Energy drinks and their effects on the body: benefits and harm. Drinking and alcoholism

Another significant factor in the spread of AIDS among drug addicts is that these people, after filling a syringe with a drug, insert a needle into a vein and then draw a certain amount of their blood into the syringe to check the position of the needle. In medical institutions, when such manipulation is carried out, syringes are washed and disinfected by boiling or autoclaving. In the case we are considering, almost immediately after the injection, the syringe without any processing is immediately transferred to the next drug addict, who performs a similar procedure. In this case, the blood of the previous person preserved in the syringe and the lumen of the needle penetrates with a new portion of the intoxicating substance into the body of another person, and enters directly into his blood.

Naturally, if one of the drug addicts is infected with the AIDS virus, this infection is very easily transmitted to people who shared the same syringe with him. Moreover, in this case there are no natural protective barriers (in the form of skin or mucous membranes) on the path of the pathogen; Moreover, the virus immediately gets the opportunity to contact blood cells that have receptors for this pathogen on their surface.

In 1999, 18,218 new cases of HIV infection were registered among Russian citizens. In total, for the period from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1999, the Russian Scientific and Methodological Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS registered 29,190 HIV-infected Russian citizens. As of June 11, 2000, the number of registered HIV-infected people in Russia was 45,006 people.

* From 1991 to 1993 In Russia, not a single case of HIV infection in drug addicts has been registered.

Consequently, in modern conditions, against the background of drug addiction, dangerous and complex diseases appear that negatively affect the gene pool of the entire society and can lead to its degradation.

Speaking about drug addiction, the following should be noted:

Drug addiction is a socially dangerous phenomenon in the life of society. Drugs not only negatively affect a person’s physiology, but also destroy him as a person.

Teenagers and young adults are especially susceptible to drugs. The increase in the number of street children and low-income and disadvantaged families with drinking parents creates favorable conditions for the growth of drug addiction and substance abuse.

Drug addiction is directly related to the increase in the number of criminal offenses among adolescents and young people, as well as the spread of a fatal infection for humans - AIDS.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that drug addiction is a scourge against which society must erect a permanent barrier.

The future will be able to produce, instead of the poisoned flowers of today's drugs, the fruits of a civilization in which the fresh air of scientific achievements will dispel the thick smoke of dope that pollutes the atmosphere and destroys the health of people in many countries of the world.

Bibliography:

Website Narkomania.com, article “Faces of “Happiness”.

Website Narkomaniya.com, article “Addiction – what is it?”

The diagrams are presented by the Research Institute of Narcology.

D. Baboyan “Path to Hell.”

Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.I. Pokrovsky “Popular Medical Encyclopedia.”

A.V. Voropai "Attention: danger!"

ABSTRACT ON BIOLOGY

Subject: DRUGS AND THEIR HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE BODY.

Work completed

Student of the 9th “G” class of school No. 296

Konakova Snezhana

Teacher: Khairetdinova G. L.

Introduction

Classification

Stimulants:

Minor stimulants

Amphetamines

Cocaine

Marijuana

Neurosuppressants:

Alcohol

Nicotine

Hypnotic

Heroin and other opiates:

Opiate Dynasty

First Descendant: Morphine

Heroin

Hallucinogens

Today's day:

Social danger of drug addiction

Drugs among youth

“Occupational” diseases of drug addicts

Conclusion

Bibliography

Every person has bad habits, which for almost everyone is a problem that plays an important role in his life.

Habit- this is an action, the constant implementation of which has become a need for a person and without which he can no longer do.

These are habits that harm a person’s health and prevent him from achieving his goals and fully using his capabilities throughout life.

The evolution of man has provided his body with inexhaustible reserves of strength and reliability, which are due to the redundancy of the elements of all its systems, their interchangeability, interaction, ability to adapt and compensate. Academician N.M. Amosov claims that the safety margin of a person’s “structure” has a coefficient of about 10, i.e. his organs and systems can carry loads and withstand stresses approximately 10 times greater than those that a person has to face in everyday life.

The realization of the potential inherent in a person depends on his lifestyle, behavior, the habits he acquires, and the ability to wisely manage the potential capabilities of the body for the benefit of himself, his family and the state in which he lives. However, it should be noted that a number of habits that a person begins to acquire during his school years and which he cannot get rid of throughout his life seriously harm his health. They contribute to the rapid consumption of a person’s full potential, premature aging and the acquisition of persistent diseases. These habits primarily include drinking alcohol, drugs and smoking. The German professor Tannenberg has calculated that at present, per million people, one death from an airplane accident occurs once every 50 years; from drinking alcohol - once every 4-5 days, from car accidents - every 2-3 days, and from smoking - every 2-3 hours.

Bad habits have a number of features, among which especially noteworthy:

Drinking alcohol, drugs and smoking are harmful both to the health of the person exposed to them and to the health of the people around him.
Bad habits ultimately inevitably subjugate all other human actions, all of his activities.
A distinctive feature of bad habits is addiction, the inability to live without them.
Getting rid of bad habits is extremely difficult.

The most common bad habits are smoking and drinking alcohol and drugs.

Harmful addictions and addiction factors

Addictions (habits) that have a negative impact on health are considered harmful. Painful addictions are a special group of bad habits - the use of alcohol, drugs, toxic and psychotropic substances for entertainment purposes.

Currently, a general concern is the habit of drug use, which has a detrimental effect not only on the subject’s health and social and economic status, but also on his family (and society) as a whole. Frequent use of pharmacological drugs for recreational purposes causes drug addiction, which is especially dangerous for a young body. In the development of drug addiction in a young person, factors such as individual characteristics and perception of the sensations of drugs used play an important role; the nature of the socio-cultural environment and the mechanism of action of narcotic drugs (quantity, frequency and route of administration orally - through the respiratory tract, subcutaneously or intravenously).

Experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) have created the following classification of addictive substances:

substances of the alcohol-barbiturate type (ethyl alcohol, barbiturates, sedatives - meprobromate, chloral hydrate, etc.);
amphetamine-type substances (amphetamine, phenmetrazine);
substances such as cocaine (cocaine and coca leaves);
hallucinogenic type (lysergide - LSD, mescaline);
substances of the cat type - Catha ectulis Forsk;
opiate-type substances (opiates - morphine, heroin, codeine, methalone);
substances such as ether solvents (toluene, acetone and carbon tetrachloride).

The listed medications are used for medicinal purposes, excluding ethereal solvents, and cause dependence - the human body gets used to them. Recently, artificially created narcotic substances have appeared, the effect of which exceeds the effect of known drugs; they are especially dangerous.

A non-medical drug such as tobacco is also a drug. Tobacco is an addictive substance that can cause physical harm to health. Tobacco, a stimulant and depressant, has relatively minor effects on the central nervous system (CNS), causing minor disturbances in perception, mood, motor function and behavior. Under the influence of tobacco, even in large quantities (2-3 packs of cigarettes per day), the psychotoxic effect is incomparable with pharmaceuticals, but an intoxicating effect is observed, especially in young people and children. Therefore, smoking causes concern not only among doctors, but also among teachers.

Socio-pedagogical prerequisites for acquiring bad habits

The beginning of addiction to bad habits, as a rule, dates back to adolescence. The following groups of main reasons for introducing bad habits among young people can be distinguished:

Lack of internal discipline and sense of responsibility. Because of this, young people often come into conflict with those on whom they are somewhat dependent. But at the same time, they have quite high demands, although they themselves are not able to satisfy them, because they do not have the appropriate training, social or material capabilities for this. In this case, bad habits become a kind of rebellion, a protest against the values professed by adults or society.

Lack of motivation, clearly defined life goal. Therefore, such people live for today, momentary pleasures and do not care about their future, do not think about the consequences of their unhealthy behavior.

Feelings of dissatisfaction, unhappiness, anxiety and boredom. This reason especially affects insecure people with low self-esteem, to whom life seems hopeless, and those around them do not understand.

Communication difficulties, characteristic of people who do not have strong friendships, find it difficult to enter into close relationships with parents, teachers, and others, and do not easily fall under bad influence. Therefore, if among their peers there are people who use harmful substances, they are more likely to succumb to their pressure (“try it, and don’t pay attention to the fact that it’s bad”). Feeling relaxed and light under the influence of these substances, they try to expand their circle of acquaintances and increase their popularity.

Experimentation. When a person hears from others about the pleasant sensations of using harmful substances, he, although he knows about their harmful effects on the body, wants to experience these sensations himself. Fortunately, most people experimenting with harmful substances are limited to this stage. But if a person also has any of the indicated provoking reasons, then this stage becomes the first step towards the formation of bad habits.

