What is a recreational area in a village? General characteristics of the Russian health complex

Recreational areas are primarily intended for recreation. These are corners of wildlife in the city, both natural and artificially created.

Why are recreation areas needed?

Recreational areas of natural origin - lakes, forest areas, river banks. This is what remains of the wild nature, its last islands in the stones of the city. Artificially created recreational areas are all familiar parks and plantings, ponds, gardens and reservoirs. This is nature created by human hands. Places where you can relax, listen to the rustling of leaves and splashing waves, admire the birds, and breathe fresh air. In a word, to touch living nature, which is so scarce in a modern city.

Often such areas are used for sports, usually there are areas specifically designed for active recreation. This is especially true for bodies of water. Equipped beaches are the basis for safe recreation on the water.

But the recreational zone exists not only to provide people with a place to relax. This is precisely why specialized recreation areas differ from spontaneous ones.

In such areas, toilets, first aid stations, and local police stations may be located. There are often kiosks, rental points for various sports equipment, sports equipment and equipped playgrounds for children. In a word, these places are like corners of wild nature, equipped with all the possible benefits of civilization.

Environmental functions of recreational areas

However, these are not the only arguments in favor of creating such territories. The construction of a recreational area is necessary not only because people need a comfortable and safe place to relax. Nature also needs a break from people. The fact is that city dwellers will somehow find a place to relax; they will go to the forest or to an undeveloped river bank. And the trouble is not that it can be dangerous. Adults themselves are able to determine the acceptable level of risk. But almost always, after such vacationers, piles of garbage and bottles are left on the grass, which there is no one to clean up in the forest, because there are no wipers there. And in the worst case, it will all end in a fire that breaks out from an unextinguished fire or a cigarette thrown into dry grass.

It can be said that the city's recreational areas protect wildlife from gross human interference. Those who want to sit on the grass and barbecue will simply go to the park. Yes, they will litter there and, perhaps, will not keep an eye on the fire. But the recreational areas are equipped with safety equipment, and firefighters are nearby and will arrive on the first call. And abandoned bottles and plastic food boxes will be removed by beach or park workers.

Often, the creation of a recreational area on the site of a forest or reservoir being absorbed by a city is the only way to save it from destruction. Otherwise, the lake will be drained and filled in, and the forest will be cut down to make way for development. Preserving areas of wildlife in the city is an extremely important task. High real estate prices arouse exceptional work enthusiasm among developers.

Recreation and tourism areas - what are they?

Those who are not interested in parks and alleys can go to tourist and recreational economic zones. These are legally designated areas intended for tourism and only for it.

The corresponding legislative acts were adopted in 2006. The purpose of creating such natural areas was to increase the competitiveness of the tourism business. It is expected that special economic and legislative conditions will stimulate the development of the tourism business, the creation of new and the reconstruction of old health resorts.

Similar zones can be created in individual areas of municipalities. There may be private houses and various infrastructure facilities of any form of ownership. Areas allocated for zones of this type may be part of specially protected areas. This is precisely why the tourist and recreational zone differs from a regular economic zone.

The state offers companies planning to engage in the tourism business to obtain resident status in the tourist and recreational zone and take advantage of the associated benefits. Residents can use a special coefficient when calculating depreciation on their own fixed assets. Restrictions on the transfer of losses to subsequent tax periods, amounting to 30% for other business entities, have been lifted for residents. In addition, a lenient income tax rate may be established for them for a certain period.

The problem of protecting wildlife when creating tourist and recreational zones

Metallurgical production, development and extraction of any minerals are strictly prohibited on the territory of such tourist and recreational zones. The exception is mineral waters, therapeutic muds and other balneological tourism objects. It is also impossible to process scrap ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and minerals, except, again, for the spill of mineral waters or other use of the balneological resources of the territory. The production and processing of any excisable goods, except motorcycles and cars, is prohibited.

One of the reasons why environmentalists are skeptical about the project is that entrepreneurs are given the right to build tourist facilities in protected areas. It is very likely, environmentalists believe, that this work will be carried out in violation of existing norms and regulations.

Similar experiments took place in Crimea and ended sadly. The construction of facilities planned to be environmentally friendly led to the cutting down of unique relict forests and the destruction of natural coastal formations. With this development of events, it will no longer matter whether the tourist complex continues to function or not, or whether the developer will be punished. After all, the damage has already been done, the damage is irreparable. Such risks must also be taken into account.

That is why environmental organizations are demanding a ban on the construction of tourist complexes in unique protected areas. It is easier to prevent this kind of misfortune than to look for ways to eliminate the consequences. Moreover, they do not exist.

Estimated economic benefit from the project implementation

The creators of this law believe that the development of tourism in Russia is impossible without economic support for entrepreneurs working in this area. According to preliminary calculations, 44.5 billion rubles will be spent on financing such zones by 2026. Representatives of the tourism business are expected to invest more than 270 billion rubles in the creation and development of tourist and recreational zones. Tax revenues from the project should amount to 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists will more than triple, and the contribution of the tourism business to the country’s GDP will reach 2%. This is not as little as it seems - after all, now state revenues from this area of activity are tending to zero. This is what makes the development of tourism in Russia one of the priority areas of business, requiring government support.

