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Despite all the information that a person has, there are no fewer secrets in the world. On the contrary, with each new solution, even more mysteries appear. What, besides the obvious, does the earth keep within itself? What can you find underwater?
10. Sunken city of Gelika
Everyone knows the legend about the lost world of Atlantis. But unlike the popular myth, there is written evidence about the city of Gelika, which helped archaeologists find its location.
The city was located in Achaea, in the north of the Peloponnese. Judging by the mention of Helica in the Iliad, the city took part in the Trojan War. In 373 BC. e. it was destroyed by a powerful earthquake and flood.
Despite the fact that the search for the actual location began at the beginning of the 19th century, the place was found only at the end of the 20th century. In 2001, the ruins of a city in Achaea were discovered and only in 2012, when a layer of silt and river sediments was removed, it became obvious that this was Gelika.
9. Iram multi-columned
There is hardly a person who is not at least a little familiar with the myths about this ancient city. Troy, otherwise called Ilion, is a fortified settlement in Asia Minor, which was located on the island of Troas off the coast of the Aegean Sea.
On the Hissarlik Hill (Turkey), during excavations, traces of 9 fortress-settlements that existed in different eras were discovered. The 7th layer belongs to the era described in the Iliad. In this era, Troy was a large settlement, surrounded by strong walls and high towers. Excavations in 1988 showed that the population of the city in the Homeric era ranged from 6 to 10 thousand inhabitants, and by the standards of those times these are quite impressive figures.
Today, the ruins of the ancient settlement are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
6. Lost Temple of Musasir
A bas-relief from the palace of Sargon II depicts the destruction of the Musasir Temple
Thanks to cutting-edge remote sensing technology, Australian archaeologists have made a discovery in Cambodia. They discovered an ancient city that is older than the famous temple complex of Angkor Wat.
This city was built 350 years before the construction of Angkor Wat in northwestern Cambodia. It was part of the Hindu-Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled Southeast Asia from 800 to 1400 AD. e. Research in this area is still ongoing, which means scientists are waiting for new discoveries.
4. Pyramid City Caral
Many are convinced that Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and India are the first civilizations of mankind. However, few people know that at the same time there was a civilization called Norte Chico in Supa, Peru. This is the first known civilization of the Americas. And the holy city of Caral was its capital.
In 1970, archaeologists discovered that the hills, which were originally identified as natural formations, were step pyramids. 20 years later, Karal emerged in full force.
In 2000, the reed bags that were found during excavations were analyzed, and the results were stunning. The analysis showed that Caral dates from the late archaic period - around 3000 BC. e.
3. Urkesh, the lost city of the Hurrians
I am a student of the history department, and we have this practice - going to archaeological excavations. Many people think that this is romance: nature, a fire, unique finds. Now I will try to open the curtain of secrecy.
We went in 2015 to the village of Borisovka, Belgorod region. There is a Borisov settlement (Scythian, about 2.5 thousand years ago), approximately 200x300 in size.
The Borisov settlement was found in 1948. Settlement 5-4 centuries BC. had three lines of fortification, which protected its inhabitants from the attacks of the Scythian nomads.
The first day of practice is the most difficult. You need to put up tents, a kitchen, a refrigerator, utility tents:
It's a kitchen. According to rumors, one student either didn’t want to do the internship, or did something bad, and her father cooked us such a kitchen. There were three meals - at 7.30, at 14.30, at 19.00. The guards (boy and girl) stay in the camp for the whole day. Diet - cereals, stewed meat, pasta, tea, cookies, condensed milk. The hardest thing is to melt it in the morning - it’s damp outside and you want to sleep.
This is a utility tent. It stores dishes and food. It’s not visible in the photo, but behind it is a “refrigerator”.
A “refrigerator” is a pit several meters deep where perishable foods are stored. Speaking of temperatures - during the day in the sun it reached 35 degrees, in the rain it dropped to 20-25.
I don't know the correct name for this tent. It weighs about 400 kg, the frame is metal. We assembled it for several hours due to inexperience. It was planned that there would be a headquarters there, but due to the heat, we used it to store tools, finds, and brought belongings into it during the rain.