Desire to get away from problems, apparently, the main reason for the use of harmful substances by adolescents. The fact is that all harmful substances cause inhibition in the central nervous system, as a result of which a person “switches off” and, as it were, moves away from the problems he has. But this is not a way out of the current situation - the problems are not resolved, but get worse, and time is running out.

It is necessary to note once again the particular danger of harmful substances affecting adolescents. This is due not only to the processes of growth and development occurring in them, but primarily to the very high content of sex hormones in their body. Just interaction of these hormones with harmful substances and makes the teenager extremely sensitive to their effects. For example, it takes two to five years for an adult to go from starting to drink alcohol to becoming an alcoholic, but for a teenager it takes only three to six months! Of course, for a 14-15 year old schoolchild who is preparing to enter adolescence, this consequence of using harmful substances is especially dangerous.

All of the above makes clear the crucial importance of working to prevent bad habits in children and adolescents. It is effective if the following conditions are met:

healthy life needs should be nurtured and formed, socially significant motivations for behavior should be created;
children and parents should be provided with objective information about bad habits, their impact on humans and the consequences of their use;
appropriate information must be carried out taking into account the age and individual characteristics of the child;
Children’s understanding of the essence of bad habits should go in parallel with the formation of a persistently negative personal attitude towards psychoactive substances and interpersonal communication skills with peers and adults, the ability to cope with conflicts, manage emotions and feelings;
students must gain experience in solving their problems without the help of psychoactive substances, learn to deal with these hobbies of loved ones and friends;
instill in students healthy lifestyle skills, influence the level of aspirations and self-esteem of children;
In the fight against bad habits, the child, parents, and teachers must be united: we must help the child give up (or want to give up) bad habits himself.

Causes of drug and drug addiction

Personality characteristics, temperament, social environment and the psychological atmosphere in which a person lives can have a positive or negative impact on his habits. Experts have identified and formulated the following reasons causing the development of drug and drug addiction, characteristic of young people:

manifestation of hidden emotional disorder, the desire to obtain fleeting pleasure regardless of the consequences and responsibility;
criminal or antisocial behavior, when in pursuit of pleasure a person violates social traditions and laws;
drug dependence as an attempt at self-medication, which arises as a result of a mental disorder of an inorganic nature (social stress, puberty, disappointment, collapse of life interests, fear and anxiety, the onset of mental illness);
when regularly taking medications to relieve physical suffering (hunger, chronic fatigue, illness, family breakdown, humiliation in the family) or to prevent some disease, or to enhance sexual potency;
abuse of pharmaceuticals in order to create “popularity” in a certain social group - the so-called feeling of expressing social inferiority (“like everyone else, so am I”);
serious illness when the use of “rescue doses of the drug” is provoked;
social protest, challenge to society;
the result of acquired reflexes caused by accepted behavior in certain strata of society;
alcohol abuse, smoking at various social and cultural events (discos, presentations, gala concerts, star fever of music, cinema idols, etc.).

But any of the listed factors can cause painful dependence only in those who are dependent by character (cowardly, spineless, easily injured, physically weak, morally unstable, etc.).

Most of these factors, which are the root cause of drug and drug addiction in young people, are determined by human behavior, his perception and ability to imitate. Therefore, provoking factors that contribute to the formation of a future drug addict or substance abuser lie in the family, kindergarten, school, student environment or other social environment. But the main educational factor still belongs to the family. Parents should constantly strive to develop certain positive habits and skills in their children; a reasoned educational process should serve the purpose of forming a stable life position. This is a great art and patience, which is acquired in the process of life and polished over the years.

Drinking and alcoholism

"Alcohol" in Arabic means "intoxicating." It belongs to the group of neurodepressants - substances that inhibit the activity of brain centers, reduce the supply of oxygen to the brain, which leads to weakening of brain activity and, in turn, to poor coordination of movements, confused speech, blurred thinking, loss of attention, the ability to think logically and make the right decisions, even to the point of insanity. Statistics show that most people who drowned were drunk, one in five road accidents is alcohol-related, a drunken quarrel is the most popular reason for murder, and a staggering person is the first to be robbed. In Russia, persons under the influence of alcohol committed 81% of murders, 87% of severe bodily injuries, 80% of rapes, 85% of robberies, 88% of hooliganism. Sooner or later, a person who constantly drinks begins to develop diseases of the heart, gastrointestinal tract, liver and other diseases that accompany such a lifestyle. But they cannot be compared with the disintegration of personality and degradation of a drinking person.

Speaking about the negative role of alcohol consumption in the social sphere, it should also be noted the economic damage associated with both the health of drinkers and their behavior.

For example, science has established that even the smallest doses of alcohol reduce performance by 5-10%. Those who drank alcohol on weekends and holidays had a 24-30% lower productivity. At the same time, the decrease in performance is especially pronounced among mental workers or when performing delicate and precise operations.

Economic damage to production and society as a whole is also caused by the temporary disability of people who drink alcohol, which, taking into account the frequency and duration of illnesses, is 2 times higher than that of non-drinkers. Persons who regularly drink alcohol and suffer from alcoholism cause particular harm to society. This is due to the fact that in addition to large losses in the sphere of material production, the state is forced to spend significant sums on the treatment of these individuals and payment for their temporary disability.

From a medical point of view, alcoholism is a disease characterized by a pathological (painful) craving for alcohol. Drunkenness leads directly to alcoholism - systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages for a long time or episodic consumption of alcohol, accompanied in all cases by severe intoxication.

Early symptoms of alcoholism include:

loss of gag reflex;
loss of quantitative control over alcoholic beverages consumed;
promiscuity in drinking alcohol, the desire to drink all the purchased alcohol, etc.

One of the main signs of alcoholism is a “hangover” or “withdrawal” syndrome, which is characterized by physical and mental discomfort and is manifested by various objective and subjective disorders: facial flushing, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, dizziness, headaches, trembling hands, unsteady gait and etc. Patients have difficulty falling asleep, their sleep is superficial with frequent awakenings and nightmares. Their mood changes, in which depression, timidity, fear, and suspicion begin to predominate. Patients misinterpret the words and actions of others.

In the later stages of alcoholism, alcohol degradation appears, the main signs of which include a decrease in ethical behavior, loss of critical functions, and a sharp impairment of memory and intelligence.

The most common diseases associated with alcoholism are: liver damage, chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and stomach cancer. Alcohol consumption contributes to the development of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid metabolism disorders, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Alcoholics are 2-2.5 times more likely to have mental disorders, venereal and other diseases.

The endocrine glands, especially the adrenal glands and gonads, undergo significant changes. As a result, male alcoholics develop impotence, which affects about one third of alcohol drinkers. Women, as a rule, experience prolonged uterine bleeding, inflammatory diseases of the internal genital organs and infertility very early. The toxic effect of alcohol on reproductive cells increases the likelihood of having mentally and physically handicapped children. Thus, even Hippocrates, the founder of ancient medicine, pointed out that the culprits of epilepsy, idiocy and other neuropsychic diseases of children are parents who drank alcohol on the day of conception.

The painful changes in the nervous system, various internal organs, metabolic disorders, and personality degradation that occur in drunkards lead to rapid aging and decrepitude. The average life expectancy of alcoholics is 15-20 years less than usual.

General mechanism of action of narcotic substances on the body

All narcotic substances have a common mechanism of influence on the body, as they are poisons. When used systematically (for entertainment), they cause the following phases of changes in the body.

The first phase is a defensive reaction. When used for the first time, narcotic substances have a toxic (poisonous) effect on the body, and this causes a defensive reaction - nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, etc. As a rule, there are no pleasant sensations.

The second phase is euphoria. With repeated doses, the protective reaction weakens, and euphoria occurs - an exaggerated feeling of well-being. It is achieved by drug stimulation of receptors (sensitive structures) of the brain related to endorphins (natural internal stimulants that cause a feeling of pleasure). The drug at this stage acts like endorphin.

The third phase is mental dependence on drugs. A drug that causes euphoria disrupts the synthesis (production) of endorphins in the body. This leads to a deterioration in a person’s mood, and he begins to seek pleasure from taking drugs (alcohol, drugs, etc.). This further impairs the synthesis of natural “pleasure hormones” and increases the desire to take drugs. A person’s obsessive attraction to drugs gradually develops (this is already a disease), which consists in the fact that he constantly thinks about taking drugs, about the effect they cause, and even at the thought of the upcoming use of a drug, his mood improves.

