The Moscow region celebrates its 85th anniversary in 2014. Meanwhile, many cities in the Moscow region are much older - they were founded in the Middle Ages, in the 12th-14th centuries. The most ancient cities of the region can be recognized by the preserved walls of the Kremlins, temples and monasteries, ancient “fortifications” and earthen ramparts. Correspondents of the portal “In the Moscow Region” chose the ten most ancient cities of the Moscow region, found out why they are remarkable, and found out which city near Moscow is older than Moscow.
Volokolamsk
The most ancient city in the Moscow region is Volokolamsk , or Volok Lamsky, as it was called in ancient times. This city is mentioned in Russian chronicles back in 1135. It is believed that he is 12 years older than Moscow. This was an important trade route from Novgorod to Moscow and Ryazan lands. Novgorodians dragged ships with goods from the Lama River to Voloshnya - hence the name. The oldest building of the Volokolamsk Kremlin that has survived to this day is the Resurrection White Stone Cathedral, built in the 15th century. The Kremlin itself, like most buildings of that time, was wooden, so the towers and walls have not survived to this day.
Near Volokolamsk there is the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery, founded in the 15th century. The walls with seven towers built in the 17th century have been preserved here. The oldest part of the monastery ensemble has also been preserved - the Epiphany Church, built in 1504, the ruins of a unique bell tower, the Peter and Paul Church, the Assumption Cathedral.
Kolomna
For the first time about Kolomna mentioned in the chronicle in 1177 as a border fortress of the Ryazan and Moscow principalities, and it was founded several decades earlier. This city was a traditional gathering place for Russian troops before campaigns against the Tatar-Mongols and the richest city after Moscow, and during the feudal wars in the mid-15th century - the capital of Muscovy. It was not for nothing that the princes of fragmented Rus' fought for it - Kolomna occupied an advantageous trading position between three rivers - the Moscow River, Oka and Kolomenka.
A monument of ancient Russian defensive architecture, the Kolomna Kremlin, built in the 16th century, has been partially preserved here. Today it houses a large museum complex. Thanks to the Kremlin, the enemies were not able to take the city by storm. The most famous tower is Marinkina. It is believed that the name comes from the name of the great prisoner - Marina Mniszech, who, according to legend, was imprisoned in a tower in 1614 and died here. Tour guides call Kolomna the Suzdal near Moscow. Now it is one of the most attractive tourist centers, with many fashionable projects.
Zvenigorod
Zvenigorod was founded in the mid-12th century, probably in 1152. According to one version, Moscow and Zvenigorod have the same founder - Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. At the same time, there were several cities with the same name in Rus'. Historians argue about the origin of the poetic name of the “ringing” city. There are different versions - from the word “ringing”, with which the population was notified of danger, to “Savenigorod”, that is, “the city of Savva” - in honor of the Monk Savva of Storozhevsky, the founder of the monastery. The city was also glorified by the famous Soviet actress Lyubov Orlova, who was born here.
The Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery is the main attraction of the Zvenigorod area. The monastery was founded at the very end of the 14th century on Mount Storozhe by Saint Savva, a disciple of the famous Russian saint Sergius of Radonezh, and in the 17th century, under the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, it was actually rebuilt. On the territory of the monastery, one of the oldest temples on Moscow soil has been preserved - the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary from the early 15th century. The ancient fortress walls with towers, the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the chambers of his wife Queen Maria Miloslavskaya, fraternal buildings with cells have also survived to this day.
Dmitrov
Dmitrov - another city on Moscow soil, founded by Yuri Dolgoruky in the mid-12th century. In a village on the Yakhroma River, on the way from Kyiv, the prince and his wife Olga had a son - Vsevolod the Big Nest, and at baptism - Dmitry, in whose honor it was decided to name the new city - Dmitrov.
