Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many people, when dealing with this plastic substance, wonder: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this can be useful to a person.
What is clay, what substance does it consist of?
Clay is a sedimentary rock, fine-grained in structure. When dry, it is often dusty, but if it is moistened, it becomes a plastic and pliable material that can take any shape. When the clay hardens, it becomes hard and its shape does not change.
The mineral composition of different types of clays, although different, necessarily contains substances of the kaolinite and montmorillonite group or other layered aluminosilicates. Clay may also contain other impurities, carbonate and sand particles.
The typical composition of this substance looks like this:
- kaolinite - 47%;
- aluminum oxide - 39%;
- water - 14%.
These are not all the components of clay. Mineral inclusions - halloysite, diaspore, hydrargillite, corundum, monothermite, muscovite and others - are also present in different quantities. The following minerals can contaminate clays and kaolins: quartz, dolomite, gypsum, magnetite, pyrite, limonite, marcasite.
Types of clays
What clay is made of depends largely on where and how it is formed. Depending on this, they distinguish:
1. Sedimentary clays are the result of the transfer of natural weathering products and their deposition in a certain place. They are marine - born at the bottom of the seas and oceans, and continental - formed on the mainland. Marine clays, in turn, are divided into:
- shelf;
- lagoon;
- coastal.
2. Residual clays are formed during the weathering of non-plastic rocks and their transformation into plastic kaolins. Study of such residual deposits may reveal a smooth transition of clay into parent rock with changes in elevation.
Properties of clay
Regardless of what substance clay is made of and where it was formed, there are characteristic properties that distinguish it from other natural materials.
When dry, clay has a dusty structure. If it hardens in lumps, it crumbles easily. This material quickly gets wet, absorbs water, and as a result swells. At the same time, the clay acquires water resistance - the ability not to allow liquid to pass through.
The main feature of clay is its plasticity - the ability to easily take on any shape. Depending on this ability, clay can be classified into “fat” - which is characterized by increased plasticity, and “lean” - diluted with other substances and gradually losing this property.
Plastic clay is characterized by stickiness and viscosity. This property is widely used in construction. Think about what the construction mixture consists of? Clay is an essential component of any connecting solution.
Distribution on the planet
Clay is a very common material on Earth, and therefore inexpensive. There are a lot of clay deposits in any area. On the sea coasts you can see clay dumps that used to be solid rocks. The banks and bottom of rivers and lakes are often covered with a layer of clay. If the forest path has a brown or red tint, then most likely it also consists of residual clay.
In industrial clay mining, the open-pit mining method is used. To get to deposits of useful substances, they first remove and then remove the fossils. At different depths, clay layers may differ in composition and properties.
Human use of clay
As already mentioned, clay is most often used in construction. Everyone knows that the usual material for constructing structures is bricks. What are they made of? Sand and clay are the main components of the dough, which under the influence of high temperatures becomes hard and turns into brick. To prevent a wall made of individual blocks from crumbling, use a viscous solution that also contains clay.
A mixture of clay and water becomes the raw material for pottery production. Humanity has long learned to produce vases, bowls, jugs and other containers from clay. They can have different sizes and shapes. Previously, pottery was a necessary and widespread craft, and clay products became the only utensils used in everyday life and a very popular product in the markets.
Clay is widely used in medicine and cosmetology. Those who care about the beauty and health of the skin know about the beneficial effects of certain types of this substance. Clay is used for wraps, masks and lotions. It effectively fights cellulite, gives skin elasticity, and prevents premature aging. For some medical indications, clay is even used internally. And for skin diseases, dried and ground into dust material is prescribed in the form of powders. It is important to mention that not any clay is used for such purposes, but only some types that have antiseptic and antimicrobial properties.
What is polymer clay
Polymer clay makes it easy to imitate the texture of other materials, such as wood or stone. From this plastic substance you can make your own souvenirs, Christmas tree decorations, jewelry, interior decorations, key rings and much more. Such handmade products will be an excellent gift; they can be stored for a long time without losing their attractive appearance and original shape.
What does polymer clay consist of? Homemade recipe
Craftswomen who are interested in the process of making such bright souvenirs have probably thought about how to make polymer clay on their own. This is a very real task. Naturally, the resulting material will not be identical to factory-made polymer clay, but if manufactured correctly, its properties will not be inferior in any way.