The idea of a drug and its effect becomes a constant element of a person’s consciousness and the content of his thoughts: no matter what he thinks about, no matter what he does, he does not forget about the drug. He regards situations that facilitate drug production as favorable, and those that hinder this as unfavorable. However, at this stage of the disease, those around him, as a rule, do not yet notice anything special in his behavior.

The fourth phase is physical dependence on drugs. Systematic drug use leads to a complete disruption of the system that synthesizes endorphins, and the body stops producing them. Since endorphins have an analgesic effect, the cessation of their synthesis by the body taking drugs causes physical and emotional pain.

To get rid of this pain, a person is forced to take a large dose of a narcotic substance. This is how physical (chemical) dependence on drugs develops. Once a drug addict decides to stop taking drugs, he or she must go through an adjustment period of several days before the brain resumes producing endorphins. This unpleasant period is called the period of abstinence (“withdrawal”). It manifests itself in general malaise, decreased performance, trembling limbs, chills, pain in various parts of the body. Many painful symptoms are clearly visible to others. The most well-known and well-studied withdrawal state, for example, after drinking alcohol, is a hangover.

Gradually, the patient’s attraction to the drug becomes uncontrollable, he has a desire to immediately, as soon as possible, at all costs, despite any obstacles, get and take the drug. This desire suppresses all needs and completely subjugates human behavior. He is ready to take off his clothes and sell them, take everything out of the house, etc. It is in this state that patients engage in any antisocial actions, including crimes.

At this stage of the development of the disease, a person requires significantly higher doses of the narcotic substance than at the beginning of the disease, because with systematic use of it, the body becomes resistant to the poison (tolerance develops).

The fifth phase is psychosocial personality degradation. It occurs with systematic and long-term use of narcotic substances and includes emotional, volitional and intellectual degradation.

Emotional degradation consists in the weakening and then complete disappearance of the most complex and subtle emotions, in emotional instability, manifested in sharp and causeless mood swings, and at the same time in the increase in dysphoria - persistent mood disorders. These include constant embitterment, depression, depression. Volitional degradation manifests itself in the inability to make an effort on oneself, to complete the work begun, in the rapid depletion of intentions and motives. For these patients, everything is fleeting, and you cannot trust their promises and oaths (they will definitely let you down). They are able to show persistence only in their desire to obtain a narcotic substance. This condition is obsessive in nature. Intellectual degradation manifests itself in a decrease in intelligence, inability to concentrate, highlight the main and significant things in a conversation, forgetfulness, repetition of the same banal or stupid thoughts, the desire to tell vulgar jokes, etc.

Fighting bad habits

The best tactic for breaking bad habits is to stay away from people who suffer from them. If you are offered to try cigarettes, alcoholic drinks, or drugs, try to avoid it under any pretext. Options may vary:

No, I don’t want to and I don’t advise you to.
No, it interferes with my training.
No, I have to go - I have work to do.
No, it's bad for me.
No, I know I might like it, and I don't want to become addicted.

In your individual situation, you can come up with your own option. If the offer comes from a close friend who is just starting to try nicotine, alcohol or drugs, then you can make an attempt to explain to him the harm and danger of this activity. But if he doesn’t want to listen, then it’s better to leave him; it’s useless to argue with him. You can help him only if he himself wants to quit these harmful activities.

Remember that there are those who benefit from your bad habits. These are people for whom tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are a means of enrichment.

A person who proposes to try a cigarette, wine, a drug should be considered your worst enemy, even if until now he was your best friend, because he is offering you something that will ruin your life.

Your basic premise in life should be the principle of a healthy lifestyle, which excludes the acquisition of bad habits. However, if you realize that you are acquiring one of the bad habits, then try to get rid of it as quickly as possible. Below are some tips on how to break bad habits.

First of all, tell about your decision to a person whose opinion is important to you, ask him for advice. At the same time, contact a specialist in combating bad habits - a psychotherapist, a narcologist. It is very important to leave a company where they abuse bad habits and not return to it, maybe even change your place of residence. Look for a new circle of acquaintances who do not abuse bad habits or struggle with your illness in the same way as you. Don't allow yourself a moment of unoccupied time. Take on additional responsibilities at home, school, and college. Spend more time on physical exercise. Choose one of the sports for yourself and constantly improve in it. Make a written program of your actions to get rid of bad habits and immediately begin to implement it, each time taking into account what has been done and what has not been done, and what prevented it. Constantly learn how to fight your illness, strengthen your will and convince yourself that you are able to get rid of a bad habit.

What to do if a loved one suffers from bad habits?

Don't panic! Let him know your concerns without trying to yell at him or blame him for anything. Don't read morals and don't start with threats. Try to explain to him the dangers of this activity.

The sooner your loved one realizes the need to stop, the greater the chance of achieving a positive result.

Convince him to seek help from specialists, help him make life interesting and fulfilling without bad habits, and discover meaning and purpose in it.

It is important to interest a person in self-development so that he learns to relax and enjoy himself without cigarettes, wine or drugs. Well, for those who themselves suffer from bad habits, we once again advise you to do everything as soon as possible to stop this deadly activity.

Irina Kruglova with Russian athletes at the Universiade in Kazan

Zozhnik talked with Irina Valentinovna Kruglova, Deputy Chief Physician at the Sports Medicine Center of the FMBA of Russia and asked several burning questions for us. The opinion of Zozhnik's editors may not coincide with the opinion of the respondent.

How can a person independently measure his physical condition? Are there any tests, standards for the type ?

Irina Valentinovna advised Zozhnik several tests to independently determine his own functional state, which we included in a separate text - “ “.

And she separately emphasized: The concept of “physical condition” is incorrect. There are concepts of physical development and functional state. Physical development is the correspondence of anthropometric data and a number of other parameters to the average values of groups of people divided by age and gender.

If we talk about assessing the functional state, then to determine it, many tests are used that evaluate the response to physical activity of all interested body systems.

There is nothing criminal about exercising with free weights or weights. Subject to certain rules: initially, the amount of work should occupy no more than 10% of the training time; work should start with light weights; gradual increase in weights and exercise intensity. This approach allows you to avoid the consequences of inadequate strength work, which consists of damage to myofibrils, up to their destruction, the appearance of local inflammation and muscle pain.

Irina Valentinovna at the Universiade in Kazan

We read a text on one English-language website that more muscles prolongs life. How justified is this statement?

All people have the same amount of muscle. During physical exercise, muscle fibers thicken or hypertrophy due to structural and contractile proteins. It is quite difficult to say that their number, or rather their thickening, prolongs life. Most likely, we are talking about maintaining muscles in good tone and performance, which can be achieved by performing systematic exercises, that is, leading an active lifestyle.

Adynamia leads to a decrease in muscle size, a decrease in its strength, metabolic disorders, and deterioration in blood supply. When muscle tone weakens, the risk of injury increases both at home and during exercise.

Today, the problem of losing weight is especially pressing for people. How do you recommend those who come to you to fight excess weight?

Excess weight in healthy people occurs due to a discrepancy between consumed and expended calories. Therefore, to lose weight, you need to reduce the number of calories you consume. This can be achieved either by reducing calories and food volumes, or by increasing energy expenditure. Active energy consumption occurs only during physical activity.

Is it true that in order to lose weight, you simply need to spend more calories than you consume - and regardless of the time of consumption - in the morning or at night? Is the ban on eating at night a myth or does it have a scientific basis?

The statement about calorie intake and expenditure is fair. But the predominant consumption of food in the first half of the day has a scientific basis. The determining factor here is human biorhythms, which determine the degree of digestibility of consumed products. Simply put, after six o’clock in the evening our body does not have the opportunity to fully digest the food consumed.

We assume that sport at a certain level of development of an athlete no longer works for his health, but on the contrary - against health, reduces the body's resources and life. How can this line be determined, at least in some sports? For example, in running. How much running is beneficial, and how much running is harmful to the body?

The higher the results in sports, the more intense and voluminous the training should be. Under the influence of the training process, the athlete’s body learns to work more economically and respond to physical activity with maximum mobilization of all systems.

It is impossible to talk about the limits of acceptable values in any sport. Since everything depends on the level of training of a particular athlete. For some, 100 meters will be impossible, while others will run 42 kilometers with ease and pleasure. You need to understand that to achieve results, an athlete trains for a long time and systematically.

