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The presentation on the topic “Africa in the Middle Ages” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 9 slide(s).
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1.Occupations of the population. 2.Powerful states. 3.East Africa. 4.Art.
LESSON PLAN.
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Why did African states lag behind European countries in their development?
Lesson assignment.
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1.Occupations of the population.
The peoples of Africa developed unevenly. In the center of the continent lived pygmies and bushmen who were engaged in hunting and gathering. The inhabitants of the Sahara raised livestock, and in the oases they cultivated the land, growing millet, rice, cotton, coconut palms, sugar cane and doing crafts.
Berbers are the indigenous people of Northwest Africa.
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Between the rivers of Niger and Sudan, the cities of Tom Buktu, Gao, and Djenne arose. The population was engaged in agriculture and gold mining. Trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Gulf of Guinea passed through Sudan. The Sudanese collected duties from the caravans, and then engaged in trade themselves.
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2.Powerful states.
The most ancient state of Sudan was Ghana. Its kings, having become rich from trading in gold and salt, maintained a large army and conquered their neighbors. The capital of Ghana was a large city with palaces, mosques and markets. In the 11th century, Ghana was captured by the Moroccans. But soon their yoke was thrown off, and the country submitted to Mali. In the 13th century, the ruler of Mali converted to Islam. Warriors began to receive land plots from him, on the terms of collecting taxes from the population. But soon the state weakened
Territory of Mali.
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In the 15th century The Songhai state became stronger. Ali Ber built a powerful river fleet and annexed Djenne and Timbuktu. Having converted to Islam, he built several mosques. Feudal relations developed in Songhai, but in the 16th century the state weakened. As a result of civil strife, the country became easy prey for the Moroccans. On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea there were Benin, Congo and Angola.
Mosque in Djenne.
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3.East Africa.
On the territory of the Horn of Africa in the 4th-5th centuries there was a state of Aksum. It traded with Rome and Byzantium. The nobility of Aksum converted to Christianity. In the 7th century, after the invasion of the Arabs, Aksum fell apart, and Arabs, Indians, and Iranians settled on its territory. East Africa became an important trading center.
African trade routes.
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Africa – the cradle of world civilization
Lesson - presentation in 11th grade The purpose of the lesson: to give a general description of the region, to form an idea of internal differences.
model of communication in a lesson class teacher student
Business card of the region Create a business card of the region, based on your previously acquired knowledge of the mainland
Business card of the region (one of the options) Nile monoculture Sudan the hottest continent pyramids gold, diamonds, platinum Sahara region with the highest birth and death rates pygmy colonies
Geographical warm-up A river that crosses the equator twice? Mountains in the northwest of the mainland? A canal connecting two seas and two regions? The largest island adjacent to the mainland? What natural area do these animals live in?
Stage 1 – EGP, formation of territory, composition of the region (work in pairs) Tasks in rows: 1st row – evaluates the EGP of the region 2nd row – explores the history of the formation of the territory (possibly an advanced task – student’s performance) 3rd row – studies the composition of the region, filling out the diagram: composition of the region according to the EGP by state. order by level of development by area Give examples of countries
Stage 2: formation of ethnological composition Which peoples mainly inhabit the continent?
