Noun. Constant and unstable morphological features of nouns

noun e is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a constant gender sign and inconsistent (for most nouns) number and case signs;

3) in a sentence they most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence.

Noun- this is a part of speech, when highlighted, the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). From the point of view of meaning, these words are united by the fact that they can be asked the question who? or what?; This, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). It is necessary to distinguish proper names from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects (“Evening Moscow”). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animacy of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animacy is not a category of meaning, but a morphological feature itself.

Animacy as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness/inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extra-linguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern:

fluctuation in animation	an object cannot be both living and non-living:
alive but inanimate	1) a collection of living beings: (I see)armies, crowds, peoples ;
	2) plants, mushrooms: (gather)chanterelles ;


inanimate but animate	1) toys in the form of a person: (I see)dolls, nesting dolls, tumblers ;
inanimate but animate
	2) figures of some games: (play)kings, queens ;
	3) deceased: (I see)dead, drowned , Butdead body (inanimate);
	4) fictional creatures: (I see)mermaids, goblins, brownies.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and relate to male, female or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns belong to the general gender.

Nouns are plural only (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change according to number and case. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city - cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only a singular form (for example, peasantry, asphalt, combustion), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? What?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.happy for whom? what?

V. p. see who? What?

T.p.proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declension.

TO I declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

Case	Singular
Case	Solid option	Soft option	On - and I
Name	Countries - A	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	Countries - s	Earth -And	Army -And
D.p.	Countries - e	Earth -e	Army -And
V.p.	Countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	Countries -Ouch (-oh )	Earth -to her (-yoyu )	Army -to her (-her )
P.p.	Countries -e	Earth -e	Army -And

Co. II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. genders ending in -о(-е), including words ending in -е: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, half-e, peni-e (penij-e).

TO III declension include nouns female. kind with zero ending in I. p.: dust- , night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have part of the endings from one declension, and part from the other. They are called heterogeneous. These are 10 words starting with -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In the Russian language there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and personal borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames with -yh, -ikh, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant features: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Non-constant signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. They ran up(Who?) ladies (part of the subject).

I.(To) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(What?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with coat(addition).

Target: repeat and generalize children's knowledge about nouns.

Tasks:

repeat what the role of a noun is in speech,
constant and inconstant signs of nouns,
what parts of the sentence are nouns,
analysis of a noun as a part of speech.
To develop the ability to highlight the main thing, students’ speech, and cognitive interest.
To foster patriotic feelings of love for one’s native land.

Lesson type: repetition and generalization of what has been learned.

Lesson format: a lesson in open mindedness.

Main didactic method: partially search.

Private methods and techniques: explanatory and illustrative, research, reproductive.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Language warm-up ( Presentation. 2 slide)

– Phraseologisms will help us remember the rules for working in class. What is this? (A dictionary is a stable expression with an independent meaning.)

1. "Feeling of elbow" (feeling of mutual support and assistance in all matters)
2. “Ears on top of your head” (listen attentively)
3. “Stand like a mountain” (to defend by all means, to defend something or someone)

- By the end of the lesson, I will know how you worked in the lesson.

Red – 5 (for each work, children independently grade themselves)
Green – 4
Blue – 3

– Write down the words from dictation: heart, iron, cheek, blackberry, sum, reed, water strider, art, tradition, huntsman, ladder, filling, nut, hedgehog.
– Underline the words that contain the spelling – vowel letter – consonant letter.
– Which word did you underline twice? (Cane)

Reed - O - unstressed vowel, T - unpronounceable consonant.

– Which word was not underlined? (Jager.)
- Why? What is the spelling of this word? b – at the end.

1. The hunter is a professional.
2. Game manager - a specialist in the organization of hunting, protection and reproduction of fauna.
3. In some armies: soldiers of special rifle regiments.

3 slide – Examination

– What do these words have in common?