The Kremlin in Dmitrov was made of wood and has not survived to this day. The ancient fortifications are evidenced by the high, up to 15 meters, earthen ramparts that surrounded the ancient settlement. They are a historical and cultural monument of federal significance. The Dmitrov Kremlin museum-reserve has been opened on the territory of the Kremlin.
Of the ancient buildings in the city, the Boris and Gleb Monastery of the 15th century, with a stone fence and turrets, has been preserved. The oldest church in the monastery is the Cathedral of Saints Boris and Gleb, built in the 16th century. During the Soviet years, the monastery housed the construction department of the famous Moscow-Volga canal.
Ruza
This small town in the western Moscow region was founded in the first third of the 14th century, around 1328. All that remains of the city fortress are the earthen ramparts, which have yet to be explored by archaeologists; now there is the “Gorodok” park, a recreational area for the townspeople.
Of the architectural monuments in the city, several churches have been preserved: the Resurrection Cathedral of the early 18th century, the Intercession and Dmitrievskaya churches (late 18th century), Boris and Gleb Church of the early 19th century. By the way, in the oldest local history museum in the Moscow region, opened in Ruse in 1906, they created a rich exhibition about the ancient inhabitants of the Moscow region - the Eastern Slavs.
Mozhaisk
First mention of a city on the river Mozhaisk found in the chronicles of 1231. In the 14th century, Mozhaisk was one of the religious centers of Rus' thanks to the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas of Mozhaisk; there were about 20 monasteries here. Of these, only one has survived - the Mozhaisk Luzhetsky Monastery in honor of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, founded by the disciple of Sergius of Radonezh - Ferapont Belozersky in 1408. The monastery has preserved a number of architectural monuments from the 16th to 19th centuries, including the main Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary from the 16th century, a bell tower with a tomb from the 17th century, a gate church and a fence with towers from the 17th century.
The city is also famous for the Battle of Borodino in 1812. Mozhaisk Museum of History and Local Lore is a branch of the Borodino Military Historical Museum-Reserve.
Sergiev Posad
The main “tourist magnet” of the Moscow region, the only city in the region included in the “Golden Ring” of Russia, grew up around a wooden church in the name of the Trinity on Mount Makovets, where Sergius of Radonezh founded a monastic monastery in the 14th century. The year of foundation of the city is considered to be 1337. The Holy Trinity Lavra of Sergius, where the icons of the great icon painters Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny are kept, where, according to legend, Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy came for a blessing before the Battle of Kulikovo, where Tsar Ivan the Terrible bequeathed to bury himself and where the Moscow Theological Academy is now located, is included in the list of protected UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The oldest building of the Lavra is the white stone Trinity Cathedral, built over the tomb of St. Sergius of Radonezh in 1422-1423. According to the archives of the monastery, since 1575 the world famous icon of Andrei Rublev “Trinity”, painted in memory of the great saint and wonderworker, occupied the main place of the iconostasis of the Trinity Church - to the right of the royal doors. And the Assumption Cathedral of the Lavra (1585), with bright blue domes in golden stars, was created by order of Ivan the Terrible and on the model of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The Lavra's bell tower is the highest in Russia - 88 meters.
The Sergiev Posad Historical and Art Museum “Horse Yard” (former monastery stables) houses a unique and one of the largest collections of ancient Russian art from the 14th to 19th centuries in Russia.
Serpukhov
Serpukhov on the Nara River supposedly dates back to 1339 - it was a fortress on the borders of the Moscow Principality during the period of a long struggle with the Mongol-Tatars and Lithuanian-Polish conquerors. The main architectural monument of the city is the Vysotsky Monastery, one of the oldest in the Moscow region, founded in 1347 by the Serpukhov prince Vladimir the Brave. This is a center of pilgrimage to the miraculous icon of the Most Holy Theotokos “Inexhaustible Chalice”, which is considered to relieve the ailments of drunkenness and drug addiction.