Features of the modern population of Africa: The complexity of the ethnic composition (300-500 peoples) - the largest Arabs, Hausa, Amhara, Yoruba; More than 1/2 of the population belongs to the Niger-Kordofanian language family, 1/3 to the Afroasiatic family, the population of European origin is slightly more than 1%; High population growth rates, except for South Africa (38‰ - 14‰ = 23‰) – polygamous and early marriages, large families; More than 50% of the population are people under 20 years of age; Multinational states predominate; The rural population predominates (70%). The most urbanized country is South Africa (90%); “Urban Explosion” The population is unevenly distributed; Religions – Islam, Christianity, tribal religions; Migration outflow to Europe, America; Interethnic conflicts (South Africa)
Stage 3 – natural resources and economy (p/w - work with atlases and a textbook, fill out the table): prerequisites for the economic sector
prerequisites industries mineral mining, petrochemistry, metallurgy forest forestry and wood processing agroclimatic and land agriculture, textile, food recreational tourism
Features of the economy of the “dark continent” Backwardness. The reason is the colonial past. The colonial structure of the economy, its features: The predominance of small-scale, low-productivity economy; Poor development of the manufacturing industry; Significant transport backlog; One-sided economic development (monoculture); Limitation of the non-productive sphere to trade and services. The economy is defined by two groups of industries: Mining industry Tropical and subtropical agriculture
Measures to overcome backwardness: Nationalization of natural resources Agrarian reform Economic planning Personnel training
Stage 5 - reflection Algorithm for writing a syncwine: In the first line, the topic is called in one word (noun) In the second line, a description of the topic in two words (adjective) In the third line, a description of the action within the topic (three verbs) The fourth line is a phrase of four words, showing your own attitude to the topic. The fifth line is a repetition of the essence, a one-word synonym.
the continent is ancient, backward, colonized, develops, attracts the Nile - the longest river in Africa
Stage 4 (lesson 2) – internal differences in the region (practical work) – work with the textbook text, atlas Comparison features North Africa West Africa East Africa Central Africa South Africa 1) EGP 2) Characteristics of the population - ethnic composition - urbanization - density 3) Natural resources 4) Agriculture 5) Industry 6) Transport 7) Recreational
Homework: On a contour map, indicate the countries that export mineral raw materials of global importance: oil, copper, iron ore, gold and diamonds; Designate major seaports
History of Africa History of Africa
- The history of Africa begins in prehistoric times with the emergence of the species Homo Sapiens in East Africa. The first evidence of agriculture dates back to the 16th millennium BC. E., metallurgy arose on the continent approximately 4 thousand years BC. e. The first civilizations of the historical era developed in Ancient Egypt, then in Nubia, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa. During the Middle Ages, Islam spread to this region. To the south of the Sahara, the main center of Islamic culture was Timbuktu. Among the significant civilizational formations of the pre-colonial era are Nok, the Mali Empire, the Ashanti Empire, the states of Mapungubwe, Sin, Salum, Baol, Zimbabwe, Congo, ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, the Aksumite kingdom, Ajuran, Adal.
- Africa, especially since the 15th century, was a supplier of slaves for Europeans and Arabs. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the colonization of Africa by European great powers. In the second half of the 20th century. the process of decolonization took place, in which the Soviet Union and the world socialist system it created played an invaluable role
- Researching the history of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, is a difficult task due to the paucity of written sources and often requires reliance on oral translations, historical linguistics, archeology and genetics.
- About 18 thousand years ago, in the hills of the Ethiopian Highlands near the Red Sea, people collected and ate nuts, tubers and herbs. Between 15 and 13 thousand years ago, grain crops were developed. Cereal culture spread to western Asia, where wheat and oats began to be grown. The Neolithic revolution began. Between 12 and 10 thousand years ago, the ability to cultivate wheat and oats and raise sheep and cattle came from Asia to Africa. At that time, the climate was humid and the Ethiopian Highlands were rich in forests. People who spoke Omot languages learned to grow bananas about 8.5-7.5 thousand years ago. About 9 thousand years ago, the donkey was domesticated, and this skill soon spread to South-West Asia. The Cushites began cultivating teff and dagussa.
- In the steppes and savannas of the Sahara, Nilo-Saharan tribes collected and grew millet and sorghum already 10 thousand - 8 thousand years ago. Later they began to cultivate watermelons, pumpkins and cotton. At the same time, livestock was domesticated and pottery arose. Fishing was popular in the many streams and lakes. In western Africa, a humid climate led to the expansion of tropical forests into what is now Senegal and Cameroon. Between 11 and 7 thousand years ago, Niger-Congolese tribes learned to grow oil and raffia palms, as well as some varieties of legumes. Since most of these species grew in forests, the Niger-Congolese invented stone axes to clear them.