II. Introduction to the section (2 slide)

– Look at the screen. Name the first letters of the words from the language warm-up. What word did you get? NOUN. What letter is missing? b.
– What is its role in this word?
– The importance of language in human life is great. People have long had proverbs: “The tongue will take you to Kyiv,” “Without a tongue, it’s like without hands.”
– How do you understand the meaning of proverbs?
– Linguists count 2,500 different languages on earth, but most of the people on the planet, about two billion people, speak only 13 languages. The most widespread language is Chinese, it is spoken by over 700 million people, in English– over 250 million, in Russian also over 250 million people.
Many wonderful words have been said about the greatness of the Russian language and its diversity.

(4 slide)

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy said: “... amazing in fidelity, beauty, diversity and strength, he is gentle, touching, where he needs to be strict, where he needs to be lively and lively.”
– To build a house, we need to prepare the parts of the house - what we will build from. And speech consists of parts of speech. And from what PARTS OF SPEECH SPEECH is built? (Students name familiar parts.
– How to distinguish one part of speech from another? ( By questions, by meaning)

(5 slide)

– What groups are parts of speech divided into? ? Why? (Independent and official.)

View slide

Conclusion: Each part of speech is very important and has a certain meaning, regardless of whether it is independent or auxiliary.

– Now we will conduct our investigation (recording from D.E.)
– Listen and watch a video clip about a bumblebee and remember nouns, verbs, adjectives (hand out pieces of paper) sort into rows
– Name the adjectives. What questions do they answer? What do they mean? (Definite, sealed, important, sweet, definite.)
- Name the verbs. What questions do they answer? What do they mean? (Busy, carries, live, reigns, fill, get, fulfill, fill.)
– Name the nouns. What do these words mean, what questions do they answer? (Proboscis, bumblebee, business, function, light, cleanliness, order, food, instinct, sketch, lid, look, food, supply, winter.)
– What part of speech words do we most often use in speech?

Conclusion: You are right, the noun is the most representative, most significant part of speech. Almost every second word in our speech is a noun. According to the observations of scientists, the noun appeared in speech among the very first words. And this is quite understandable; from birth a person looks at the world and wants to name everything that surrounds him.

III. Lesson topic message

– Today we will remember about the constant and unstable features of nouns.

IV. Working with the textbook ( With. 86, ex. No. 103)

insert missing letters,
explain spellings,
write down the sentence (children analyze the sentence on the interactive whiteboard)
emphasize the grammatical basis.
parse
2 – sort by composition

– What parts of the sentence are nouns? (Main and secondary)

Conclusion: nouns in a sentence can be both main and secondary members.

Table - noun definition(Internet)

– Why do nouns have two questions and not one? (Denotes animate and inanimate nouns). This is the first morphological feature of the noun with which we became acquainted.

Complete the task. Use a marker on the board to connect the question with the picture.

Slide 7

Ex. 102, p. 85

– Read an excerpt from the story by D. Mamin-Sibiryak, “Emelya the Hunter.” (Slide 8)
– Where do the events take place? (Near the forest.)
– Write out animate and inanimate nouns in the initial form from the text in two columns. (Slide 9)

Examination.

– Why are some nouns written with capital letters?

Conclusion: Nouns are either proper or common nouns.

Indicate the gender of nouns on the board

– How to determine the gender of nouns?
– In English, Armenian, Uzbek, Tatar languages there is no gender at all. In Africa, some peoples have up to 48 genera.

Conclusion: nouns have masculine, feminine, neuter gender, and do not “change according to gender.” We determine gender using helping pronouns and the final letters of the word.

Test "Permanent signs"

Fizminutka

– How do you understand the expression “permanent feature”? (There is always, in any form of a given word.) (Slide 10)

Test "fickle signs"

Variable signs: number (Slide 11)

KM school– nouns that do not have a plural 3rd class. Task 8.
Nouns. which have only units. h. or plural. number - back to the word gate

V. Exercises in parsing nouns as parts of speech

– Why was it difficult to hunt? (Children's answers.)
* Write down the words with the same root in your notebook: hunting, hunting.
– Continue the series of words with the same root. Indicate the parts of speech.
Write on the board – Hunt (noun), hunt (v.), hunter (noun), willingly (adv.), willing (adj.).
- Draw a conclusion.

