Lesson summary on the surrounding world in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard, grade 2
Subject:"The change of night and day."Target:
- explain the change of day and night with the rotation of the earth around its axis, the sequence of events during the day.
Equipment: Table “Solar System”, 2 drawings
depicting day and night, tellurium, globe, Dunno, tablets -
yesterday, today, tomorrow, 24 hours a day.
1. Organizing children to work:
We continue to study the world around us.
Today we will talk about an amazing phenomenon on our planet that you observe every day. More precisely, at the beginning of the day and at the end of it.
We will observe these phenomena on all planets of the solar system and even on the Moon.
Dunno
Our friend Dunno illustrated this phenomenon in two drawings:
Who guessed what he was drawing?
Today we must find out what happens in our life and nature during the day, and what at night?
We must find out why the change of day and night occurs?
Since during the lesson we will talk about many objects of nature and objects around us, we must REMEMBER very important rules and laws of their life.
!Check of knowledge. Table "Solar System"
What celestial bodies are depicted on it? (sun, planets)
Who knows what the science of celestial or cosmic bodies is called? (astronomy)
What are scientists who study celestial bodies called? (astronomers)
Now I’ll find out if you know what all these bodies and objects are called.
Assignment from Lena and Misha:
Lena and Misha, who are keen on astronomy, sent me an envelope by mail with the task:
- What instrument does Lena use to study the bodies of the solar system? (telescope)
-What bodies are included in the solar system? (the sun, planets, these include stars and the moon)
QUIZ:
GUESS THE HEAVENLY BODY BY ITS DESCRIPTION!
I will read out a description of the celestial body, and you guys will answer by raising your hand.
1. They themselves glow and illuminate the planets. They are very large celestial bodies, planets move around them. They are spherical in shape. (stars)
2. This is a star. It glows and illuminates the planets. (Sun)
3. They themselves do not glow, but are illuminated by the sun and another star. They are large and moving
Around the stars and the sun. They have the shape of a ball. (planets)
4. The planet is illuminated by the sun. When there is day on one side, night on the other. (Earth)
5. A satellite of the Earth moving around it. (Moon)
TRAIN
Now let's imagine a train. We got on the train and looked out the window.
What did we see?
That all the objects around are moving. In fact, the train is moving. That’s why it seems to us that houses, trees, fields, meadows, etc. are moving. This is an optical illusion.
PTOLEMY
He developed his own system of the world, in the center of which he placed the Earth.
According to Ptolemy, the following move around the motionless spherical Earth: the Moon, the Sun and 5 planets, as well as the sphere of fixed stars.
He, like us sitting on the train, saw the Sun moving (rising in the morning, setting in the evening), the Moon and stars moving.
In fact, the Earth itself moves, together with the Moon, around the Sun.
Objects around our train move in exactly the same way.
COPERNIUS
Nicolaus Copernicus created the correct picture of the existing world around us. He placed the Sun in the center, around which the Earth and other planets move.
Let's remember two celestial bodies:
THE SUN - illuminating our planet during the day
MOON - illuminating our planet at night
How are they similar? (illuminate the Earth)
- What kind of light does the Moon shine? (reflected sunlight)
- What is the Sun? (a star that glows and illuminates the planets)
- What is the Moon? (It is a natural satellite of the Earth)
- Guys, tell me what I will now list for you: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cancer, Cygnus??? (these are constellations)
GLOBE
- What shape does our planet Earth have?
- How does it rotate? (around the Sun)
- How else? (around its axis)
You and I walk on the earth's surface, why don't we fall into outer space?
What force keeps us on the surface?
THIS IS THE FORCE OF EARTH GRAVITY.
ISAAC NEWTON discovered the law of universal gravitation.
The earth attracts us, that’s why we walk, move, and do certain work.
If you don't take off from the ground and fly into space. The force of gravity stops acting and a state of weightlessness arises.
Astronauts experience weightlessness for several hours of flight.
They use special devices while in zero gravity. Light clothing, food in special tubes, all small items on laces.
SOLAR SYSTEM TABLE
Guys, what big body holds our planet close to it? (Sun)
- What force prevents our planet from flying into outer space? (the force of solar gravity)
The rotation of our planet around the Sun leads to the alternation of day and night.
LEARNING NEW MATERIAL:
-What do you know about these periods of the day?
- Our friend Dunno again got confused in the words - today, tomorrow, yesterday.
-What do they mean?
-What is the difference between day and night? -What colors can you use to depict them?
TELLURIUM STORY
Our Earth, like all planets, rotates in outer space.
The Earth rotates not only around the Sun, but also around an imaginary axis.
The rays of the Sun bring us warmth and light.