Health problems for athletes begin when the ratio of load and recovery is disrupted. Poor recovery leads to increased morbidity and injury. And prolonged under-recovery can lead to irreversible changes in the body.

Today, in gyms for new sports disciplines, for example, CrossFit, barrels are installed so that you can pour the contents of your stomach into it, since nausea and vomiting occur from excessive exercise. Is this normal? Is this acceptable from a medical point of view?

The presence of barrels is more of a show than a sport. Based on the physiological processes that occur in the body when exposed to excessive loads, an athlete is more likely to faint than to empty the stomach. But I think fainting is not so spectacular. ( Many professional CrossFitters and bodybuilders may argue: cases of stomach emptying in the gym do occur. Zozhnik also joins them).

People involved in CrossFit actively and systematically train to develop the required qualities of their body and adapt to such loads. Otherwise, they would not be able to perform exercises consistently and with high intensity, since in the body, when energy reserves are depleted and muscle fibers are damaged, processes occur that block muscle activity.

Excessive loads are loads that many times exceed the functional capabilities of the body and are stressful for the body of any person. And in the case of frequently repeated inadequate loads, the body’s adaptation fails, which can lead to very disastrous consequences. Therefore, the attitude of medicine towards loads many times greater than the functional capabilities of the body is extremely negative.

Today in fitness rooms there is a massive craze for anabolic steroids. Moreover, considering that these are illegal drugs, we can say that there is no qualified information on their use at all. At the same time, consumers talk about their relative safety when used correctly. Tell us, what are the reasons for the ban on anabolic steroids, what harm they can cause to the body, and the development of this topic in the future? Are there legal substitutes for steroids, such as those used by professional athletes in preparation for world competition?

The peak use of anabolic steroids was somewhere in the 90s.

There is a lot of information about them in the literature and on the Internet. A huge amount of scientific work has been carried out to study the effect on the body. Both positive and negative effects of this group of drugs have been identified. There is not a single system in the body that anabolic steroids do not have a negative effect on.

Therefore, such promoted effects of anabolic steroids as an increase in muscle mass (and it is temporary) and acceleration of recovery cannot be compared with the list of side effects.

There are preparations based on plant and animal raw materials, so-called natural adaptogens, which have an anabolic effect. Due to the fact that the use of prohibited substances in athletes is unacceptable, natural adaptogens and drugs based on them are widely used in sports.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RF

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER EDUCATION

"Saratov State Agrarian University

named after N.I. Vavilova"

College of Finance and Technology

ABSTRACT

“Food additives and their effect on the human body”

Is done by a student

1st year specialty

Grigoriev Nikita

Saratov 2016

Introduction

In the modern world, we give increasing preference to industrially produced products, which means we absorb numerous, often artificial, substances marked “E” and three-four digit serial numbers.

The description of the composition of products on labels begins with well-known words (sugar, oil, water, vinegar...), and usually ends with one or more letters “E” with a set of numbers.

It is necessary to figure out whether chemicals are really so terrible for the human body, and, in particular, for the children’s body, since teenagers are active consumers of chocolate bars, chewing gum, chips, crackers and many other products that contain the “E” index.

Purpose of the work: to study the main groups of food additives and their effect on a living organism.

Tasks:

1 - identify the presence of food additives, designated by code E, in a number of food products;

2 - find out the nature of the influence of these substances on the human body;

3 - establish the degree of awareness of students about the food additives used;

4 - develop and conduct a series of explanatory conversations with schoolchildren

Object of research : food products most often consumed by children (sweets, confectionery, carbonated water, chewing gum).

Research methods:

Analysis of information contained in various sources (reference books, Internet, television materials); comparison; systematization.

Observation and questioning of students;

Analysis of the composition of food products indicated on labels.

Hypothesis: if you have information about the presence of food additives in food and the possible effects of these substances on the body, then the likelihood of maintaining health will increase.

Research methods.

1. Practical (packaging analysis).

2. Analytical (literature review).

Hypothesis: to find out the effect of food additives on the body of students.

Project goal: to determine the possibility of students consuming frequently consumed products.

Relevance: many students do not have enough time to eat normally and they buy various products in the canteen, without even thinking about the content of various food additives in them, my task is to determine the composition of the most frequently consumed products.

food supplement human body

On product packages, usually in small, barely legible font, you can find the letters “E” and a digital code. This, everyone probably already knows, is food additives: preservatives, dyes, flavors, stabilizers, etc. - substances that help preserve the product as long as possible. Currently, 250 food additives are approved in Russia. Real space, “green light” for manufacturers!

The additive code E-250 is called “Color Stabilizer” and it is noted that it is approved by the EU and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation as a safe food additive, everything is good and beautiful, but... if you look a little deeper, it turns out that the code E-250 is NaNo2, and it has very unpleasant side effects on the body. The most common is a serious blood pressure disorder. The popular sodium nitrite has also been linked to an increase in heart disease and stroke.

Food additives that are considered safe by the Ministry of Health may trigger an asthma attack or arrhythmia in some people. Taste improver E-621 or otherwise SODIUM GLUTAMATE (C 5 H 8 NO 4 Na * H2O) is added to almost all finished products. It creates a meaty taste. It is added everywhere: in soups and instant noodles, in canned food, sauces, seasonings, marinades, chips, sausages and sausages. This substance has a lot of side effects. In sensitive people, it can cause attacks of bronchial asthma, urticaria, and headaches. How common are these problems? In studies conducted with sponsorship money from interested people (manufacturers) of monosodium glutamate, they occur in only 1.8% of people, and according to independent studies - in 33%. Large consumption of products with monosodium glutamate can provoke the so-called “Chinese restaurant syndrome”: headache, rapid heartbeat, nausea, chest pain, drowsiness and weakness.

Many people calm down when they read “natural product” or “environmentally friendly product” on the label. The State Sanitary Inspectorate states: such a concept does not exist! There is a “sanitary and hygienic standard”. In other words, no one checks food products for “ecological purity”, because there are no such criteria. I wanted it and wrote it. After all, creating such a product is almost impossible! To do this, it is necessary to maintain “purity” in the entire technological chain: raw materials - production - distribution - consumption.

1. Read the labels carefully, know the decoding of the codes;

2. Do not buy products with unnaturally bright, flashy colors. Most likely, they are stuffed with dyes.

3. Do not buy products with a long shelf life;

4. Choose fresh vegetables and fruits. But know that imported fruits and vegetables (apples, lemons, etc.) are treated with special substances for better preservation and shine;

5. The smaller the list of ingredients in finished products, the fewer additives;

6. Instead of buying ready-made juices, make them yourself;

Below is a general breakdown of the codes of these additives with the main harmful and dangerous ones:

E100-E199 (dyes) - substances that give the product a new color or hide its natural shade;

E200-E299 (preservatives) preserve the product from rotting, fermentation and other decay processes;

E300-E399 (antioxidants) prevent oxidation of the product (for example, burning of fats contained in it or decomposition of light-sensitive natural dyes);

E400-E499 (stabilizers/thickeners) maintain the desired consistency of the product or provide the product with a certain viscosity;

E500-E599 (emulsifiers) provide a homogeneous appearance of the product;

E600-E699 enhance the natural taste and smell of the product;

Rospotrebnadzor specialists consider the following additives dangerous: E102, E110, E120, E124, E127, E129, E155, E180, E201, E220, E222, E223, E224, E228, E233, E242, E270, E400, E401, E402, E403, 4 , E405, E501, E503, E620. The list of very dangerous ones includes: E123, E510, and E527

The additives identified as suspicious are: E104, E122, E141, E150a, b, c, d, E171, E173, E241 and E477.

Crustaceans - E131, E210-217, E240, E330.

Causing intestinal upset - E221-226.

Harmful to skin - E230-232, E239.

Causing pressure disturbances - E250, E251.

Those that provoke the appearance of a rash are E311, E312.

Cholesterol-increasing - E320, E321.

Causing stomach upset - E338-341, E407, E450, E461-466. (6)

Today, the modern food market is characterized by a very wide range of choice, both in assortment and in price categories. This development is determined, first of all, by the growth of consumer demand. But does supply justify demand, and is freedom of choice really as absolute as it seems?

The choice of one type of food or another is determined today by several factors:

consumer lifestyle;

its solvency;

health status and related dietary restrictions.

I would like to focus on the last point. Problems associated with human health today are not always characterized by genetic inheritance or predisposition to a particular type of disease, as well as the influence of environmental factors on the body. Recently, food products included in the daily diet, or, more precisely, their composition, which in turn is replete with a list of all kinds of so-called food additives, the most common among which are ingredients with index E.