Conclusion. Among words of the same root there may be words of different parts of speech.
– Look at the sample. Pay attention to the abbreviation.
What task needs to be completed if the number 3 appears with the word?

Work on options - pay attention to the definition of a sentence member.

VI. Work on the development of oral scientific speech (13 slide)

Collective writing of a story (work in pairs).
Time is given for self-preparation. Individual responses are heard.

VII. Lesson Summary

– Well done boys. I'll tell you a secret. These are not all the signs of a noun. In the future we will get to know them.

– Why did this part of speech get such a name? (Names existing persons, objects, phenomena. The most representative, most significant part of speech.)

(14 slide)

Noun,
You and I are friends.
You name different things.
Very amazing
Noun.
It will be difficult without him
If it disappears.
So that everything becomes great,
There are a lot of nouns.
We'll notice it everywhere
And insert them into place in your speech.

(Child reads)

VIII. Reflection (15 slide)

– In the next lesson we will have a new search. And today I am “in seventh heaven.” How do you understand this? (Be happy and content)

- Thank you for the lesson. Well done!

Subject

" Noun. Permanent

and fickle

morphological features of nouns."

Subject : Meeting of the Academic Council on the topic “Noun. Permanent and non-permanent

morphological features of a noun."

Target: to form an idea of the constant and unstable morphological features of nouns;systematize knowledge about nouns, to intensify the cognitive activity of children through group work;

cultivate a sense of collectivism, instill interest in the Russian language.

Equipment: cards with tasks, feedback tools, blank sheets for the work of scientific departments, presentation.
Lesson organization : Desks are arranged so that students can sit in groups.

During the classes.

I . Organizing time
Teacher's opening speech.
Today we will hold a meeting of the Academic Council with you. For 60 minutes you turn into academics and professors. Each group of scientists, which includes a rapporteur, co-rapporteur, opponent, secretary and consultants, will defend its point of view. I wish you success at our meeting and invite you to join hands and wish each other success. Show us in what mood you are starting our meeting.

II.Updating basic knowledge

Target:

comprehensively test students’ knowledge of a noun as a part of speech; identify gaps in knowledge and skills;

train in finding nouns;

develop spelling vigilance, attention, thinking, imagination

Introduction.
So, the meeting begins.

I've been living in this world for a long time

I give names to objects. (noun)

« Noun

– this is the bread of the tongue »

( Lev Uspensky).

Read the epigraph to our meeting

1) Teacher’s questions to the epigraph

Explain the meaning of the word "bread". Consider the role bread plays in people's lives.

Explain the meaning of the word "language".

What does the expression “bread of the tongue” mean? Explain how you understand this statement?

Using the right of the chairman of the academic council, I give permission to begin work on revealing the topic of this meeting.

During the scientific council, I propose to show all your knowledge and skills on this issue, to work actively, and, if necessary, help each other.
At the beginning of the meeting we will hold preliminary debates on this topic:
-What is a noun? (I believe, I think)

Your opinion?

What does a noun mean?

What questions does a noun answer?

What member of the sentence is it?

2)Speech by the speaker

Speaker (Parhomenko D.)

The noun is the oldest and most important part of speech. In terms of the number of words, a noun is the most representative part of speech. Almost every second word in our speech is a noun. Even primitive people, exploring nature, named surrounding objects and phenomena. The whole world of faces, animals and plants, natural phenomena, cities, rivers - everything was named and has its own name. And all this is a noun.

And now I suggest we stretch our fingers.

III. Gymnastics for fingers.

IV. A minute of penmanship.

What letter are we talking about now? (it is hidden in the word noun, it means a consonant, paired, hard, voiceless, in this word this sound occurs twice)

Ssss

Working with a dictionary.

Write out all the nouns starting with the letter S from the dictionary (fireworks, freedom, secret, soldier)

Prove that these are nouns.

What words did you not write down? (today now)

Why? Prove it.

Conclusion:

What else can you say about a noun? (list morphological characteristics)

What have you just listed?

V. Message of the topic, setting the goal of the lesson.

Target:

To form an idea of constant and unstable morphological features of nouns.

develop the skill of self-control.