Among other antiquities of the city are the Vladychny Convent of the 14th century, fragments of the 16th century Serpukhov Kremlin on Cathedral Hill, the Trinity Cathedral of the 17th century on Cathedral Hill. More recent attractions include 19th-century shopping arcades and a number of churches and temples.
Wedge
Wedge first mentioned in chronicles in 1317. The fortress was destroyed at the very beginning of the 15th century by a Tatar-Mongol raid. The Klin Kremlin did not have stone structures or fortifications. The earthen ramparts have not survived, but a deep ravine is visible that protected the approaches to the city.
The oldest monument of the Klin Kremlin is the Resurrection Church of the early 18th century.
Kashira
One of the oldest cities in the Moscow region was first mentioned in the spiritual charter of Moscow Prince Ivan the Red in 1356. The antiquity of these places is evidenced by a unique archaeological monument - the Kashirskoye settlement, dating back to the 7-4 centuries BC. Traces of the ancient settlement can be seen on the banks of the Oka River. According to research, the settlement in Kashira It was fortified with a rampart, a ditch and an oak tine. Archaeologists discovered more than 20 dugout dwellings with stone hearths in the center, clay products, dishes, bone arrows, harpoons, iron tools and bronze jewelry.
Based on materials from: inmosreg.ru
The largest metropolis and the main business center of the country is actively being built up and expanding every year. In the coming years 2019 and 2020. the city of Moscow will continue to expand its territory beyond the Moscow Ring Road, adding new areas at the expense of the Moscow region.
It is expected that the project to expand the borders of Moscow will be beneficial not only for the development of the metropolis, but will also benefit the annexed cities and towns. Thanks to large investments, the transport situation in the regions will improve, there will be less traffic jams, while it is planned to preserve green areas and develop modern infrastructure.
What territories will be included within the boundaries of the metropolis and how will the map of Moscow change in the coming years? We'll talk about all this in this article.
Why is the expansion of Moscow a necessary measure?
The need to annex new territories is caused not only by population growth, but also by a noticeably increased influx of capital into the capital. The capital is now more attractive than ever for investment due to its stable economic and social development. What can’t be said about the regions...
The development of districts and cities in the Moscow region is proceeding at a noticeably lower pace than in Moscow - this is due to a shortage of jobs, a difficult transport situation, and underdeveloped infrastructure. In recent years, it has become unprofitable for small and small developers to build new microdistricts with multi-storey new buildings in the suburbs of Moscow - the cost of apartments barely exceeds the cost, and the risks of “not selling” are quite high, especially if these are new areas built “in the field.” Mainly large players remained on the market - PIK, MIC, A101 and others.
At the same time, there is demand for suburban housing in the Moscow region. Many Muscovites are ready to exchange their apartment for a more spacious one, in a new building outside the Moscow Ring Road. Even giving up the prestigious area. The fact is that, despite all its advantages, the capital’s “concrete cages”, eternal traffic jams and overcrowding are already quite fed up with many people - they want to be closer to nature, live in ecologically clean areas, park safely, walk near their home, etc. .
About 3 million people living in the Moscow region commute to work in the capital every day, but they are actually migrants. The same can be said about Muscovites who go on vacation or live in cottages purchased outside the city. Having expanded the territory, you will not have to worry about registration, security and management issues.
It is obvious that Moscow is overpopulated. The building density is several times higher than in London, Paris and other European capitals. For a comfortable life, every resident must have places for a car, recreation, and utility areas, but this is impossible to do in a metropolis. The annexation of new territories will help solve many problems, raise the standard of living, and make travel along highways convenient.
And of course, the city authorities have a “selfish interest.” Since many large trading platforms (Auchan, Metro, Ikea, Grand, OBI and others), many markets located along the Moscow Ring Road from the region, and having a huge trade turnover, pay taxes to the budget of the Moscow region, and not Moscow.
What are the pros and cons of annexing new territories?
There are many more pros than cons to expanding the borders of Moscow. The main thing is to create the right concept for the development of annexed territories.
