Name araik nationality. Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
Christmas tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
percussive [´] - accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
- for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

[b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but.

The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

I'm home [ya do "ma].
New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
naked syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
- - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
- - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
- - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of the word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts.
- Then they represent phonemes:
- ё - [o],
- e - [e],
yu - [y].
Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't]; The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position
- they form one vowel sound:
- ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
- e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
- I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t]. Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables

the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech? In the alphabet they are designated by However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
- [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
- [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
- [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
- [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
- [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
- [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
- [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
- [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
- [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
- [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
- [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
- sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
- [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is a voiceless consonant.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom.

If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much].

When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian
In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.
Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
[ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];

often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

сч → [ш':]: happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
- “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
- tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
“D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
- zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
- ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
- rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
“L” - in combinations:
- sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
“B” - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Girls, thanks to all those who did not remain indifferent and worried about the last topic. I am writing how it ended. We arrived at school, to the after-school office, and began to wait for the other parents. The teacher immediately stated that he did not really believe his daughter’s words and she was most likely making it up. But to find out the situation she should ask her daughter. I agreed because. she said that first she would talk to us and her daughter and then to the boys and their parents, separately. I really didn’t like that she tried to put pressure on the child, like a prosecutor. There were questions, where did you sit at first? Where did you go later? Where exactly did they start? touch her. Then 2 more mothers came up and joined in. The child stood alone among the adults and tried to answer rather unpleasant questions about where they touched her, etc. At the same time, it was clear that the teacher was trying to confuse her and was speaking to her daughter in a raised tone. I couldn’t stand it and made a reprimand to her, saying that the child was already awkward and empty, they called a psychologist and he talked to everyone separately. I was told that the psychologist had quit. But I insisted, and in an uninterested person I came to learn. With him, things went much faster, she asked everyone to calm down, we should not focus our daughter’s attention on this so that there would be no psychological trauma, and the mothers of the boys should have a conversation with them but not scold them. She forbade interrogating the boys and said that no one had a daughter either the right to interrogate. In my opinion, the most reasonable person there. The boys’ mothers, of course, do not believe that their children could do this and insist that their daughter is not telling the truth, since their children are positive and don’t even know such words, and indeed they are their own children know and they couldn't. It is clear that everyone stands up for their child. I heard them but warned that if something like this happens again, I will not go to the teacher but move on. What I didn’t like most about this story was the behavior of the after-school teacher. She told me that with her complaints I put her in an awkward position, saying that she doesn’t look after the children, but washes the floors. But damn, that’s the way it is. In general, she was offended by me. The class teacher promised to pay special attention to the children and pay better attention. She’s great, I think. Well, I talked to my daughter, said that we had resolved this issue and no one would offend her anymore, and we closed this topic. After the meeting, we went to gymnastics, there is an aikido section in this building. We talked with the coach, he accepted my daughter, she will start training on Monday. I know that you shouldn’t expect quick results, but I think this will give her self-confidence, and in a few years she will be able to stand up for herself if God forbid she meets more boys like this . In general, something like this. Sorry for the many letters.

166

Olga Morozova

Hello, forum. With an average score of 3.75, according to the rules, it should be 4, but given a quarter of 3 - is it legal? This is for my son in physical education. He always had problems with winter physical training on skis, but still mostly fours for the whole quarter, three 3s, one 2 (corrected to 4), the score came out to be more than 3.5, which means it should be 4 in the end. Or is it at the discretion of the teacher? Damn, the only 3 in the quarter, it’s kind of a shame...