Dear gentlemen, scientists, what can you call everything that you have listed? (morphological characteristics)

What two groups can all these morphological characteristics be divided into?
Noun

? (permanent) ?(non-permanent)

1. Proper - common noun Number

2. Animate – inanimate Case

3. Rod

4. Declension

Dear scientists, what is the main topic of our meeting today.

(2 groups of signs of nouns) (constant and non-constant signs of nouns.

What goals do we set for ourselves? (What are the names of the first group of signs and the second group of signs) (find out which signs are constant and which are unstable)

Learning new material

There are cards on your table. Each of them contains two sentences, each of which contains two words similar in form, but different in meaning. Write down the sentences in your notebook, using all spelling rules.

Task No. 1

(work in groups), (own and common nouns), (multi-level cards).

№1).Write down the sentences following all spelling rules.

IVANOVA'S FIELDS CAME FROM THE FIELD.

THE EAGLE FLY OUT OF THE CITY EAGLE.

What two groups can words that are similar in form be divided into?

(proper and common nouns)

№2).Find and correct errors.

Magazine, Jupiter, Africa, Dandelion, Butterfly, Kyiv, Yesenin, Poland.

What rule does Dunno not know?

Are proper nouns always capitalized or not?

Are common nouns always capitalized or not?

№3. Make a proper noun from the letters of each common noun. Write it down in your notebook.

Game - Riga; Lego - Oleg; solo – Oslo (capital of Narway). ( Solo ( Solo- one) - performance of the entire work or its leading part by one voice or instrument. The performer of such a solo part is called .)

Conclusion:

Task No. 2 (work according to the textbook exercise 3) dictionary p. 141

Animated inanimate

Trumpeter tractor

Rich Kalach

Circus performer crying

Weaver kuma′ch

Strongman sword

Doctor brick

Reckless beam

Tsarevich hoop

Moskvich key

Ball

How do you understand what it iskumach ? (working with an explanatory dictionary)

Kumach is a bright red cotton fabric.

Do you think these are permanent or inconsistent signs? Your opinion.

Conclusion:

Task No. 3 (gender, declension)

(Group work with a card.) Find the extra word in each line and underline it. (Each student discusses the card with the group)

Find and underline one extra word in each line.

Heart, young man , desire, grief, tin.

Lake , breakdown, meeting, friendship, walking.

Helicopter, knocking, treat , scrap metal, musician.

Conclusion:

Dragonfly, man, fable, glass , uncle.

Speed, oil, youth, note , rye, blizzard.

Tie, grain, heart, young man, noise.

Conclusion:

What word is missing in the first line? Prove it.

What word is missing in the second line? Prove it.

What word is missing in the third line? Prove it.

How to determine declination?

Is the declension of nouns a constant or inconsistent feature? Prove it.

Is the gender of nouns a constant or inconsistent feature? Prove it.

Conclusion:

Generalization

Variable morphological features of nouns

What features of nouns have we not yet considered? (number, case)

Do you think the number of a noun is a constant or inconsistent attribute?

Prove your point. (3-4 examples orally)

What do you think the case refers to, which features are permanent or unstable? Prove it.

Generalization.

VI. Physical exercise.

Target:

avoid overload and fatigue of students,

Task No. 4

Work from the textbook p. 12 exercise. 6.

Generalization

VII. Summarizing

Gentlemen scientists, remind me of the topic of our meeting today.

What tasks did we set for ourselves?

Do you think we have achieved our goals?

VIII. Reflection

Homework

Inform students about homework,

explain the methodology for its implementation

Goal: provide an analysis and assessment of the success of achieving the goal and outline the prospects for further work

Please indicate at what stage you are after our meeting.

I want to thank all members of our academic council for their active participation. Who in your group would you like to thank for their assistance at our meeting?

Include in the envelope the smiley face with the mood with which you are leaving our meeting.

Constant signs of nouns are... non-constant signs are... .., non-constant signs are...