Now about the excavations themselves. We started work at 8.00 and finished at 14.00 (we were digging in the forest, and the heat was not so bad). Every hour there is a break for 10 minutes to rest, and one for 20 minutes - a “second breakfast” - a sandwich with mayonnaise and saury:
In the first days we dug and immediately learned all the subtleties. Excavations are carried out in accordance with the documentation; we were taught to use a level.
A 5x5 square 20-25 cm deep (1 spade bayonet) is dug. Then the layer is cleaned - an even, neat cut is made so that the “earth shines.” Finds are sought in a pile of earth:
These are mainly ceramics and bones. The first days the delight is indescribable, then it makes you sick. But! All finds are collected and taken to the camp, where they are subsequently washed and sorted.
To make the earth “shine”, cleaning is done barefoot. in the second photo, because of the rains, the excavation was flooded (:. Mainly two shovels are used - a bayonet shovel (for digging) and a sharp "bison" shovel (for cleaning).
Sometimes we came across fires. They are dug out carefully with a small shovel under the supervision of a scientific hand. All layers are photographed and sketched, including the hearths. Finds from the hearth - in a separate package.
The depth of our excavation was 50-90 cm; we dig down to the natural layer, i.e. to clay in our case.
We were at the excavations for three weeks. One day off per week, Saturday was shortened. Regarding the bathroom, we were lucky and our camp was located on the territory of the reserve administration - washbasins 200 m away, shower, toilet. Second luck - we got to the excavation site by car through the village, on foot to the village - about 20 minutes. There was fresh chicken for lunch, if the person on duty was not lazy. And in general, supplies could be easily replenished.
"Subtleties":
1) At the end of the excavations, all the holes are filled with the same soil, as if we were not here
2) During archaeological exploration, I found 18th century ceramics and WWII cartridges. Where they were found, he left them there. These items will have their own excavations.
At the end, freshmen have initiation. It's kept secret, but when it was finished I looked like this:
We had to throw away all our clothes (yes, right down to our underpants), and it took us half an hour to wash ourselves off in a pool nearby.
Whether it is worth going on an expedition is up to everyone to decide. If you are ready to be without communication, without amenities, to see the same faces all the time (there were 12 of us students in total)... However, decide for yourself.
But I'm glad that I have such experience behind me)
Thanks to all!
Numerous gold and silver jewelry were discovered during excavations of a unique necropolis of late Roman times.
During excavations at the Sevastopol construction site of the federal highway "Tavrida" in the area of the village of Frontovoye, archaeologists of the Crimean new construction expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences discovered a unique object - a burial ground of the 2nd–4th centuries AD, untouched by modern looters.
The necropolis located on the left bank of the Belbek River was named Front-3. The head of the expedition, Sergei Vnukov, emphasized that this find is a huge success, because similar excavations of burial grounds in this region of Crimea were carried out only in the 50s–70s of the 20th century. But unlike the necropolis discovered in 2018, they have not been fully studied and have now been looted.
“The Frontovoye-3 necropolis, discovered during the construction of the highway, has been completely preserved and is therefore of particular interest to scientists who have the opportunity to study untouched burials at the modern scientific level.
The necropolis dates back to the 2nd–4th centuries AD. It was at the junction of the influences of, on the one hand, Chersonese, which was an outpost of the Roman Empire in Crimea, and on the other, the so-called Crimean Scythia, a barbarian state formation that formed in the 2nd century BC and lasted until the first half of the 3rd century AD,” - said the head of the expedition.
Many earrings, necklaces, bracelets, glass vessels, buckles, and ceramics were found in early burials.
Among the finds, gold piercings and a teardrop-shaped pendant with a red insert and beaded edging stand out. Similar items were previously found in the necropolis of Chersonesos. A ring with a carved carnelian signet insert also stands out. The division size on the ruler is 1 centimeter.
During excavations, scientists found that the necropolis expanded to the south and east. Most of the graves, which date back to the second half of the 3rd century and the 4th century, are undercut (a well with a large burial pit). But among them there are also other burial structures - ground graves with ledges on which stone slabs or other ceilings rested. Most of the ground crypts date back to the 4th century. These are rectangular underground burial chambers with a narrow corridor-dromos with steps leading to the surface. The entrance to the chamber was blocked with stones. Several people were buried in such crypts.