Required components:
- PVA glue - 1 cup;
- corn starch - 1 cup;
- non-greasy hand cream without silicone - 1 tablespoon;
- Vaseline - 1 tablespoon;
- lemon juice - 2 tablespoons.
This is everything that we will prepare at home.
Mix starch, glue and Vaseline thoroughly, add lemon juice and mix again until smooth. Place in the microwave for 30 seconds, stir and send back for another 30 seconds. The crust that has formed on the surface must be removed and discarded, and the elastic mass should be placed on a tray greased with hand cream and kneaded vigorously for 5 minutes. After cooling, our polymer clay is ready for use.
By learning how to make polymer clay yourself, you can save on expensive purchased materials and, without limiting yourself, master an interesting, creative activity.
Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many people, when dealing with this plastic substance, wonder: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this natural material can be useful to humans.
Wool, the oldest natural insulation material, still remains in many ways an unsurpassed material with a unique set of beneficial qualities for humans.
Ram Jan Eufinger
Among those who are convinced of the divine origin of man, there is an opinion that homo sapiens was originally conceived and embodied by the creator naked. However, according to scientists, the distant ancestors of modern humans still had hair on their bodies. When starting a conversation about wool and its meaning, it is worth remembering that in primitive times it grew abundantly on a person, was his natural clothing, and only much later became the first artificial one.
On a long evolutionary path, our ancestors almost lost their own wool, but instead they learned to borrow it from animals. Still not knowing anything about heat exchange, they obtained animal skins and wrapped themselves in them to keep warm. At the beginning of the 19th century, the great French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, in his work “Analytical Theory of Heat,” finally explained what thermal conductivity is, and grateful humanity began to wrap itself in warm clothes using a scientific approach. Since then, science and technology have advanced significantly, but wool, as it was one of the main insulating materials, remains so.
What is the secret of wool? Why does it retain heat so well? In we examined in detail the mechanism of heat retention by clothing. Let us remember that the heating properties of insulation directly depend on how effectively it retains air at the surface of the body. The air gap prevents the outflow of heat because air has very low thermal conductivity. Any insulation, be it natural down, cotton wool, synthetic fibers or wool, “binds” the air in its spatial structure and prevents it from mixing with the air of the environment.
What is wool “made” of? How does she manage to hold in air?
What is wool
Wool is the hair on the body of an animal, which consists of two main types of hair - guard and down. Their main difference is in thickness and purpose: guard - long, thick, coarse - this is a visible layer of wool, down - thin crimped fibers. Guard hairs form the spatial structure of the coat, determine the degree of its waviness and perform protective and heat-saving functions. And the main job of down hair, also called undercoat, is to retain heat against the skin. A large guard hair may have an individual muscle that lifts this hair. The hair that stands on end is the result of these muscles. Raised hair not only gives a menacing appearance, but also temporarily increases the overall thickness of the coat, and therefore its ability to retain heat.
The hair in the wool layer is dense and often crimped and intertwined. This spatial structure of the coat creates many closed air pockets, which retain air near the body, preventing the animal from freezing or, conversely, dying from the heat. In addition, air cavities can also be inside the hair itself. For example, the hair of a polar bear or camel is hollow, that is, with an air channel inside. The presence of air inside the hair significantly increases its thermal insulation properties.
Of course, no one saw camels walking around the Arctic expanses along with polar bears, and no one met Umok in the Kara-Kums. But the air layer that their fur creates protects both: bears from the cold, and camels from the heat, thanks to the same very low thermal conductivity of the air.
Using wool
Our primitive ancestors knew that wool retains heat well, but they were not yet able to collect and process it. The entire simple technological process of making clothes in ancient times consisted of removing the skin from an animal killed during a hunt. Actually, these skins, together with the wool covering them, became clothing for hunters and their brothers.
Over time, the domestication of animals and the development of cattle breeding led to the fact that people learned to use not only skins, but also wool collected from animals - mainly sheep, goat and camel - to make warm clothing. Sheared or combed, it served as raw material for yarn - long threads consisting of intertwined hair. Fleecy threads also retain air well in their weaves, which is why knitted wool products retain heat no worse than animal skins. Spinning wheels and spindles were used to make woolen thread, and we can say that all modern light industry began with these simple devices.
