemen in magnificent attire sought. Alexander was immediately taken to the royal chambers, showing the treasures and furniture of Darius. Alexander's generals were nearly blinded by the luxury of the accommodations provided to them; ordinary warriors were placed in more modest, but no less comfortable houses, the owners of which tried to please them in everything. As the historian writes:

“Nowhere did the morale of Alexander’s army decline so much as in Babylon. Nothing corrupts more than the customs of this city, nothing excites and awakens dissolute desires. Fathers and husbands allow their daughters and wives to give themselves to guests. Kings and their courtiers willingly organize festive drinking bouts throughout Persia; but the Babylonians were especially strongly attached to wine and devoted to the drunkenness that accompanied it. The women present at these drinking parties are dressed modestly at first, then they take off their clothes one by one and gradually strip off their modesty. And finally - let's say this out of respect for your ears - they throw away the most intimate veils from their bodies. Such shameful behavior is characteristic not only of dissolute women, but also of married mothers and spinsters who consider prostitution a courtesy. At the end of thirty-four days of such intemperance, the army that conquered Asia would undoubtedly weaken in the face of danger if it were suddenly attacked by any enemy ... "

Whether this is true or not, we must remember that these words were written by a Roman of the old school. However, they liked the reception given to Alexander’s soldiers in Babylon so much that they did not destroy the city and commit atrocities usual for that time. The Macedonian king stayed here longer than anywhere else during the entire campaign, and even gave orders to restore buildings and improve the appearance of the capital. Thousands of workers began to clear the rubble from the site of the Temple of Marduk, which was to be rebuilt. Construction continued for ten years and even two years after the death of Alexander in the same Babylon.

He died in 325 BC. e., and the circumstances of his death are quite curious, since it happened due to drinking. From his early youth - despite the upbringing given to him by Aristotle - Alexander was fond of wine and merry feasts. Once, during one such feast, at which, in addition to Alexander, his generals and local courtesans were present, one of those present set fire to the palace in Persepolis, the residence of the Persian kings, destroying in his rampage one of the most beautiful buildings of the Ancient World. Returning to Babylon, Alexander returned to his old ways, but his long binge ended in serious illness. Perhaps the cause of his premature death was cirrhosis of the liver.

One thing is certain - the short thirteen-year reign of this Macedonian king radically changed the cultural and political situation throughout the then known world, and especially in the Middle East. By that time, these lands had seen the rise and fall of the Sumerians, Assyrians, Medes and Babylonians. The Persian Empire also fell to a small but invincible army consisting of Macedonian cavalry and Greek mercenaries. Almost all the cities from Tire in the west to Ecbatana in the east were razed to the ground, their rulers were tortured and executed, and their inhabitants were slaughtered or sold into slavery. But Babylon managed to avoid destruction this time thanks to the fact that it wisely played on the addiction of the Macedonians and Greeks to wine and women. The great city was to survive and exist for several more centuries before it died a natural death of old age.

Alexander was given a traditionally lavish funeral, accompanied by public displays of grief, hair pulling, suicide attempts and predictions of the end of the world, for what kind of future could one talk about after the death of the deified hero? But behind all this solemn façade, generals and politicians had already begun to argue about the inheritance, since Alexander had not appointed his successor and had not left a will. True, he had a legitimate son from the Persian princess Barsina, daughter of Darius III; another heir was expected from his second wife, Roxana, princess of Bactria. Before the body of her late husband had been placed in the grave, Roxana, no doubt instigated by the courtiers, killed her rival Barsina and her young son. But she did not have to take advantage of the fruits of her cunning; Soon she too shared the fate of her rival along with her son Alexander IV. She died at the hands of the same commander Cassander, who had previously killed the mother of Alexander the Great, Queen Olympias. The Oxford Classical Dictionary describes this monster as “a merciless master of his craft,” but this is a rather modest description of a man who killed two queens and a prince in cold blood. However, Alexander’s veterans surprisingly quickly came to terms with the death of Roxana and her son, because they did not want to see a king with “mixed blood” on the throne. The Greeks did not fight for this, they said, to bow to the son of Alexander by a foreigner.

The death of two possible successors, the sons of the Persian Barsina and Roxana from Bactria, opened the way to the throne for all the ambitious commanders who crossed Asia with Alexander and participated in the legendary battles. Ultimately, their rivalry led to internecine wars, which little affected Babylon, as they were fought on the outskirts of the empire.