Is it safe to consume such products?

E-standards

The letter “E” on the composition label of a food product indicates compliance with the European nutrition standard, and the digital index indicates the type of additive itself. Once upon a time, the names of these chemical substances were indicated in full in the composition of the products, but due to the length of the names, they were replaced with an alphanumeric code.

Today, not only in the Russian Federation, but also in Europe, the use of E-additives in food production is prohibited. But only some.

The European Commission exercises the right to ban, but local inspections, that is, on the territory of food enterprises and shops, are carried out by the so-called food and veterinary service inspection, and even then - not everywhere.

How does this system work?

Testing of E-additives is carried out on animals and humans in accredited European laboratories. Taking into account the absence of negative consequences and effects on the body, additives are included in the list of permitted ones. Otherwise, if inspectors of food and veterinary services, when checking food products, discover those that contain prohibited E-components, they are confiscated. The frequency of such inspections is once every six months. That is, in the intervening six months, in the absence of data on the dangers of a particular additive based on research, people consume unknown things.

The irony of this “nutritional scenario” does not end there. E-components are prohibited if there is a threat to life, for example those that lead to death. A large mass of others remain in the shadows, either little studied or not characterized as “dangerous”. That is, if preservatives are not globally recognized as lethal for food consumption, then they can be considered harmless. And this is not the only example that raises, to say the least, doubts.

Here are some examples of such E-elements added to food products produced today:

E102 - tartrazine - dye. It is allowed in our country, but prohibited in the European Union.

Impact on the body:

Food allergies.

Food products containing tartrazine: confectionery, sweets, ice cream, drinks.

E128 is a red dye Red 2G with a carcinogenic effect, used in the production of sausages containing more than 6% grains and legumes and minced meat products and imparts a pink color to the product. It is a genotoxic compound, that is, it has the ability to cause changes in genes. E128 is prohibited for use in Russia!

Effect on the body (long-term period of manifestation of the reaction after the moment of use):

Oncological diseases;

Fetal development abnormalities;

Congenital pathologies.

Products containing red dye Red 2G: sausages and frankfurters (especially cheap ones).

E216 and E217 - preservatives (propyl ether and sodium salt). Banned in Russia!

Impact on the body:

Food poisoning.

Food products containing this type of preservative: candies, filled chocolate, meat products, jelly-coated pates, soups and broths.

E250 -- sodium nitrite (NaNo2) - dye, seasoning and preservative used for dry preservation of meat and stabilization of its red color. E250 is approved for use in Russia, but prohibited in the EU.

Impact on the body:

Increased excitability of the nervous system in children;

Oxygen starvation of the body (hypoxia);

Reduction of vitamin content in the body;

Food poisoning with possible death;

Oncological diseases.

Foods containing sodium nitrite: bacon (especially fried), corned beef, sausages, ham, smoked meat and fish.

E320 is an antioxidant to slow down the oxidative process in fat and oil mixtures (allowed in Russia, but considered hazardous to health).

Impact on the body:

Foods containing antioxidant E320: some foods containing fat; chewing gum.

E400-499 - thickeners, stabilizers to increase the viscosity of the product (most of them are prohibited in the Russian Federation).

Impact on the body:

Diseases of the digestive tract.

Products containing these types of E-additives: yoghurts and mayonnaise.

E510, E513 and E527 (from the E500-599 group) are emulsifiers that create homogeneity when combining immiscible products, for example, water and oil.

Impact on the body:

Problems with the liver.

E951 - aspartame - a synthetic sweetener.

Impact on the body:

Depletion of serotonin reserves in the cerebral cortex;

Development of manic depression, panic attacks, violence (with excessive use).

Products containing aspartame: chewing gum, carbonated drinks (especially imported ones).

Prohibited E-additives

At the moment, we can only give an approximate list of E-additives that are prohibited in the Russian Federation based on regulations based on research by the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences:

E121 - citrus red dye;

E123 - red amaranth dye;

E240 - formaldehyde preservative, which, when classified, can be classified in the same group of substances as arsenic and hydrocyanic acid - deadly poisons;

E116-117 - preservatives actively used in the production of confectionery and meat products;

E924a and E924b are so-called “flour and bread improvers”.

The following additives are also prohibited: E103, E107, E125, E127, E128, E213-219, E140, E153-155, E166, E173-175, E180, E182, E209, E213-219, E225-228, E230-233, E237, E238, E240, E241, E252, E253, E264, E281-283, E302, E303, E305, E308-314, E317, E318, E323-325, E328, E329, E343-345, E349, E350-352, E355-357, E359, E365-368, E370, E375, E381, E384, E387-390, E399, E403, E408, E409, E418, E419, E429-436, E441-444, E446, E462, E463, E465, E467, E474, E476-480, E482-489, E491-496, E505, E512, E519-523, E535, E537, E538, E541, E542, E550, E552, E554-557, E559, E560, E574, E576, E577, E579, E580, E622-625, E628, E629, E632-635, E640, E641, E906, E908-911, E913, E916-919, E922-926, E929, E942-946, E957, E959, E1000, E1001, E1105, E1503, E1521.

And this is not the entire list. Moreover, where is the guarantee that E-elements prohibited for production are not used?

E-additives allowed in Russia, but considered dangerous

Food additives E105, E126, E130, E131, E143, E152, E210, E211, E330, E447 are factors that cause the growth of malignant tumors.

E221-226, E320-322, E338-341, E407, E450, E461, E466 - provoking the formation of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Food additive E239 may cause an allergic reaction.

E171, E320-322 - additives that cause liver and kidney diseases.

In addition, the following additives are prohibited in the European Union, but are still allowed in Russia: E102, E104, E110, E111, E120, E122, E124, E126, E141, E142, E150, E212, E250, E251, E311-313, E477 .

Food market analysis

An analysis of the state of the modern food market for the content of food E-components that are dangerous to human health and life has shown that the majority of the offered range contains, to a greater or lesser extent, the above substances.

As an example, we can give a certain list of brands in the modern food market, among which E-elements have been found that pose a danger to an individual’s life:

1. Among carbonated drinks:

- “Fructime Duchess”, as well as “Fiesta Duchess”, derivatives from the Coca-Cola company (contain aspartame E951);

All other subsidiaries from the manufacturer Coca-Cola;

- "Lemonade" (Greatly);

- "Raspberry" (Salyut-Cola);

- "Barberry" (Assorted);

- "Citro" (Salyut-Cola), etc.

2. Among the chewing gums that are especially popular these days:

- "Dirol" (contains thickener E414, which provokes diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; antioxidant E330; preservative E296; dye E171; emulsifier (as indicated on the package) E322, which is an antioxidant, as well as E321 and glazing agent E903);

- "Orbit" (contains sorbitol E420, which belongs to the group of emulsifiers and stabilizers; maltitol E965 (anti-foaming agent, and how dangerous it is - judge by the consumer); stabilizer E422; thickener E414; dye E171; sweetener aspartame E951, etc.).

Which of these chewing gums is less dangerous and whether it is worth consuming at all is a personal matter for everyone!

3. Some alcoholic energy drinks include:

- "ABSENTER ENERGY" (contains stabilizer E414; acidity regulator, also known as antioxidant E330; preservative E211);

- "JAGUAR" (contains preservative E211; dyes);

The majority of non-alcoholic energy drinks can also be included in this group, even if the letter code “E” does not appear in the composition. The Ministry of Health advises paying attention to the name of the components contained, otherwise how can the “energetic” effect on the body be justified?!

4. Among chips and crackers:

- "Lays" in small packaging (contains aspartame E951);

- "Pringles" (contains emulsifier E471);

Crackers "Kirieshki" (contains flavor enhancer E621, E627, E631, E551, dye E100, etc.).

5. Among fermented milk products:

- “Activia” with the addition of something, be it fruits or cereals (contains thickener E1442);

- “Rastishka yogurt with fruit puree” (the same thickener E1442; dyes, etc.) is a baby food product!

- "Danissimo" (thickener E1442, acidity regulators).

6. Among the sausages:

Sausage "Kyiv servelat" from the Kanevskoy sausage factory (which contains stabilizers and the preservative sodium nitrite E250);

- “Amateur” boiled from the same manufacturer (contains a color fixative preservative, as well as sodium nitrite E250);

7. Among the brands of ice cream:

As an example, we can cite La Fame products, where dye E102, E133, stabilizers E407, E410, E412, E466, E471 were found. And this is what our students eat!

