Due to the difficult financial situation of the family, he was apprenticed to shopkeeper Sanderson, who lived in the small seaside town of Staithes; in the evenings I eagerly listened to sailors' stories about long voyages. In 1746 he left Sanderson and took a job in Whitby on a coal ship, sailing mainly between Newcastle and London. He also sailed to Ireland, Norway and the Baltic Sea. Received a captain's mate certificate. He had the opportunity to become the skipper of one of the merchant ships, but with the beginning of the Seven Years' War (1755–1763) he was recruited as a simple sailor into the Royal Navy. Fought in the American theater of war. In 1757 he received the rank of officer and became commander of the ship Pembroke. In 1759 he distinguished himself during the siege of Quebec; risking his life, he explored the fairway of the river. St. Lawrence in close proximity to the French positions. At the end of the war, he was involved in drawing up a map of the shores of the island. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Their accuracy and detail earned him a reputation as an accomplished topographer and cartographer with the Admiralty and the Royal Geographical Society.
The first trip around the world (August 1768 – July 1771).
In 1766, the Admiralty commissioned him to organize a scientific expedition to the Pacific Ocean to observe the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun and calculate the distance from the Earth to the Sun; the expedition was also supposed to find out whether New Zealand, discovered in 1642 by A. Tasman, was part of the hypothetical Southern continent. Sailing in August 1768 from Plymouth on the ship Endeavor (85 people), crossed the Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, entered the Pacific Ocean and reached the island of Otaiti (Tahiti), where he completed the astronomical task of the expedition (June 3, 1769). Compiled a geographical description of Tahiti and neighboring islands; named them after the Royal Geographical Society Islands Society. Taking a course to the southwest, on October 7, 1769 he approached New Zealand, sailed around it (October 1769 - March 1770) and determined that it consists of two large islands not connected to any mainland; declared it the property of the British Crown. Deciding to return home across the Indian Ocean, he headed for Australia. On April 19, 1770 he reached its eastern shore, gave it the name New South Wales and proclaimed it an English possession. Having rounded the northern tip of Australia (Cape York), he proved that it is separated from New Guinea by a wide strait (Torres Strait), thereby making the discovery of L.V. de Torres (1606), kept secret by the Spaniards, a pan-European property. On October 11, he arrived in Batavia (modern Jakarta); a third of the crew died there from malaria and dysentery. Crossed the Indian Ocean, passed the Cape of Good Hope and Fr. St. Helena and in July 1771 returned to England.
Second trip around the world (July 1772 - July 1775).
In the fall of 1771, the Admiralty instructed D. Cook to find the Southern Continent in the still unexplored parts of the Southern Hemisphere. On July 13, 1772, he sailed from Plymouth on the ship Resolution, accompanied by the ship Adventure (Captain T. Ferno), at the end of October he arrived in Kapstadt (modern Cape Town), and on November 23 he headed south. Already on December 12, his path was blocked by solid ice, but he continued his search. On January 17, 1773, he crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time in history; nevertheless, he was forced to turn north and on March 25 approached the shores of New Zealand. In the summer of 1773 he visited the islands of Tahiti and Tonga and discovered the Harvey Islands (Cook Islands). On November 27, he again undertook a voyage to the south, in mid-December he came across a continuous line of ice, on January 30, 1774 he reached the southernmost point of his travels - 71°10" south latitude, but again he had to retreat. On the way to New Zealand he visited Easter Island , the Marquesas Islands and the New Hybrids archipelago, discovered the island of New Caledonia, the island of Niue and the island of Norfolk; made a detailed geographical description of them. In November 1774 he left New Zealand, crossed the Pacific Ocean along 55° south latitude, in December he reached Fiery Earth, at the end of January 1775 discovered the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia Island and returned to England on July 13, having lost only one sailor during the voyage. As a result of the expedition, the likelihood of the existence of the Southern Continent was in great doubt; if there was one, then at the very pole under blocks of ice.
Received the rank of post-captain; was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society and accepted as a member. Gained great fame and authority in Europe.
Third trip around the world (July 1776 - February 1779).
The purpose of the third voyage was to search for the northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. On July 12, 1776, he set out from Plymouth on the Resolution, accompanied by the Discovery ship (Captain Charles Clerk), on October 18, 1777, he dropped anchor off Kapstadt, on November 30, headed southeast, and on December 12, he discovered the Prince Edward Islands. In 1777 he visited the island of Tasmania, New Zealand, the islands of Tonga, the island of Tahiti and the Society Islands.In December 1777 he headed north, on January 18, 1778 he landed at the Hawaiian Islands, which he named the Sandwich Islands in honor of his patron, Count Sandwich, in March reached the North American coast in the area of modern Oregon, sailed along the coasts of Canada and Alaska, passed the Bering Strait, crossed the Arctic Circle and advanced to 70°44" north latitude, where it was stopped by solid ice. He turned south and in mid-January 1779 reached the Hawaiian Islands. Died on February 14, 1779 as a result of a skirmish with the aborigines in Kealakeakua Bay on the west coast of the island. Hawaii, where he was buried. His diaries, filled with rich geographical and ethnographic information, were published many times in different European languages.
The name of this navigator occupies an honorable place in the list of great pioneers. Just like Francis Drake and many others, he changed the map of the world and supplemented it with his observations and discoveries. Every schoolchild knows about his discoveries, as well as about his tragic death.
What did James Cook discover and who is he? This question interests not only schoolchildren, but also adults who admire the fortitude and courage of the people of the past. The future traveler was born into a simple Scottish family on October 27, 1728. He was the fifth child, attended school for five years, and then worked for a local farmer. The year 1746 was a turning point in James' life: he got a job as a cabin boy on a coal ship.
Before telling what James Cook discovered, it should be noted that the young man met the greatest people in his service. William Bligh (better known as the legendary captain of the Bounty ship), Georg Forster, Joseph Banks inspired him to explore the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Before he organizes three expeditions and goes down in history as the discoverer of Australia, James diligently studies seamanship, geography, mathematics and navigation. The diligent sailor was noticed by the shipowner brothers Walker, who offered him to lead one of their ships. However, Cook refuses and continues to serve in the British Navy.
James Cook is a navigator, a participant who shows remarkable abilities. He is noticed at the Admiralty, and this predetermines the further development of his career. In 1768, he was entrusted with the ship Endeavor, on which he set off on his first expedition.
What did James Cook discover in the south of the globe, a mysterious and unexplored corner? It is worth noting that the pundits of that time believed that there should be another continent there. The famous captain went in search of him. In addition to Australia, which he discovered on April 29, 1770, he mapped many more islands; Great Cook carefully explored the coastline of the southern continent, gave names to bays and bays, and noted in his report places suitable for life. With his light hand, the largest Australian port city, Sydney, was later founded.
We can safely say that James Cook discovered not just a new land, but a new era of colonization. Not only did geographers get work, biologists discovered dozens of species of plants and animals previously unknown to science. Great Britain was replenished with a new land, where it hastened to resettle dangerous criminals. Romantics flocked to the open continent, hoping to discover untold treasures, as in America, and find a new home.
James Cook, whose discoveries are difficult to overestimate, died during his third expedition at the hands of the natives. During clashes with local residents, the captain was hit in the head by a heavy stone. The team was forced to retreat to the ship, leaving the body on the shore. A few days later, the natives sent her the remains of the commander, which were placed at sea with great honor.
But why did the Aborigines eat Cook? For what reason is unclear, science is silent. It seems to me a very simple thing - They wanted to eat and ate Cook...
V.S.Vysotsky
On July 11, 1776, Captain James Cook, a world-famous English sailor, traveler, explorer, cartographer, discoverer, who led three round-the-world expeditions of the British fleet, set off from Plymouth on his third (last) voyage around the world. Killed in a collision with aborigines in the Hawaiian Islands.
James Cook
Captain James Cook (1728-1779) is one of the most revered figures in the history of the British Royal Navy. The son of a poor Scottish farmhand, at the age of eighteen he went to sea as a cabin boy to get rid of hard work on the farm. The young man quickly mastered maritime science, and after three years the owner of a small merchant ship offered him the position of captain, but Cook refused. On June 17, 1755, he enlisted as a sailor in the Royal Navy and eight days later was assigned to the 60-gun ship Eagle. The future navigator and traveler took an active part in the Seven Years' War, as a naval military specialist (master) participated in the blockade of the Bay of Biscay and the capture of Quebec. Cook was given the most important task: to clear the fairway of the St. Lawrence River so that British ships could pass to Quebec. We had to work at night, under fire from French artillery, fighting off night counterattacks, restoring buoys that the French managed to destroy. The successfully completed work brought Cook an officer's rank, enriching him with cartographic experience, and was also one of the main reasons why the Admiralty, when choosing the leader of the round-the-world expedition, chose him.
Cook's expeditions around the world
Hundreds, if not thousands of books have been written about D. Cook's trips around the world, which significantly expanded Europeans' understanding of the world around them. Many of the maps he compiled were not surpassed in their accuracy and precision for many decades and served navigators until the second half of the 19th century. Cook made a kind of revolution in navigation, having learned to successfully fight such a dangerous and widespread disease at that time as scurvy. A whole galaxy of famous English navigators, explorers, scientists, such as Joseph Banks, William Bligh, George Vancouver and others took part in his expeditions.
Two voyages around the world under the leadership of Captain James Cook (in 1768-71 and 1772-75) were quite successful. The first expedition proved that New Zealand is two independent islands, separated by a narrow strait (Cook Strait), and not part of an unknown mainland, as was previously believed. It was possible to map several hundred miles of the eastern coast of Australia, which had been completely unexplored until that time. During the second expedition, a strait was opened between Australia and New Guinea, but the sailors failed to reach the shores of Antarctica. The participants of Cook's expeditions made many discoveries in the field of zoology and botany, and collected collections of biological samples from Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.
The purpose of Cook's third expedition (1776-1779) was the discovery of the so-called Northwest Passage - a waterway crossing the North American continent and connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and Australia.