Pros:
- Ecology. It is planned to create new parks in new territories. Preservation and restoration of green spaces - at the moment they are less than 10% of the area of the entire city. There are also plans to relocate landfills;
- Registration. All residents of the annexed territories will have the opportunity to enjoy the privileges of Moscow registration;
- Transport development. Construction of new transport interchanges, as well as the opportunity to use local services, which will significantly relieve congestion on highways and highways.
Minuses:
- Loss of independent status and independence of governance among annexed cities and towns;
- Corruption is possible in the distribution of the budget, and therefore the territories may not receive proper development.
What are you planning to do?
Create satellite cities that will develop together with the capital and form a single system with it. They will have the same tariffs for housing and communal services as in Moscow, and the same system of social and medical services.
One of the successful examples is the city of Zelenograd. Here the population is fully provided with work, the infrastructure is well developed, and the environmental situation is very favorable. The creation of satellite cities will help move government institutions beyond the Moscow Ring Road, evenly distributing them across the Moscow region.
Why is the old General Plan for the Development of Moscow no longer relevant?
According to forecasts, 12 million people were supposed to live in Moscow by 2025, but the number of residents has already reached this figure. Add to this another 5.5 million cars. The General Development Plan approved in 2010 did not provide for such development in any way, and was not coordinated with the authorities of the Moscow region, where, in turn, rapid construction flourished in those years, which influenced migration.
Real estate
According to the latest land use project, in 2019-2020. it is planned to cancel the construction of 20 million sq. m. m of housing in areas where this would worsen the transport situation. The construction of new real estate within a radius of 40 km beyond the Moscow Ring Road will be noticeably reduced. This is mainly caused by a problem with the sewage system (you can’t pull it up from Moscow, and there is no point in building new treatment facilities - there is nowhere to dump it). In general, the issue of communications and garbage has been a pressing and quite acute issue in recent years, and will be resolved after the problems with transport are resolved.
Another innovation of the PPP is to finally deal with “wastelands”. To achieve this, it is planned to begin mass construction in industrial zones and to make it easier for investors to obtain construction permits if they create new enterprises or offices in these areas.
Of course, real estate will be built outside the Moscow Ring Road; the demand for it is consistently very high. Here it is worth taking into account the cost per square meter in the nearest Moscow region, which is much cheaper than real estate located inside the Moscow Ring Road:
Parking and transport
The authorities promise to solve problems with parking spaces. This is not an easy task in a crowded metropolis, since one car occupies from 18 to 35 square meters. m. precious area. According to the old General Plan: there should be 2 parking spaces per car. But this is unrealistic, since 30% of all new territories will have to be given over to parking.
That is why the optimal solution is the development of public transport in the Moscow region, primarily the metro. The construction of a metro is one of the most labor-intensive and expensive infrastructure projects, but at the same time, it is fast transport and profitable in all economic indicators.
There are now 22 metro stations outside the Moscow Ring Road:
- Bohr highway;
- Dmitry Donskoy Boulevard;
- Buninskaya Alley;
- Volokolamsk;
- Vykhino;
- Govorovo;
- Zhulebino;
- Kotelniki;
- Kosino;
- Lermontovsky Avenue;
- Mitino;
- Myakinino;
- Novokosino;
- Novoperedelkino;
- Pyatnitskoe highway;
- Storytelling;
- Rumyantsevo;
- Salaryevo;
- Solntsevo;
- Gorchakov Street;
- Skobelevskaya Street;
- Starokachalovskaya street.
In 2019-2020, the following metro stations are planned to open outside the Moscow Ring Road:
- Olkhovo;
- Filatov meadow;
- Kosino;
- Lukhmanovskaya;
- Nekrasovka;
- Dmitrievsky Street;
- Sheremetyevskaya.
It is obvious that the list of new metro stations will grow. In addition, a metro line will finally appear in Mytishchi, which has long become a de facto district of Moscow. A total of 15 new stations are planned to open.