The creation of such zones pursues not only economic goals. The result of such a program should be an improvement in the quality of service at Russian resorts and their improvement. Now many people note that it is more pleasant and profitable to relax on the shores of Turkey and Egypt than at home. Since the tourism business brings considerable income to countries with territories that are attractive in this regard, it is obvious that the situation needs to be changed. All conditions must be made to ensure that vacationers want to spend their money on the territory of Russia, and not outside its borders.

What areas for recreation and tourism are currently being created?

Currently, the recreational zones of Russia are represented by the following list:

recreational area in the Stavropol Territory;
in the Irkutsk region - “Gateway of Baikal”;
in Altai - “Altai Valley” and “Turquoise Katun”;
zone in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic.

Previously, this list was two points longer, but recreational zones in the Krasnodar Territory and the Kaliningrad Region were liquidated by government decision. The zone on the Curonian Spit in the Kaliningrad region ceased to exist, since not a single agreement was concluded with residents and there were no businessmen willing to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure.

The tourist and recreational zone in the Krasnodar Territory ceased to exist for the same reason. But it was supposed to be located on the territory of well-known and beloved resorts: Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Tuapse. Cities that have always been exclusively touristic.

How could it happen that in the territories traditionally supported by tourism there were no businessmen willing to start creating tourism facilities on a preferential basis and under the auspices of the state? Of the entire list of recreational areas, this point seemed the most promising.

It is obvious that the practical implementation of the project to create tourist and recreational zones will turn out to be much more problematic than it seemed at first. And the above calculations are most likely overly optimistic. Since there were no people willing to start the tourism business in Sochi and Tuapse, this means that the projected income from the project needs to be seriously adjusted. And eliminate the factors leading to such a situation.

Time will tell how economically successful other objects will be.

Tourist complex in Stavropol region

The natural and recreational zone located in the Stavropol Territory is called “Caucasian Mineral Waters”. It is located on the territory of Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, the cities of Mineralnye Vody and Lermontov, Predgorny and Mineralovodsky districts. The potential possibilities of the zone are extensive. Beautiful landscapes, mountain air, unique flavor of the Caucasus. The unique health resorts of the Stavropol Territory were famous back in the days of Tsarist Russia, and the mineral water of Essentuki is one of the best mineral waters in the world.

Basic infrastructure elements are located near the recreational area; access to them is not difficult. In this area, it is planned to develop primarily health and balneological tourism; sports, educational and environmental tourism seem promising.

Tourist complexes "Biryuzovaya Katun" and "Altai Valley"

The tourist and recreational zone "Turquoise Katun" is located on the banks of the Katun River. This area is reminiscent of the classic landscapes of northern Europe: mountains, alpine meadows and mixed forests. It is sunny and relatively warm here, the average annual temperature is +5 o. A lot of snow falls in these places, the cover height reaches 600 mm. It is planned to create routes for hiking, water, ski and horse tourism. It will be of interest to fishermen and mushroom pickers, climbers and fans of caving tourism, hunters and lovers of rafting on mountain rivers.

Traditional trades and crafts of the inhabitants of Altai, a large number of archaeological and cultural monuments, and museums of the Altai Territory can also attract tourists to this area.

The Altai Valley recreational zone project should cover the territories of two state reserves and four game reserves, and will also include 5 sites from the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Nizhne-Uimonsky, Nizhnekatunsky, Ursulsky, and Bie-Telitsky districts seem to be the most attractive for tourism. On the territory of the tourist zone there is such a unique natural object as Lake Manzherokskoe. Mount Sinyukha is located nearby. This is an ideal place to create a mountain resort that meets world standards. At the moment there are no such things in the country. The government of the Altai Republic has repeatedly tried to begin the construction of a tourist complex, but there was always not enough money for this. Perhaps funds will be found within the framework of this project.

One of the significant disadvantages of this territory is the lack of an airport. Getting to the recreation area is very inconvenient. The item “construction of an airport” is included in the project, but it is unlikely to be financed, at least until the benefits from this become obvious. So far, the positive balance of the project is in question.

Tourist complex "Gates of Baikal"

The recreational zone “Gates of Baikal” in Buryatia is supposed to be created next to the lake itself, because it is precisely this that is the goal of tourists coming to the region. This area has everything needed to create a mountain sports and health resort with a balneological focus: mountains, mountain rivers, a warm lake, mineral springs and healing mud.

A large resort facility should include ski resorts, water and mud clinics, trails for ecological and sports tourism. On the shore of Lake Kotokelskoye it is planned to create a water tourism center with a yacht club and an indoor water park.

Ski resort in the Chechen Republic

The recreational zone in the Chechen Republic will be located in the mountains, not far from the city of Grozny. It will be organized as a high-class ski resort. It is planned to build a huge tourist complex. In addition, cable cars, cross-country ski tracks, 19 ski slopes of varying difficulty, an equestrian arena and a stable will be built. Nearby they plan to create an artificial snowmaking system and a reservoir to feed it.

Recreational areas are intended to organize recreational areas for the population and
include parks, gardens, urban forests, forest parks, beaches, and other objects. Recreational zones may include specially protected natural areas and natural objects.

Construction and expansion are not allowed in the territories of recreational zones
existing industrial, municipal and warehouse facilities, not directly
related to the operation of health and recreational facilities.