Types of wool
Sheep's wool
Among all the types of wool that people use, sheep is the most common. It is used to produce wool yarn for knitting knitwear or threads for making woolen fabrics. Sheep wool is elastic and dense due to the crimp of the wool fibers. The spiral shape of the wool protects against dirt and precipitation. It can be pulled out and straightened, but over time it will return to its original state. The crimp of wool is a very valuable quality, thanks to which wool products are voluminous, fluffy, durable, durable and almost do not wrinkle. The highest quality sheep wool is consideredmerino. The fineness of merino wool allows it to be used even in the production of thermal underwear.
Sheep wool hair is covered with small scales, so they adhere well to each other. The technology for producing felt, a dense non-woven material that is used to make clothing or footwear, such as felt boots, is based on this property. Felt is a great example of how a material with low thermal conductivity can protect against both cold and heat. We have already mentioned winter felt boots, but the same felt is used, for example, to make hats - panama hats, cocked hats and budenovkas, which protect the heads of lovers of steam rooms and saunas from overheating. And the nomadic inhabitants of the desert - the Bedouins - still use woolen clothing as reliable protection from the hot African sun.
Wool perfectly absorbs sound. Woolen coverings are often used in recording studios. Carpets made from natural wool have long been popular due to their diverse set of qualities that allow them to retain heat, create coziness and comfort in the home. And from low-grade wool, construction felt is obtained - a material for heat and sound insulation of premises.
Angora goat Nico Smit
Goat hair and fluff
Goat wool is quite uniform, but its hair is much smoother than sheep's, so it does not feel and spin as well. The most famous and high-quality types of goat wool are Orenburg, Kashmir and Angora. They have the thinnest hair: 16-18 microns in the Orenburg goat, 19-20 microns in the Kashmir goat and 22-24 microns in the Angora goat. Soft and silky yarn from the Angora goat is calledmohair.Interestingly, the fur of the Angora rabbit is also calledAngora, and this creates some confusion. Goat down is also a type of goat hair that can be obtained either by shearing or combing with special combs. When combed out, the fluff becomes more delicate, light and pleasant to the touch. The famous Orenburg down scarf is made from goat down. And Kashmir goats provide down, from which a thin, soft and warm material is produced -cashmere.
Camel's wool
Camel wool is fundamentally different from sheep and goat hair because it is hollow. As with the polar bear, hollow hair significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of the camel's fur. In the production of camel wool products, camel down - undercoat - is used. Products made from camel wool are hygroscopic, lightweight, have low thermal conductivity and breathe well.
Alpaca Oliver Nowak
Exotic types of wool
The most expensive and high-quality wool is considered to be llama, alpaca and vicuna wool. These are animals of the camelid family that live in South America in the Andes. Alpaca wool is seven times warmer than sheep wool, it is light, soft, silky and at the same time very durable. And vicuña wool is collected by hand in hard-to-reach places high in the mountains, often in difficult climatic conditions. The price per kilogram of vicuña wool can reach up to a thousand dollars.
The benefits of wool
Natural origin and millennia of evolution have made wool an excellent means of natural insulation for many warm-blooded animals, but humans also successfully use it. Wool is biologically friendly to humans, so it not only warms him, but also has a therapeutic effect. Wool also contains lanolin, which is similar in composition to human sebum and has a beneficial effect on the skin.
Unlike many synthetic fibers, which promote the growth of bacteria that cause sweat odor, wool fibers, on the contrary, prevent bacterial contamination. It is believed, for example, that fibers that have a positive electrical charge attract bacteria that are negatively charged. These bacteria linger in the polyester fibers, and it is their interaction with sweat that causes unpleasant odors. To reduce this effect, manufacturers of synthetic materials treat polyester or polypropylene fibers with silver salts. This problem does not arise with wool, or rather, nature itself solved it - it gave the wool fibers a negative charge, due to which wool repels bacteria, maintains cleanliness, prevents odors, and even “collects” harmful positive charges from human skin.
Angora wool, fluff from Kashmir and Orenburg goats, as well as merino wool, in addition to dry warmth, create a comfortable feeling of softness. However, wool containing coarser fibers can be scratchy and cause irritation. In addition, some people are allergic to wool.