Therefore, we can consider that the death of Alexander marked the end of the history of Babylon as the greatest city in the world. The inhabitants themselves hardly mourned the death of the emperor much - they loved the Greeks no more than the Persians - but the Greek conquest initially promised great hope. Alexander declared that he was going to make Babylon his eastern capital and rebuild the temple of Marduk. If his plans had been implemented, Babylon would once again have become the political, commercial and religious capital of the entire East. But Alexander died suddenly, and the most far-sighted residents seemed to immediately understand that the last chance for revival was hopelessly lost. It was clear to anyone that after the death of the conqueror, chaos reigned for a long time, and yesterday’s close associates of the king squabbled among themselves over the remains of the empire. Various sons, wives, friends and associates of Alexander sought to take possession of Babylon, until finally this city fell to the commander Seleucus Nicator.

During the reign of this Greek warrior, who, like others, was forced to make his way with weapons, the city experienced several years of peace. The new ruler even intended to make it the capital of the Middle East again. The remains of the Temple of Marduk continued to be carefully dismantled, although due to the sheer volume of them, the work was never completed. This in itself was a sign of the decline of Babylon. It seemed that vitality was leaving the city; the inhabitants were overcome by a feeling of hopelessness, and they realized that their city would never regain its former greatness, that they would never rebuild the temple of Marduk, and that constant wars would finally destroy the old way of life. In 305 BC. e. Seleucus also realized the futility of his attempts and decided to found a new city, calling it after himself. Seleucia was built on the banks of the Tigris, 40 miles north of Babylon, still at the crossroads of the east-west routes, but far enough from the old capital that it became its rival. In order to finally put an end to the city that had outlived its age, Seleucus ordered all major officials to leave Babylon and move to Seleucia. Naturally, merchants and traders followed them.

The artificially created city grew quickly, satisfying the vanity of Seleucus Nicator rather than the needs of the surrounding area. Most of the population came from Babylon, and bricks and other building materials were transported from Babylon. With the support of the ruler, Seleucia quickly overtook Babylon, and in a very short time its population exceeded half a million. The agricultural lands around the new capital were quite fertile and were irrigated by water from a canal connecting the Tigris and Euphrates. The same canal also served as an additional trade route, so it is not surprising that two hundred years after its founding, Seleucia was considered the largest transit point in the East. Wars in that region raged almost continuously, and the city was constantly captured and plundered, until in 165 AD. e. it was not completely destroyed by the Romans. After this, the ancient Babylonian bricks were transported again and used to build the city of Ctesiphon, which in turn was sacked and destroyed during the Eastern wars.

For a long time, Babylon continued to exist next to its prosperous neighbor as a second capital and as a center of religious worship, which by that time had already become significantly outdated. The rulers of the city supported the temples of the gods, which during the Hellenistic period had fewer and fewer admirers. To the new generation of Greek philosophers, scientists, writers and artists - representatives of the elite of the civilized world - all the old gods, like Marduk and the rest of the gods of the Sumerian-Babylonian pantheon, seemed absurd and funny, like the bestial gods of Egypt. Possibly by the 2nd century. BC e. Babylon was already almost deserted, and it was visited only by lovers of antiquities, who were accidentally brought to these parts; Apart from services in temples, little happened here. The officials and merchants, having left the old capital, left behind only the priests, who continued to maintain the appearance of activity in the sanctuary of Marduk, praying for the prosperity of the ruling king and his family. The more enlightened of them probably continued to observe the planets for the purpose of predicting the future, since astrology was considered a more reliable method of divination than others, such as divination by the entrails of animals. The reputation of the Chaldean magicians was also high in Roman times, as can be seen, for example, from the Gospel of Matthew, which tells about the “magi from the East” who came to worship the born Christ. The great Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria praises Babylonian mathematicians and astrologers for their research into the nature of the universe, calling them “true magicians.”