- 7 thousand years ago the wet period ended and the Sahara began to dry out. The people who inhabited its territories migrated in all directions, in particular to the Nile Valley. A similarly dry climate developed in East Africa.
Egypt is one of the oldest civilizations that arose in the northeast of the African continent along the lower reaches of the Nile, where today the modern state of Egypt is located. The creation of civilization dates back to the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. the time of the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the rule of the first pharaohs. The name of the country Egypt came to Europe from the ancient Greek language (ancient Greek Αγυπτος, aigyuptos, in Reuchlin’s, at that time the most common reading, éhypnos), where it was the transfer of “Hi-Ku-Pta” (lit. “House of Ka Pta”) Egyptian name for Memphis.
The population of Egypt was made up of local tribes of North and East Africa, which laid the foundation for the ancient Egyptian people. Later, it included newcomers from the tropical part of the continent, most of whom were natives of North-West Africa, who left their lands due to the drying out of the soil. As a result, representatives of various tribal associations mixed in the Nile Valley. This fact has been proven by studies of the anthropological type of the ancient Egyptians. Moreover, this assimilation did not always occur peacefully; in some places it did not happen without clashes, bloody wars and enslavement. Elements of this mixture are found not only in nearby, but also in remote areas of the African continent.
During the period of the slave system, all inhabitants of Ancient Egypt were divided into three main classes: 1) slave owners 2) slaves 3) peasants Slave owners had lands, slaves, tools, herds of livestock, gold. Slaves had nothing and themselves belonged to slave owners. Peasants could have small plots of land, tools, and some livestock.
The main occupation of the population of Ancient Egypt was agriculture and cattle breeding. There were favorable conditions for agriculture in Egypt, since the Nile River fed vast expanses of land with water. But dams and canals were required to retain water on the surface of the earth and distribute it evenly throughout the country. The colossal labor of several generations was spent on creating the structures necessary for artificial irrigation. Even before the formation of the Old Kingdom, agriculture successfully developed in Egypt. During the period of the Old Kingdom, the population began to engage in cattle breeding. Crafts are also developing, although tools are still made from copper and stone. Bronze appears during the Middle Kingdom, but its widespread use occurs in the New Kingdom. Iron products appeared in the New Kingdom.
Pyramid The Egyptian pyramid is the greatest architectural monument of Ancient Egypt, including one of the “seven wonders of the world”, the Pyramid of Cheops. Pyramids are huge pyramid-shaped stone structures that were used as tombs for the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. The word "pyramid" is Greek. According to some researchers, a large pile of wheat became the prototype of the pyramid. According to other scientists, this word comes from the name of a pyramid-shaped funeral cake. A total of 118 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Pyramid of Giza
The Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) is the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day. It is assumed that construction, which lasted twenty years, began around 2560 BC. e. Dozens of Egyptian pyramids are known. On the Giza plateau, the largest of them are the pyramids of Cheops (Khufu), Khafre (Khafre) and Mikerin (Menkaure). The architect of the Great Pyramid is considered to be Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. He also bore the title "Manager of all Pharaoh's construction projects." For more than three thousand years (until the construction of the cathedral in Lincoln, England, around 1300), the pyramid was the tallest building on Earth. Height (today): 138.75 m Angle: 51° 50" Length of the side face (originally): 230.33 m (calculated) or about 440 Royal cubits Length of the side face (now): about 225 m Length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south 230.454 m; north 230.253 m; west 230.357 m; east 230.394 m Base area (originally): m² (5.3 ha) Pyramid area: (originally) m² Perimeter: 922 m Height (today): 138.75 m Angle: 51° 50" Length of the side face (originally): 230.33 m (calculated) or about 440 Royal cubits Length of the side face (now): about 225 m Length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south 230.454 m; north 230.253 m; west 230.357 m; east 230.394 m. Base area (originally): m² (5.3 ha) Pyramid area: (originally) m² Perimeter: 922 m.