For the expedition, the Admiralty allocated two ships to Cook: the flagship Resolution (displacement 462 tons, 32 guns), on which the captain made his second voyage, and Discovery with a displacement of 350 tons, which had 26 guns. The captain on the Resolution was Cook himself, on the Discovery it was Charles Clerk, who participated in Cook's first two expeditions.
During Cook's third voyage around the world, the Hawaiian Islands and several previously unknown islands in Polynesia were discovered. Having passed the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean, Cook tried to go east along the coast of Alaska, but the path of his ships was blocked by solid ice. It was impossible to continue the road north, winter was approaching, so Cook turned the ships around, intending to spend the winter in more southern latitudes.
On October 2, 1778, Cook reached the Aleutian Islands, where he met Russian industrialists who provided him with their map for study. The Russian map turned out to be much more complete than Cook’s map; it contained islands unknown to Cook, and the outlines of many lands, plotted only approximately by Cook, were displayed on it with a high degree of detail and accuracy. It is known that Cook redrew this map and named the strait separating Asia and America after Bering.
Why did the Aborigines eat Cook?
On November 26, 1778, the ships of Cook's squadron reached the Hawaiian Islands, but a suitable anchorage was found only on January 16, 1779. The inhabitants of the islands - Hawaiians - concentrated around the ships in large numbers. In his notes, Cook estimated their number at several thousand. Later it became known that the high interest and special attitude of the islanders towards the expedition was explained by the fact that they mistook white people for their gods. Local residents stole from the European ships everything that was in bad shape, and often stole what was in good condition: tools, rigging and other things necessary for the expedition. The good relations that were initially established between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians began to quickly deteriorate. Every day the number of thefts committed by Hawaiians increased, and the clashes that arose due to attempts to return stolen property became increasingly heated. Detachments of armed islanders flocked to the ship's anchorage.
Feeling that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay on February 4, 1779. However, a storm that began soon caused serious damage to the Resolution's rigging and on February 10 the ships were forced to return. There was no other anchorage nearby. The sails and parts of the rigging were taken ashore for repairs, where it became increasingly difficult for travelers to ensure the protection of their property. During the absence of ships, the number of armed islanders on the shore only increased. The natives behaved hostilely. At night they continued to commit thefts, sailing in their canoes close to the ships. On February 13, the last pincers were stolen from the deck of the Resolution. The team's attempt to return them was unsuccessful and ended in an open clash.
The next day, February 14, the longboat was stolen from the Resolution. This completely infuriated the expedition leader. To recover the stolen property, Cook decided to take Kalaniopa, one of the local chiefs, on board as a hostage. Having landed on shore with a group of armed men, consisting of ten marines led by Lieutenant Phillips, he went to the leader's home and invited him onto the ship. Having accepted the offer, Kalaniopa followed the British, but at the very shore he became suspicious and refused to go further. Meanwhile, several thousand Hawaiians gathered on the shore and surrounded Cook and his people, pushing them back to the water. A rumor spread among them that the British had killed several Hawaiians. Captain Clerk's diaries mention one native who was killed by Lieutenant Rickman's men shortly before the events described. These rumors, as well as Cook’s ambiguous behavior, pushed the crowd to begin hostile actions. In the ensuing battle, Cook himself and four sailors died; the rest managed to retreat to the ship. There are several conflicting eyewitness accounts of those events, and from them it is difficult to judge what actually happened. With a reasonable degree of certainty, we can only say that panic began among the British, the crew began to randomly retreat to the boats, and in this confusion Cook was killed by the Hawaiians (presumably with a spear to the back of the head).
Captain Clerk emphasizes in his diaries: if Cook had abandoned his defiant behavior in the face of a crowd of thousands and had not started shooting Hawaiians, the accident could have been avoided. From the diaries of Captain Clerk:
“Considering the whole affair as a whole, I am firmly convinced that it would not have been carried to the extreme by the natives had not Captain Cook made an attempt to punish a man surrounded by a crowd of islanders, relying entirely on the fact that, if necessary, the Marine soldiers would be able to fire use muskets to scatter the natives. Such an opinion was undoubtedly based on extensive experience with various Indian peoples in various parts of the world, but today's unfortunate events have shown that in this case this opinion turned out to be erroneous. There is good reason to suppose that the natives would not have gone so far if, unfortunately, Captain Cook had not fired upon them: a few minutes before, they began to clear the way for the soldiers, so that they could reach that place on shore, against which the boats stood (I have already mentioned this), thus giving Captain Cook the opportunity to get away from them.
According to a direct participant in the events, Lieutenant Phillips, the Hawaiians did not intend to prevent the British from returning to the ship, much less attack them. The large crowd that had gathered was explained by their concern for the fate of the king (not unreasonable, if we bear in mind the purpose for which Cook invited Kalaniope to the ship). And Phillips, like Captain Clerk, places the blame for the tragic outcome entirely on Cook: outraged by the previous behavior of the natives, he was the first to shoot at one of them.
After Cook's death, the position of head of the expedition passed to the captain of the Discovery. The clerk tried to obtain the release of Cook's body peacefully. Having failed, he ordered a military operation, during which troops landed under the cover of cannons, captured and burned to the ground coastal settlements and drove the Hawaiians into the mountains. After this, the Hawaiians delivered to the Resolution a basket with ten pounds of meat and a human head without the lower jaw. It was completely impossible to identify the remains of Captain Cook in this, so the Clerk took their word for it. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea. Captain Clerk died from tuberculosis, which he was ill with throughout the voyage. The ships returned to England on February 4, 1780.
The name of the great navigator James Cook is known to most of our compatriots only by the names on the geographical map and the song by V.S. Vysotsky “Why did the aborigines eat Cook?” In a humorous manner, the bard tried to play up several reasons for the death of the brave traveler:
Don't grab other people's waists, breaking free from the hands of your friends. Remember how the late Cook swam to the shores of Australia. As if in a circle, sitting under an azalea, We would eat from sunrise to dawn, Evil savages ate each other in this sunny Australia. But why did the Aborigines eat Cook? For what? It’s unclear, science is silent. It seems to me a very simple thing - they wanted to eat and ate Cook. There is an option that their leader, Big Beech, shouted that the cook on Cook’s ship was very tasty. There was a mistake, that’s what science is silent about. They wanted Coke, but they ate Cook. And there was no catch or trick at all. They entered without knocking, almost without a sound, They used a bamboo baton, a bale right in the crown of the head and there was no Cook. But there is, however, another assumption that Cook was eaten out of great respect. That everyone was incited by the sorcerer, the cunning and the evil one. Hey guys, grab Cook. Whoever eats it without salt and without onions will be strong, brave, and kind, like Cook. Someone came across a stone, threw it, a viper, and there was no Cook. And the savages are now wringing their hands, breaking spears, breaking bows, burning and throwing bamboo clubs. They are worried that they ate Cook.
Apparently, the author of the song was not aware of the real details of the incident on February 14, 1779. Otherwise, the curious theft of ticks and the ill-fated longboat, which served as the main cause of the conflict between the islanders and the leader of the expedition, as well as the fact that James Cook died not in Australia, but in the Hawaiian Islands, would not have gone unnoticed.
Unlike the inhabitants of Fiji and most other peoples of Polynesia, the Hawaiians did not eat the meat of their victims, especially their enemies. During the solemn ceremony, only the left eye of the victim was usually offered to the presiding chief. The rest was cut into pieces and burned as a ritual sacrifice to the gods.
So, as it turned out, no one ate Cook's body.
Discovery's captain, Charles Clerk, described the transfer of Cook's remains by the natives:
“About eight in the morning, when it was still quite dark, we heard the flapping of oars. A canoe was approaching the ship. There were two people sitting in the boat, and when they got on board, they immediately fell on their faces in front of us and seemed to be terribly frightened by something. After much lamentation and profuse tears over the loss of “Orono,” as the natives called Captain Cook, one of them informed us that he had brought us parts of his body.
He handed us a small bundle from a piece of cloth that he had previously held under his arm. It is difficult to convey the horror we all felt as we held in our hands the stump of a human torso weighing nine or ten pounds. This is all that remains of Captain Cook, they explained to us. The rest, it turned out, was cut into small pieces and burned; his head and all the bones, with the exception of the bones of the body, now, according to them, belonged to the temple at Terreoboo. What we held in our hands was the share of the High Priest Kaoo, who wanted to use this piece of meat for religious ceremonies. He said that he was passing it on to us as proof of his complete innocence in what happened and his sincere affection for us ... "
James Cook (1728-1779) - English navigator, was born into a farmer's family in the village of Marton in the English county of Yorkshire. Being the ninth child, from the age of 13 he earned his living: first, he helped a haberdashery merchant, and, at the age of 18, he began his career as a cabin boy on coal tankers off the coast of Great Britain. At the age of 26, having risen to the rank of assistant navigator, Cook was accepted into the King's Navy. Until 1764, as a pilot, he sailed on combat ships in Canadian waters. Having established himself as an excellent cartographer, from 1764 to 1768. studied the coast of Newfoundland and the Yucatan Peninsula.
Cook began his first expedition around the world in 1768, as a lieutenant. The captain of the former coal carrier Endeavor, Cook was supposed to explore new lands in the South Pacific with the aim of subsequently capturing them. Having bypassed Cape Horn, the navigator reached the island of Tahiti in the south Pacific Ocean, as well as several other islands. He put them on the map, giving the name of the Society Island. From 1769 to 1770 Cook determined that New Zealand is an island consisting of two parts (the strait between which is now called Cook Strait), discovered and studied the eastern coast of Australia, calling it South Wales and the islands of the Great Barrier Reef.
From Java he headed to Africa and, having bypassed it, completed the journey. During the 1,052 days of the first expedition, Cook mapped 8,000 km of coastline. 96 people took part in this voyage, 40 of whom died from disease and accidents, and none from scurvy. A kangaroo was shot and killed by swimmers in north-eastern Australia. Its skin was delivered to England, and a picture of the animal was included in the expedition report. For this successful expedition, the navigator was promoted to the rank of captain.