When the Earth turns to the Sun with the side where we live, it seems to us that
The sun is rising in the sky, rising. The sun's rays illuminate our planet from one side and at this time it is DAY. The Earth continues to rotate further and we see that the Sun passes across the sky and begins to descend, and then disappears below the horizon. It is the Earth that turns away from the sun's rays during its rotation. The sun disappears, it becomes dark, NIGHT sets in. And on the other side of the globe it is day.
It takes 24 hours, i.e. DAYS, for the Earth to make a full revolution around its axis.
And from one dawn to another, 24 hours pass.
ATTACHMENT:
- Show on the table how the Earth rotates around the Sun?
(counterclock-wise)
-What other movement does she make?
(around its axis)
- What is the time of complete rotation around an axis called?
(day)
- What is a day equal to?
(24 hours)
- What does the proverb mean? "DAY AND NIGHT, DAYS AWAY."
(a day includes both day and night.)
- Around what axis does the Earth rotate? Real or imaginary?
- How many revolutions does the Earth make per day?
(one)
- So why do we have a change of day and night on our planet?
Results:
- Guys, what new and interesting things did you learn from our conversation today?
- What is an earthly day? And what kind of time-day is this???
HOMEWORK:
Walk up to anyone you meet on the street and ask them to show in which direction the Earth rotates. The question is very simple, but many people will answer it incorrectly. And all because they never tried to understand what is really happening with the movement of the Earth.
There is hardly a person now who does not know about the rotation of the Earth. rises and sits on the rotation of the Earth and ensures the change of day and night. It’s very easy to understand this with the help of a globe and a table lamp, simulating that when the globe rotates, its sections will alternately go into the shadows and come out again into the light.
If you are in Russia, that is, in, and you follow the movement of the Sun, then you will see that for you it moves from left to right (if you are facing it). But this movement of the Sun is illusory; in fact, the Earth rotates - in the direction opposite to the apparent movement of the Sun. If you were in and also watched the Sun, facing it, then for you it would move from right to left.
What determines the change of seasons? A combination of two factors: the movement of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth’s axis relative to it by 23.4º. If the earth's axis were not tilted, there would be no change of seasons. It is the tilt of the earth's axis that leads to the fact that the Sun alternately warms up the southern and northern hemispheres of the Earth. When summer begins in the northern hemisphere, winter begins. But it will pass, and everything will change - the Sun will begin to warm up the southern hemisphere more, and summer will come there. In the north, winter will reign.
The tilt of the earth's axis also leads to the fact that the length of day and night in different parts of the world is not the same and changes as the Earth moves around the Sun. It is unchanged only at the poles: at the equator, day and night at any time of the year are equal to twelve hours; at the poles, day and night always last for six months. For other territories, the length of day and night smoothly changes from the summer solstice on June 21, when the day is maximum and the night is shortest, to the winter solstice on June 21, when the day is very short and the night is longest.
Video on the topic
Related article
Sources:
- How does the day/night change occur?
Since ancient times, people have tried to understand and explain various natural phenomena - why it rains, why day turns into night, why the seasons change. But even now some people think that the change of seasons is due to the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Actually this is not true.
Instructions
Since the angle of inclination of the earth's axis does not change, then with the further movement of the planet in orbit (that is, the rest of the year), the South Pole turns out to be inclined towards the Sun. The southern hemisphere receives more warmth and light, and spring arrives south of the equator. The northern hemisphere, receiving less sunlight, is gradually cooling down. North of the equator it is winter.
Video on the topic
Sources:
- how the seasons change
The alternation of day and night is so familiar to people that many do not even think about the reason for this phenomenon or its features. It is difficult to find a person who does not know about the rotation of the Earth or that it moves around the Sun. But how many people remember that day or night can last six months?
