Сочинения или эссе по английскому языку - одно из основных заданий на экзаменах. Его пишут из года в год в рамках ЕГЭ, и будут писать новые поколения выпускников. По слухам, приближаются большие изменения в аттестации по иностранным языкам: в 2020 году во всех российских школах собираются провести пробный ЕГЭ по китайскому языку. Но эссе по английскому отменять не планируется, поэтому давайте сосредоточимся на его написании в 2018 году.
В англоговорящий странах есть свои аналоги ЕГЭ: в Великобритании это экзамены A-level, в США - SAT и ACT. Испытания не из легких, но вполне выполнимые. Перед тем, как писать эссе по английскому языку, прочтите эту статью - мы постарались сделать ее максимально полезной и практичной. А если пришлось сделать перерыв в изучении английского - непременно .
Структура эссе по английскому языку
Легко ли вам дается написание сочинений? В сожалению, это почти не поможет в написании английского эссе. С другой стороны, это неплохо, ведь вам не придется во что бы то ни стало проявлять творческую оригинальность - гораздо важнее знать и соблюдать правила и критерии написания эссе на английском. А структура, или, проще говоря, план эссе по английскому языку известен:
Заголовок . Название эссе. Напрямую зависит от темы, данной в билете. Заголовок сочинения должен быть кратким, но выразительным и емким. Потренируйтесь, используя темы эссе по английскому за прошлые годы.
Введение . Вступительная часть сочинения, задача которой заключается в кратком описании его сути. Кратко - это обычно от 2 до 4 простых предложений.
Основная часть . Самая объемная и содержательная часть сочинения. Именно здесь раскрываются основные задачи эссе. По основной части оценивается ваша способность раскрыть тему при помощи логичных аргументов. Примерный объем этой части - 2-3 абзаца по 3-4 предложения в каждом.
Заключение . Финал сочинения, в котором нужно сделать выводы, основанные на рассуждениях основной части. Достаточно пары предложений, чтобы подвести итог и красиво закончить текст.
План сочинения - это письменное отражение структуры эссе. Только возле каждого пункта, от 1 до 4, напишите подходящее название этого раздела. А на письме разделяйте структурные части абзацами. Заголовок напишите по центру листа; вступление начните с новой строки; разделите основную часть на 2-3 абзаца по смыслу; заключение изложите в последнем абзаце текста: Например:
(цветные маркеры использованы для наглядности, в экзаменационной работе их не нужно применять).
Темы и виды эссе на английском с примерами
Виды эссе на английском - это, по сути, их стили. Обычно в экзаменационном билете содержится подробное описание задания: тема и стиль сочинения. Существует три возможных стиля, и каждый из них рассмотрим подробно.
Opinion essays, или эссе-мнение.
Основная черта этого текста - повествование от первого лица, в ходе которого вы должны аргументированно защитить свою определенную точку зрения на предмет темы. Главная задача - продемонстрировать собственные мысли и умение их обосновать.
For and against essays, или эссе “за и против”.
Это тот же тип эссе, который на русском языке мы привыкли называть “сочинение-рассуждение”. Его главный признак - наличие аргументов, раскрывающих тему с разных (желательно противоположных) точек зрения. План такой:
Suggesting solutions to problem essays, или решение проблемы.
Самый простой и в то же время сложный тип эссе по английскому. Его задача - проверить ваш словарный запас. Темой такого сочинения становится какая-нибудь глобальная, общеизвестная проблема. Вам нужно рассказать, как можно ее решить и/или как с ней мириться. В плане это выглядит примерно так:
Даже если в экзаменационном задании не будет прямого указания на стиль текста, вы сразу поймете, как писать эссе, в зависимости от темы. Например, к теме про спорт эссе может содержать аргументы за (здоровье) и против (травмы). Тема, касающаяся экологии, будет максимально раскрыта в эссе-решении проблемы.
Речевые клише для эссе на английском
Есть определенные фразы, даже словосочетания, которые помогают написать эссе по английскому. Их первое достоинство заключается в том, что у вас появляются определенные “точки опоры”, ориентиры для построения предложений. А второе - они дают экзаменаторам понять, что вы владеете этими речевыми конструкциями и можете правильно применять их в тексте. Вот примеры основных словесных клише для эссе на английском:
This essay deals with... (Это эссе посвящено...)