Cook began his next voyage around the world (1772-1775) in the opposite direction (to the east). His goal is to find the southern mainland and in-depth explore New Zealand and other islands in the south Pacific Ocean. On this journey, he was the first in history to cross the Antarctic Circle, reaching 71º10" S. Impassable ice left all attempts to find the southern land in vain. Having discovered several more islands in the south Pacific Ocean, and having studied their fauna and vegetation, Cook returned back.
In 1776, on his third and final voyage on the ships Resolution and Discovery, the traveler hoped to find a northwest route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. But this attempt also remained unsuccessful due to impassable ice fields. In 1777, Cook discovered 3 atolls among the Cook Islands, and in 1778 - 5 islands in Hawaii.
The fatal place for the navigator was Kealakekua Bay on the island of Hawaii. Here there was a clash with the natives, in which 17 Hawaiians and 4 sailors were killed, including the captain himself.
During all three trips, Cook visited the island of Tahiti, which later became an observation base for the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. All the navigator's expeditions were equipped with astronomical instruments for navigation and mapping.
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James Cook is a great English sailor and traveler. He discovered many new lands in the Pacific Ocean and near Australia.
Cook began his sailor's career as a simple cabin boy and ended as a great navigator. First, as a simple sailor on a trading schooner.
He came from a very poor family, from the village of Marton, who would have thought that this boy would later become a national hero of England. His initial path in life was not very easy. However, he was persistent in achieving his goal. This strengthened his character. Within a couple of years, Cook becomes assistant captain on the ship "Friendship". However, he craves fame and recognition. He enters His Majesty's navy. He received a fairly mediocre education. He himself, without help from anyone, masters astronomy and algebra. A young naval officer, Cook performed well in his service.
In 1768, Britain sent an expedition to the island of Tahiti. England had already set its sights on building a colonial empire and wanted to prevent the seizure of land by other states. It was necessary to secure bases for the navy. Not only territories were needed, but also resources. The proven officer James Cook was placed at the head of the expedition.
Another expedition brought Cook wide fame; newspapers began to call him “the new Columbus.” Along with fame, the number of ill-wishers also grows. Cook was considered an upstart. High society, extremely patriarchal and arrogant, could not accept him as an equal (he was from a poor, not noble family). Cook had his own opinion about England's policy abroad, which was not always in step with the official position of the Foreign Office - he was not forgiven for this. He was also appointed chief for one of the expeditions. This journey proved fatal for James Cook.
In 1779, on one of the islands, rebellious natives kill Cook and eat him. This is how the great Englishman ended his journey. But his name is inscribed in world history.
There are numerous animals in the world. And each of them is adapted to a particular habitat, which means there are numerous classifications of these same animals.
In 1770, in the small German city of Bonn, Ludwig van Beethoven was born, a musician whose works in the future would become a real asset to classical music.
The family moves to the village of Great Ayton, where Cook is sent to a local school (now converted into a museum). After five years of study, James Cook begins working on the farm under the supervision of his father, who by that time had received the position of manager. At the age of eighteen, he is hired as a cabin boy for the Hercules Walker coal miner. Thus begins the sea life of James Cook.
Carier start
Cook began his sailor's career as a simple cabin boy on the merchant coal brig Hercules, owned by shipowners John and Henry Walker, on the London-Newcastle route. Two years later he was transferred to another Walker ship, the Three Brothers.
There is evidence from Walker's friends about how much time Cook spent reading books. He devoted his free time from work to the study of geography, navigation, mathematics, astronomy, and he was also interested in descriptions of sea expeditions. It is known that Cook left the Walkers for two years, which he spent in the Baltic and off the east coast of England, but returned at the request of the brothers as assistant captain on the Friendship.
Cook was given the most important task, which was key to the capture of Quebec, - to fill the fairway of a section of the St. Lawrence River so that British ships could pass to Quebec. This task included not only drawing the fairway on the map, but also marking navigable sections of the river with buoys. On the one hand, due to the extreme complexity of the fairway, the amount of work was very large, on the other hand, it was necessary to work at night, under fire from French artillery, repelling night counterattacks, restoring buoys that the French managed to destroy. The successfully completed work enriched Cook with cartographic experience, and was also one of the main reasons why the Admiralty ultimately chose him as its historical choice. Quebec was besieged and then taken. Cook did not take part directly in the hostilities. After the capture of Quebec, Cook was transferred as a master to the flagship Northumberland, which can be regarded as a professional encouragement. Under orders from Admiral Colville, Cook continued mapping the St. Lawrence River until 1762. Cook's charts were recommended for publication by Admiral Colville and were published in the 1765 North American Navigation. Cook returned to England in November 1762.
Shortly after returning from Canada, on December 21, 1762, Cook married Elizabeth Butts. They had six children: James (1763-1794), Nathaniel (1764-1781), Elizabeth (1767-1771), Joseph (1768-1768), George (1772-1772) and Hugh (1776-1793). The family lived in the East End of London. Little is known about Elizabeth's life after Cook's death. She lived after his death for another 56 years and died in December 1835 at the age of 93.
The first circumnavigation of the world (1768-1771)
Expedition goals
The official purpose of the expedition was to study the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. However, in secret orders received by Cook, he was instructed to immediately after completing astronomical observations go to the southern latitudes in search of the so-called Southern Continent (also known as Terra Incognita). Also, the purpose of the expedition was to establish the shores of Australia, especially its eastern coast, which was completely unexplored.
Expedition composition
The following reasons can be identified that influenced the Admiralty’s choice in favor of Cook:
The expedition included naturalists Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster (father and son), astronomers William Wells and William Bailey, and artist William Hodges.
Progress of the expedition
On July 13, 1772, the ships left Plymouth. In Cape Town, where they arrived on October 30, 1772, the botanist Anders Sparrman joined the expedition. On November 22, the ships left Cape Town, heading south.
For two weeks, Cook searched for the so-called Circumcision Island, the land that Bouvet first saw, but could not accurately determine its coordinates. Presumably, the island was located approximately 1,700 miles south of the Cape of Good Hope. The search turned up nothing, and Cook went further south.
On January 17, 1773, the ships crossed (for the first time in history) the Antarctic Circle. On February 8, 1773, during a storm, the ships found themselves out of line of sight and lost each other. The captains' actions after this were as follows.
- Cook cruised for three days trying to find the Adventure. The search turned out to be fruitless and Cook set the Resolution on a course southeast to the 60th parallel, then turned east and remained on this course until March 17. After this, Cook set course for New Zealand. The expedition spent 6 weeks at an anchorage in Tumanny Bay, exploring this bay and restoring strength, after which it moved to Charlotte Bay - a meeting place previously agreed upon in case of loss.
- Furneaux moved to the east coast of the island of Tasmania in order to establish whether Tasmania is part of the Australian mainland or an independent island, but was unsuccessful in this, mistakenly deciding that Tasmania was part of Australia. Furneaux then led the Adventure to the rendezvous point in Charlotte Bay.
On June 7, 1773, the ships left Charlotte Bay and headed west. During the winter months, Cook wanted to explore the little-explored areas of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to New Zealand. However, due to an exacerbation of scurvy on Adventure, which was caused by violations of the established diet, I had to visit Tahiti. In Tahiti, a large amount of fruit was included in the diet of the teams, and thus it was possible to cure all scurvy patients.
Expedition results
A number of islands and archipelagos were discovered in the Pacific Ocean.
It has been proven that there are no new significant lands in the southern latitudes, and, therefore, there is no point in continuing searches in this direction.
The southern continent (aka Antarctica) was never discovered.
Third circumnavigation of the world (1776-1779)
Expedition goals
The main goal set by the Admiralty before Cook's third expedition was the discovery of the so-called Northwest Passage - a waterway crossing the North American continent and connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Expedition composition
The expedition, as before, was allocated two ships - the flagship Resolution (displacement 462 tons, 32 guns), on which Cook made his second voyage, and Discovery with a displacement of 350 tons, which had 26 guns. The captain on the Resolution was Cook himself, on the Discovery - Charles Clerk, who participated in Cook's first two expeditions. John Gore, James King, and John Williamson were first, second, and third mates on the Resolution, respectively. On Discovery the first mate was James Burney and the second mate was John Rickman. John Webber worked as an artist on the expedition.
Progress of the expedition
The ships left England separately: the Resolution left Plymouth on July 12, 1776, the Discovery on August 1. On his way to Cape Town, Cook visited the island of Tenerife. In Cape Town, where Cook arrived on October 17, the Resolution was put in for repairs due to the unsatisfactory condition of the side plating. Discovery, which arrived in Cape Town on 1 November, was also repaired.
On December 1, the ships left Cape Town. On December 25 we visited Kerguelen Island. On January 26, 1777, the ships approached Tasmania, where they replenished supplies of water and firewood.
From New Zealand the ships sailed to Tahiti, but due to headwinds Cook was forced to change course and visit the Friendship Islands first. Cook arrived in Tahiti on August 12, 1777.
The expedition stayed in Hawaii until February 2, recuperating and preparing for sailing in northern latitudes, then moved northeast, to the west coast of North America. On this route, the ships encountered a storm and received partial damage (Resolution, in particular, lost its mizzenmast).
On April 26, having completed repairs, they left Nootka Sound and headed north along the North American coast. Off the coast of Alaska, however, she had to stop again for repairs, as the Resolution was leaking heavily.
In early August, the ships passed through the Bering Strait, crossed the Arctic Circle and entered the Chukchi Sea. Here they came across a continuous ice field. It was impossible to continue the road north, winter was approaching, so Cook turned the ships around, intending to spend the winter in more southern latitudes.
On October 2, 1778, Cook reached the Aleutian Islands, here he met Russian industrialists who provided him with their map compiled by the Bering expedition. The Russian map turned out to be much more complete than Cook’s map; it contained islands unknown to Cook, and the outlines of many lands, drawn only approximately by Cook, were displayed on it with high accuracy and detail. It is known that Cook redrew this map and named the strait separating Asia and America after Bering.