Characteristics of wool
Thermal conductivity
Among all the fibers of natural origin, wool, consisting mainly of keratin, has the lowest thermal conductivity - 0.033 W/( m K ). But this says little about the heat-saving characteristics of this or that woolen clothing, because the best protection from the cold is provided not by the material itself, but by the air layer that it holds within itself. Nevertheless, due to the low thermal conductivity of keratin, as well as the ability of wool fibers to create a huge number of microscopic air cavities, wool is one of the best natural heat insulators.
| Material | Thermal conductivity coefficient, W/( m K) |
|---|---|
| Vacuum | 0,0 |
| Eider fluff | 0,008 |
| Air | 0,026 |
| Wool | 0,033 |
| Cotton | 0,049 |
| Linen | 0,067 |
| Tree | 0,15 |
| Water | 0,6 |
| Steel | 47 |
Hygroscopicity
Wool absorbs water well - up to 30-35% of its own weight - and breathes well. Therefore, with a relatively small volume of incoming moisture (sweat), the wool removes part of this moisture in the form of evaporation, and absorbs the rest without becoming wet and cold. Moreover, when the wool is moistened, even some heat is released. However, the high hygroscopicity of wool can also have a negative effect. If the wool does get wet, it becomes heavy and takes a very long time to dry, which can become a problem during a hike or expedition.
Mechanical properties of wool
The strength of wool largely depends on its type, the breed of animals from which it was obtained, and on many other parameters described in special professional terms. In practice, it is useful to know that wool is resilient and elastic, and it is these qualities that make products made from it durable and wear-resistant with a fairly low specific gravity. Clothes made from fine wool are among the lightest; in weight they can be second only to products made from nylon or elastane.
Often, certain products require characteristics that wool itself cannot provide, and then during the production of threads other fibers of artificial or natural origin can be added to the wool fibers. Such fabrics are called mixed fabrics, but often the strengthening of some advantages of the mixed materials leads to a weakening of others. Today, the most advanced technologies are layer-by-layer joining of dissimilar materials. This is what the company does, for example.
Unfortunately, wool has one specific drawback - not only people, but also moths like it. If the rules for storing woolen products are not followed, moths can render them completely unusable, or, more simply put, eat them, or at least bite them fairly.
Modern wool processing technologies
Despite the fact that wool is the oldest insulation used by man, the method of producing woolen products has changed little - only technology has improved.
As before, the process begins with cutting or combing the animals. At the next stage, the wool is sorted, washed, pressed into bales and sent to factories. There, on special machines, it is combed and separated into fibers. After combing, the wool is sent to a mixing chamber, where powerful air currents mix fibers of different types of wool to give it the desired characteristics. In the same chamber, wool can also be mixed with synthetic fibers, such as polyester.
After the mixing chamber, the wool goes to the next machine, which is called a carding machine. This machine unravels and separates the fibers into parallel strands and also removes any remaining dirt from them. The wool comes out of the carding machine in the form of a thin, even web, which at the next stage is divided into strips, twisted and transformed into so-called rovings, which already resemble woolen thread. To give the thread the necessary strength, the roving is knotted - stretched and twisted tightly.
Wool yarn is used to knit knitted fabrics, and woolen fabrics are produced from the threads on looms. Knitted woolen fabrics and fabrics are then used to produce various clothing and household items.
High quality wool products are marked with the “Woolmark”, which previously belonged to the International Wool Secretariat. Now the trademark is owned by the Australian Wool Association, Australian Wool Innovation Limited, which is engaged in promoting and increasing global demand for quality wool. The presence of the “Woolmark” label on the product indicates that the fabric contains at least 93% high-quality natural wool and the material is produced in compliance with all standards for the extraction and processing of raw materials.
The leading country in the supply of wool to the world market is Australia. It is followed in descending order by New Zealand, China, the USA, Argentina, Turkey, Iran, Great Britain, India, Sudan and South Africa.
Summary
- The main sources of wool for light industry are sheep, goats and camels.
Wool is the oldest insulation material used by humans. It can be called a human-friendly material due to its natural animal origin.
Due to its low thermal conductivity, wool is one of the best insulation materials used in clothing.
Wool products breathe well and can absorb large amounts of moisture.