The authorities also plan to reconstruct the railways. First of all, we are talking about the Moscow Central Circle (MCC) project. The North-Eastern and North-Western expressways and the Southern route will be built. Transport interchange hubs (TIH) are being built; 56 facilities should be put into operation by 2020.
In the old General Plan of Moscow, the indicator of walking accessibility of transport was absolutely not taken into account. Now, when planning residential and transport infrastructure, authorities are obliged to take into account the distance between them.
Social facilities
The authorities’ primary task is to provide the population of the annexed territories with modern social infrastructure.
In the coming years it is planned:
- Build a modern hospital in Rasskazovka, with an emergency department;
- a large shopping complex will appear in the village of Ryazanovskoye;
- A food processing plant will open in New Moscow.
The authorities promise that thanks to the agreements reached with large developers, the shortage of kindergartens, schools, and children's entertainment centers will be overcome. Since the annexation alone, New Moscow has received 10 educational institutions and 30 preschool institutions. A huge school for 1,775 places was also built in Kommunarka, and a kindergarten in the city of Moskovsky.
How will the borders of Moscow change in 2019 - 2020?
It is planned to expand the metropolis into 21 municipalities and 2 urban entities (Troitsk, Shcherbinka), 19 rural settlements located in the Podolsk, Leninsky, Naro-Fominsk districts, and to annex some lands of the Krasnogorsk and Odintsovo districts.
In the coming years, the following urban and rural settlements will become new districts of Moscow:
- JV Vnukovskoe;
- SE Kyiv;
- Kokoshkino;
- Mosrentgen;
- Ryazanovskoe;
- Shchapovskoe;
- Novofedorovskoe;
- Krasnopakharskoe;
- Voskresenskoe;
- Pervomayskoe
- Desenovskoe;
- Rogovskoe;
- Mikhailovo-Yartsevskoe;
- Filimonkovskoe;
- Voronovskoe and others.
Disputes continue to rage regarding the annexation of the closest satellite cities to Moscow - many residents already consider themselves Muscovites, working in the capital and sending their children to study in the capital’s kindergartens, schools and universities. So far, this issue is not on the authorities’ agenda, but given how quickly the territories of New Moscow were annexed, this may well happen.
Possible scenario for expanding the borders of Moscow until 2025.
conclusions
Having considered all the above facts, we can say with confidence that expanding the borders of the capital is a necessary measure that will help solve many problems. So, for example, the annexation of the southwestern territories is justified by solving the transport, urban planning and environmental problems of the region. There is very low urbanization here, but at the same time many important infrastructure and strategic facilities (airport) are located.
On the annexed lands it will be possible to locate a new government center, the capital will deal with urban issues, and new territories will receive the necessary modern infrastructure, get rid of transport collapses, and new jobs will appear.
Having competently implemented the project to expand Moscow, the metropolis will be divided into a historical center, business and educational zones, and equipped with modern transport. Developers and investors will have the opportunity to implement the most daring projects aimed at improving the quality of life of everyone living in the capital and the Moscow region.
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You can admire this view from one of the surrounding hills for a very long time without stopping.
The Lavra is a real museum of the history of Russian church architecture; here you can find most of the famous styles, and their most striking examples.
There are also picturesque places outside the Lavra, although I must admit that I haven’t explored the surrounding area very well yet: 
Second place is Kolomna, a large historical city about 100 km away. from Moscow, which is unofficially called the “capital of the Moscow region”. In the 16th century, it was the main outpost against the regular invasions of the Crimean Tatars, so a huge brick Kremlin, only slightly smaller in size than the Moscow one, was built here even before Ivan the Terrible. During raids, tens of thousands of residents from the surrounding volosts took refuge in it.