On October 24, 1778, the ships left the Aleutian Islands and reached the Hawaiian Islands on November 26, but a suitable anchorage for the ships was not found until January 16, 1779. The inhabitants of the islands - the Hawaiians - concentrated around the ships in large numbers; Cook in his notes estimated their number at several thousand. Later it became known that the high interest and special attitude of the islanders towards the expedition was explained by the fact that they mistook Cook for one of their gods. The good relations that were initially established between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians, however, began to quickly deteriorate; Every day the number of thefts committed by Hawaiians increased, and the clashes that arose due to attempts to return stolen property became increasingly heated.
Feeling that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay on February 4, but a storm that began soon caused serious damage to the Resolution's rigging and on February 10 the ships were forced to return for repairs (there was no other anchorage nearby). The sails and parts of the rigging were taken ashore for repairs. Meanwhile, the attitude of the Hawaiians towards the expedition became openly hostile. Many armed people appeared in the area. The number of thefts has increased. On February 13, pliers were stolen from the deck of the Resolution. An attempt to return them was unsuccessful and ended in an open clash.
The next day, February 14, the longboat from the Resolution was stolen. In order to return the stolen property, Cook decided to take Kalaniopa, one of the local leaders, on board as a hostage. Having landed on shore with a group of armed men, consisting of ten marines led by Lieutenant Phillips, he went to the chief's dwelling and invited him onto the ship. Having accepted the offer, Kalaniopa followed the British, but at the very shore he refused to follow further, presumably succumbing to the persuasion of his wife.
Meanwhile, several thousand Hawaiians gathered on the shore and surrounded Cook and his people, pushing them back to the water. A rumor spread among them that the British had killed several Hawaiians (Captain Clerk's diaries mention one native killed by Lieutenant Rickman's men shortly before the events described), and these rumors, as well as Cook's ambiguous behavior, pushed the crowd to begin hostile actions. In the ensuing battle, Cook himself and four sailors died; the rest managed to retreat to the ship. There are several conflicting eyewitness accounts of those events, and from them it is difficult to judge what actually happened. With a reasonable degree of certainty, we can only say that panic began among the British, the crew began to randomly retreat to the boats, and in this confusion Cook was killed by the Hawaiians (presumably with a spear to the back of the head).
Thus, on the evening of February 14, 1779, 50-year-old Captain James Cook was killed by the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. Captain Clerk states in his diary that if Cook had abandoned his defiant behavior in the face of a crowd of thousands, the accident could have been avoided:“When the Hawaiians saw Cook fall, they let out a cry of victory. His body was immediately dragged ashore, and the crowd surrounding him, greedily snatching daggers from each other, began to inflict many wounds on him, since everyone wanted to take part in his destruction.”
Considering the whole affair as a whole, I am firmly convinced that it would not have been carried to extremes by the natives had not Captain Cook made an attempt to punish a man surrounded by a crowd of islanders, relying entirely on the fact that, if necessary, the Marine soldiers would be able to fire from muskets to scatter the natives. Such an opinion was undoubtedly based on extensive experience with various Indian peoples in various parts of the world, but today's unfortunate events have shown that in this case this opinion turned out to be erroneous.
There is good reason to suppose that the natives would not have gone so far if, unfortunately, Captain Cook had not fired upon them: a few minutes before, they began to clear the way for the soldiers, so that they could reach that place on shore, against which the boats stood (I have already mentioned this), thus giving Captain Cook the opportunity to get away from them.
According to Lieutenant Phillips, the Hawaiians did not intend to prevent the British from returning to the ship, much less attack, and the large crowd that had gathered was explained by their concern for the fate of the king (not unreasonable, if we bear in mind the purpose for which Cook invited Kalaniopa to the ship).
After Cook's death, the position of chief of the expedition passed to Discovery's captain, Charles Clerk. The clerk tried to obtain the release of Cook's body peacefully. Having failed, he ordered a military operation, during which troops landed under the cover of cannons, captured and burned coastal settlements to the ground and drove the Hawaiians into the mountains. After this, the Hawaiians delivered to the Resolution a basket with ten pounds of meat and a human head without the lower jaw. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea. Captain Clerk died of tuberculosis, which he suffered from throughout the voyage. The ships returned to England on October 7, 1780.
Expedition results
The main goal of the expedition - the discovery of the Northwest Passage - was not achieved. The Hawaiian Islands, Christmas Island and some other islands were discovered.
Memory
- In addition to the strait, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean was named after the traveler; The archipelago received its name from the Russian navigator Ivan Krusenstern, since Cook himself stayed on the islands of the Southern Group in the period from 1773 to 1775.
- The command module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after Endeavor, the first ship commanded by James Cook. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the Moon was carried out. One of the “space shuttles” received the same name.
- Regarding the popular myth associated with the death of James Cook, Vladimir Vysotsky in 1971 wrote a humorous song “One Scientific Riddle, or Why the Aborigines Ate Cook.”
- In 1935, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the visible side of the Moon named after James Cook.
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Notes
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Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Blon Georges. Great Hour of the Oceans: Quiet. - M. Mysl, 1980. - 205 p.
- Werner Lange Paul. South Sea Horizons: A History of Marine Discovery in Oceania. - M.: Progress, 1987. - 288 p.
- Vladimirov V.N. James Cook. - M.: Magazine and newspaper association, 1933. - 168 p. (Life of wonderful people)
- Volnevich Yanush. Colorful trade winds or wanderings around the islands of the southern seas. - M.: Science, Ch. editorial office of eastern literature, 1980. - 232 p. - Series “Stories about Eastern countries”.
- Kublitsky G.I. Across continents and oceans. Stories about travel and discoveries. - M.: Detgiz, 1957. - 326 p.
- Cook James. Sailing on the Endeavor in 1768-1771. Captain James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world. - M.: Geographgiz, 1960.
- Cook James. Captain James Cook's second voyage around the world. Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. - M.: Mysl, 1964. - 624 p.
- Cook James. Captain James Cook's third voyage. Sailing in the Pacific Ocean in 1776-1780. - M.: Mysl, 1971. - 638 p.
- McLean Alistair. Captain Cook. - M.: Science, Ch. editorial office of eastern literature, 1976. - 136 p. - Series “Travel to Eastern Countries”.
- Light Ya. M. Navigator of Foggy Albion. - M.: Geographgiz, 1963. - 80 p. - Series “Wonderful geographers and travelers.”
- Light Ya. M. James Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1979. - 110 p. - Series “Wonderful geographers and travelers.”
- Stingle Miloslav. Enchanted Hawaii. - M.: Science, Ch. editorial office of eastern literature, 1983. - 332 p. - Series “Stories about Eastern countries”.
- Stingle Miloslav. Adventures in Oceania. - M.: Pravda, 1986. - 592 p.
- Stingle Miloslav. Mysterious Polynesia. - M.: Science, Ch. editorial office of eastern literature, 1991. - 224 p.
- Forster Georg. Traveling across the world. - M.: Science, Ch. editorial office of eastern literature, 1986. - 568 p.
- Chukovsky N.K. Frigate drivers. A book about great sailors. - M.: Children's literature, 1985. - 479 p.
Sources
- Diaries of James Cook, see section // website “Oriental Literature” (Russian)
- Alistair MacLean.- M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - ISBN 5-227-01197-4
- Biographical sketches: on three expeditions.
- Chukovsky N.K.- M.: Stroyizdat, 1993. - ISBN 5-274-02158-1
- Sir Joseph Banks. The Endeavor Journal Of Sir Joseph Banks
- James Cawte Beaglehole. The Life Of Captain James Cook
- James Cawte Beaglehole. The Exploration Of The Pacific
- James Cook. The Journals, see // gutenberg.org (English)
- Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. Pathfinders: A Global History Of Exploration
- Richard Hough. Captain James Cook: A Biography
- Alan Villiers. Captain Cook, The Seamen's Seaman
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Excerpt characterizing Cook, James
- What, what character? – asked the regimental commander.“Your Excellency finds, for days,” said the captain, “that he is smart, learned, and kind.” It's a beast. He killed a Jew in Poland, if you please...
“Well, yes, well,” said the regimental commander, “we still need to feel sorry for the young man in misfortune.” After all, great connections... So you...
“I’m listening, Your Excellency,” Timokhin said, smiling, making it feel like he understood the boss’s wishes.
- Yes Yes.
The regimental commander found Dolokhov in the ranks and reined in his horse.
“Before the first task, epaulets,” he told him.
Dolokhov looked around, said nothing and did not change the expression of his mockingly smiling mouth.
“Well, that’s good,” continued the regimental commander. “The people each have a glass of vodka from me,” he added so that the soldiers could hear. – Thank you everyone! God bless! - And he, overtaking the company, drove up to another.
“Well, he’s really a good man; “You can serve with him,” said subaltern Timokhin to the officer walking next to him.
“One word, the king of hearts!... (the regimental commander was nicknamed the king of hearts),” the subaltern officer said, laughing.
The happy mood of the authorities after the review passed on to the soldiers. The company walked cheerfully. Soldiers' voices were talking from all sides.
- What did they say, crooked Kutuzov, about one eye?
- Otherwise, no! Totally crooked.
- No... brother, he has bigger eyes than you. Boots and tucks - I looked at everything...
- How can he, my brother, look at my feet... well! Think…
- And the other Austrian, with him, was as if smeared with chalk. Like flour, white. I tea, how they clean ammunition!
- What, Fedeshow!... did he say that when the fighting began, you stood closer? They all said that Bunaparte himself stands in Brunovo.
- Bunaparte is worth it! he's lying, you fool! What he doesn’t know! Now the Prussian is rebelling. The Austrian, therefore, pacifies him. As soon as he makes peace, then war will open with Bunaparte. Otherwise, he says, Bunaparte is standing in Brunovo! That's what shows that he's a fool. Listen more.