This assignment will examine... (В этой работе рассматривается...)
This report will analyse... (В этом отчете проводится анализ...)
First(ly) … second(ly) … third(ly) (Во-первых … во-вторых … в-третьих/первое … второе … третье)
To begin with … then … to conclude (Для начала … затем … наконец)
Owing to/owing to the fact that (Благодаря/благодаря тому, что)
It is believed that... (Полагают, что...)
It cannot be argued that... (Бесспорно).
Старайтесь не повторять одни и те же слова. Будет здорово, если вы сможете обогатить синонимический ряд . Даже если предложения похожи по структуре, используйте синонимы. Например, для противопоставления: but, however, on the other hand, yet; для примеров: for example, that is; для дополнений: similarly, moreover, furthermore, in addition; для перечислений: then, after that, ultimately; в заключение: therefore, consequently, as a result, thus.
И помните - чистая и лаконичная речь всегда предпочтительнее витиеватой и сложной, в которой вы сами запутались. Сначала обдумайте и структурируйте, чтобы точно понять, как написать эссе на английском. Тогда и на бумаге текст получится складным и без ошибок. Удачи на экзамене!
Что за зверь такой «эссе» и, как с ним бороться? Безусловно, лучше всего его приручить. Предлагаем вместе здесь и сейчас разложить все по полочкам и разобраться, как писать эссе. Зачастую, успешно написанное эссе может открыть массу возможностей на пути к реализации нас самих, а вместе с тем и воплощению наших заветных желаний и целей.
Что такое эссе по английскому
Эссе на английском — это разновидность творческой работы, которая имеет произвольную композицию и раскрывает мнение автора на ту или иную проблему социального, культурного или исторического плана. Это не сочинение по английскому, статья, реферат или какое-либо другое произведение творческого жанра. Эссе гордо занимает отдельную лунку в миру публицистики. Давайте сравним его со статьей, сочинением по английскому языку и рефератом. Чтобы получше разобраться, что такое эссе и, почему его нельзя назвать статьей, рефератом и т.д.
Эссе очень похоже с сочинением-рассуждением, однако, основное различие этих жанров в цели написания эссе — сочинение на английском языке всегда имеет вывод, а эссе лишь побуждает читателя задуматься и сделать собственный. В эссе автор лишь рассуждает, поднимает актуальные темы, но не делает заключительный вывод, в отличии от сочинения. Статья действительно очень похожа на эссе, ведь нет определенной структуры, есть актуальная тематика. Однако, статья является произведение журналистики, в отличие от эссе. Именно этот фактор и делает статью единственной и неповторимой в мире публицистического жанра. И чтобы у вас не осталось ни малейшего желания сравнивать эссе с рефератом, давайте рассмотрим последние отличия. В первую очередь, реферат больше в объеме — около 5 страниц, в то время, как эссе занимает чаще всего 1,5 - 2 страницы. Также, в эссе повествование идет от лица автора, а реферат представляет собой доклад на четко определенную тему.
Где пригодится эссе по английскому:
- Для сдачи международного экзамена по английскому языку .
- Для поступления в университет.
- Для приема на работу.
Однако, это не все моменты, где может пригодится эссе. Не секрет, что написание эссе развивает воображение, помогает развить навыки аналитического мышления.
Вывод: хотите развиваться — пишите эссе. Оно занимает крайне важную роль в школе, в университете и даже на работе. Очень важно научиться понимать, как правильно писать эссе на английском, чтобы еще со школьных лет уверенно идти к успеху.
Виды эссе
Существует 3 вида эссе по английскому языку:
- For & Against Essays («За и Против»).
- Points to consider («Проблема и решение»).
- Opinion Essays («Особое мнение»).
For & Against Essays
Эссе «За и Против» - в данном типе эссе основной задачей стоит рассмотреть две существующие точки зрения. Важно объективно оценить обе позиции и выразить свое понимание каждой из сторон.
- Структура:
- 1) Введение (здесь важно охарактеризовать тему, о которой будет идти речь, не выражая свое собственное мнение).
2) Основная часть (здесь важно выразить свое мнение о проблеме, привести примеры и доказательства).
3) Заключение (в данном разделе вы подводе итоги и суммируете все вышеперечисленное. Помните, что в данном типе эссе конкретный вывод делать не следует, можно лишь распределить по двум чашам весом все аргументы).