Burial, top view
Many weapons were found in later burials, including swords, polearms, and fragments of shields. An ax was found in one of the graves.
Archaeologists discovered vessels near the skulls. Some of them contain remains of funeral food.
Untouched burials allowed scientists to accurately reproduce the details of the funeral rite.
“So, in one of the crypts where an adult man was buried, several ceramic and one glass vessel lay near the skull, egg shells and bird bones remained in the bowl, a blade lay at the right shoulder, probably from a pole weapon, on the left side at the feet - sword. There was a shield leaning against the wall, from which the handle and umbon (overlay for the central part) were preserved,” Vnukov said.
Pontic red-glazed dishes, glass jugs, and many buckles and brooches (metal fasteners for clothing) were also found in later burials. Already now, the archaeologist notes, we can say that the collection of “Inkerman” brooches from the Frontovoy-3 excavations is one of the most expressive both in terms of the number of copies and the number of different options.
During the research of the necropolis, scientists use modern techniques - geomagnetic research (to search for iron objects and clarify the distribution zone of burials) and photogrammetry (to create a three-dimensional model of burial complexes and clarify their architectural features). Simultaneously with archaeological research, anthropological and osteological research is also being carried out at the necropolis. Samples were taken for radiocarbon dating. All this allows us to obtain additional information and clarify the dating of the monument.
Now scientists are completing excavations in the southeastern section and continuing research in the northwestern section, where earlier burials may be located. After completion of the work, the site will be handed over to the builders, and the excavation materials will be transferred to the Chersonesos Museum-Reserve (Sevastopol).
“During the excavations, more than 200 graves were explored, where at least 300 burials were made. The burial ground is of exceptional interest for studying the culture of the barbarians - the closest neighbors of Chersonesos. The excavations of the Frontovoye-3 burial ground are a vivid example of the successful organization of rescue archaeological research on large new buildings in Crimea, evidence of a responsible attitude to heritage conservation when implementing large projects that create new transport infrastructure,” Vnukov emphasized.
The scientist noted that the research, which began in the spring of 2017, became the largest in the archaeological history of Crimea: an almost 300-kilometer section of the future route was examined and more than 60 historical monuments were discovered, going back 10 thousand years - from the Mesolithic era to the 19th century.
Artifacts found during excavations will make it possible to clarify the history of Crimea during the Roman period and recreate many aspects of the culture of the population of the region at that time.
The Japanese name for Japan, Nihon (日本), consists of two parts - ni (日) and hon (本), both of which are Sinicisms. The first word (日) in modern Chinese is pronounced rì and, as in Japanese, means “sun” (represented in writing by its ideogram). The second word (本) in modern Chinese is pronounced bӗn. Its original meaning is "root", and the ideogram representing it is the ideogram of the tree mù (木) with a dash added at the bottom to indicate the root. From the meaning of “root” the meaning of “origin” developed, and it was in this sense that it entered the name of Japan Nihon (日本) – “origin of the sun” > “land of the rising sun” (modern Chinese rì bӗn). In ancient Chinese, the word bӗn (本) also had the meaning of “scroll, book.” In modern Chinese it is replaced in this sense by the word shū (書), but remains in it as a counting word for books. The Chinese word bӗn (本) was borrowed into Japanese both in the sense of "root, origin" and "scroll, book", and in the form hon (本) means book in modern Japanese. The same Chinese word bӗn (本) meaning “scroll, book” was also borrowed into the ancient Turkic language, where, after adding the Turkic suffix -ig, it acquired the form *küjnig. The Türks brought this word to Europe, where it from the language of the Danube Turkic-speaking Bulgars in the form knig entered the language of the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians and, through Church Slavonic, spread to other Slavic languages, including Russian.
Thus, the Russian word book and the Japanese word hon "book" have a common root of Chinese origin, and the same root is included as a second component in the Japanese name for Japan Nihon.
I hope everything is clear?)))