3. Graphically depict the urban zoning scheme for settlement planning “parallel” system

1. Features of the planning structure of the “Industrial City” by Tony Garnier.

TONY GARNIER AND THE “INDUSTRIAL CITY”

The next year after the appearance of Howard's book at the French Academy in Rome, Tony Garnier (1869-1948), laureate of the Grand Prize of Rome (Ogaps! Rph de Cota), began his work on the project of a model city. Garnier, in all likelihood, did not know the works of Soria and Howard. In solving the city's problems, he was guided by completely different principles.

Garnier did not believe that the structure of the city was determined by modern means of transport; in his project they were reflected only as one, and not the most important, factor. Unlike Howard, he dealt with the issue of liquidating existing large cities and searching for methods of financing new ones. He did not limit himself to developing theoretical principles and schematic solutions. He was interested in the question of the structure of the city of the 20th century, corresponding to social and technical progress. The result was a project for an “industrial city.”

Garnier worked on it during his four years in Rome. Already in 1901, he sent two tablets to Paris with a plan of the designed city, and three years later he exhibited the completed work in Rome and Paris. Finally, in 1917, he published a large work entitled “Industrial City” (“She sNyo tdizMeNe”),

The industrial city was designed, like Howard's garden city, for 35 thousand inhabitants. However, Garnier did not in any way seek to determine the optimal population size. He just wanted to use this example to develop his basic concept. Howard placed only small and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the garden city, which he moved into a narrow zone surrounding residential areas. Garnier connected the relatively small city with an industrial complex that included iron mines, blast furnaces, steel foundries, forging and rolling shops, a shipyard, an agricultural machinery plant, an automobile and aircraft plant, and many ancillary facilities. There was a power station near the dam. The complex of enterprises was located near the mouth of a river that flows into a larger waterway, which allowed the use of water transport. The choice of the territory that best suited the needs of industry predetermined the location of other areas of the city. They are located on a high terrace with good insolation conditions, along the road leading to industrial enterprises. Along this road, between the industrial complex and residential areas, was the main railway station, and next to it were hotels, department stores, a market and a relatively small number of four-story "collective residential buildings". In the city center, located in a residential complex, one is amazed by the abundance of public facilities: the building of city departments, a multi-purpose building with halls of various sizes and numerous premises for trade unions and other associations, museums, a library, exhibitions, theaters (indoor and outdoor sky), health center, swimming pools, sports facilities and premises for sports clubs, stadium, etc.

On both sides of the urban center are residential areas, divided into smaller residential complexes, each of which was provided with a primary school. Such microdistricts were to be built primarily with two-story houses. These were free-standing buildings located among greenery in unfenced areas, making up a single park complex. “This structure allows you to cross the city in any direction, regardless of the location of streets that pedestrians may not use. The entire territory of the city is like one large park without any fencing of individual areas,” wrote Garnier.

In the solution of an industrial city one can find many innovative ideas for urban planning. Territories for various purposes are clearly identified and appropriately located. Garnier was significantly ahead of his time by grouping industrial enterprises into several complexes. He places objects that have the most harmful impact on the environment, such as blast furnaces, as far as possible from residential areas,

and textile factories are located near them. Factory chimneys that pollute the air have almost completely disappeared from his city; a hydroelectric power station (the first facilities of this kind appeared only at the end of the 19th century) was supposed to provide energy not only to factories, but also to residential areas. By designing green areas on the territory of industrial enterprises, Garnier anticipated the “green factories” (izte Vér^:e) of Corbusier. He also thought about creating opportunities for the expansion of enterprises in connection with the dynamism of development inherent in industry. “Each workshop of the plant,” he wrote, “is located in such a way that it can be expanded without damaging other workshops.”

Garnier treats industrial enterprises as architecturally interesting objects; together with auxiliary buildings, they serve as the main dominants of the urban landscape.

In the solution of residential areas, the beginnings of territorial units associated with basic types of services are revealed. Streets are divided into several groups depending on their communication value; A tram line should run along the main street, connecting individual areas and extending beyond the city limits. At least half of the areas allocated for residential development must have the character of public green areas; Among these massifs there is a network of pedestrian paths that penetrates the entire city. By placing free-standing buildings among greenery, Garnier departed from the then prevailing principle of border development of neighborhoods, anticipating the later campaign against street corridors. He paid special attention to proper insolation and ventilation of individual dwellings and entire neighborhoods.

The innovative nature of Garnier's project was also evident in the choice of architectural forms. He persistently worked with the new building material - reinforced concrete, using it "without decoration, without cornices, in its pure form." “Simplicity of means,” wrote Garnier, “logically leads to expressive simplicity of designs.” The simplicity of the solution is also found in the spatial organization of the city. In Garnier's project there is no desire for monumental effects and the cult of symmetry, so characteristic of French urban planning of that time. Thanks to his excellent sense of landscape and the ability to organically incorporate the city into it, thanks to the differentiation of architectural forms within given conditions, he created a bright, living picture of the city, devoid of any schematism and monotony.

Garnier's project was also innovative in social terms. This is the first attempt to paint a picture of a 20th century city based on socialist principles. When asked why his city did not have buildings for a court, police, prison and churches, Garnier replied that the new society would not need churches, and with the abolition of capitalism, swindlers, thieves and murderers would disappear. The industrial city project was based on the assumption that some social progress would be achieved. As can be seen from the description and drawings, this progress should have been quite significant. The population uses various public facilities, cultural and health care institutions, etc. Collective residential buildings include public service enterprises. The trend towards equalization of living conditions is striking. In this respect, Garnier differs fundamentally from Soria, who allocated different social classes differently: for rich people there were blocks located along the main street of a linear city, for the less wealthy - blocks along streets perpendicular to it, and for other social groups - ter territories remote from the central highway. In the industrial city, work was “the most important human right,” and “the cult of beauty and goodness made life wonderful.”