Whether the priests of the last days of Babylon deserved such a flattering description from Philo, and at the same time from Cicero, is a moot point, for at the beginning of our era in the West they knew only one name “the greatest city the world has ever seen.” In the East, the special privileges that Babylon enjoyed made it a kind of “open city” in an era of constant wars between the various conquerors of Mesopotamia - the Greeks, Parthians, Elamites and Romans. His authority remained so great that even the most insignificant leader of a detachment who managed to temporarily capture the city considered it his duty to call himself “King of Babylon,” patronize temples and gods, dedicate gifts to them and, probably, even “put his hand in the hand of Marduk.” ", confirming his divine right to the kingdom. Whether these later monarchs believed in Marduk or not is not important, because all the pagan gods completely replaced each other. Marduk could be identified with Olympian Zeus or Jupiter-Bel - the names changed depending on the language and nationality. The main thing was to maintain the earthly dwelling of God in good condition, so that he would have somewhere to go down to meet people; as long as the cult of Marduk retained some significance and the corps of priests performed services, Babylon continued to exist.

However, in 50 BC. e. the historian Diodorus Siculus wrote that the great temple of Marduk lay in ruins again. He states: “In essence, only a small part of the city is now inhabited, and the larger space within the walls is given over to agriculture.” But even during this period, in many ancient cities of Mesopotamia, in many dilapidated temples, services to the old gods were held - just as a thousand years later, after the Arab conquest, Christ continued to be worshiped in Egypt. The Arab historian El-Bekri gives a vivid description of the Christian rituals performed in the city of Menas, located in the Libyan desert. Although this is not the place and time we are considering, approximately the same could be said about Babylon.

“Mina (i.e. Menas) is easily identified by its buildings, which still stand today. You can also see fortified walls around these beautiful buildings and palaces. They are mostly in the form of a covered colonnade, and some are inhabited by monks. Several wells remain there, but their water supply is insufficient. Next you can see the Cathedral of Saint Menas, a huge building decorated with statues and beautiful mosaics. There are lamps burning inside day and night. At one end of the church there is a huge marble tomb with two camels, and above it a statue of a man standing on these camels. The dome of the church is covered with drawings that, judging by the stories, depict angels. The entire area around the city is occupied by fruit trees, which produce excellent fruit; there are also many grapes from which wine is made.”

If we replace the cathedral of St. Menas with the temple of Marduk, and the statue of the Christian saint with the dragons of Marduk, we get a description of the last days of the Babylonian sanctuary.

One inscription from the late period records a visit by a local ruler to the ruined temple of Marduk, where he sacrificed a bull and four lambs “at the gates.” Perhaps we are talking about the Ishtar Gate - a grandiose structure excavated by Koldevey, decorated with images of bulls and dragons. Time has been kind to it, and it still stands in its place, rising almost 40 feet. One bull and four lambs are a hundredth part of what was sacrificed to the gods in former times, when the kings marched along the Processional Road to the shouts of thousands of crowds.

The Greek historian and geographer Strabo (69 BC - 19 AD), a native of Pontus, may have received first-hand information about Babylon from travelers. In his Geography, he wrote that Babylon was “mostly devastated,” the ziggurat of Marduk was destroyed, and only the huge walls, one of the seven wonders of the world, testify to the former greatness of the city. Strabo's detailed testimony, for example, he gives the exact dimensions of the city walls, contradicts the too general notes of Pliny the Elder, who in his Natural History, written around 50 AD. e., claimed that the temple of Marduk (Pliny calls it Jupiter-Bel) still stands, although the rest of the city is half destroyed and devastated. True, the Roman historian cannot always be trusted, since he often took unsubstantiated facts on faith. On the other hand, as an aristocrat and official, he occupied a fairly high position in society and could learn about many things first-hand. For example, during the Jewish War of 70 AD. e. he was part of the retinue of Emperor Titus and could personally talk with people who had visited Babylon. But since Strabo's statement about the state of the great ziggurat contradicts the testimony of Pliny, it remains a mystery to what extent Babylon remained a “living” city at that time. However, judging by the fact that Roman sources are mostly silent about it, we can conclude that this city no longer had absolutely no significance. The only mention of it occurs later in Pausanias (c. 150 AD), who wrote about the Middle East mainly based on his own observations; the reliability of his information is repeatedly confirmed by archaeological finds. Pausanias categorically states that the temple of Bel is still standing, although only the walls remain of Babylon itself.