Wool has a beneficial effect on the human body, has antibacterial properties and can have a healing effect.
The softest and most pleasant to the touch wool products are made from the fleece of Merino sheep and goat down.
Wool is elastic, elastic, and has a low specific gravity. It has sufficient strength and wear resistance.
The biological origin of wool can cause allergies. Coarse fur is itchy and can cause skin irritation.
>> What is it made from?
There are many objects made by human hands around us. To make them, natural materials are needed: clay, metals, wood, limestone, granite and others.
What items do you need wood to make? Cover them with green chips.
Cover metal objects with red chips.
What is made of clay? Cover with yellow chips.
Cover woolen items with blue chips.
In order for natural materials to turn into various things, we need knowledge and a lot of people's work. This is how clay is turned into a variety of products.
Based on the drawings, tell us how vases, jugs and other objects are made from clay.
What other materials do people take from wildlife?
What are these materials made from?
Seryozha and Nadya’s dad drew pictures for many books. He knows how a book is born and wants to tell you about it. But tell it not in words, but with the help of drawings.
Using these pictures, make up a story about how a book is made.
What other materials do people get from plants? What are these materials made of?
Using drawings, write a story about how woolen items are made.
What else do people get from animals?
Let's look at the buffet where the dishes are. Here is your favorite cup - bright, colorful, with flowers and patterns. Here is my mother's, grandmother's cup. All this is made from ordinary clay. Even more surprising is that the saucers, the sugar bowl, and the thin, white, almost transparent porcelain cups of the most beautiful set are also made of clay. Although they don't look like clay at all.
If you live in a village, then, of course, more than once you have seen krinks in which milk is stored in the cellar, or pots in which cabbage soup is cooked in the stove. Both pots and bowls are also made of clay. And the oven itself!
Many large houses in the city are made of bricks. But bricks are also made from clay at a brick factory. Even the thick walls and high towers of the Moscow Kremlin are also made of clay bricks!
Yu. Arakcheev, L. Khailov
The birthplace of paper, without which we cannot imagine our lives today, is Ancient China. At first, the Chinese wrote and drew on silk or bamboo tablets.
The first paper was made almost two thousand years ago from tree bark and old fishing gear. In ancient China, paper pulp was boiled in special ovens. Then they pressed sheets of paper. After thorough drying, the paper sheets were ready for writing.
Nowadays paper is made from wood. And also from old paper, newspapers - waste paper. By handing it over for recycling, we save forests with greenery.
According to G. Kublitsky
Come up with questions for these stories.
Pleshakov A. A., The world around us, Proc. for 2 classes beginning school B 2 Part 1 / A. A. Pleshakov. - 7th ed. - M. Education, 2006. - 143 p.; ill.
Calendar-thematic planning in natural history, tasks and answers for schoolchildren online, courses for teachers in natural history download
Lesson content lesson notes supporting frame lesson presentation acceleration methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-test workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures, graphics, tables, diagrams, humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics, parables, sayings, crosswords, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles tricks for the curious cribs textbooks basic and additional dictionary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in a textbook, elements of innovation in the lesson, replacing outdated knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year; methodological recommendations; discussion programs Integrated LessonsThe perfection of modern technology helps a person to intensively use time-tested experience. The use of natural materials is still in demand, despite discoveries in the production of artificial fibers.
The mechanization of wool processing and fabric production has not yet crossed the usual boundaries. Herds of animals continue to graze, serving as a source of raw materials for woolen fabrics, and the hands of shearers, armed with improved clippers, continue to remove the fleece from them.
and clothes made from it: how it all began
The first “costumes” made of wool were primitive and consisted of capes, bandages and leg wraps made from poorly dressed skins. Over time, the techniques of dressing leather with fur became more and more skillful and sophisticated, turning the skins into a kind of soft woven fabric.
Before the era of spinning, sheared wool was felted or felted (hence the word “felt”) - this technology is still used in the production of the famous Russian felt boots or, as they are also called, felted products. The products turned out to be rough, but warm.
The “tendency” of wool fibers to felting and shrinkage must be remembered when washing fabric. Wool does not like long soaking, high temperatures, contrast conditions, alkaline environments and curling.