Now only a few towers and small fragments of walls remain from the Kolomna Kremlin, but they also make an indelible impression: 
Inside the former Kremlin, the magnificent ensemble of the old city has been preserved, which has been given the status of a nature reserve. You rarely see this here in Russia - everything is licked, cleaned, painted, people continue to live in small old houses. But there is also the opposite effect - a feeling of some kind of sterility, emptiness and unnaturalness of the situation. What is missing is what makes up the soul of a museumized historical center in any country in the world - crowded streets with thousands of cafes, restaurants, shops, workshops, street musicians, artists, etc.
But still great, beautiful: 
The other day I came to Kolomna for the third time since 2005 and I hope to return.
Third place - Dmitrov, 65 km. north of Moscow. I have been visiting this city since childhood and have seen how dramatically it has changed over the past 20 years. It seems that there is a real economic boom there and new infrastructure is growing right before our eyes - shopping and sports centers, vast residential areas, central streets are being improved. I don’t remember that anywhere else in Russia the historical center was completely reconstructed over the course of several years, the main street was blocked off and turned into a pedestrian zone, decorative shopping arcades were built, and many street sculptures were installed. More precisely, there is only one example - the above-mentioned Kolomna.
As well-maintained and cultured as in Kolomna, the historical center of Dmitrov is still very different in itself. Its core consists of the high earthen ramparts of the former wooden Kremlin, within which is enclosed the impressive Assumption Cathedral of the 16th century: 
Outside the ramparts, a private building area has been preserved, and behind it is another attraction in the ensemble of the historical center, the Boris and Gleb Monastery: 
This monastery amazes with its fantastic well-groomed, not to say varnished appearance. The temples and walls shine with whiteness, the entire territory is buried in flowers and is a monument to modern landscape and park art, there are even peacocks. In general, the visit evokes a feeling of complete delight and respect for the Dmitrov residents.
Fourth place is Zaraysk, the region’s furthest city from Moscow. It is almost undeveloped by tourists and gives the impression of some kind of reserve, a real Russian province with chickens on the streets and massive wooden buildings in the center, which are not threatened with demolition in the coming years, despite its dilapidation.
The main attraction is a fully preserved stone Kremlin of the 16th century with a regular rectangular shape: 
The surviving churches in the city are gradually being restored.
I would say that in all spirit Zaraysk is the antipode to the museumized historical center of Kolomna.
Fifth place - Serpukhov.
I visited there only once in 2007 and was captivated by the atmosphere. There was an impression that this rather large city was located not a hundred, but a thousand kilometers from Moscow, and it was still the 90s there. A huge contrast with Kolomna and Dmitrov, although perhaps my impressions in this case are very subjective.
There is no compact historical center in Serpukhov. The ancient Kremlin hill stands somewhere on the outskirts. A rather modest-looking cathedral rises on it and quiet village life flows around it: 
A very tragic story happened with the stone Serpukhov Kremlin. In the 1930s local authorities, either on their own idiotic initiative, or at the request of the center, decided to dismantle the ancient walls to their foundations and send the resulting stone for decoration of the Moscow metro under construction.
Only a small fragment was left as a souvenir for descendants: 
Well, where else in Russia these days can you see horses grazing near the Kremlin wall?
Sixth place - Podolsk. This large city is worth a visit if only to see one of the wonders of Russia - the Church of the Sign - on its outskirts, in the Dubrovitsy estate: 
In terms of its architecture, this temple has no analogues in Russia. It was built during the reign of Peter I by craftsmen invited from Switzerland, so the decoration corresponds more to the Catholic tradition: 
Seventh place - Zvenigorod. A small town with a sonorous name is located 30 km away. west of Moscow. The main attractions are outside its modern centre. On the old settlement (Gorodok) there is one of the oldest temples in the Moscow land - the white-stone Assumption Cathedral built in 1399. 
2 km. from Zvenigorod there is the famous Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery with the Nativity Cathedral of the 15th century.
The eighth place is the town of Vereya, 95 km southwest of Moscow, once the capital of the independent Vereya principality.