- Look, damn the lodgers! The fifth company, look, is already turning into the village, they will cook porridge, and we still won’t reach the place.
- Give me a cracker, damn it.
- Did you give me tobacco yesterday? That's it, brother. Well, here we go, God be with you.
“At least they made a stop, otherwise we won’t eat for another five miles.”
– It was nice how the Germans gave us strollers. When you go, know: it’s important!
“And here, brother, the people have gone completely rabid.” Everything there seemed to be a Pole, everything was from the Russian crown; and now, brother, he’s gone completely German.
– Songwriters forward! – the captain’s cry was heard.
And twenty people ran out from different rows in front of the company. The drummer began to sing and turned his face to the songwriters, and, waving his hand, began a drawn-out soldier’s song, which began: “Isn’t it dawn, the sun has broken...” and ended with the words: “So, brothers, there will be glory for us and Kamensky’s father...” This song was composed in Turkey and was now sung in Austria, only with the change that in place of “Kamensky’s father” the words were inserted: “Kutuzov’s father.”
Having torn off these last words like a soldier and waving his hands, as if he was throwing something to the ground, the drummer, a dry and handsome soldier of about forty, looked sternly at the soldier songwriters and closed his eyes. Then, making sure that all eyes were fixed on him, he seemed to carefully lift with both hands some invisible, precious thing above his head, held it like that for several seconds and suddenly desperately threw it:
Oh, you, my canopy, my canopy!
“My new canopy...”, twenty voices echoed, and the spoon holder, despite the weight of his ammunition, quickly jumped forward and walked backwards in front of the company, moving his shoulders and threatening someone with his spoons. The soldiers, waving their arms to the beat of the song, walked with long strides, involuntarily hitting their feet. From behind the company the sounds of wheels, the crunching of springs and the trampling of horses were heard.
Kutuzov and his retinue were returning to the city. The commander-in-chief gave a sign for the people to continue walking freely, and pleasure was expressed on his face and on all the faces of his retinue at the sounds of the song, at the sight of the dancing soldier and the soldiers of the company walking cheerfully and briskly. In the second row, from the right flank, from which the carriage overtook the companies, one involuntarily caught the eye of a blue-eyed soldier, Dolokhov, who especially briskly and gracefully walked to the beat of the song and looked at the faces of those passing with such an expression, as if he felt sorry for everyone who did not go at this time with the company. A hussar cornet from Kutuzov's retinue, imitating the regimental commander, fell behind the carriage and drove up to Dolokhov.
The hussar cornet Zherkov at one time in St. Petersburg belonged to that violent society led by Dolokhov. Abroad, Zherkov met Dolokhov as a soldier, but did not consider it necessary to recognize him. Now, after Kutuzov’s conversation with the demoted man, he turned to him with the joy of an old friend:
- Dear friend, how are you? - he said at the sound of the song, matching the step of his horse with the step of the company.
- I am like? - Dolokhov answered coldly, - as you see.
The lively song gave particular significance to the tone of cheeky gaiety with which Zherkov spoke and the deliberate coldness of Dolokhov’s answers.
- Well, how do you get along with your boss? – asked Zherkov.
- Nothing, good people. How did you get into the headquarters?
- Seconded, on duty.
They were silent.
“She released a falcon from her right sleeve,” said the song, involuntarily arousing a cheerful, cheerful feeling. Their conversation would probably have been different if they had not spoken to the sound of a song.
– Is it true that the Austrians were beaten? – asked Dolokhov.
“The devil knows them,” they say.
“I’m glad,” Dolokhov answered briefly and clearly, as the song required.
“Well, come to us in the evening, you’ll pawn the Pharaoh,” said Zherkov.
– Or do you have a lot of money?
- Come.
- It is forbidden. I made a vow. I don’t drink or gamble until they make it.
- Well, on to the first thing...
- We'll see there.
Again they were silent.
“You come in if you need anything, everyone at headquarters will help...” said Zherkov.
Dolokhov grinned.
- You better not worry. I won’t ask for anything I need, I’ll take it myself.
- Well, I’m so...
- Well, so am I.
- Goodbye.
- Be healthy…
... and high and far,
On the home side...
Zherkov touched his spurs to the horse, which, getting excited, kicked three times, not knowing which one to start with, managed and galloped off, overtaking the company and catching up with the carriage, also to the beat of the song.
Returning from the review, Kutuzov, accompanied by the Austrian general, went into his office and, calling the adjutant, ordered to be given some papers related to the state of the arriving troops, and letters received from Archduke Ferdinand, who commanded the advanced army. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky entered the commander-in-chief's office with the required papers. Kutuzov and an Austrian member of the Gofkriegsrat sat in front of the plan laid out on the table.
“Ah...” said Kutuzov, looking back at Bolkonsky, as if with this word he was inviting the adjutant to wait, and continued the conversation he had started in French.
“I’m just saying one thing, General,” Kutuzov said with a pleasant grace of expression and intonation, which forced you to listen carefully to every leisurely spoken word. It was clear that Kutuzov himself enjoyed listening to himself. “I only say one thing, General, that if the matter depended on my personal desire, then the will of His Majesty Emperor Franz would have been fulfilled long ago.” I would have joined the Archduke long ago. And believe my honor that for me personally to transfer the highest command of the army to a more knowledgeable and skilled general than me, of which Austria is so abundant, and to relinquish all this heavy responsibility would be a joy for me personally. But circumstances are stronger than us, General.
And Kutuzov smiled with an expression as if he was saying: “You have every right not to believe me, and even I don’t care at all whether you believe me or not, but you have no reason to tell me this. And that’s the whole point.”
The Austrian general looked dissatisfied, but could not help but respond to Kutuzov in the same tone.
“On the contrary,” he said in a grumpy and angry tone, so contrary to the flattering meaning of the words he spoke, “on the contrary, your Excellency’s participation in the common cause is highly valued by His Majesty; but we believe that the present slowdown deprives the glorious Russian troops and their commanders-in-chief of the laurels that they are accustomed to reaping in battles,” he finished his apparently prepared phrase.
Kutuzov bowed without changing his smile.
“And I am so convinced and, based on the last letter with which His Highness Archduke Ferdinand honored me, I assume that the Austrian troops, under the command of such a skillful assistant as General Mack, have now won a decisive victory and no longer need our help,” said Kutuzov.
The general frowned. Although there was no positive news about the defeat of the Austrians, there were too many circumstances that confirmed the general unfavorable rumors; and therefore Kutuzov’s assumption about the victory of the Austrians was very similar to ridicule. But Kutuzov smiled meekly, still with the same expression, which said that he had the right to assume this. Indeed, the last letter he received from Mac's army informed him of the victory and the most advantageous strategic position of the army.
“Give me this letter here,” said Kutuzov, turning to Prince Andrei. - If you please see. - And Kutuzov, with a mocking smile at the ends of his lips, read in German to the Austrian general the following passage from a letter from Archduke Ferdinand: “Wir haben vollkommen zusammengehaltene Krafte, nahe an 70,000 Mann, um den Feind, wenn er den Lech passirte, angreifen und schlagen zu konnen. Wir konnen, da wir Meister von Ulm sind, den Vortheil, auch von beiden Uferien der Donau Meister zu bleiben, nicht verlieren; mithin auch jeden Augenblick, wenn der Feind den Lech nicht passirte, die Donau ubersetzen, uns auf seine Communikations Linie werfen, die Donau unterhalb repassiren und dem Feinde, wenn er sich gegen unsere treue Allirte mit ganzer Macht wenden wollte, seine Absicht alabald vereitelien. Wir werden auf solche Weise den Zeitpunkt, wo die Kaiserlich Ruseische Armee ausgerustet sein wird, muthig entgegenharren, und sodann leicht gemeinschaftlich die Moglichkeit finden, dem Feinde das Schicksal zuzubereiten, so er verdient.” [We have quite concentrated forces, about 70,000 people, so that we can attack and defeat the enemy if he crosses Lech. Since we already own Ulm, we can retain the benefit of command of both banks of the Danube, therefore, every minute, if the enemy does not cross the Lech, cross the Danube, rush to his communication line, and below cross the Danube back to the enemy, if he decides to turn all his power on our faithful allies, prevent his intention from being fulfilled. Thus, we will cheerfully await the time when the imperial Russian army is completely ready, and then together we will easily find the opportunity to prepare for the enemy the fate he deserves.”]
Kutuzov sighed heavily, ending this period, and looked attentively and affectionately at the member of the Gofkriegsrat.
“But you know, Your Excellency, the wise rule is to assume the worst,” said the Austrian general, apparently wanting to end the jokes and get down to business.
He involuntarily looked back at the adjutant.
“Excuse me, General,” Kutuzov interrupted him and also turned to Prince Andrei. - That's it, my dear, take all the reports from our spies from Kozlovsky. Here are two letters from Count Nostitz, here is a letter from His Highness Archduke Ferdinand, here is another,” he said, handing him several papers. - And from all this, neatly, in French, compose a memorandum, a note, for the sake of visibility of all the news that we had about the actions of the Austrian army. Well, then, introduce him to his Excellency.
Prince Andrei bowed his head as a sign that he understood from the first words not only what was said, but also what Kutuzov wanted to tell him. He collected the papers, and, making a general bow, quietly walking along the carpet, went out into the reception room.
Despite the fact that not much time has passed since Prince Andrei left Russia, he has changed a lot during this time. In the expression of his face, in his movements, in his gait, the former pretense, fatigue and laziness were almost not noticeable; he had the appearance of a man who does not have time to think about the impression he makes on others, and is busy doing something pleasant and interesting. His face expressed more satisfaction with himself and those around him; his smile and gaze were more cheerful and attractive.
Kutuzov, whom he caught up with in Poland, received him very kindly, promised him not to forget him, distinguished him from other adjutants, took him with him to Vienna and gave him more serious assignments. From Vienna, Kutuzov wrote to his old comrade, the father of Prince Andrei:
“Your son,” he wrote, “shows hope of becoming an officer, out of the ordinary in his studies, firmness and diligence. I consider myself lucky to have such a subordinate at hand.”