Garnier raised three questions that in 1929-1933. became the theme of the next international congresses on modern architecture: “minimal housing”, “rational methods of development” and “functional city”. Many of the demands he put forward later appeared in the materials of the congress. Half a century after Garnier returned from Rome, one of the small towns, Firminy, became the site of major construction (among other architects, Le Corbusier worked there). A new district has grown up next to the old town - “green Firminy” (Pggspu Uer1).

A similar, but larger and deeper action “into human relations” was proposed by Garnier much earlier. However, he was able to implement this, albeit on a more modest scale than he aspired to, on the territory of his native Lyon. In 1905, he designed a city dairy plant , and then built the various public buildings envisaged in his industrial city: a hospital, a stadium, a slaughterhouse, schools, etc. In 1920, he began to work on a project for a new residential area, decided in accordance with the principles put forward by him several years ago. years earlier in the theoretical work. Due to the fact that the territory was too small and, moreover, was located next to industrial enterprises that were harmful to the environment, the built area differed significantly from the theoretical model. The buildings became taller, the green areas between them were greatly reduced. , and the network of pedestrian paths among the greenery was made only in the form of fragments. The buildings of consumer service enterprises were presented very modestly. Under such conditions, the schematic nature of the spatial structure was quite clearly revealed. The fascinating picture of a socialist city took on the appearance of a working-class suburb of a large and wealthy capitalist city. The main condition underlying Garnier’s urban planning concept was not met: the achievement of that “progress in social relations” that he wrote about. The city had neither the necessary territories nor the means for their proper development.

Nevertheless, Garnier's innovation and architectural talent were demonstrated in all their brilliance in the projects of public buildings in Lyon. He discovered a wonderful sense of ensemble here.

Thanks to his completed projects, Garnier went down in history not only as a pioneer of urban planning, but also as one of the outstanding enthusiasts of modern architecture.

Tony Garnier. Project for an industrial city, published in 1917

The city, designed for only 35 thousand inhabitants, occupies a huge territory. The main strip of residential development, located 200 m above the river bed, stretches 6 km in length and reaches 600 m in width; it is a version of a linear city, the skeleton of which is formed by a wide street with a tram line. The tram connects various parts of the city and performs auxiliary functions in freight transport. Industry occupies almost half of the total area of territories intended for development. Separate workshops of metallurgical enterprises are located so as to ensure continuity of the production process. For production reasons, some industrial and sanitary facilities are located near the river, making it difficult to access from the city.

A comparison of the industrial city project, the main elements of which were developed in 1904, with the Letchworth project that appeared at that time, emphasizes the innovation of Garnier's spatial solutions. In his project one can find much of what subsequently appeared not only in models of the functional city of the period between the first and second world wars, but also in projects of the second half of this century.

I - hydroelectric power station; 2 - weaving factories; 3 - mines; 4 - metallurgical plants, automobile plants, etc.; 5 - plant of refractory materials; 6 - testing ground for vehicles and engine braking; 7 - waste treatment; 8 - slaughterhouses; 9 - goods station of metallurgical plants; 10 - passenger station; 11 - Old city; 12 -main railway station; 13 -residential areas; 14 - city center; 15 - primary schools; 16 - vocational schools; 17 - hospitals and sanatoriums; 18 - public building and park; 19- cemetery

2. Agricultural and special purpose zones

Recreational areas

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Recreational areas
Rubric (thematic category)	Architecture

Recreational areas are intended to organize recreational areas for the population and include parks, gardens, urban forests, forest parks, beaches, and other facilities. Recreational zones may include specially protected natural areas and natural objects.

In the territories of recreational zones, the construction and expansion of existing industrial, utility and warehouse facilities that are not directly related to the operation of health and recreational facilities are not allowed.

3. Graphically depict the scheme of urban planning zoning and settlement planning “parallel” system

1. Features of the planning structure of the “Industrial City” Tony Garnier.

TONY GARNIER AND THE “INDUSTRIAL CITY”

Garnier did not believe that the structure of the city was determined by modern means of transport; in his project they were reflected only as one, and not the most important, factor.
Posted on ref.rf
Unlike Howard, he dealt with the issue of liquidating existing large cities and searching for methods of financing new ones. He did not limit himself to developing theoretical principles and schematic solutions. He was interested in the question of the structure of the city of the 20th century, corresponding to social and technical progress. The result was a project for an “industrial city”.