The most important event for a person seeking salvation from the cold was the invention of the loom. The animals' fur was combed or collected after shedding, shaved with sharply sharpened knives, and later trimmed with scissors. Tangled tufts of wool were washed, cleared of debris, combed with special combs, dividing into individual strands.
Using a spinning wheel, a thread was twisted from the fibers onto a spindle, more or less thin, depending on the quality of the wool. From the resulting yarn, strips of fabric were collected using a loom, from which clothing could be made. The color of the finished material corresponded to the original raw material; over time, a variety of organic, mineral and vegetable dyes began to be used.
Wool and modernity
The described algorithm of actions has remained largely unchanged to this day. Carding machines, detergents, and weaving machines have become more advanced; breeds of sheep, goats and other animals have been bred through selection, producing remarkably beautiful, soft and fine wool.
Sheared fleece is used to make environmentally friendly fabrics for clothing in a wide range of densities and thicknesses. Adding synthetic fibers to wool makes the material wrinkle-resistant, more durable, and wear-resistant.
Finding out if a fabric is made of wool is easy. By cutting off a small piece and setting it on fire, you will smell the burnt feather. The fibers of the fabric are sintered, forming an easily rubbed black lump.
Weaving machines are programmed to create complex weaves of threads and a variety of patterns and designs on the fabric; dyed fabrics do not change color after many washes. Knitting from wool yarn is one of the world's favorite crafts, and knitted wool products are a must-have item in every wardrobe.
Lesson of the surrounding world in 2"B" class
Subject: What is it made from?
Target : find out what and how people make various products.
Tasks :
- to form basic ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product;
- learn to depict production chains using models; examine an object according to specified properties;
- cultivate a caring attitude towards natural resources.
Planned results: teach children to distinguish the properties of objects, the substances from which they are made, examine these substances according to given properties, teach them to reason, draw conclusions, prove their point of view, promote the development of interest in knowledge of the world around them.
Personal UUD : formation of educational and cognitive interest in the academic subject, the ability to self-esteem.
Regulatory UUD:independently adequately assess the correctness of the action.
Cognitive UUD:use tables, posters, reports, analyze objects according to given properties, make comparisons, groupings, generalizations.
Communication UUD:form your own opinion, come to a common decision in joint activities (when working in a group)
Equipment: various items (mittens, scarf, spoon, fork, scissors, jug, cup, pot, book, notebook, ruler, pencil), presentation, envelopes with cards, “Reflection”.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
The cheerful bell rang.
He invites everyone to the lesson.
Come on, kids, are you all ready?
We start right on time.
Let's all sit down quietly,
Let's not break the silence.
Everyone is ready to listen,
I'll start the lesson now.
II. Checking homework.
What section did we start studying? (« Life of the city and village")
What concept were you introduced to in the last lesson? (Economy)
What is economics? (This is the economic activity of people.)
What parts does the economy consist of? (Agriculture, industry, transport, construction, trade.)
What is it that a modern economy cannot function without? (Without money)
III. Self-determination for activity
- Name the objects that you see on the table. (Objects of the man-made world)
What parts of the economy helped these items reach us? (Industry, transport, agriculture, trade.)
Who made these items? (These items are made by human hands.)
I suggest you think about what these items are made of? (From natural materials: wool, metal, clay, paper)
What is the topic of our lesson? (“What is it made from”) Slide 1.
- What learning objectives will we set for ourselves?
IV. Working on a new topic
Today in the lesson we will learn how a book is born, how woolen things are made, where spoons, forks and knives come from. Slide 2.
And in order to find out what is what and how it is made, let’s go to Country of Masters .
The first city is City of Goncharov.
1 group will go to this city. They will find out: - Who are the potters?
Us. 109. Look at the pictures and tell how clay turns into a variety of products.
Second city - City of Book Publishers. Group 2 will go there.
In order to find out how notebooks and books come to our house, open the textbooks on p. 110 and, after looking at the illustrations, prepare a story based on the drawings.
How is a book born?
The third city is the City of Weavers.
Our children from group 3 will travel to the city of weavers. They will tell you what clothes are made from and how woolen items get to us.
The fourth city to which the 4th group will go isCity of Metallurgists.
They will try to find the answer to the question - where does iron come from?
Independent work in groups
Let's review the rules for working in a group.