Every person who has studied at school knows that the basis of the change of day and night is the daily rotation of the Earth. In 24 hours it makes a full revolution around its axis, which ensures the alternation of day and night for most regions of the Earth. For most - but not for all. The Earth is tilted relative to the plane of its orbit by 23.4?. This leads to the fact that the Sun illuminates its surface unevenly. Territories near the North and South Poles find themselves in special lighting conditions: for six months, one of the poles night, while on the other – day. On one, the Sun simply does not set below the horizon, remaining in sight all the time; on the other, it does not appear above the horizon at all. White nights in St. Petersburg are associated precisely with the geographical location of the city - the Sun does not fall too low, so night doesn't come. But the nights not only in St. Petersburg, but also in all cities located higher (closer to the North Pole) 49? northern latitude. At this latitude day there is one white summer solstice night. The closer you are to the north from this latitude, the more . From latitude 65? and to the north one can observe continuous day, The sun does not set beyond the horizon at all. Similar phenomena are observed on the other side of the equator. Why polar day And night last exactly six months? Because the Earth revolves around the Sun, and exactly six months later, due to the tilt of its axis, it exposes the other pole to the Sun. The movement of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis also explain the alternation of seasons. Alternately, with a frequency of six months, the cold season is replaced by a warm one, and vice versa. When it is summer in the north, winter comes in the south. The easiest way to understand is to take a globe and illuminate it with a lamp simulating the Sun. By rotating the globe, you can easily see how the alternation of day and night occurs. And by moving the globe around the lamp, you will understand the reasons for the alternation of seasons. If you watch the Sun every day and mark exactly the floor day its height above the horizon, you can see that it changes. Once a year - June 21, at day summer solstice - it reaches its greatest height. The duration of daylight this day the largest, and night the shortest. Six months later, on December 21, at day winter solstice, the height of the Sun above the horizon will be the smallest, and day the shortest. For residents of the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is day turning towards winter. Every day the Sun will rise above the horizon lower and lower, until day the winter solstice will not reach its lowest point. From this moment on, the turn towards summer will begin - the Sun will rise higher and higher, its rays will fall on the ground at an increasingly right angle, giving more heat.
It is traditionally believed that St. Petersburg is a city of bridges, palaces, canals, ancient mansions and white nights. The northern capital is also a city of tourists, who are fed not only with impressions, but with restaurants, bars, youth cafes, modern cinemas, and discos. There are entertainment facilities for them - billiards and tennis courts, bowling alleys. St. Petersburg has a huge number of establishments where you can celebrate a birthday for every taste.
It’s free, and in Japanese restaurants you can always order a platter for the whole group of friends.
Visit one of the many nightclubs if you prefer an active holiday. It’s not for nothing that St. Petersburg is called the club capital of Russia: there are establishments of various types here. You will remember for a long time day, held in the clubs “11”, “Behemoth”, “Air”, “Winter-Summer”, “Jelsomino”. The Begemot nightclub offers you to dance the night away to the electronic music of the best DJs. "Winter-Summer" is an elite place for fashionable parties. Here you will be surprised by an exquisite menu and a very advantageous location - overlooking the water. Music Bar “11” is a luxury karaoke with an amazing interior and excellent cuisine, and in the “Air” club you can not only dance on three different dance floors, but also swim in the pool and play volleyball.
Head to one of the sports and entertainment centers if you want to combine your holiday with sports competitions. Bowling fans will certainly enjoy clubs such as Bowling City, Golden Strike, and 7 Mile. Golden Strike has ten bowling lanes, four of which are suitable for children. In addition to seventeen bowling lanes, “7 Mile” has tables for American and Russian billiards, a bar, a cafe and a disco.
Rent one of the private boats if your day birth occurs during the warm season (from May to October). Take a walk along canals and rivers, under numerous bridges. You can also go out into the Gulf of Finland and continue the celebration there. However, it should be remembered that such a holiday requires increased caution and attention. Head to the Gulf of Finland coast if you don't want to celebrate day birth in a stuffy city. From Sestroretsk to Zelenogorsk there are a large number of cozy restaurants and entertainment venues. There you can grab a large table on the open veranda and then sunbathe on the sandy beach.
Sources:
- Internet guide to the concrete jungle
Various ancient peoples, be it the Egyptians, Greeks or Romans, tried to explain all the phenomena occurring around them, and this is how the fabulous explanation of the change of day and night has reached our times. The legends of different nationalities are generally similar.
The change of day and night: a fairy tale explanation
With the words “the sun has risen” or “the sun has set” we begin or end another day in life. Our ancestors endowed sunrises and sunsets with great power. These phenomena had sacred meaning for our ancestors.
And indeed, during sunsets and dawns, various rituals and ceremonies, both church and magical, were performed. From here arose the fairytale explanation of the change of day and night. Every social media user has a photo of a sunset or sunrise. Today, modern people do not understand these phenomena and do not know their sacred meaning.
Ancient Greek myth
The ancient Greeks had a fabulous explanation for the change of day and night. The titan Hyperion had three children: Selene, Eos and Helios. Shining with cold light, Selene was the goddess of the Moon. On her head was a crescent moon. She rides along the night road in a chariot drawn by oxen. Selena drives off this road when her star children fade and the marble columns turn pink.
Eos, the goddess of the dawn, announces the coming of a new day. Following Eos, their brother Helios rushes from the east on a shining golden chariot. The Greeks revered him no less than the powerful and supreme Zeus. Helios' rays penetrated into the farthest and darkest corners through black clouds. Their warm light awakened all living things. Thanks to the rays, trees and fruits grew. Helios is the terror of all criminals. The rays of this god blind them. Even the gods cannot hide from such rays.