Some modern historians find it difficult to agree with Pliny or Pausanias, although clay tablets found in Babylon indicate that worship and sacrifice were carried out during at least the first two decades of the Christian era. Moreover, in nearby Borsippa the pagan cult persisted until the 4th century. n. e. In other words, the ancient gods were in no hurry to die, especially among the conservative Babylonians, whose children were raised by the priests of Marduk. Beginning with the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 BC. e. Representatives of the Jewish community lived side by side with them, many of whom converted to the new, Nazarene faith. If this was indeed the case, then the mention in one of the letters of St. Peter about the “Church of Babylon” acquires a certain ambiguity - after all, it could be not so much an image of pagan Rome, but rather a real-life Jewish community, from among those that flourished throughout the Roman Empire, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Nothing resembling a Christian church was found in the ruins of Babylon, but none of the archaeologists hoped for it. In any case, the early Christians did not have special church buildings; they met in houses or in fields and groves outside the city walls.

On the other hand, German archaeologists excavating Ctesiphon in 1928 discovered the remains of an early Christian temple (circa 5th century AD), built on the foundations of an ancient sanctuary. Thus, if in Ctesiphon before its destruction by the Arabs in 636 AD. e. If there was a Christian community, there must have been other communities scattered throughout Mesopotamia. Among them could well be the “church of Babylon”, which Peter welcomed. There is evidence that during the apostolic ministry of Peter there was no Christian community even in Rome, while in the “two Babylons” of that time - an Egyptian fortress near modern Cairo and the ancient Mesopotamian metropolis - there were Jewish communities.

At first glance, it seems strange that a new religion could exist next to the most ancient cults. But in the pagan tradition such tolerance was in the order of things. The pagans accepted the existence of other religions as long as they did not pose a threat to their own gods. The Near and Middle East gave birth to so many religions that against their background Christianity looked like just another cult. And this was a serious mistake by the religious and secular authorities of the pagan world, since it soon became clear that Christians, like their Jewish predecessors, sharply contrasted themselves with the rest of the world. And in fact, such opposition, which at first seemed like weakness, turned into strength. Proof of this is the fact that under the Muslims, Jews and Christians survived, and the cult of Marduk finally died out.

About whether there was a Christian community in Babylon in 363 AD. e., when Julian the Apostate, having gone to fight the Persian Shah Shapur I, invaded Mesopotamia, official historians do not tell us. But Julian was an opponent of Christianity, advocated the restoration of old temples and tried to revive paganism throughout the Roman Empire. If Marduk's ziggurat had continued to stand by that time, the emperor, on the road to Ctesiphon, would no doubt have ordered his warriors to turn towards it in order to maintain their morale. The fact that Julian's biographers do not even mention the name of Babylon indirectly indicates the complete decline of the city and the fact that all its inhabitants abandoned it. Biographers only report that on the way to Ctesiphon, Julian passed by some huge walls of the ancient city, behind which there was a park and a menagerie of the Persian rulers.

“Omne in medio spatium solitudo est,” states St. Jerome (345-420 AD) in a passage on the grim fate of Babylon. “The entire space between the walls is inhabited by a variety of wild animals.” So spoke one Christian from Elam, who visited the royal reserve on the way to the Jerusalem monastery. The great empire perished forever and irrevocably, which Christians and Jews accepted with satisfaction - after all, for them Babylon was a symbol of the wrath of the Lord.

Historians believe that Babylon became a victim of the natural laws of social development; after a thousand years of political, cultural and religious supremacy, the Babylonians had to worship new gods, in whose name invincible armies marched against them. The inhabitants of the ancient capital, with all their desire, could not have put up an army of equal value against them, and therefore Babylon fell. But he did not perish like Sodom and Gomorrah, who disappeared in fire and ashes; it simply faded away, like so many other beautiful cities in the Middle East. It seems that cities and civilizations, like everything in this world, have their beginning and their end.

In the middle of the sixth century before Christ, Nebuchadnezzar, ruler of one of the most powerful and famous monarchies of the ancient world, died. This power was ancient Babylon. A state that, by God's providence, played an important role in the history of God's chosen Jewish people.

Many events in Babylonian history were announced by the Jewish prophets long before they happened. And humanity witnessed how everything predicted by the true God through His chosen ones was fulfilled.

The prophets predicted the rise and power of Babylon, but when the Babylonian kingdom was still in the splendor of its glory, the prophets predicted its fall. And this prediction came true twenty years after the death of King Nebuchadnezzar.

This happened under his son, Belshazzar. Babylon fell under the onslaught of the Persians, a people who had just entered the political arena of the ancient world.

The founder of the Persian kingdom, which extended east of Babylon, was King Cyrus. In a short time this new conqueror, whose symbol was the eagle, conquered all the countries lying to the west and east of Babylon. Its appearance was predicted by the Jewish prophet Isaiah long before: “I called an eagle from the east, from a far country, to fulfill my purpose.”