Garnier worked on it during his four years in Rome. Already in 1901 ᴦ. he sent two tablets to Paris with a plan of the city being designed, and three years later he exhibited the completed work in Rome and Paris. Finally, in 1917 ᴦ. he published a large work entitled "Industrial City" ("She sNyo tdizMeNe")

The industrial city was designed, like Howard's garden city, for 35 thousand inhabitants. At the same time, Garnier in no way sought to determine the optimal population size. He just wanted to use this example to develop his basic concept. Howard placed only small and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the garden city, which he moved into a narrow zone surrounding residential areas. Garnier connected the relatively small city with an industrial complex that included iron mines, blast furnaces, steel foundries, forging and rolling shops, a shipyard, an agricultural machinery plant, automobile and aircraft factories, and many auxiliary facilities. There was a power station near the dam. The complex of enterprises was located near the mouth of a river that flows into a larger waterway, which allowed the use of water transport. The choice of the territory that best suited the needs of industry predetermined the location of other areas of the city. They are located on a high terrace with good insolation conditions, along the road leading to industrial enterprises. Along this road, between the industrial complex and residential areas, was the main railway station, and next to it were hotels, department stores, a market and a relatively small number of four-story “collective residential buildings”. In the city center, located in a residential complex, one is struck by the abundance of public facilities: the building of city departments, a multi-purpose building with halls of various sizes and numerous premises for trade unions and other associations, museums, a library, exhibitions, theaters (indoor and open air), healthcare center, swimming pools, sports facilities and premises for sports clubs, stadium, etc.

On both sides of the urban center are residential areas, divided into smaller residential complexes, each of which was provided with a primary school. Such microdistricts were to be built primarily with two-story houses. These were free-standing buildings located among greenery in unfenced areas, making up a single park complex. ʼʼThis structure allows you to cross the city in any direction, regardless of the location of streets that pedestrians may not use. The entire territory of the city is like one large park without any fencing of individual areas,” Garnier wrote.

and textile factories are located near them. Factory chimneys that pollute the air have almost completely disappeared from his city; a hydroelectric power station (the first facilities of this kind appeared only at the end of the 19th century) was supposed to provide energy not only to factories, but also to residential areas. By designing green areas on the territory of industrial enterprises, Garnier anticipated Corbusier's “green factories”. He also thought about creating opportunities for the expansion of enterprises in connection with the dynamism of development inherent in industry. “Each workshop of the plant,” he wrote, “is located in such a way that it can be expanded without damaging other workshops.”

Garnier treats industrial enterprises as architecturally interesting objects; together with auxiliary buildings, they serve as the main dominants of the urban landscape.

In the solution of residential areas, the beginnings of territorial units associated with basic types of services are revealed. Streets are divided into several groups based on their communication value; A tram line should run along the main street, connecting individual areas and extending beyond the city limits. At least half of the areas allocated for residential development must have the character of public green areas; Among these massifs there is a network of pedestrian paths that penetrates the entire city. By placing free-standing buildings among the greenery, Garnier departed from the prevailing principle of the bordering development of neighborhoods at that time, anticipating the later campaign against street corridors. He paid special attention to proper insolation and ventilation of individual dwellings and entire neighborhoods.

The innovative nature of Garnier's project was also evident in the choice of architectural forms. He persistently worked with a new building material - reinforced concrete, using it “without decorations, without cornices, in its pure form”. “Simplicity of means,” wrote Garnier, “logically leads to expressive simplicity of designs.” The simplicity of the solution is also found in the spatial organization of the city. In Garnier's project there is no desire for monumental effects and the cult of symmetry, so characteristic of French urban planning of that time. Thanks to his excellent sense of landscape and the ability to organically incorporate the city into it, thanks to the differentiation of architectural forms within given conditions, he created a bright, living picture of the city, devoid of any schematism and monotony.

Garnier's project was also innovative in social terms. This is the first attempt to paint a picture of a 20th century city based on socialist principles. When asked why his city did not have buildings for a court, police, prison and churches, Garnier replied that the new society would not need churches, and with the abolition of capitalism, swindlers, thieves and murderers would disappear. The industrial city project was based on the assumption that some social progress would be achieved. As can be seen from the description and drawings, this progress should have been very significant. The population uses various public facilities, cultural and health care institutions, etc. Collective residential buildings include public service enterprises. The trend towards equalization of living conditions is striking. In this respect, Garnier differs fundamentally from Soria, who allocated different social classes differently: for rich people there were blocks located along the main street of a linear city, for the less wealthy - blocks along streets perpendicular to it, and for other social groups - territories remote from the central highway. In an industrial city, work was “the most important human right,” and “the cult of beauty and goodness made life wonderful.”

Garnier raised three questions that in 1929-1933. became the theme of the next international congresses on modern architecture: “minimal housing”, “rational methods of development” and “functional city”. Many of the demands he put forward later appeared in the materials of the congress. Half a century after Garnier returned from Rome, one of the small towns, Firminy, became the site of major construction (among other architects, Le Corbusier worked there). A new district has grown up near the old town - the green Firmini (Pggshpu Uer1).

A similar, but larger and more deeply penetrating action in human relations was proposed by Garnier much earlier. However, he was able to implement this, albeit on a more modest scale than he aspired to, on the territory of his native Lyon. In 1905, he designed a city dairy plant , and then built the various public buildings envisaged in his industrial city: hospital, stadium, slaughterhouse, schools, etc. In 1920, he began to work on a project for a new residential area, decided in accordance with the principles put forward by him several years ago. years before in a theoretical work. Due to the fact that the territory was too small and, moreover, was located next to industrial enterprises harmful to the environment, the built area differed significantly from the theoretical model. The buildings became taller, green areas between They were greatly reduced, and the network of pedestrian paths among the greenery was made only in the form of fragments. The buildings of public service enterprises were presented very modestly. Under such conditions, the schematic nature of the spatial structure was quite clearly revealed. The fascinating picture of a socialist city took on the appearance of a working-class suburb of a large and wealthy capitalist city. The main condition underlying Garnier’s urban planning concept was not met: the achievement of that “progress in social relations” that he wrote about. The city had neither the necessary territories nor the means for their proper development.