Vereya captivated me with its picturesqueness; if you go down from the high hill, where city life is in full swing, and cross the pedestrian bridge, you immediately find yourself in some kind of fairy-tale world of rural childhood: 
Right on the banks of the river, housewives milk cows; on the surrounding streets there are almost no souls.
View of the district from the city Kremlin hill: 
The city has several quite interesting churches, including the Nativity Cathedral from the mid-16th century (heavily rebuilt), but the main thing worth coming here for is the picturesque landscape.
The top ten most interesting cities in the Moscow region, of course, includes Mozhaisk, 110 km west of the capital. Once it was an outpost of Moscow against invasions from the west, a border fortress (hence the expression “Drive beyond Mozhai”). The Mozhaisk Kremlin has existed since the 12th century; at the beginning of the 17th century it received stone walls, which, unfortunately, were dismantled long before the revolution.
Now the historical center, the Kremlin hill, is the very outskirts of Mozhaisk. When entering the city from the west, the entire area is dominated by the new St. Nicholas Cathedral of the early 19th century in the style of Gothic romanticism: 
To the left of it you can see the old St. Nicholas Cathedral, of much more modest size.
Within the city there is an interesting Luzhetsky Ferapontov Monastery with a cathedral from the times of Ivan the Terrible.
Finally, in the top ten I would include the city of Bogorodsk (better known under the Soviet name Noginsk), which traces its origins to the village of Rogozhi since 1389: 
Although this city does not shine with architectural masterpieces and such a rich history as the previous ones, and has not retained much of the environment of the old center, it has many interesting and picturesque corners. Also worthy of attention are the efforts of local authorities to improve the most attractive places and create local areas where citizens would be pleased to come for recreation.
Of course, there are many more interesting and beautiful historical cities in the Moscow region, I hope that over time I will tell you about them.
Presentation on the course “Native Moscow Region” The emergence, development and advancement of Moscow. The emergence of ancient cities in the Moscow region Moscow. Moscow!.. I love you like a son, Like a Russian, - strongly, passionately and tenderly, I love the sacred shine of your gray hairs And this serene serene Kremlin M.Yu. Lermontov Author of the presentation: Vinichenko E.V. Geography teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School 8, Ramenseoe
Let's remember 1. What are the main features of the peoples belonging to the Vyatic tribes? 2. What is common in the clothing and jewelry of the peoples inhabiting the north and south of the Moscow region? What are the differences? 3.Where is the conventional border between the Vyatichi and Krivichi tribes? 4.What are the main occupations of residents of the Moscow region? 5.What did the people called brickmakers do? 6. Since what centuries did the custom of burying noble people under mounds cease in Rus'? 7. Along what line did the Vyatichi people follow the social stratification of society?
The emergence of cities in centuries. Thanks to the development of crafts and trade, a number of settlements turn into craft and trade centers - cities emerge. (The chronicles mention up to 20 cities: Kolomna, Vorotynsk, Masalsk, etc.). Moscow also became such a city in the century. G. Kolomna
The legend about the emergence of Moscow The founding date of Moscow is generally considered to be 1147, when the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky invited his ally, the prince of Novgorod-Seversk Svyatoslav Olgovich, on a date. Then, on the site of the future urban area along the Neglinka and Yauza rivers, there were several villages belonging to the boyar Kuchka. The entire territory was originally called Kutskova. The village where the princes met was called Moscow. As historians note, the village was then a rural princely estate or, more precisely, a stationary courtyard, where the Suzdal prince stayed during his trips to the south of Kiev and back. According to the Tver chronicle, in 1156, “Great Prince Yuri Volodymerich founded the city of Moscow at the mouth below Neglinnaya, above the Yauza River,” i.e., he surrounded his Moskvoretsky courtyard with wooden walls - “city house.” This settlement began to be called “Moscow-grad”. The town was small and occupied only the southwestern part of the modern Kremlin. Around the town there was a rustling forest, the memory of which was preserved in the name of the Borovitsky Gate, and dense forests and swampy swamps stretched beyond the river. It is believed that the swamps gave the river its name, and the river its name. Finno-Ugric Maskava, Makuva, Maskva – swamp, mud. The ancient Slavic “moski” means “swampy area”. The town arose as a border town at the crossroads between the Dnieper south and the Upper Volga north.