The fast and predatory eagle moved east, all the way to the Himalayan mountains, which then formed the limit of the known world. Then King Cyrus triumphantly swept west, to the very shores of the Aegean Sea. And all the nations bowed their knees before him.

For some time, Babylon remained undefeated, but it was the conquest of this city that became the main and most glorious victory of the young ruler. Babylon was destined to become the capital of the new monarchy.

Babylon was the greatest city; it can rightfully be considered the center of world life of its time. The main trade routes of Asia passed through it. The labor of many captives transformed the desert around him into a most fertile plain with luxurious gardens, irrigated by numerous artificial canals. Sciences and arts flourished in the schools of Babylon, and countless treasures taken from conquered kings and peoples were collected in its palaces.

The Persian Empire would not have been world-class if it had not conquered it. And King Cyrus marched on Babylon. He was driven by the spirit of conquest. But without realizing it, he was called to become an instrument of God's providence in the world.

Cyrus approached the walls of Babylon and besieged it. The inaccessibility of the walls and huge food reserves made it possible for residents to indulge in all the pleasures of life, despite the siege. Being quite confident in the safety of the capital, King Belshazzar once gave a magnificent feast, to which up to a thousand nobles and court ladies were invited.

The Babylonian feasts were famous for centuries for their licentiousness, but this feast was also famous for its greatest blasphemy. King Belshazzar ordered the gold and silver vessels that his father Nebuchadnezzar had captured from the Jerusalem Temple to be brought to the royal chambers. These vessels were used to serve God and were therefore sacred.

The king and his nobles ate and drank from these vessels, glorifying idols and mocking the God of the Jews. At that moment, a human hand appeared in the air and wrote mysterious and incomprehensible words on the wall. The prophet Daniel, summoned by the king, read his sentence to Belshazzar. For desecrating the Most High God, the reign of the Babylonian king came to an end.

This prediction came true that same night. King Cyrus, not hoping to take the city by storm, used military stratagem. He ordered the water of the Euphrates to be diverted into a special canal, and entered the city along the freed channel. Babylon fell, and Belshazzar was killed by the soldiers of Cyrus.

Having taken possession of Babylon, King Cyrus issued a decree that the captive Jews had been waiting for during the long seventy years of their captivity. This decree read: “Thus says Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth have been given to me by the Lord, the God of Heaven; and He commanded me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judea. Whoever is of you, of all his people, may his God be with him, and let him go to Jerusalem.”

By conquering Babylon, Cyrus became the liberator of the Jewish people. He became the executor of the Divine will, which was that the period of repentance and correction of the people of God had expired. The Jews returned to the promised land and restored the destroyed temple in Jerusalem.

The power founded by Cyrus lasted no more than two hundred years. It was replaced by the next Empire, Greek and then Roman. They were as fragile and short-lived as all the previous ones. After all, they, like all the previous ones, were based on slavery and violence.

But there was very little time left until the True King would come to earth. He will build His Kingdom on the principles of love and freedom, and therefore His Kingdom will endure forever. This King will be the incarnate Son of God, the Lord Jesus Christ.

Fall of Babylon

So what is the reason for the fall of the majestic capital?

“In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came with all his army to Jerusalem, and besieged it.

And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, on the ninth day of the month, the city was taken.

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Chapter 6 The Fall of Singapore Let's move on to the composition of General Percival's troops defending the island of Singapore. The 3rd Corps (General Heath) now consisted of the British 18th Division (Major General Beckwith-Smith), the main forces of which arrived on January 29, and the Anglo-Indian 11th Division

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Chapter 3 The Fall of Mussolini Mussolini now had to bear the full brunt of the consequences of the military catastrophe into which he had plunged the country after so many years of rule. He had almost absolute power and could not shift the burden to the monarchy, to parliamentary institutions, to

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Chapter 1. The Fall of Poland At 10 o'clock in the morning on September 5, 1939, General Halder had a conversation with General von Brauchitsch, the commander-in-chief of the German army, and General von Bock, who led Army Group North. Having considered the general situation as it seemed

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Chapter 11 The Fall of Mussolini During the first three years of the war, the Germans retained the initiative in large-scale summer offensive operations on the European continent. Now, in 1943, the roles were reversed. In May, after the defeat of the Axis forces in Tunisia, and

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