Nevertheless, in the projects of public buildings in Lyon, Garnier's innovation and architectural talent were revealed in all their brilliance. He discovered a wonderful sense of ensemble here.

Thanks to his completed projects, Garnier went down in history not only as a pioneer of urban planning, but also as one of the outstanding enthusiasts of modern architecture.

Tony Garnier. Project for an industrial city, published in 1917.

The city, designed for only 35 thousand inhabitants, occupies a huge territory. The main strip of residential development, located 200 m above the river bed, stretches 6 km in length and reaches 600 m in width; it is a variant of a linear city, the skeleton of which is formed by a wide street with a tram line. The tram connects various parts of the city and performs auxiliary functions in freight transport. Industry occupies almost half of the total area of territories intended for development. Separate workshops of metallurgical enterprises are located so as to ensure continuity of the production process. For production reasons, some industrial and sanitary facilities are located near the river, making it difficult to access from the city.

2. Agricultural and special purpose zones

Recreational areas - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Recreational areas" 2017, 2018.

Determine the geographical and historical features (factors) influencing the formation of recreational zones on the territory of Moscow embankments; assess the condition of Danilovskaya Embankment as a recreational area in Moscow; to identify promising directions, approaches and modern requirements for the organization of recreational areas in Moscow.

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Organization of recreational zones of a metropolis using the example of Danilovskaya embankment in Moscow

graduate work

Chapter 1. RECREATION AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING RECREATIONAL ZONES OF A MEGA CITY

Due to the recently intensified process of globalization, megacities have become the predominant type of capitals of highly developed countries.

A megalopolis is the largest form of settlement, resulting from the merging of a large number of neighboring urban agglomerations into a single massif. Each metropolis has its own unique features that distinguish megacities from each other. These unique features are due to the history of development and zoning of the metropolis.

In the general system of functional zoning of the territory of settlements, recreational zones or recreation areas are among the five mandatory functional zones that provide an optimal living environment for the population. In the theory and practice of urban planning, a recreational zone is understood as:

A functional zone of a city or metropolis, intended for organizing and conducting various forms of mass recreation for citizens.

Zones within the boundaries of territories occupied by urban forests, squares, parks, city gardens, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, beaches, coastal stripes of public water bodies, as well as within the boundaries of other territories used and intended for recreation, tourism, physical education and sports.

The given definitions characterize the types of activities carried out by the population in recreational zones (recreation, tourism, sports), the composition of these zones (parks, urban forests, squares, etc.), as well as the territories where recreational zones are located (public areas and other territories).

Recreational zones of settlements can be formed both on the basis of newly created tracts and plantings, and on the basis of territories occupied by natural green spaces. The degree of use of natural recreational areas depends on the natural conditions of the area where the settlement was formed and developed.

Along with recreational areas, within the boundaries of the settlement there are other green areas that provide not only the function of recreation, but also:

Providing a number of functions in the engineering improvement of territories (snow and dust protection, protection against landslides and gully formation, drainage/watering of territories, etc.);

Increasing the aesthetic architectural characteristics of the environment.

The placement of recreational and green areas in different zones and territories of a settlement, as well as the diverse role they play, led to the division of all green spaces and green recreation areas into three general categories:

Recreational areas for public use;

Recreational areas of limited use;

Recreational areas for special purposes

Recreational areas for public use are intended for free visit by all residents of the locality and visitors and include: urban forests (forest parks), city parks for various purposes (culture and recreation, children's, memorial, sports, etc.) and parks in residential areas, city gardens, squares, boulevards, plantings on the streets - alleys, row plantings, green embankments, green spaces at administrative and public institutions and cultural service institutions of citywide and regional significance (with the exception of limited-use landscaping areas).

Recreational territories of limited use and special purpose perform environmental protection and recreational functions, including:

Green areas of limited use - areas with green spaces of limited use, intended to create a favorable environment on the territory of enterprises, institutions and organizations;

Green areas for special purposes - areas with green spaces that have a special purpose (sanitary protection, etc.), or landscaping in the territories of special facilities with access closed to the public.

Based on the above, we state that a holistic recreational system presupposes the well-established interaction of a complex of components: the natural component, technical systems, service personnel, groups of vacationers, as well as the governing body. Each of the components performs a special role.

Technical systems ensure the normal life activities of vacationers and service personnel and satisfy the specific recreational needs of tourists.

Service personnel, using technical systems, produce, collect, store and provide vacationers with a range of services, remove and dispose of waste.

A group of vacationers is characterized by behavioral parameters described using cycles of recreational activities. Relations with other subsystems are differentiated depending on the social, age, psychological, national, professional, regional and individual selectivity of certain groups of people, conditions and recreational resources.

The management body compares information about the extent to which tourists' needs are met with information about the state of other subsystems and the availability of material and financial reserves, and makes business decisions.

When using the territory recreationally, it is important to take into account the presence of specially protected natural complexes and objects that should be completely or partially excluded from economic use as being of special scientific, aesthetic, historical, memorial and recreational value. These are natural monuments, nature reserves, game reserves, hunting reserves, natural national parks, etc.