137

Alexandra Girsh

Girls, I’m writing to the forum for advice, because I no longer know what and how to think about it (I apologize in advance for the many letters))). The child will turn 8 years old in May and is finishing first grade at a lyceum school. Born with hypoxia, he was pumped out for a day in intensive care, as a result: he walked late (1.5 years), spoke late (in some words, at 4-4.5 years). I was afraid that he wouldn’t be accepted into a regular school at all, but in the 0th grade his speech improved, he learned to read, count within ten, etc. what preschool children usually know how to do (thanks to neurologists, psychologists and a talented tutor). Now to the point:
Finished the third quarter and has 3 C's and 3 B's. Mathematics and English are excellent, the rest is not so good. But I don’t focus on this; I’m confused by the attitude of his teacher. Middle-aged (45-50), as they say, “old school,” very strict, demanding and tough. My child (rather secretive) never complained about her, but I heard a lot of complaints from her in the first half of the year: “he sleeps all the time, doesn’t listen, yawns, is inactive, doesn’t respond, he’s on the wall, etc.” . All this is said in such a tone (maybe I’m exaggerating) as if he is the worst fool in the class (in which there are 32 children). The workload at school is severe: in addition to general subjects, there is a ton of homework (for example, solving 1 page a day from Nefedova’s “3000 examples in mathematics” and keeping a reading diary: read a story and draw a picture for it (5 pieces per week)). In order to improve my studies, I enrolled my son in additional classes. classes with a tutor, who teaches lessons with him every day for 2 hours and prepares for another 1 hour in individual subjects. The son opened up, became cheerful, made new friends, and every day he rushes to see this tutor as if it were a holiday. As a result, after a month of classes: I wrote the last two tests in mathematics as “excellent”, in other subjects it was also good - from “two” to “four”. Only his Russian language is not very good, but remembering how he couldn’t hold a pen and connect two words literally a year ago, I’m generally happy with what I have. But when I asked his teacher how his studies were going, I heard that he was cheating on tests (yeah, he cheated on two tests in a row), and in general, “things are still there.” In short, he remained a fool.
I was brought up in a system where the teacher and his word are the law, and the teacher’s authority is unshakable. Maybe I was just lucky with my teachers. But the peremptory nature of my son’s teacher confuses me. I won’t admit it to anyone, but it seems to me that my son is not comfortable with her, and she is stingy with at least encouragement. If you constantly oppress a person, then every desire can be repulsed.
And the atmosphere in the class is somehow unhealthy: everyone is competitive, everyone gets on each other’s heads (in the first grade!), all the children are nervous, somewhat aggressive. My son didn’t make any friends in six months at school, but he made friends with everyone with his tutor (she teaches at a private training center) on the very first day. And it seems to me that the teacher’s attitude was reflected in the attitude of individual children in the class: a classmate has been picking on my son all year, last week he kicked him, and the teacher told me: your son provoked him himself (as it turned out later, he suggested playing catch-up, so he’s my I caught up with my son and kicked him in the legs).
Now I’m thinking: is it worth transferring my son to a regular school, not a lyceum? Or maybe this is the case everywhere? Or maybe I've screwed myself up and am overdramatizing everything?
I’ll say right away that I never asked the teacher for special treatment for my son, but before the start of the school year I honestly warned him that he had minor problems with speech. And the teacher, at first glance, is not a monster, maybe she has such a method and it would be worse if she didn’t demand anything from him at all? I’d really like to hear your opinion (my son’s father is divorced, my mother throws up her hands and says that if I transfer him, I’ll “teach him to run away from problems.” In general, it hurts....

132

What does the name Araika mean?: bestowed by God (the name Arayik is of Armenian origin).

For the most part, the name was previously used among the Caucasian peoples; today it is sometimes given to newborn girls, but it is worth noting that it is not popular in the world and has no related forms. For this reason, it is quite difficult to analyze the psychological characteristics of the bearer of the name Arayik, and it remains to rely on the data of numerologists and historians.

Angel Day named after Arayik: not celebrated, since the name Arayik is not included in the list of Orthodox and Catholic holidays

Zodiac named after Araik: Gemini, Virgo

Characteristics of the name Arayik

Character of the name Araika: In numerology, the meaning of the name Araika is determined by the number 7, which hides the ability of its owner to direct her talents into the field of philosophy, science, art and even religion. In many ways, Araiki’s success depends on the analysis of mistakes already made and the experience gained. In the decision-making process, the owner of this name is accustomed to focusing exclusively on her own opinion, which is the only correct one in her personal opinion. The name Arayik perceives comments from others, and even more so criticism, extremely negatively.