8. Among the famous chocolate manufacturers:

- “Sweet” and “Alpen Gold” (contain E476, stabilizers);

- "Nesquik" (E124 and E476 were found in the composition).

The consumer today must be more than vigilant in his choice and take into account at least the results of the latest research in this area, as well as coordinate his diet with the list of harmful and dangerous substances.

Historical reference

Nutritional supplements-- substances that are added to food products during production, packaging, transportation or storage to give them desired properties, for example, a certain aroma (flavors), color (dyes), shelf life (preservatives), taste, consistency, etc. .

At the beginning of the century, the very concept of “food additives” was rather conventional, and even more conditional was the control over their use. Suffice it to mention that cocaine was added to soft drinks quite legally, for example, the now world-famous Coca-Cola. The first part of the name is nothing more than coca - a shrub from the leaves of which cocaine (a drug) is obtained.

And if today doctors say that it is necessary to register food additives according to the same rules as medicines, then at the beginning of the last century even the medicines themselves were treated “leniently”. For example, one of the patented drugs called “heroin” (narcotic) was simply used to treat coughs.

In the 1960s, methamphetamine was considered a harmless stimulant. Only after 5 years of its widespread use did doctors, and after them all citizens, learn about the deadly side effects of this drug, which is now classified as a “hard” drug. It is quite possible that in another 50 years some dye, now generously added to candy, will be perceived in the same way as heroin is today.

The history of such food coloring as cochineal, also known as carmine (E120), is reminiscent of a detective novel. People learned to receive it in ancient times. Biblical legends mention a purple dye derived from the red worm, which was consumed by the descendants of Noah. Indeed, carmine was obtained from cochineal insects, also known as oak mealybugs, or kermes. They lived in Mediterranean countries, were found in Poland and Ukraine, but the Ararat cochineal received the greatest fame.

In the 16th century, a new type of cochineal appeared on the world market - Mexican. They brought it from the New World. In a matter of years, a new type of carmine conquered all of Europe, but the Ararat cochineal was simply forgotten for many years. It was only possible to restore the recipes of the past at the beginning of the 19th century. They even tried to breed cochineal on an industrial scale. However, the appearance of cheap aniline dyes at the end of the 19th century discouraged domestic entrepreneurs from tinkering with “worms”.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, the Soviet government decided to reduce the import of imported food products and establish the production of domestic cochineal. The expedition to Armenia was a success. A valuable insect has been found. However, its breeding was prevented by the war. The project to study the Ararat cochineal was resumed only in 1971, but it never got to the point of breeding it on an industrial scale.

Where do food additives come from?

Natural food additives are obtained from plant materials: thickeners - from seaweed; dyes - from fruits and vegetables, as well as some living creatures; acidifying agents - from fruits, for example, citrus fruits, emulsifiers - derived from edible oils and organic acids.

But with the development of food chemistry, natural additives could not withstand the competition with synthetic ones and basically lost their former practical significance

Nutritional supplements are not an invention of our high-tech age. Salt, soda, and spices have been known to people since time immemorial. But the real flourishing of their use began in the twentieth century - the century of food chemistry. There were high hopes for supplements. And they lived up to expectations. With their help, it was possible to create a large assortment of appetizing, long-lasting and at the same time less labor-intensive products. Having won recognition, the “improvers” were put into production. The sausages turned soft pink, the yoghurts became freshly fruity, and the muffins were fluffy and unstale. The “youth” and attractiveness of the products are ensured by additives that are used as dyes, emulsifiers, sealants, thickeners, gelling agents, glazing agents, flavor and odor enhancers, preservatives...

Natural dyes are organic compounds that are produced by living organisms and color animal and plant cells and tissues. Mostly combinations of yellow, brown, black and red colors of different shades, very few blue and violet, green, as a rule, are absent. A number of natural dyes: alizarin, indigo, etc., have been extracted since ancient times from plants, less often from animal organisms.

Until the 2nd half of the 19th century. natural dyes are the only substances for dyeing textiles and perfumes, leather, paper, food products, etc. With the development of the aniline dye industry, natural dyes could not withstand competition with synthetic dyes and basically lost their former practical significance. Natural dyes are used in small quantities in restoration work. They are also used in the food and perfume industries. Many natural dyes are often used as medicines. Some natural dyes are plant growth regulators, as well as signal substances that attract pollinating insects and repel pests.

Natural dyes are widespread in nature and very diverse.

Who controls the safety of food additives?

The mechanism for the appearance of a new food additive is as follows: first, the additive, designed to improve certain qualities of the product, is developed by microbiologists, then it is tested for compliance with its real properties declared by the inventors, and is allowed for experimental use.

Initially, experts evaluate all available information about the additive, including its shelf life, stability in various food products (high-fat, low-fat, liquid, paste, etc.), and purpose. Once sufficient information is obtained to assess the safety of a food additive, an acceptable daily intake is calculated, i.e. the safety factor is determined. The safety factor is then used to determine the amount of a food additive that can be used in the production of a particular product. The calculation takes into account a person's likely consumption of foods and beverages that will contain a given additive, as well as the amount of additives needed to achieve their functions.

It is important to note that since the safety factor is calculated based on shelf life data, it has some “safety margin”, so consuming foods containing food additives slightly above this level is not a cause for concern.

In connection with tests and tests for harmlessness, another inscription began to appear more and more often: Nottestedonanimals. Noanimalderivatives. The first part means that no animals were used during development and testing, the second part means that this component does not contain substances derived from animals. The popularity of these inscriptions is due to the struggle of the Greens and animal activists.

The increasing need for healthy food has increased the demand for sugary substances and fat substitutes, natural and organic food products that contain many additional components, natural flavors and colors, preservatives (stabilizers, dispersions, antioxidants).

In order for an additive to be approved for use in Russia, it must be approved by Rostest and the food quality laboratory at the Nutrition Research Institute. And to ensure that products containing unauthorized food additives do not appear on the shelves, Rostest conducts its own examination of products at least once a quarter. Manufacturers are obliged to supply for examination all products requested by Rostest.

In accordance with the laws in force in different countries, including Russia, the use of food additives is permitted only with the permission of health authorities. Internationally, the safety of food additives is regulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The permissible level of food additives in a particular type of food product is established and included in its lists, operating within the framework of FAO/WHO.

European rules for registration of biologically active substances (food additives) with the designation "E" are quite strict. International research centers commissioned by the European Union carefully check all these substances for safety. In this case, for example, a flavoring additive that imitates the smell of strawberries must not only be non-toxic, but also hypoallergenic, i.e. do not cause an allergic reaction even in those who are allergic to real strawberries.

What does the index “E” mean on food packaging?

From time to time, the media publish materials about mysterious numbers with the “E” index on imported products, allegedly indicating that they contain substances hazardous to human health.

The European Union (EU) countries have introduced a food additive index system. These indexes begin with the letter “E” and have three- or four-digit numbers assigned to each additive. For example, citric acid has the index “E 300?, and activated carbon - “E 152?”. Our country has adopted the European food additive index system as a basis. The given labeling is needed in order to inform the buyer about the properties and composition of a particular food product, which is required by the Russian Laws “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” and “On the Quality and Safety of Food Products”.

Classification of additives

Based on their intended purpose, food additives are divided into several classes:

	Function class	Application
	Dyes	Coloring some foods in different colors
	Preservatives	Long-term food storage
	Antioxidants	Slowing down oxidation and protecting products from spoilage
	Stabilizers	Product preservation
	Emulsifiers	Maintaining a certain structure
	Amplifiers	Enhancing taste and aroma
	Spare indexes
	Antifoam agents	Reduced foaming
	Glazing agents

Characteristics of classes of food additives

Dyes

Coloring agents (pigments) are commonly used in the food industry to improve the appearance of food products. However, some food dyes can be hazardous to human health, so their use is strictly controlled. Dyes are classified into natural and synthetic. Natural coloring substances (carotecoids, anthocyanides, chlorophylls) are considered harmless to human health. Synthetic food dyes can cause an allergic reaction.

Such substances include, for example, tartrazine.

Preservatives

By adding preservatives, the shelf life of the product increases. Widely known methods of canning are salting, smoking or pickling with vinegar. However, using these preservation methods greatly changes the natural taste of the product. Over the past 100 years, many different preservatives have been invented. Some of them had to be abandoned due to their harmful effects on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has determined which substances can be used as preservatives. All over the world, sorbic acid, dioxide and sulfites, as well as formic and propionic acid are used for food preservation. Preservatives are added to many foods, such as bread, fruit juices, lemonades, cookies, fruit yoghurts, margarine, mayonnaise, wines, dried fruits, and sausages.