At Kutuzov's headquarters, among his comrades and colleagues, and in the army in general, Prince Andrei, as well as in St. Petersburg society, had two completely opposite reputations.
Some, a minority, recognized Prince Andrei as something special from themselves and from all other people, expected great success from him, listened to him, admired him and imitated him; and with these people Prince Andrei was simple and pleasant. Others, the majority, did not like Prince Andrei, considered him a pompous, cold and unpleasant person. But with these people, Prince Andrei knew how to position himself in such a way that he was respected and even feared.
Coming out of Kutuzov’s office into the reception area, Prince Andrei with papers approached his comrade, the adjutant on duty Kozlovsky, who was sitting by the window with a book.
- Well, what, prince? – asked Kozlovsky.
“We were ordered to write a note explaining why we shouldn’t go ahead.”
- And why?
Prince Andrey shrugged his shoulders.
- No news from Mac? – asked Kozlovsky.
- No.
“If it were true that he was defeated, then the news would come.”
“Probably,” said Prince Andrei and headed towards the exit door; but at the same time, a tall, obviously visiting, Austrian general in a frock coat, with a black scarf tied around his head and with the Order of Maria Theresa around his neck, quickly entered the reception room, slamming the door. Prince Andrei stopped.
- General Chief Kutuzov? - the visiting general quickly said with a sharp German accent, looking around on both sides and walking without stopping to the office door.
“The general in chief is busy,” said Kozlovsky, hastily approaching the unknown general and blocking his path from the door. - How would you like to report?
The unknown general looked contemptuously down at the short Kozlovsky, as if surprised that he might not be known.
“The general in chief is busy,” Kozlovsky repeated calmly.
The general's face frowned, his lips twitched and trembled. He took out a notebook, quickly drew something with a pencil, tore out a piece of paper, gave it to him, walked quickly to the window, threw his body on a chair and looked around at those in the room, as if asking: why are they looking at him? Then the general raised his head, craned his neck, as if intending to say something, but immediately, as if casually starting to hum to himself, he made a strange sound, which immediately stopped. The door to the office opened, and Kutuzov appeared on the threshold. The general with his head bandaged, as if running away from danger, bent down and approached Kutuzov with large, fast steps of his thin legs.
“Vous voyez le malheureux Mack, [You see the unfortunate Mack.],” he said in a broken voice.
The face of Kutuzov, standing in the doorway of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments. Then, like a wave, a wrinkle ran across his face, his forehead smoothed out; He bowed his head respectfully, closed his eyes, silently let Mac pass by him and closed the door behind himself.
The rumor, already spread before, about the defeat of the Austrians and the surrender of the entire army at Ulm, turned out to be true. Half an hour later, adjutants were sent in different directions with orders proving that soon the Russian troops, which had hitherto been inactive, would have to meet the enemy.
Prince Andrei was one of those rare officers at the headquarters who believed his main interest was in the general course of military affairs. Having seen Mack and heard the details of his death, he realized that half of the campaign was lost, understood the difficulty of the position of the Russian troops and vividly imagined what awaited the army, and the role that he would have to play in it.
Involuntarily, he experienced an exciting, joyful feeling at the thought of disgracing arrogant Austria and the fact that in a week he might have to see and take part in a clash between the Russians and the French, for the first time since Suvorov.
But he was afraid of the genius of Bonaparte, who could be stronger than all the courage of the Russian troops, and at the same time could not allow shame for his hero.
Excited and irritated by these thoughts, Prince Andrei went to his room to write to his father, to whom he wrote every day. He met in the corridor with his roommate Nesvitsky and the joker Zherkov; They, as always, laughed at something.
-Why are you so gloomy? – Nesvitsky asked, noticing the pale face of Prince Andrei with sparkling eyes.
“There’s no point in having fun,” Bolkonsky answered.
While Prince Andrei met with Nesvitsky and Zherkov, on the other side of the corridor, Strauch, an Austrian general who was at Kutuzov’s headquarters to monitor the food supply of the Russian army, and a member of the Gofkriegsrat, who had arrived the day before, walked towards them. There was enough space along the wide corridor for the generals to freely disperse with three officers; but Zherkov, pushing Nesvitsky away with his hand, said in a breathless voice:
- They're coming!... they're coming!... move aside! please the way!
The generals passed by with an air of desire to get rid of bothersome honors. The face of the joker Zherkov suddenly expressed a stupid smile of joy, which he seemed unable to contain.
“Your Excellency,” he said in German, moving forward and addressing the Austrian general. – I have the honor to congratulate you.
He bowed his head and awkwardly, like children learning to dance, began to shuffle first with one foot and then with the other.
The general, a member of the Gofkriegsrat, looked sternly at him; without noticing the seriousness of the stupid smile, he could not refuse a moment’s attention. He narrowed his eyes to show that he was listening.
“I have the honor to congratulate you, General Mack has arrived, he’s completely healthy, he just got a little hurt here,” he added, beaming with a smile and pointing to his head.
The general frowned, turned away and walked on.
– Gott, wie naiv! [My God, how simple it is!] - he said angrily, walking away a few steps.
Nesvitsky hugged Prince Andrei with laughter, but Bolkonsky, turning even paler, with an angry expression on his face, pushed him away and turned to Zherkov. The nervous irritation into which the sight of Mack, the news of his defeat and the thought of what awaited the Russian army led him, found its outcome in anger at Zherkov’s inappropriate joke.
“If you, dear sir,” he spoke shrilly with a slight trembling of his lower jaw, “want to be a jester, then I cannot prevent you from doing so; but I declare to you that if you dare to act up in my presence next time, I will teach you how to behave.
Nesvitsky and Zherkov were so surprised by this outburst that they silently looked at Bolkonsky with their eyes open.
“Well, I just congratulated,” said Zherkov.
– I’m not joking with you, please remain silent! - Bolkonsky shouted and, taking Nesvitsky by the hand, walked away from Zherkov, who could not find what to answer.
“Well, what are you talking about, brother,” Nesvitsky said calmingly.
- Like what? - Prince Andrei spoke, stopping from excitement. - Yes, you must understand that we are either officers who serve our tsar and fatherland and rejoice in the common success and are sad about the common failure, or we are lackeys who do not care about the master’s business. “Quarante milles hommes massacres et l"ario mee de nos allies detruite, et vous trouvez la le mot pour rire,” he said, as if reinforcing his opinion with this French phrase. “C”est bien pour un garcon de rien, comme cet individu , dont vous avez fait un ami, mais pas pour vous, pas pour vous. [Forty thousand people died and the army allied to us was destroyed, and you can joke about it. This is forgivable for an insignificant boy like this gentleman whom you made your friend, but not for you, not for you.] Boys can only have fun like this,” said Prince Andrei in Russian, pronouncing this word with a French accent, noting that Zherkov could still hear him.
He waited to see if the cornet would answer. But the cornet turned and left the corridor.
The Pavlograd Hussar Regiment was stationed two miles from Braunau. The squadron, in which Nikolai Rostov served as a cadet, was located in the German village of Salzeneck. The squadron commander, captain Denisov, known throughout the cavalry division under the name Vaska Denisov, was allocated the best apartment in the village. Junker Rostov, ever since he caught up with the regiment in Poland, lived with the squadron commander.
On October 11, the very day when everything in the main apartment was raised to its feet by the news of Mack's defeat, at the squadron headquarters, camp life calmly went on as before. Denisov, who had lost all night at cards, had not yet come home when Rostov returned from foraging early in the morning on horseback. Rostov, in a cadet's uniform, rode up to the porch, pushed his horse, threw off his leg with a flexible, youthful gesture, stood on the stirrup, as if not wanting to part with the horse, finally jumped off and shouted to the messenger.
“Ah, Bondarenko, dear friend,” he said to the hussar who rushed headlong towards his horse. “Lead me out, my friend,” he said with that brotherly, cheerful tenderness with which good young people treat everyone when they are happy.
“I’m listening, your Excellency,” answered the Little Russian, shaking his head cheerfully.
- Look, take it out well!
Another hussar also rushed to the horse, but Bondarenko had already thrown over the reins of the bit. It was obvious that the cadet spent a lot of money on vodka, and that it was profitable to serve him. Rostov stroked the horse’s neck, then its rump, and stopped on the porch.
“Nice! This will be the horse!” he said to himself and, smiling and holding his saber, ran up onto the porch, rattling his spurs. The German owner, in a sweatshirt and cap, with a pitchfork with which he was clearing out manure, looked out of the barn. The German's face suddenly brightened as soon as he saw Rostov. He smiled cheerfully and winked: “Schon, gut Morgen!” Schon, gut Morgen! [Wonderful, good morning!] he repeated, apparently finding pleasure in greeting the young man.
- Schon fleissig! [Already at work!] - said Rostov with the same joyful, brotherly smile that never left his animated face. - Hoch Oestreicher! Hoch Russen! Kaiser Alexander hoch! [Hurray Austrians! Hurray Russians! Emperor Alexander, hurray!] - he turned to the German, repeating the words often spoken by the German owner.
The German laughed, walked completely out of the barn door, pulled
cap and, waving it over his head, shouted:
– Und die ganze Welt hoch! [And the whole world cheers!]
Rostov himself, just like a German, waved his cap over his head and, laughing, shouted: “Und Vivat die ganze Welt”! Although there was no reason for special joy either for the German, who was cleaning out his barn, or for Rostov, who was riding with his platoon for hay, both these people looked at each other with happy delight and brotherly love, shook their heads as a sign of mutual love and parted smiling - the German to the cowshed, and Rostov to the hut he occupied with Denisov.
- What is it, master? - he asked Lavrushka, Denisov’s lackey, a rogue known to the entire regiment.
- Haven't been since last night. That’s right, we lost,” Lavrushka answered. “I already know that if they win, they’ll come early to brag, but if they don’t win until morning, that means they’ve lost their minds, and they’ll come angry.” Would you like some coffee?