Favorable geographical position With its upper tributary, the Istra, the Moscow River comes close to the Lama, a tributary of the Shosha, which flows into the Volga. Thus, the Moscow River connected the upper Volga with the middle Oka using a lama portage. On the other hand, the city of Moscow arose at the very bend of the river, at its turn to the southeast, where it, with its tributary Yauza, almost came close to the Klyazma, along which a transverse route ran through Moscow from west to east. On the third side, a road ran through Moscow from Lopasnya (a village 70 versts from Moscow to the south along the Serpukhov road). The border of the Chernigov and Suzdal principalities, the road from the Kyiv and Chernigov south to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Rostov then passed along it. Thus, the city of Moscow arose at the intersection of three major roads.
In the 14th century, Moscow became the capital of the Moscow principality. In every Russian city, big or small, there were always detinets, posad and bargaining. The first Moscow Kremlin of the century covered only the center, and outside there were unfortified settlements where artisans and merchants lived. Built in the 12th century, Detynets served the city for about 200 years. Built in 1358, the white stone Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy had the most modern weapons at that time. In the quarries near the village of Myachkovo, they cut down this stone, loaded it onto a sleigh and transported it across the ice of the river to the city. They carried them in the winter so as not to pull loaded barges against the current in the summer. Since the Muscovites built this city of white stone, people began to call Moscow White Stone.
The new Kremlin was built from 1485 to 1495. The two walls of the Kremlin were still washed by the Neglinnaya and Moskva rivers. And where there was no this reliable barrier - from the side of Red Square, a huge ditch was dug 8 m deep (about the size of a two-story house), up to 35 m wide. It was filled with water, and thus the Kremlin turned into an island, equally difficult to reach the enemy from any side. Moscow was called the most glorious of all cities, both in terms of its position (middle in the country), and due to the convenient location of the rivers, its fame for its fortified fortress and abundance of dwellings.
The emergence of ancient cities in the Moscow region. The oldest written information about cities in the Moscow region that have survived to this day dates back to the 12th century: the chronicle first mentions Volokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147), Dmitrov (1154), Kolomna (1187), Mozhaisk (1231). Archaeological materials indicate the existence of Zvenigorod, Ruza
Basic principles of the emergence of the first cities Most of the Slavic cities of the Moscow region arose in a new, previously uninhabited place. Individual towns were built on the site of fortified settlements of the Iron Age, which belonged to tribes of Finno-Ugric origin. Kremlins of Slavic cities were built on uninhabited steep coastal capes, which happened mainly in the southern part modern Moscow region In the upper reaches of rivers that came close to each other, boats were pulled ashore and dragged overland to another river. The portages sometimes stretched for tens of kilometers. Cities grew near such portages, sometimes retaining the word “portoka” in their names, etc.
G. Dubna: which is located at the confluence of the river. Dubny to Volga. The city was built on the site of a settlement of local tribes at the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century. Suzdal princes. Lobynsk: arose on the site of an Iron Age settlement of a Slavic fortified settlement.
The first cities and how they arose. The city of Vyshgorod on the Yakhroma River - a city with a Kremlin layout in the form of a circle or oval. The city of Peremyshl Moskovsky on the banks of the Mocha River, a tributary of the river. Pakhra (in Podolsk region). This is one of the largest and well-fortified cities in the Moscow region in ancient times. The city of Vyshgorod on Protva was built at the end of the 12th century, but is mentioned in written sources later - in 1352. The city had a settlement and settlements.