Main types of recreational areas:

Natural monuments are unique or typical, scientifically, culturally, educationally and health-improvingly valuable natural objects (small tracts), as well as natural objects of artificial origin that are not recognized as historical and cultural monuments or are not part of unified natural-historical monuments (waterfall, cave, unique tree, rare and reference geological outcrops, reference areas of mineral deposits, mineral springs, meteorite craters, etc.), in a broader sense - landmark areas of territories and water areas with a protected landscape (lake, floodplain, areas of virgin steppes, grove rare trees, etc.). Natural monuments ensure the preservation of the gene pool of organisms, mainly rare species.

A reserve is a natural territory (water area), completely excluded from economic use for protection and from the natural complex as a whole, a category of natural specially protected areas and water areas. One of the main tasks of nature reserves is to preserve standard natural landscapes, typical or unique for a given territory. More than 150 nature reserves have been established on the territory of the Russian Federation. A biosphere reserve is a territory where constant monitoring and control of anthropogenic changes in the natural environment is carried out using instruments and observations of bioindicators, the so-called monitoring reserve. The term “biosphere reserve” is also used in this sense - a strictly protected, significant natural area that experiences virtually no local influences from the surrounding anthropogenic landscapes, or direct anthropogenic influences.

Establishing a protective regime for valuable natural objects is difficult both due to the imperfection of legislative acts and as a result of terminological confusion. Natural monuments often include old parks, alleys and other objects that arose as a result of purposeful human activity. But since they are not natural, they should be protected as historical and cultural monuments.

A natural park is a specially protected natural area, which includes a fairly large area of typical or unique natural landscape, relatively little affected by human industrial activity, distinguished by special aesthetic value and suitable for recreational use.

National park is a category of natural, specially protected territories and water areas with intact natural complexes and unique natural and other objects. The national park combines the tasks of nature conservation and gray controlled recreational use, mainly short-term recreation and educational tourism. The protection regime is combined, often stipulating the presence of functional zones with protected and reserved regimes, as well as agricultural zones on the scale of local needs. During life, a person needs many things, one and the most important of them is the restoration of a person’s physical and psychological abilities. The basis of personal recreational needs is the desire to be happy and healthy. These are also the needs for success, for satisfying curiosity, for sympathy, for evaluation, for self-expression, for self-affirmation, for increasing the volume and variety of impressions. There are practically no spiritual and sociocultural needs of the individual that could not be classified as recreational.

Needs change historically in accordance with the evolution of society, its individual groups, territorial communities, with the development of productive forces and production relations (the basis of many of these needs is evolutionarily inherited and is rooted in the biological nature of man, being common to a vast variety of representatives of the animal world).

In general, among recreational needs the following large groups can be distinguished, focused on:

Restoration of physical and spiritual strength, spent or weakened in the process of work, education or everyday activities;

Development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, social, labor, cultural and defense potential of society, preparation for work, for communication between people, that is, the development of what was already laid down by upbringing;

Formation of new personality traits and qualities, a new way of life, expansion of interpersonal, interethnic, inter-age contacts, formation and development of communication skills, perception of nature and cultural values.

When creating a recreation area in a metropolis, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, short-term rest to restore strength and improve mood and vitality. Long-term rest for urban recreational areas is less relevant, although it is possible, and conditions for it should also be created, if possible.

Moscow, as a metropolis and the capital of the Russian Federation, is characterized by high recreational needs. Here it is simply necessary to create the maximum possible number of accessible recreational recreational areas aimed at meeting the needs formed in the process of socio-economic development. Recreational activities are becoming an increasingly common type of economic activity in Moscow.

Now virtually all sectors of the economy are, in one way or another, involved in the provision of recreation and treatment services. Some of them, for example, transport, agriculture, construction and repair, utilities, healthcare, social assistance, etc., are expanding their activities in the field of recreation and tourism every year.

Recreational activities are extremely common. This is due to its diversity, complexity and complexity. Many types of recreational knowledge are increasingly combined within a certain territory and temporary boundaries of recreation for one person. They are characterized by a certain daily, weekly and seasonal rhythm. Certain types of recreational activities are quite clearly differentiated into certain recreational activities, which include, allocated in space and time, recreational activities within a day (swimming, sunbathing, yachting, boating, windsurfing, paragliding, visiting a museum, city tour, etc.).

The following types of recreational activities are distinguished:

· medical resort,

· health and sports,

· educational,

· entertaining.

Most often, it is impossible to differentiate them absolutely clearly. This is due to the fact that the interpenetration of various types of recreational activities is currently the dictate of the times. Focusing for one reason or another on one main type of recreational activity, vacationers would like to maximally fill their free time with all the other types available to them.

The health and sports type of recreational activity is varied. It is dominated by activities near and in water. Bathing and beach activities allow vacationers in the smallest possible area (a narrow strip of beach) to receive a wide variety of services (swimming, sunbathing, meals, ball games, water skiing, paragliding, windsurfing, walks along the shore, etc.).

Other types of health and sports recreational activities include route, walking, water, underwater, fishing, hunting, ski tourism, mountaineering. Each of these types of activities is constantly diversifying.

Cognitive recreational activity applies to almost all other types. At the same time, there are also purely cognitive types of it. The need for them increases with the increase in the educational and cultural level of people and the development of their information and transport support. This is an overview of architectural ensembles, cultural and historical monuments, excavations of ancient civilizations, familiarization with ethnographic features, natural phenomenal objects, phenomena and processes, outstanding buildings.