To some extent, she is very worried about what they say about her in society, but she will still never commit actions that contradict her beliefs, even if this will cause approval from society. Arguing with a girl named Arayikoy is also not easy, because she is a categorical person and is not used to taking into account anyone’s point of view other than her own. True, over time, Araika still develops a certain diplomacy, which allows her to make her life better and surround herself with interesting people.

Araika and her personal life

Arayik's love and marriage: The name Araika is an emotional person, but he tries to hide it carefully. Therefore, many people around her do not understand how the owner of this name lives at the moment. Araika herself carefully limits her circle of friends and prefers to trust people who have been tested by time and circumstances. She really doesn’t have too many friends, but they can fully count on Araiki’s help on any issues.

The name Araika is an ambitious person, and therefore constantly demands attention. Sometimes she can be impulsive and hot-tempered - then the owner of this name commits actions that she later greatly regrets. However, Araika quickly comes to her senses and very soon turns to the person with an apology if she realizes that she was wrong.

Talents, business, career

Choice of profession: Often Arayika becomes a teacher and opens her own business. True, in the latter case, she will probably need outside help, since Araika is not capable of thinking ahead. As a subordinate, she can be successful if she works on her behavior and becomes more restrained in her interactions with colleagues.

Business and career: The leader from Araiki will turn out to be too despotic, and it cannot be said that she will enjoy authority in the team. The bosses, in turn, will greatly appreciate Araika, at least for her diligence and creativity - it is the name Araika that will become the bearer of bold and unusual ideas that will help make work more efficient, and, naturally, the owner of this name will move up the career ladder without any problems . At times, Araika is capable of falling into pessimistic moods, but they last relatively short, and very soon the owner of this name will acquire her characteristic mobility, activity and cheerfulness.

Reveal the secret of the name ARAIC(in Latin transliteration ARAIK) looking at the results of calculations in numerological magic of numbers. You will discover hidden talents and unknown desires. You may not understand them, but you feel that you don’t know something about yourself and your loved ones.

The first letter A of the name ARAIK tells about the character

A combination of tenderness and... aggressiveness. People whose name begins with this letter are leaders in love. But they must constantly be fed by stimuli and impressions; routine in relationships is not for them, otherwise “leaving on the other side” is possible. The same can happen under the influence of their inherent egoism, so they need to cultivate tolerance and attention to their partner.

Characteristics of the name ARAIK

power
comfort
impressionability
peacefulness
subtle spirituality
endurance
nervousness
insight
dogmaticity
constant pressure
self-confidence

ARAIC: number of interaction with the world “6”

It’s easy to recognize a “Six Man” - this is the same person who is incredibly lucky, is always surrounded by friends, has a wonderful family and knows first-hand what mutual love is. Fate's darling? Actually this is not true. Everything that the “six-man” receives with seeming ease is deserved by him. This person is distinguished by a calm, balanced character, the ability to help in a difficult situation, give sensible advice or simply listen to someone who needs moral support. In serving others on a variety of levels, Sixes often find meaning in their lives; They are the ones who know how to give without losing anything, and calmly accept any gifts. Relatives and friends of the “six-person” feel calm and comfortable around him - such a person does not play psychological games, does not try to manipulate them, says exactly what he thinks, but in a form that will not offend anyone.

“Six” is an excellent family man, and he cares not only about the comfort of home and the success of all family members, but also about the mental state of his loved ones. This is an incomparable homemaker, an intelligent and patient mentor, and a worthy example to follow. Caring about others, people of the Six often forget about themselves, and one of the important lessons that they should learn is not to waste themselves completely, since their strengths are great, but still not inexhaustible.

The desire of “sixers” for harmony leaves an imprint not only on their relationships with people, but also on how they organize their lives - from fundamental tendencies to the smallest details. There is no doubt that the apartment of a person of six is clean and cozy, the workplace is comfortable and conducive to productive work, and the place of rest pleases the eye with a pleasant landscape. “Sixers” not only appreciate beauty, but are also able to see it in everything that surrounds them. That is why they often have extraordinary talents in the field of design, and, importantly, are able to help anyone reveal the best sides of their soul.