As you work, you must build a production chain using the words in the envelope.
Groups report
- How dishes are made from clay.
- Can we make such dishes? (No)
- Why?
- What do you call a person who makes pottery? (Potter)
2. How and from what paper is made.
Fizminutka
We'll clap our hands
Friendly, more fun.
Our feet knocked
Friendly, more fun.
Let's hit you on the knees
Hush, hush, hush.
Our hands rise up
Higher, higher, higher.
Our hands are spinning
Sank lower
Spun around, spun around
And they stopped.
- Kaka make woolen things.
- Where does iron come from?
V. Consolidation of what has been learned
Independent work using the “Workbook” pp. 39-40 No. 1,2,3
Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.
Write down what people can turn these materials into.
Work in pairs.
Grain, mill, bread.
Iron ore, factory, scissors, etc.
What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature to make all kinds of products?
Guys, remember that the knowledge and work of many people is invested in every thing, so you need to treat things with care.
VI. Lesson summary
We took a trip to the Land of Masters.
What questions were answered in class?
- Who now knows what dishes, clothes, woolen items can be made from?
VII. Reflection
Group commanders take the envelopes on your table and distribute cards to everyone.
Choose whether you know and can do what is written in the table on the left very well or not very well, and place a colored circle next to it. (Children put a circle in the table: green, if everything turned out well, I understood everything;
yellow if something caused difficulty; red if it was difficult.)
VIII. Homework
Tasks p. 71, No. 4 (Workbook)
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Slide captions:
What is it made of? The world around us, grade 2
How is a book born? How are woolen items made? Where do spoons, forks and knives come from? All this is made by human hands from natural materials - wood, metal, wool. But in order for natural materials to turn into various things, knowledge and a lot of work of people are needed.
Work according to the textbook Trace the path from clay mined in a quarry to our vase (p. 109)
Based on the drawings, tell us how vases, jugs and other objects are made from clay. 1 2 3 4 5 6
People who make clay and ceramic dishes are called potters.
Work according to the textbook. Look at the pictures on p. 110 and you will find out how our textbooks, books, notebooks were born. ?
Using these pictures, make up a story about how a book is made. 1 2 3 4 5
Where did the paper come from to make notebooks and books? Today, paper is made in huge paper mills, where machines help people with everything. Machines come to the rescue when future paper grows in the forest.
Electric saws cut and fell trees. Timber trucks carry logs to the river or to the railway station.
The logs float along the river to the workshop gates or are transported in special wagons. And here other machines get down to business: a multi-saw machine cuts logs into logs, and a debarking machine strips the bark from them.
The chipping machine chops the logs into chips, and the chips travel on a self-propelled track into the boiler. In a cauldron, in a special solution,… wooden porridge is cooked.
This porridge, when it is ready, becomes paper.
Work according to the textbook. Look at the pictures on p. 111 and you will learn about how woolen things are made.
Tell us from the pictures how woolen things are made. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Where does iron come from? water sand Red-brown clay Brown stone - flint
Iron ores contain the most iron. The metal, iron, is extracted from them. Sometimes ore layers are hidden deep in the earth, and then mines have to be built.
How is iron ore mined? 1. Rock explosion
After the explosion, tons of earth and stones will be thrown into the air, and the ore hidden underneath will be revealed.
A walking excavator will scoop up ore with a scoop bucket, turn around, and a whole wagon or giant dump truck will be loaded.
2. Ore arrives at the plant by dump trucks or by rail. In huge blast furnaces, like high-rise buildings, flames rage day and night. These blast furnaces receive iron ore. It melts, ore settles, drops of metal collect in streams and rivulets.
3.The path of this bucket is to the neighboring workshop. Here the cast iron will be poured into molds. In them, the liquid metal will solidify and take one form or another. These are: cast iron frying pans, cast iron stoves, radiators.
4. Steelmakers make steel from cast iron in special open-hearth furnaces. Then the steel goes to the rolling mill, and then the blacksmith-stamper will make knives and spoons from the sheet.
Work in pairs. What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature to make all kinds of products? 1. Extract no more materials than required. 2. Spend sparingly. 3. Plant new trees. 4. Restore land at the site of quarries.
Remember! The knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so things must be treated with CARE.