Helios knows everything about divine “deeds”. It was he who suggested to Demeter that her daughter Persephone was kidnapped by Hades to his dark kingdom of shadows. But it is midday when Helios reaches the west. By evening, Helios's horses and he himself become tired and blush. God heads to his palace to rest, where the divine retinue rests, and Selene’s chariot sets out on the road... This is the Greek cycle of day and night. Their fairytale explanation is similar to the Slavic myth.
Slavic vision of day and night
The ancient pagan Slavs' idea of the world was very complex and confusing. The sun and sunlight were different concepts for them. For each season, the Slavs had a separate “sun” - Yarilo, Kupailo, Svetovit and Kolyada. They called the sun itself Khoros. By the way, this word meant “circle”. This is where the word round dance comes from.
Like the Greeks, the Slavic fairytale explanation of the change of day and night is simple - Dazhdbog (the sun - the giving god) rode a golden chariot across the daytime sky, harnessed by fiery winged horses. Morning and evening dawns were considered sisters. Moreover, the morning dawn was the wife of the sun. The Slavs celebrated their wedding. Like the Greeks, the Sun is an all-seeing eye that watches over everything and everyone. That’s why criminals operate at night to this day.
Ancient Indian concept of the emergence of a new day
The Indian legend about the change of day and night is distinctive. The fairytale explanation says that there was no night. It appeared thanks to one tragic incident. There lived brother Yama and sister Yami. The brother died, and the lonely sister had no choice but to endlessly mourn her unfortunate brother. To all requests and exhortations to calm down and stop shedding tears, Yami only exclaimed: “But he died today!” The gods saw the truth: for the girl to calm down, night is necessary, only then will a new day come. They created the night. Morning came, Yami forgot about grief. And the Hindus began to say “alternate day and night.”
Conclusion
For many years, our ancestors believed in these myths and legends about the creation of day and night, right up to the Middle Ages. Religion and mystical ideas were replaced by science. Nicolaus Copernicus 500 years ago wrote a book about how our planet rotates around its axis, traveling in orbit around the star Sun. So, according to Copernicus, there was a change of day and night.
The fairytale explanation was destroyed. And the scientist’s book was banned by the Pope because it contradicted the Christian religion. Copernicus became famous as the creator. The name of this system comes from the name of the sun god Helios, so, according to Copernicus’ theory, the Sun is located at the center of the Universe. The Polish astronomer died of a stroke on May 24, 1543, he was 73 years old.
The reasons for the change of day and night are the constant and cyclical rotation of the Earth around its axis. This process is quite rapid, but we manage to notice it on dark evenings or watching the morning dawn. Thanks to the rays of the Sun, the surface of the planet warms up, and we can see the changing darkness and light.
Rays of the Sun and Light of the Moon
The reasons for the change of day and night is that the Earth rotates around an axis that we can mentally imagine. But it simultaneously rotates relative to the Sun. This happens as it moves in orbit around the star.
The reasons for the change of day and night lie in the movement of the Earth along an axis passing through the poles of the planet. She manages to turn around in 24 hours. But around the Sun there is a slower rotation - every 365 days.
The reason for the change of day and night is the rotation of the planet. It's different on different continents. For example, in St. Petersburg there is a season of white nights, and polar days can last more than a month.
What causes uneven daylight hours?
The length of day and night is not the same everywhere due to the fact that the imaginary axis of the Earth is slightly tilted relative to the Sun. Therefore, the rays fall differently on different hemispheres. Thanks to the redistribution of heat, life exists on the planet.
Having managed to cool down overnight, the planet warms up during the day. Vital metabolic processes take place. We see the Earth in such a familiar way thanks to the unique movement of the planet. On different continents, flora and fauna differ due to the length of the day.
The pole can be in the shadow for six months - this time is called the polar night. Then comes the day at the pole for the next six months. While it is night at the North Pole, it is day at the South Pole, and vice versa.
If there were no usual days?
Due to the fact that the Earth is evenly illuminated by the Sun, life exists on the planet. Let’s imagine that it would stop rotating, and there would always be day on one side, and the other would be forever deprived of light. The hemisphere under the Sun would heat up to a temperature at which all living things would dry out.
The second part of the planet would begin to freeze due to lack of sunlight. So in the present we have an ideal planet for life. The diversity of living things is amazing, and this is only possible due to the rotation of the Earth. The change of both day and night is important, as are the changes in weather due to the arrival of different seasons.