Thus, recreational activity is becoming an increasingly diversified type of economic activity. And this is especially evident in the city of Moscow.

There are a number of criteria for assessing recreational areas. Thus, recreational geography identifies the following criteria:

1. Public recognition of an object as a masterpiece of creation - whether the creative genius of man, the creative forces of nature, or, for a cultural landscape, man-made forces that increase or transform the beauty, diversity, productivity and comfort of the landscape.

2. Exceptional clarity of evolutionary processes observed as a series of qualitative states of natural or cultural complexes and their components consistently changing in time and space. In a cultural landscape, spatial-functional series can be of particular value, allowing one to trace the directed evolution of geosystems from a natural to a cultivated state, to trace the features of adaptation of created architectural and engineering structures and forms of environmental management to natural conditions, and natural biocenoses to directed anthropogenic influence.

3. Exceptional expressiveness, representativeness (completeness of representation) of a natural or cultural object or phenomenon. In relation to natural heritage, it is taken into account only indirectly, through the illustration of the main stages of the Earth's history and important ecological or biological processes. For a cultural landscape, the criterion can be applied in relation to its layout, proportions, component composition, and technologies for developing the territory.

4. Historical phenomenality, or important historical evidence illustrating a certain stage of history, a process, event or phenomenon historically significant for nature and society. In the UNESCO criteria system, this criterion appears in the assessment of both cultural heritage and natural. The criterion is fully applicable to the cultural landscape, the definition of which contains an indication of its ability to “capture” historical events, to record them in its component composition or structure.

5. The presence of conditions and habitats that are of key importance for the conservation of natural and cultural diversity, including particularly valuable natural and cultural phenomena that are in danger of extinction. In the UNESCO criteria system, this criterion is used only for assessing natural heritage and is focused on biodiversity, although its relevance for other components of natural and cultural heritage is no less.

6. Taxonomic uniqueness, that is, the exceptional rarity of a certain type or class of objects. It can be caused by a change or violation of environmental conditions, up to the destruction of habitats, or by the inherent vulnerability of an object (narrow limits of tolerance, low resistance, other manifestations of evolutionary inadaptability, sociocultural conservatism, etc.), or by the destructive effects of time (archaeological sites). Such unique phenomena include natural and cultural relics, including relict cultural landscapes. Uniqueness always implies high scientific and informative value.

In UNESCO documents, this criterion is clearly identified as independent only for cultural heritage. When applied to natural heritage, it is used in a hidden form throughout the entire system of criteria, that is, it is replaced by the concepts of “outstanding”, “excellent”, “exceptional”, “universal”, which contains an indication of the rarity of the phenomenon. It is advisable to highlight this indicator as an independent indicator for natural and cultural heritage, especially since it is included in the vast majority of author’s sources where attention is paid to this topic.

Recreational zones in a metropolis differ significantly from those recreational zones that are located separately, and where people travel purposefully, setting aside a lot of time for this (weekends, vacation days, etc.). Therefore, not all identified A.S. are suitable for the recreational zone under consideration. Kuskov criteria.

Recreational zones in a metropolis must, in our opinion, meet a number of social requirements related to the peculiarities of life of a modern city dweller. In order to take into account such social requirements, we propose to use additional criteria when assessing the recreational potential of the territory and designing recreational zones in the metropolis:

7. Availability. This criterion has several aspects:

a) transport accessibility - it includes the transport components of the arrangement of a recreation area and determines the convenience and time of access to a particular recreational area. Includes time spent traveling to and from the zone.

b) pedestrian accessibility - includes the ability to reach the zone on foot and the ability to freely move between points of interest in the territory without resorting to municipal or personal transport.

There are three types of recreational areas:

1) a nearby recreational area, accessible to visitors every day or once a week);

2) average recreational zone (frequency of attendance of this zone - from once a week to once every 2-3 months);

3) distant recreational zone (visited by a city dweller, as a rule, no more than once a year).

c) seasonal availability - means the opportunity for people to have a good rest at any time of the year when they need it. For example, in the summer: for cycling, which we proposed in the project for the reconstruction of Danilovskaya embankment. In winter - for skiing and other winter sports, etc.

8. Visual attractiveness - a criterion reflecting the potential for obtaining aesthetic pleasure when being in a recreation area; this is what attracts people tired of the urban landscape to the territory, provides food for photographers and inspires creativity

9. Ecological criterion - involves the placement of a recreational area in an ecologically clean place, outside the area of influence of sources of negative impact, so that recreational needs, if possible, are satisfied simultaneously with health improvement.

10. Multifunctionality is a criterion and factor that plays a vital role in attracting people to the urban recreational area. The recreation area must be universal to meet all the needs of citizens.

11. Fame - this criterion involves notifying potential vacationers through the media, social advertising and other means about recreation opportunities in a given area.

Taking into account the above, we will formulate a definition of a recreational zone, which is most suitable for urban areas.

The recreational zone of a metropolis is an accessible, environmentally friendly and attractive area for mass recreation of people, serving to restore physical and moral strength.

The given criteria represent a toolkit for assessing the potential for using a particular territory for recreational purposes. In the following parts of the work, based on these criteria, Danilovskaya Embankment in Moscow will be considered as a potential recreational zone.

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