Smoking food is also a method of preservation. However, when smoking, carcinogenic substances that contribute to the development of malignant tumors can be formed, albeit in small quantities. In addition, smoke can introduce substances harmful to human health into products. Today, there are special technological smoking methods, the use of which can control the preservation of the resulting harmful substances. Therefore, smoked food products are not hazardous to health. However, consumption of smoked products should be in moderation.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants (antioxidants) are substances that can delay the oxidation of organic substances, protecting products from spoilage. This is especially important for fats and oils. In animal and plant cells, other substances protect them from oxidation. Antioxidants have a high chemical group. The most well-known and widely used antioxidants are vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherol) and beta carotene. Antioxidants, which include synthetic substances, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (E 320), are added to soups, broths, sauces, as well as dry potato products, chewing gum, ice cream, cookies, margarine, fats and vegetable oils.

Thickeners and stabilizers

In the confectionery industry, special thickeners and stabilizers are used to produce jellies, puddings, jams, creams, sweet fillings for baked goods and ice cream. For these purposes, natural food additives are used, for example, Chilim, carrageenan, Arabic gum, pectin, semolina, xanthine and starch. The raw materials for these food additives are most often apples, citrus fruits (lemons, oranges), wheat, corn, red and brown seaweed, and the resin of some plants. All these substances in their chemical composition belong to polysaccharides.

Emulsifiers

If it is necessary to mix substances that do not mix with each other, for example, fats and water, then most often a third substance is used - an emulsifier. This is especially important in the production of margarine, mayonnaise, creams and sauces. In addition to lecithin, various organic acids are used as emulsifiers.

Flavoring and aromatic substances

There are many flavoring and aromatic substances. For example, the smell of one food product is determined by an average of 100 to 500 different substances contained in it. In the food industry, such substances are added to most products due to the fact that during their production the smell is somewhat lost. The amount of added flavoring and aromatic substances is so small that it is considered harmless. The content of flavoring substances is usually indicated on each package, but this is not mandatory. It is enough just to note - “natural flavoring substances” or “artificial flavoring substances”. They can be found in soft drinks, puddings, jellies, cookies, creams, pasta, fillings, minced meat, dairy products, sweets, leavening agents, meat and sausage products, chocolate, liqueurs.

Flavor enhancing substances

Flavor enhancers, unlike flavoring agents, enhance the natural taste of a food product. The most commonly used is monosodium glutamate, a salt of glutamic acid, which enhances the salty-sweet taste of meat or fish. Such substances are added to soups, sweet dishes, syrups and juices. The content of such substances is very small.

“Black and white” lists: pros and cons

Dangerous additives.

Some additives previously considered harmless (for example, formaldehyde E240 in chocolate bars or E121 in sparkling water) were later found to be too dangerous and banned; In addition, supplements that are harmless to one person may have severe harmful effects on another. Therefore, doctors recommend, if possible, to protect children, the elderly and allergy sufferers from food additives.

E250 (sodium nitrite) is usually used in sausages, although sodium nitrite is a generally toxic substance, including for mammals (50 percent of rats die at a dose of 180 milligrams per kilogram of weight), but in practice it is not prohibited, since it “the least evil”, ensuring the presentation of the product and, therefore, sales volume (just compare the red color of store-bought sausage with the dark brown color of home-made sausage). For high-grade smoked sausages, the nitrite content norm is set higher than for boiled sausages - it is believed that they are eaten in smaller quantities.

From time to time, “black lists” appear, which provide evidence that some “E” can cause allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disorders, and even lead to the development of malignant tumors. On the other hand, some experts in the field of food hygiene assure that synthetic food additives are even healthier than natural ones.

A number of publications include benzoic acid (E210), its salts and compounds (E214-217) among food additives that cause the development of malignant tumors. To date, there is not a single scientific work on their carcinogenicity. In addition, in any reference book it is written: “Benzoic acid is used in the production of medicinal and aromatic substances as a food preservative.” Nature itself took care of preserving, for example, lingonberries: the presence of benzoic acid in them allows the berry not to spoil for many months.

About 50 food additives are medicines or are included in medicines, in significantly larger quantities than are used as food additives.

Periodically, new research is conducted on food additives that have been introduced for a long time. And the previous data is either completely refuted or changed. For example, in the 70s, amaranth dye was actively used in products. Then, when its toxic side effects were discovered, the drug was banned in Russia. However, in some countries it is still used.

The same substance can be a poison under certain conditions, but slightly reduce the dose and it will become neutral. For example, to make boiled sausage pink, nitrite plus myoglobin is added to it. If you eat a tablespoon of one nitrite, you can be poisoned. But the dose used in sausage production is absolutely harmless. Food additives are only dangerous if overdosed. And it is very difficult to exceed the norm - a person is simply not able to eat so much product.

Some additives, such as certain dyes, can of course cause an allergic reaction. But only if you are hypersensitive to these substances. After all, natural flavors also have allergenic properties. In general, many absolutely natural products - berries, fruits, citrus fruits - are contraindicated for some people.

A list of dangerous and allegedly prohibited food additives with the “E” index has been circulating in the media for a long time. It, like any self-respecting chronicle, has several variants and even editions. This creation is completely anonymous.

Useful food additives: lecithin (E322) promotes the release of cholesterol from the body, and phosphates (E388-341, E450) are necessary for our skeletal system. As for the surface preservatives that are used to treat imported fruits, to remove them it is enough to wash the fruits with water.

For example, a combination of E260, E334, E620, E160a, E375, E163, E330, E363, E920, E300 and E101 is contained in the most common crisp apple and is “translated” into Russian as a combination of acetic, tartaric and glutamic acids, carotene, cysteine , vitamin C and vitamin B.

At the same time, experts discovered that preservatives, so unloved by the people, are capable of having a detrimental effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen that causes diseases of the urinary tract, eyes, skin and soft tissues and is considered one of the most dangerous and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Preservatives cause genetic changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and make it much more susceptible to drugs.

In Russia, only three food additives are prohibited: E121 (citrus red-2 dye), E123 (amaranth dye) and E240 (formaldehyde preservative). Interestingly, just a few years ago, banned additives, such as E240, were used quite legally. In particular, such indices were on the wrappers of MARS chocolate bars, and formally the manufacturing company acted absolutely correctly - at that moment there was no ban on this additive in Russian legislation. There are no prohibited indices on the wrappers of current MARS vehicles.

Potentially hazardous supplements are supplements that may be harmful to people with chronic diseases.

The following can trigger attacks in asthmatics: E102, E107, E122-124, E155, E211-214, E217, E221-227;

Digestive upset can be caused by: E338-341, E407, E450, E461, E463, E465, E466.

Food additives undesirable for small children: E249, E262, E310-312, E320, E514, E623, E626-635.

People with high blood cholesterol levels are not recommended: E320.

Thyroid dysfunction may be caused by: E127.

Food supplement	Harmful effect	Food supplement	Harmful effect	Food supplement	Harmful effect	Food supplement	Harmful effect

Symbols for harmful effects of additives:

ABOUT!--dangerous

OO!!--very dangerous

(W)--prohibited

RK--causes intestinal disorders

RD--violates blood pressure

WITH--rash

R--crustacean

RJ--causes stomach upset

X--cholesterol

P--suspicious

VC--harmful to skin

Bibliography

1. T.S. Krupina. Nutritional supplements. M.: “Sirinprema”, 2006

2. Buldakov A. Food additives. M.: “DeLi print” 2005

3. Lidina L.V. New additives for various areas of the food industry. J-l - Food, taste, aroma, issue 3, 2007.

4. Burdun N.I. Who's Afraid of the Letter E? Nutritional additives in food products. J-l - Food, taste, aroma, issue 1, 2008.

5. http://www.rosapteki.ru/arhiv/detail.php?ID=949

6. http://www.motherclub.info/2007/01/01/pishhevy

7. http://www.pazanda.uz/node/376

8.http://neways.kzd.ru/articles.php?articlesid=65

9..htt://www.narodvlast.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=321&Itemid=38

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The influence of bad habits on human health

In psychology, a habit is a regularly repeated action that a person can no longer (or thinks that he cannot) do without. Of course, such a concept has enormous practical benefits: by developing one or another useful habit, you can significantly improve your quality of life, improve or simply maintain your own health, become a step higher on the path of self-development, improve the general condition of the body and the quality of life in general.