- Come on, come on.
After 10 minutes, Lavrushka brought coffee. They're coming! - he said, - now there’s trouble. - Rostov looked out the window and saw Denisov returning home. Denisov was a small man with a red face, shiny black eyes, and black tousled mustache and hair. He had an unbuttoned mantle, wide chikchirs lowered in folds, and a crumpled hussar cap on the back of his head. He gloomily, with his head down, approached the porch.
“Lavg’ushka,” he shouted loudly and angrily. “Well, take it off, you idiot!”
“Yes, I’m filming anyway,” Lavrushka’s voice answered.
- A! “You’re already up,” Denisov said, entering the room.
“A long time ago,” said Rostov, “I already went for hay and saw the maid of honor Matilda.”
- That's how it is! And I puffed up, bg "at, why" like a son of a bitch! - Denisov shouted, without pronouncing the word. - Such a misfortune! Such a misfortune! As you left, so it went. Hey, some tea!
Denisov, wrinkling his face, as if smiling and showing his short, strong teeth, began to ruffle his fluffy black thick hair with both hands with short fingers, like a dog.
“Why didn’t I have the money to go to this kg”ysa (the officer’s nickname),” he said, rubbing his forehead and face with both hands. “Can you imagine, not a single one, not a single one?” "You didn't give it.
Denisov took the lit pipe that was handed to him, clenched it into a fist, and, scattering fire, hit it on the floor, continuing to scream.
- Sempel will give, pag"ol will beat; Sempel will give, pag"ol will beat.
He scattered fire, broke the pipe and threw it away. Denisov paused and suddenly looked cheerfully at Rostov with his sparkling black eyes.
- If only there were women. Otherwise, there’s nothing to do here, just like drinking. If only I could drink and drink.
- Hey, who's there? - he turned to the door, hearing the stopped steps of thick boots with the clanking of spurs and a respectful cough.
- Sergeant! - said Lavrushka.
Denisov wrinkled his face even more.
“Skveg,” he said, throwing away a wallet with several gold pieces. “G’ostov, count, my dear, how much is left there, and put the wallet under the pillow,” he said and went out to the sergeant.
Rostov took the money and, mechanically, putting aside and arranging old and new gold pieces in piles, began to count them.
- A! Telyanin! Zdog "ovo! They blew me away!" – Denisov’s voice was heard from another room.
- Who? At Bykov’s, at the rat’s?... I knew,” said another thin voice, and after that Lieutenant Telyanin, a small officer of the same squadron, entered the room.
Rostov threw his wallet under the pillow and shook the small, damp hand extended to him. Telyanin was transferred from the guard for something before the campaign. He behaved very well in the regiment; but they did not like him, and in particular Rostov could neither overcome nor hide his causeless disgust for this officer.
- Well, young cavalryman, how is my Grachik serving you? - he asked. (Grachik was a riding horse, a carriage, sold by Telyanin to Rostov.)
The lieutenant never looked into the eyes of the person he was talking to; his eyes constantly darted from one object to another.
- I saw you passed by today...
“It’s okay, he’s a good horse,” Rostov answered, despite the fact that this horse, which he bought for 700 rubles, was not worth even half of that price. “She started falling on the left front...,” he added. - The hoof is cracked! It's nothing. I will teach you and show you which rivet to use.
“Yes, please show me,” said Rostov.
“I’ll show you, I’ll show you, it’s not a secret.” And you will be grateful for the horse.
“So I’ll order the horse to be brought,” said Rostov, wanting to get rid of Telyanin, and went out to order the horse to be brought.
In the entryway, Denisov, holding a pipe, huddled on the threshold, sat in front of the sergeant, who was reporting something. Seeing Rostov, Denisov winced and, pointing over his shoulder with his thumb into the room in which Telyanin was sitting, winced and shook with disgust.
“Oh, I don’t like the fellow,” he said, not embarrassed by the sergeant’s presence.
Rostov shrugged his shoulders, as if saying: “Me too, but what can I do!” and, having given orders, returned to Telyanin.
Telyanin was still sitting in the same lazy position in which Rostov had left him, rubbing his small white hands.
“There are such nasty faces,” Rostov thought as he entered the room.
- Well, did they tell you to bring the horse? - Telyanin said, getting up and looking around casually.
- I ordered it.
- Let's go on our own. I just came in to ask Denisov about yesterday’s order. Got it, Denisov?
- Not yet. Where are you going?
“I want to teach a young man how to shoe a horse,” said Telyanin.
They went out onto the porch and into the stables. The lieutenant showed how to make a rivet and went home.
When Rostov returned, there was a bottle of vodka and sausage on the table. Denisov sat in front of the table and cracked his pen on paper. He looked gloomily into Rostov's face.
“I’m writing to her,” he said.
He leaned his elbows on the table with a pen in his hand, and, obviously delighted at the opportunity to quickly say in words everything he wanted to write, expressed his letter to Rostov.
“You see, dg,” he said. “We sleep until we love. We are children of pg’axa... and I fell in love - and you are God, you are pure, as on the pieties day of creation... Who else is this? Drive him to Chog’tu. There’s no time!” he shouted at Lavrushka, who, without any timidity, approached him.
- Who should be? They ordered it themselves. The sergeant came for the money.
Denisov frowned, wanted to shout something and fell silent.
“Skveg,” but that’s the point,” he said to himself. “How much money is left in the wallet?” he asked Rostov.
– Seven new and three old.
“Oh, skveg” but! Well, why are you standing there, stuffed animals, let’s go to the sergeant,” Denisov shouted at Lavrushka.
“Please, Denisov, take the money from me, because I have it,” Rostov said, blushing.
“I don’t like to borrow from my own people, I don’t like it,” Denisov grumbled.
“And if you don’t take the money from me in a friendly manner, you’ll offend me.” “Really, I have it,” Rostov repeated.
- No.
And Denisov went to the bed to take out his wallet from under the pillow.
- Where did you put it, Rostov?
- Under the bottom pillow.
- No, no.
Denisov threw both pillows onto the floor. There was no wallet.
- What a miracle!
- Wait, didn’t you drop it? - said Rostov, lifting the pillows one by one and shaking them out.
He threw off and shook off the blanket. There was no wallet.
- Have I forgotten? No, I also thought that you were definitely putting a treasure under your head,” said Rostov. - I put my wallet here. Where is he? – he turned to Lavrushka.
- I didn’t go in. Where they put it is where it should be.
- Not really…
– You’re just like that, throw it somewhere, and you’ll forget. Look in your pockets.
“No, if only I hadn’t thought about the treasure,” said Rostov, “otherwise I remember what I put in.”
Lavrushka rummaged through the entire bed, looked under it, under the table, rummaged through the entire room and stopped in the middle of the room. Denisov silently followed Lavrushka’s movements and, when Lavrushka threw up his hands in surprise, saying that he was nowhere, he looked back at Rostov.
- G "ostov, you are not a schoolboy...
Rostov felt Denisov’s gaze on him, raised his eyes and at the same moment lowered them. All his blood, which was trapped somewhere below his throat, poured into his face and eyes. He couldn't catch his breath.
“And there was no one in the room except the lieutenant and yourself.” Here somewhere,” said Lavrushka.
“Well, you little doll, get around, look,” Denisov suddenly shouted, turning purple and throwing himself at the footman with a threatening gesture. “You better have your wallet, otherwise you’ll burn.” Got everyone!
Rostov, looking around Denisov, began to button up his jacket, strapped on his saber and put on his cap.
“I tell you to have a wallet,” Denisov shouted, shaking the orderly by the shoulders and pushing him against the wall.
- Denisov, leave him alone; “I know who took it,” Rostov said, approaching the door and not raising his eyes.
Denisov stopped, thought and, apparently understanding what Rostov was hinting at, grabbed his hand.
“Sigh!” he shouted so that the veins, like ropes, swelled on his neck and forehead. “I’m telling you, you’re crazy, I won’t allow it.” The wallet is here; I'll take the shit out of this mega-dealer, and it will be here.
“I know who took it,” Rostov repeated in a trembling voice and went to the door.
“And I’m telling you, don’t you dare do this,” Denisov shouted, rushing to the cadet to hold him back.
But Rostov snatched his hand away and with such malice, as if Denisov were his greatest enemy, directly and firmly fixed his eyes on him.
- Do you understand what you are saying? - he said in a trembling voice, - there was no one in the room except me. Therefore, if not this, then...
He couldn't finish his sentence and ran out of the room.
“Oh, what’s wrong with you and with everyone,” were the last words that Rostov heard.
Rostov came to Telyanin’s apartment.
“The master is not at home, they have left for headquarters,” Telyanin’s orderly told him. - Or what happened? - added the orderly, surprised at the upset face of the cadet.
- There is nothing.
“We missed it a little,” said the orderly.
The headquarters was located three miles from Salzenek. Rostov, without going home, took a horse and rode to headquarters. In the village occupied by the headquarters there was a tavern frequented by officers. Rostov arrived at the tavern; at the porch he saw Telyanin's horse.
In the second room of the tavern the lieutenant was sitting with a plate of sausages and a bottle of wine.
“Oh, and you’ve stopped by, young man,” he said, smiling and raising his eyebrows high.
“Yes,” said Rostov, as if it took a lot of effort to pronounce this word, and sat down at the next table.
Both were silent; There were two Germans and one Russian officer sitting in the room. Everyone was silent, and the sounds of knives on plates and the lieutenant’s slurping could be heard. When Telyanin finished breakfast, he took a double wallet out of his pocket, pulled apart the rings with his small white fingers curved upward, took out a gold one and, raising his eyebrows, gave the money to the servant.
“Please hurry,” he said.
The gold one was new. Rostov stood up and approached Telyanin.
“Let me see your wallet,” he said in a quiet, barely audible voice.
With darting eyes, but still raised eyebrows, Telyanin handed over the wallet.
“Yes, a nice wallet... Yes... yes...” he said and suddenly turned pale. “Look, young man,” he added.