Inconstant - number, case
3rd kind;
4th declension;

2nd case.
Constant signs - gender, declension, animate/inanimate
Inconstant - number, case
The constant features of a noun are gender, declension
Constant signs:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable signs:
1 number (if the word changes in units/pl);
2nd case.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
constant signs are gender, declension, animate and inanimate! non-constant signs are number, case
Constant signs - gender, declension, animate/inanimate
Inconstant - number, case
proper or common noun animate or inanimate declension gender case
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
You are deprived of rights)
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
The constant features of a noun are gender, declension, and animate or inanimate.
The inconstant features of a noun are number and case.
gender number animate or inanimate. personal or vernacular declination.
Constant signs of them. noun - proper or common noun; 2 animate or inanimate; 3rd generation; 4th declension; 5 number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Fickle signs of them. noun - number (if the word changes by numbers); 2. case.
Adjectives have post. sign - category (qualitative, relative, possessive)
Non-post. signs - degree of comparison (if any), full or short form (only for qualitative adjectives), number, gender, case.
Fast. signs of a verb - aspect (perfect or imperfect), conjugation, transitive or intransitive, reflexive or non-reflexive
Inconstant: mood (indicative, imperative, conditional), tense (in the indicative mood in the present and future tense), gender (in the past tense), number.
this is the genus

A noun is a significant, independent part of speech. Let us remember that it denotes an object. That is, this part of speech includes words that answer the questions “what?” or who?". of a noun - this is declension, number, case, gender, animation, as well as division into proper and common nouns.

Morphological features and syntactic role of nouns

Let us now consider this part of speech in more detail. The morphological features of a noun are divided into two groups: constant (unchangeable) and unstable (changeable). Let's look at them briefly first, and then talk about the first ones in more detail. The constant features of a noun are the division into proper/common nouns, inanimate/animate. These also include type of declension and gender. The inconsistent features of a noun are case and number.

In a sentence, this part of speech can play any role. However, most often nouns act as objects or subjects. As introductory words or addresses, they are not members of the sentence.

Variable and immutable characteristics

This part of speech, as we have already mentioned, has its own morphological characteristics - unchangeable and changeable. The constant features of a noun are the unchangeable ones. They refer to the whole word as a whole. Changeable ones - only to its individual forms. For example, the noun "Natalya" is proper, animate, 1st cl., female form. It can be put in any form, but these signs will definitely be preserved. “Natalia” can be in the singular and plural (the sign of the plural of a noun is the corresponding ending), as well as in various cases. Other examples can be given. That is, case and number are inconsistent features of nouns. They should be distinguished and not confused when analyzing. Both constant and inconstant are united by the fact that these are morphological features of a noun.

Proper/common nouns

This division is based on the characteristics of the meaning. Proper names name a specific, separate object, common nouns name homogeneous objects, that is, any of a certain series. Compare, for example, these nouns:

- turnip, fairy tale, river, country, lake, child(common nouns);

- "Turnip", Baikal, Volga, Russia, Alexey(own).

There are a variety of common nouns. They are included in the following categories by meaning:

Abstract (in other words, abstract): miracle, happiness, fear, joy, surprise;

Specific: fishing rod, notebook, mouse, document, computer, table;

Collective: spectator, nobility, foliage, youth;

Real: coffee, milk, oxygen, water, gold, iron.

Proper names include various names of people, as well as geographical names, names of animals, names of works of art, literature, etc. Examples: "Kolobok", "Teenager", Ural, Ob, Zhuchka, Sashenka, Sashka, Alexander and so on.

Inanimate/Animate

Let's continue to consider the constant features of a noun. This, as we have already mentioned, is inanimate/animate. Animate nouns name living things, while inanimate nouns name nonliving things.

Examples of the first: ant, dog, child, father, mother. Inanimate are laughter, delight, toy, program, lilac, war, ocean, orange.

The following is important for morphology:

In the plural, the form of animate nouns is the same as the genitive. Example: I saw familiar boys and girls near the school(V.p.=R.p.). In inanimate nouns, the accusative case form corresponds to the nominative case form. Example: I love movies and books(V.p.=I.p.).