For the first time, a permanent army in the form of military settlements began to form in the era of the Old Kingdom. For their service, soldiers received land plots. The main weapon was a simple bow and arrow, equipment could also consist of a mace, a copper battle axe, a spear with a stone tip, a dagger made of stone or copper, a wooden shield covered with leather and a leather helmet. The only branch of ground forces was infantry. The army consisted of militia and Nubian auxiliaries. Already during this period, formations in ranks were used. When storming fortresses, assault ladders were used, and gaps in the walls were made with crowbars. During the campaign, the army was divided into several detachments moving in columns. The main military unit was a unit that had its own banner and consisted of 200 warriors during the 19th dynasty. During the siege, a “turtle” formation was used, when the warriors were covered with shields from above. When stopping on long campaigns, the soldiers set up a camp; the donkeys accompanying the army usually carried their camp luggage.
The ancient Egyptians placed great importance on personal hygiene and appearance. They washed themselves in river waters and used soap in the form of a paste of animal fats and chalk. To maintain cleanliness, men shaved their entire bodies and used perfumes that repelled unpleasant odors and ointments that soothed the skin. Clothing was made from simple bleached lengths of linen, and upper-class men and women wore wigs and jewelry. The Egyptians entertained themselves with music and games, such as the sonnet. Juggling and ball games were popular among children, and evidence of the popularity of wrestling has also been found. Rich people practiced hunting and boating.
Among the achievements of the ancient Egyptians were mining, field surveying and construction techniques used in the construction of monumental pyramids, temples and obelisks; mathematics, practical medicine, irrigation, agriculture, shipbuilding, Egyptian faience, glass technology, new forms in literature and the oldest known peace treaty. Egypt has left a lasting legacy. His art and architecture were widely copied, and his antiquities were exported to all corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imagination of travelers and writers for centuries. New interest in antiquities and archaeological excavations in the 19th century led to the scientific study of Egyptian civilization and a greater understanding of its cultural heritage for world civilization.
"African Agriculture" - Zimbabwe. Egypt. Comoros Islands. Mozambique. Population: Central and Southern regions of Cameroon. Features of economic development. Tunisia. Lesotho. North African Province Territory: Uganda. Territory: South Africa. Swaziland. North Africa. South Africa. Botswana. The traditions of nomads are preserved in the custom of sitting, eating and sleeping on the floor.
“Lesson 7th grade Africa” - Summarize the knowledge gained about the continent. What country are we talking about? 5. Plateau. Egypt. Ethiopian. 8. Ocean. The Republic of the Congo is a state in Africa, a former colonial possession of France. The main population of the country is Arabs. Victoria is a lake in East Africa, in the territory of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Western.
“Features of the geographical location of Africa” - Plan for describing the continent’s FGP. Lesson topic. Climatic zones of Africa. The longest river in the world flows in Africa. Seas and oceans washing Africa. Working in contour maps. Geographical location of the continent of Africa. Geographical location of Africa. Introduction to the mainland FGP. Do the crossword puzzle. Map of the continent's characteristics.
"Africa Geography Lesson" - Product sizes. Transport system of Africa. Africa. The largest country in Africa by population... Choose a direction to study Africa. 4% of world GDP. Libya. Geography of crop and livestock production. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10. Levels and forms of urbanization General conclusion and prospects.
“Continent of Africa” - The continent is washed by the Atlantic and Indian oceans, the Mediterranean and Red seas. Egypt is a country of orange sunsets, enveloping winds with the smell of the desert, the incredible beauty of the underwater kingdom of the Red Sea, the land of pyramids and pharaohs imbued to the roots with the spirit of Africa... Africa is usually divided into three parts: Northern, or Arabian, Tropical (sub-Saharan, located south of the Sahara Desert) and South.
“Geography “Africa” grade 7” - Velvichia is the smallest tree on the planet. Physical education minute. Equatorial Africa before a thunderstorm. The tsetse fly causes sleeping sickness. Endemic - found only in Africa. The Drakensberg Mountains rise in southeast Africa. Optional: Write a story with geographical errors “Journey through Africa.”
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