Rostov took the wallet in his hands and looked at it, and at the money that was in it, and at Telyanin. The lieutenant looked around, as was his habit, and suddenly seemed to become very cheerful.
“If we’re in Vienna, I’ll leave everything there, but now there’s nowhere to put it in these crappy little towns,” he said. - Well, come on, young man, I’ll go.
Rostov was silent.
- What about you? Should I have breakfast too? “They feed me decently,” Telyanin continued. - Come on.
He reached out and grabbed the wallet. Rostov released him. Telyanin took the wallet and began to put it in the pocket of his leggings, and his eyebrows rose casually, and his mouth opened slightly, as if he was saying: “yes, yes, I’m putting my wallet in my pocket, and it’s very simple, and no one cares about it.” .
- Well, what, young man? - he said, sighing and looking into Rostov’s eyes from under raised eyebrows. Some kind of light from the eyes, with the speed of an electric spark, ran from Telyanin’s eyes to Rostov’s eyes and back, back and back, all in an instant.
“Come here,” Rostov said, grabbing Telyanin by the hand. He almost dragged him to the window. “This is Denisov’s money, you took it...” he whispered in his ear.
– What?... What?... How dare you? What?...” said Telyanin.
But these words sounded like a plaintive, desperate cry and a plea for forgiveness. As soon as Rostov heard this sound of the voice, a huge stone of doubt fell from his soul. He felt joy and at the same moment he felt sorry for the unfortunate man standing in front of him; but it was necessary to complete the work begun.
“People here, God knows what they might think,” Telyanin muttered, grabbing his cap and heading into a small empty room, “we need to explain ourselves...
“I know this, and I will prove it,” said Rostov.
- I…
Telyanin's frightened, pale face began to tremble with all its muscles; the eyes were still running, but somewhere below, not rising to Rostov’s face, sobs were heard.
“Count!... don’t ruin the young man... this poor money, take it...” He threw it on the table. – My father is an old man, my mother!...
Rostov took the money, avoiding Telyanin’s gaze, and, without saying a word, left the room. But he stopped at the door and turned back. “My God,” he said with tears in his eyes, “how could you do this?”
“Count,” said Telyanin, approaching the cadet.
“Don’t touch me,” Rostov said, pulling away. - If you need it, take this money. “He threw his wallet at him and ran out of the tavern.
In the evening of the same day, there was a lively conversation between the squadron officers at Denisov’s apartment.
“And I’m telling you, Rostov, that you need to apologize to the regimental commander,” said a tall staff captain with graying hair, a huge mustache and large features of a wrinkled face, turning to the crimson, excited Rostov.
Staff captain Kirsten was demoted to soldier twice for matters of honor and served twice.
– I won’t allow anyone to tell me that I’m lying! - Rostov screamed. “He told me I was lying, and I told him he was lying.” It will remain so. He can assign me to duty every day and put me under arrest, but no one will force me to apologize, because if he, as a regimental commander, considers himself unworthy of giving me satisfaction, then...
- Just wait, father; “Listen to me,” the captain interrupted the headquarters in his bass voice, calmly smoothing his long mustache. - In front of other officers, you tell the regimental commander that the officer stole...
“It’s not my fault that the conversation started in front of other officers.” Maybe I shouldn’t have spoken in front of them, but I’m not a diplomat. Then I joined the hussars, I thought that there was no need for subtleties, but he told me that I was lying... so let him give me satisfaction...
- This is all good, no one thinks that you are a coward, but that’s not the point. Ask Denisov, does this look like something for a cadet to demand satisfaction from the regimental commander?
Denisov, biting his mustache, listened to the conversation with a gloomy look, apparently not wanting to engage in it. When asked by the captain's staff, he shook his head negatively.
“You tell the regimental commander about this dirty trick in front of the officers,” the captain continued. - Bogdanych (the regimental commander was called Bogdanych) besieged you.
- He didn’t besiege him, but said that I was telling a lie.
- Well, yes, and you said something stupid to him, and you need to apologize.
- Never! - Rostov shouted.
“I didn’t think this from you,” the captain said seriously and sternly. “You don’t want to apologize, but you, father, not only before him, but before the entire regiment, before all of us, you are completely to blame.” Here's how: if only you had thought and consulted on how to deal with this matter, otherwise you would have drunk right in front of the officers. What should the regimental commander do now? Should the officer be put on trial and the entire regiment be soiled? Because of one scoundrel, the whole regiment is disgraced? So, what do you think? But in our opinion, not so. And Bogdanich is great, he told you that you are telling lies. It’s unpleasant, but what can you do, father, they attacked you yourself. And now, as they want to hush up the matter, because of some kind of fanaticism you don’t want to apologize, but want to tell everything. You are offended that you are on duty, but why should you apologize to an old and honest officer! No matter what Bogdanich is, he’s still an honest and brave old colonel, it’s such a shame for you; Is it okay for you to dirty the regiment? – The captain’s voice began to tremble. - You, father, have been in the regiment for a week; today here, tomorrow transferred to adjutants somewhere; you don’t care what they say: “there are thieves among the Pavlograd officers!” But we care. So, what, Denisov? Not all the same?
Denisov remained silent and did not move, occasionally glancing at Rostov with his shining black eyes.
“You value your own fanabery, you don’t want to apologize,” the headquarters captain continued, “but for us old men, how we grew up, and even if we die, God willing, we will be brought into the regiment, so the honor of the regiment is dear to us, and Bogdanich knows this.” Oh, what a road, father! And this is not good, not good! Be offended or not, I will always tell the truth. Not good!
And the headquarters captain stood up and turned away from Rostov.
- Pg "avda, chog" take it! - Denisov shouted, jumping up. - Well, G'skeleton! Well!
Rostov, blushing and turning pale, looked first at one officer, then at the other.
- No, gentlemen, no... don’t think... I really understand, you’re wrong to think about me like that... I... for me... I’m for the honor of the regiment. So what? I will show this in practice, and for me the honor of the banner... well, it’s all the same, really, I’m to blame!.. - Tears stood in his eyes. - I’m guilty, I’m guilty all around!... Well, what else do you need?...
“That’s it, Count,” the captain of staff shouted, turning around, hitting him on the shoulder with his big hand.
“I’m telling you,” Denisov shouted, “he’s a nice little guy.”
“That’s better, Count,” the headquarters captain repeated, as if for his recognition they were beginning to call him a title. - Come and apologize, your Excellency, yes sir.
“Gentlemen, I’ll do everything, no one will hear a word from me,” Rostov said in a pleading voice, “but I can’t apologize, by God, I can’t, whatever you want!” How will I apologize, like a little one, asking for forgiveness?
Denisov laughed.
- It's worse for you. Bogdanich is vindictive, you will pay for your stubbornness,” said Kirsten.
- By God, not stubbornness! I can’t describe to you what a feeling, I can’t...
“Well, it’s your choice,” said the headquarters captain. - Well, where did this scoundrel go? – he asked Denisov.
“He said he was sick, and the manager ordered him to be expelled,” Denisov said.
“It’s a disease, there’s no other way to explain it,” said the captain at the headquarters.
“It’s not a disease, but if he doesn’t catch my eye, I’ll kill him!” – Denisov shouted bloodthirstyly.
Zherkov entered the room.
- How are you? - the officers suddenly turned to the newcomer.
- Let's go, gentlemen. Mak surrendered as a prisoner and with the army, completely.
- You're lying!
- I saw it myself.
- How? Have you seen Mack alive? with arms, with legs?
- Hike! Hike! Give him a bottle for such news. How did you get here?
“They sent me back to the regiment again, for the devil’s sake, for Mack.” The Austrian general complained. I congratulated him on Mak’s arrival... Are you from the bathhouse, Rostov?
- Here, brother, we have such a mess for the second day.
The regimental adjutant came in and confirmed the news brought by Zherkov. We were ordered to perform tomorrow.
- Let's go, gentlemen!
- Well, thank God, we stayed too long.
Kutuzov retreated to Vienna, destroying behind him bridges on the rivers Inn (in Braunau) and Traun (in Linz). On October 23, Russian troops crossed the Enns River. Russian convoys, artillery and columns of troops in the middle of the day stretched through the city of Enns, on this side and on the other side of the bridge.
The day was warm, autumn and rainy. The vast perspective that opened up from the elevation where the Russian batteries stood protecting the bridge was suddenly covered with a muslin curtain of slanting rain, then suddenly expanded, and in the light of the sun objects as if covered with varnish became visible far away and clearly. A town could be seen underfoot with its white houses and red roofs, a cathedral and a bridge, on both sides of which masses of Russian troops poured, crowding. At the bend of the Danube one could see ships, an island, and a castle with a park, surrounded by the waters of the Ensa confluence with the Danube; one could see the left rocky bank of the Danube covered with pine forests with the mysterious distance of green peaks and blue gorges. The towers of the monastery were visible, protruding from behind a pine forest that seemed untouched; far ahead on the mountain, on the other side of Enns, enemy patrols could be seen.
Between the guns, at a height, the chief of the rearguard, a general, and a retinue officer stood in front, examining the terrain through a telescope. Somewhat behind, Nesvitsky, sent from the commander-in-chief to the rearguard, sat on the trunk of a gun.
The Cossack accompanying Nesvitsky handed over a handbag and a flask, and Nesvitsky treated the officers to pies and real doppelkümel. The officers joyfully surrounded him, some on their knees, some sitting cross-legged on the wet grass.
- Yes, this Austrian prince was not a fool to build a castle here. Nice place. Why don't you eat, gentlemen? - Nesvitsky said.
“I humbly thank you, prince,” answered one of the officers, enjoying talking with such an important staff official. - Beautiful place. We walked past the park itself, saw two deer, and what a wonderful house!
“Look, prince,” said the other, who really wanted to take another pie, but was ashamed, and who therefore pretended that he was looking around the area, “look, our infantry have already climbed there.” Over there, in the meadow outside the village, three people are dragging something. “They will break through this palace,” he said with visible approval.