In the singular, for animate nouns belonging to the masculine gender, the accusative form coincides with the genitive case form. Example: There are several men in the room(V.p.=R.p.). And for inanimate masculine nouns, the accusative case form corresponds to the nominative case form. Example: Mom baked a pie(V.p.=I.p.).

All other words belonging to this part of speech have different forms of nominative, genitive and accusative cases. The sign of inanimateness/animation, therefore, can be determined not only by its meaning, but also by the set of corresponding endings for a given word.

medium, female, male

Nouns have gender. It is a permanent morphological feature for them. This part of speech does not change by gender. There are three genders in the Russian language: neuter, feminine and masculine. They have different sets of endings. The gender of animate nouns is determined mostly by gender, since words denote male and female persons. Examples: boy - girl, man - woman, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother etc. That is, the grammatical feature correlates with gender.

Belonging to a specific gender is not motivated for inanimate nouns. Words like pond, lake, river, sea, ocean are representatives of different genera. This affiliation cannot be determined by the meaning of these words.

The endings are a morphological indicator of one kind or another.

Common nouns

A small group of nouns is quite unusual. These words are interesting because they can denote both female and male persons. For example, these are like daredevil, scoundrel, bungler, meanie, slob, bully, ignoramus, ignorant, crybaby, greedy, sleepyhead, glutton, clever. Such words have the same form as words denoting the feminine gender. They have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.

For example, you can say in Russian: " He's smart!" And " She's so smart!"Thus, we recognize the gender of an animate person by the form of the pronoun used in the text (in our case) or the verb in the past tense, or an adjective. Example with a verb: " Sonya is already awake" And " Sonya is already awake". Such nouns have a special name - they belong to the nouns of the general gender.

It should be noted that these do not include words that denote professions. You may already know that many of these nouns are masculine. Examples: philologist, geologist, economist, engineer, driver, doctor. However, they can designate not only males, but also females. Examples: " My father is a doctor", "My mother is a doctor". Even if such a word refers to a female representative, verbs in the past tense and adjectives can be used in both genders. Examples: " The doctor has arrived" And " The doctor has come".

How can you determine the gender of unchangeable words?

There are also unchangeable nouns. Their peculiarity is that they are borrowed. In Russian, similar words have a gender. But how can it be determined? This is actually not difficult to do if you understand what the corresponding word means. Let's look at examples.

Madame - Monsieur- in words denoting an animate person, gender corresponds to gender.

Chimpanzee, kangaroo- words that name animals are masculine.

Sukhumi, Tbilisi- city names are masculine nouns.

Zimbabwe, Congo- names of states are neuter.

Yangtze, Mississippi- designation of rivers - female.

Muffler, coat- inanimate objects, mostly of the neuter gender.

Declension of nouns: general characteristics

Nouns have a declension. It represents a special type by which words change. Nouns vary by case and number. Depending on the presence of corresponding forms in words in different cases and numbers, they belong to one of the declensions. There are three of them - first, second and third. The vast majority of nouns in the Russian language belong to one of them. Declension is an unchangeable, constant morphological feature.

Three declensions

The first declension includes masculine and feminine nouns with the endings - I And - A in the nominative case form. Examples: lecture, Anya, Anna, earth, water, grandfather, dad, mom.

The second includes masculine nouns that have a zero ending in the nominative case, as well as a neuter one if the initial form ends in - e or - O. Examples: Alexey, genius, building, lake, sea, Alexander, house, brother, father.

The third declension consists of words belonging to the feminine gender, which have the form I.p. Examples: night, dust, trembling.

Indeclinable nouns

There are also indeclinable nouns. These include those that have endings characteristic of different types of declensions. There are quite a few such nouns. They are very ancient. But in today's speech, some are frequency ones. Examples: banner, flame, name, time, crown, udder, burden, seed, tribe, stirrup.

These are the permanent features of a noun. This is very important material that should be studied carefully. Analysis of this part of speech is one of the main topics in the Russian language. At school, the signs of a noun are examined in some detail (grade 4 - first introduction, graduating class - detailed analysis in preparation for the Unified State Exam). Exams require a good knowledge of this part of speech. The signs of nouns should therefore be firmly remembered.