If there is one thing that hinders “sixers” in life, it is the inability to make a decision quickly and not deviate one step from it. Such people are able to help others, give simple and reasonable advice, but they themselves are often tormented by unreasonable doubts, nervous and worried about little things. They are receptive to the joys of life, but they also take troubles to heart; often react overly emotionally and suffer from emotional wounds for a long time.

ARAIC: number of spiritual aspirations “3”

The Troika has an ambiguous influence on its clients: they can be friendly and arrogant, compliant and uncompromising, sociable and closed. They like to be visible, they love comfort, but they certainly cannot be called stable, so their behavior always remains extremely unpredictable.

Those born under the sign of three equally listen to the voice of the heart and mind, and in adulthood they carry with them a baggage of invaluable experience and worldly wisdom. Accustomed to being guided in everything by the arguments of reason, C students are completely incapable of empathy, but among their acquaintances there are many vulnerable, impressionable and even unbalanced people.

Those under the influence of three can achieve success in any profession, but still prefer areas that can give stability. They have a great understanding of people, can draw a psychological portrait of everyone and easily find a way out of even the most difficult situations. C students feel very comfortable in secular society, know how to carry on a conversation, and have not only oratory skills, but also the ability to listen to others. They love friendly get-togethers, and if they take on the task of organizing a holiday, they do it better than any professional.

In the sphere of personal relationships, strange as it may seem, people of three regularly face problems. They seem callous and indifferent, are not inclined to demonstrate positive traits of their character and are rarely themselves. Such a person may well be known as a cunning liar and a hypocrite, since his desire to embellish the truth sometimes knows no bounds. He is not used to sharing his thoughts and desires with his other half, but at the same time he lives in a castle in the air that he built with his own hands.

Those born under the influence of three always find their place in the sun. He likes to tell people about his successes, often greatly exaggerating the reality. Many consider this man to be an ordinary braggart, but at the same time they do not judge him too harshly, because he is not without charm. In addition, a C student is happy to give gifts, is attentive to those in need, and often participates in charity.

ARAIC: number of true features "3"

People under the influence of the number three are distinguished by an enviable love of life and the ability to carry faith in the best through all the trials that fate sends them. Perhaps this is facilitated by their gift for seeing beauty in the everyday.

“C” students are alien to such qualities as the thirst for profit at any cost and envy of the happiness of other people. They enjoy the good things they have and thank life for everyday joys that not everyone is given to notice and appreciate.

A person exposed to the vibrations of the number three has the rare gift of dressing elegantly, emphasizing the advantageous aspects of his appearance with the help of clothes and accessories, without possessing impeccable beauty. It’s surprising that a “C” student looks great even if he doesn’t have enough money to spend money on expensive things. His innate charm and subtle taste come to his aid in this situation.

Being natural speakers, “C” students easily captivate other people with their ideas. They do not need to command others or give orders. They can get everything they need solely thanks to their innate gift of persuasion and the ability to please those whose help they need.

The characteristics of the number three manifest themselves in a person through heightened intuition. It allows you to avoid sharp corners in communication, smooth out emerging conflict situations and make friends with people of different beliefs. Having a heart-to-heart conversation with a stranger and winning him over in a short time is an absolutely ordinary situation for a “C” student, not requiring any effort from him.

The positive qualities of “C” students also include their amazing sense of humor. They are not afraid to look funny in any situation, they are always ready to laugh heartily (including at themselves). They do not demand to entertain themselves; they find it fun and interesting to live in the circumstances that life offers them. In any company, such people are welcome because they add ease to communication.

Perhaps the only drawback of “C” students is laziness. It would be hard to call them patient and assiduous. Where efforts must be made to achieve success, they will not be very comfortable. And for such people, redoing work that has already been done is simply torment.

The first letter A of the name ARAIK tells about the character

Characteristics of the name ARAIK

power
comfort
impressionability
peacefulness
subtle spirituality
endurance
nervousness
insight
dogmaticity
constant pressure
self-confidence