It is believed that to form a particular habit, you need to repeat the same action for 21 days. However, practice shows that this rule applies mainly to good habits, and bad ones, unfortunately, form much faster. Sometimes just one time is enough for the body to develop a persistent craving to repeat a destructive act that artificially brought temporary satisfaction. This is precisely where the main danger of the negative impact of bad habits on the body lies: a strong psychological or physiological dependence develops unreasonably quickly, but getting rid of it is much more difficult than it seems at first glance. Let's look at the most common of them “under a microscope” to figure out how dangerous they are.

Psychotropic drugs and health are incompatible concepts

Perhaps the most talked about, serious and deadly bad habit is drug addiction. The pursuit of new sensations, “chemical” happiness and a pseudo-sense of freedom pushes a person to try illegal drugs “just once”, and this is the main trick of such a destructive habit. Unfortunately, “just 1 time” most often ends in a persistent craving for psychotropics, which is almost impossible to overcome without outside help.

The chemical composition of drugs of this kind artificially stimulates the release of dopamine, as a result of which the mood temporarily improves, stress is relieved and all problems and worries fade into the background. However, after the drug is removed from the body, a stage of compensation begins, when blues and despondency roll in with renewed vigor. At this moment, an algorithm is formed in the subconscious: “Drugs = pleasure.” And if at first, willpower and awareness of the harmfulness of this destructive habit help suppress such thoughts, then the problem will worsen.

The self-deception of beginning drug addicts lies in the fact that in most cases they deny the existence of a problem as such and do not seek help, believing that they can safely refuse the next dose at any time. If awareness of the problem comes, which, however, does not always happen, the person needs long-term rehabilitation in order to give up the addiction and restore lost health. And even qualified medical care is not always effective, because the damage caused to health by drugs can reach enormous proportions:

The brain is the first to suffer from drug addiction - it is the brain that is affected by the substance that enters the body. Gray matter cells can no longer adequately perceive reality and form cause-and-effect relationships, which is why drug addicts think that psychotropics are not a problem, but rather a solution.
It takes very little time for the destruction of the brain to affect the condition of the internal organs. Since neural circuits regulate the activity of the entire body, the appearance of an addiction will affect all systems without exception: cardiovascular, respiratory, genitourinary, endocrine, etc.
As a rule, it takes a drug addict from 1 to 10 years for complete destruction of the body with a fatal outcome. However, the main cause of mortality is not even multiple organ failure, since many simply do not live to see it - blurred reality and the constant desire to feel a “high” sooner or later lead to overdoses.

That is why we should not forget that there are no harmless drugs - any substance that alters consciousness is poison, and even one time can be enough to permanently lose your human appearance!

Why is alcoholism dangerous?

Discussing bad habits and their impact on health, it is impossible not to mention the pathological craving for alcohol. Unfortunately, today this problem affects both men and women, and even teenagers. In modern society, it is considered bad manners to come to visit without a bottle of elite alcohol, and growing schoolchildren, copying their parents and older friends, begin to try alcohol at the age of 12–13. Despite the active fight against alcoholism, all kinds of prohibitions and formal restrictions, this problem not only remains relevant, but is also gaining momentum, perhaps due to the availability of “liquid poison”, and perhaps due to the stereotype of “safe moderation”.

There is an opinion that small doses of alcohol are absolutely not harmful, and in some ways even beneficial for the body. A glass of wine at dinner, a glass of beer at a get-together with friends, one or two missed glasses during a feast - and the person himself does not notice how he is gradually drawn into alcohol addiction. At the same time, neither in medicine nor in any other science does the concept of “therapeutic dose of alcohol” exist, since these concepts are in principle incompatible.

Once in the body, alcohol primarily affects the human brain. Memory lapses that appear during the consumption of strong drinks are the “first bell” of brain destruction, because, according to research, each glass consumed takes approximately 1000–2000 brain cells. However, the effect of alcohol on the body is not limited to brain tissue - the symptoms of regular alcohol consumption affect the entire body:

Ethanol is able to penetrate inside the neuron, which affects the state of the nervous system. If at first drinking causes slight euphoria and relaxation, then over time these same processes become the cause of permanent inhibition of the functions of the nervous system, and therefore the functioning of the body as a whole.
Psychological instability coupled with nervous disorders leads to a loss of a person’s social appearance. Uncontrolled behavior, outbursts of aggression, absolute inadequacy and loss of reality of what is happening are classic symptoms of alcoholism.
Decaying ethyl alcohol is excreted from the body mainly by the liver. The high loads that fall on this organ cause various diseases, from physiological jaundice to cirrhosis.
The main problem faced by people who abuse alcohol is pathology of the cardiovascular system. Ethyl alcohol causes red blood cells to stick together, resulting in the formation of plaques in the vessels, completely or partially blocking the blood flow and impairing the blood supply to the organs. This process can cause the development of aneurysms which, in turn, develop into hemorrhagic strokes.

Alcoholism clearly demonstrates that bad habits and their impact on humans are one of the most important problems of our time. Moreover, addiction affects not only the alcoholic himself, but also his relatives, who live next to him in constant stress. And if not out of love for yourself, then at least for the sake of your loved ones, it’s worth maintaining sobriety and giving up drinking once and for all.

Consequences of smoking

One of the most insidious bad habits is smoking. On the one hand, tobacco smoke has become so commonplace and everyday that it is not always subconsciously perceived as a toxic poison. Fellow travelers at the bus stop, work colleagues, a neighbor in the stairwell smoke, and even on the TV screen, despite warnings from the Ministry of Health, no, no, and even the main character will flash by, sipping a cigarette... Yes, the harm from addiction to nicotine is not as obvious as from alcohol or psychotropics, but this does not mean that this habit is less dangerous!

The negative impact on the body does not manifest itself overnight, but gradually accumulates and aggravates the problem. This is why smoking is extremely dangerous - when the consequences begin to be felt, as a rule, the habit is already deeply formed. At the same time, the statistics are not at all reassuring: about 5 million people die every year from the consequences of smoking, and this figure is steadily growing every year. Moreover, the greatest harm to the body is caused not even by nicotine itself, but by the tars and carcinogens contained in cigarettes, of which there are about 300 varieties. Each cigarette is a cocktail of cyanide, arsenic, hydrocyanic acid, lead, polonium and hundreds of other dangerous poisons that the smoker and his loved ones inhale every day.

Smoking causes the greatest harm to the respiratory system. Toxic smog settles on the lungs and gradually causes irreversible destructive processes in the lung tissue. This can cause or worsen existing asthma, obstructive diseases and other problems with the respiratory system. Smokers are many times more likely to experience cancer of the trachea, larynx, lungs and esophagus, which ends in death.

Another deadly consequence of smoking is pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Each cigarette smoked provokes vasospasm and a jump in blood pressure, resulting in ischemia, thromboembolism, organ circulatory disorders, strokes and dozens of other extremely dangerous consequences. And this is just the tip of the iceberg! The harm of smoking affects all organs and systems, gradually destroying the body from the inside, reducing the duration and quality of life in general.

We reduce the impact of bad habits on the body step by step

A gradual and systematic approach will allow you to rid your life of absolutely any bad habit, however, the main thing in this is awareness and acceptance of the problem. Any path of self-development, cleansing your life of extraneous garbage and toxic addictions can be divided into three stages:

Quitting addictions. Having realized the full extent of the negative impact of bad habits on human health, it is much easier to give up addictions that poison the body. It will take colossal willpower, and perhaps the support of like-minded people, but you should never give up - only complete refusal, without any half-measures or concessions, will allow you to overcome the formed habit.
Crucial moment. The removal of toxic substances from the body is one way or another accompanied by a kind of “withdrawal”, when the desire to return to a normal lifestyle is felt at a physiological level. If the habit is strong and irresistible, it is worth resorting to medical help - special cleansing therapy and work with a psychologist will allow you to overcome this difficult stage.
Recovery. Having cleared itself of toxic substances, the body begins to gradually restore lost functions. The functioning of organs and systems improves, vitality, vigor and full activity return. This will also take time, but nothing is impossible!

No matter how trivial it may sound, it is much easier to introduce an addiction into your own life than to get rid of it. Knowing what harm such habits cause to the body, you should not even think about their occurrence - just one drink or cigarette can become decisive in the formation of addiction. Therefore, it is better not to even touch toxic substances, because the path to recovery is long and thorny, and it is extremely difficult to regain lost health!

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