Важно! Слова I think , I believe , In my opinion , etc. можно употреблять только в заключении , где вы выражаете свою позицию.
Полезные фразы:
При рассмотрении точек зрения (начало эссе):
firstly - во-первых
in the first place - на первом месте
to begin with - начнем с
secondly - во-вторых
finally - в конце концов
Чтобы указать преимущества:
another - другое
an additional advantage of … is … - дополнительное преимущество чего-то есть
the main advantage of … is … - дополнительное преимущество чего-то есть
Чтобы указать недостатки:
a further - следующий
a major disadvantage / drawback of … - основной недостаток
the greatest / most serious / first disadvantage - основной недостаток
another negative side of … - другая негативная сторона этого…
Чтобы представить каждую точку зрения:
one point / argument in favour of … - oдин аргумент в пользу…
one point / argument against … - один аргумент против…
it could be argued that … - существуют споры, что...
При рассуждении:
moreover - более того
in addition - вдобавок
furthermore - кроме того
besides - помимо
apart from - кроме
as well as - так же, как
also - также
both - оба
there is another side to the question … - есть другая сторона этого вопроса…
Для того, чтобы выразить контраст
however - однако
on the other hand - с другой стороны
still - еще
yet - еще
but - но
nevertheless - тем не менее
it may be said / claimed that - говорят, что...
although - хотя
while - в то время, как...
despite / in spite of - несмотря на...
Opinion Essays
«Особое мнение» - в данном типе эссе важно выразить свою позицию относительно той или иной проблемы. Важно приводить примеры, аргументы в пользу вашего мнения, а также выражать свою позицию достаточно прозрачно.
- Структура:
1) Введение (здесь важно указать вопрос, который будет рассматриваться, а также вашу позицию относительно него).
2) Основная часть (важно указать мнения, противоположные вашему, объяснить, почему они имеют право на существование, а также привести аргументы в пользу вашего мнения).
3) Заключение (в данном разделе вы еще раз выражаете свою точку зрения другими словами).
Полезные фразы:
Для того, чтобы выразить собственное мнение:
to my mind ,… - мое мнение
in my opinion / view … - я считаю…
I firmly believe … - я твердо уверен...
I am (not ) convinced that … - я не уверен, что...
I (definitely ) feel / think that … - я определенно считаю, что…
it seems / appears to me … - похоже на то, что…
Points to consider essays
Эссе «Проблема и решения» пишется в формальном стиле. Важно поставить проблему, затем рассмотреть пути ее решения.
- Структура:
1) Введение (здесь вы заявляете о проблеме).
2) Основная часть (важно показать возможные пути решения проблемы и ее последствия).
3) Заключение (в данном разделе вы выражаете свое собственное мнение о решении проблемы).
Полезные фразы:
Чтобы объяснить ситуацию:
because - потому что
due to (the fact that ) - благодаря чему-то
the reason is that - причина в том, что
thus - таким образом
consequently - в результатe
so that ... - таким образом
in order to ... - для того, чтобы
with the purpose of - с целью
intention of (+ing ) - c намерением
Чтобы выразить вероятность:
it can / could / may / might be … - возможно...
it is possible - возможно
unlikely - вряд ли
foreseeable - предвидимо
certain that ... - уверен, что...
the likelihood - вероятность
| It’s generally believed that … | Принято верить, что… |
| Secondly, many people claim that … | Во-вторых, многие заявляют, что… |
| An advantage, of… is … | Преимущество этого в том, что… |
| On the other hand, it is often claimed that… | С другой стороны, всегда заявляют, что… |
| In addition most people would agree that the most serious disadvantage of… is… | Вдобавок, многие согласятся, что самым серьезным недостатком является… |
| Furthermore, it is generally believed that… | Более того, принято считать, что… |
| Taking everything into consideration… | Принимая все во внимание… |
| Although, it must be said that there is no absolute answer to the question of… | Однако, следует сказать, что нет однозначного ответа на этот вопрос... |
| Thus, no one can deny or raise an objection against the fact that … | Таким образом, никто не может отрицать или выражать возражения против факта, что… |
| In the first place, it is my belief that … | Прежде всего, я верю, что… |
| Secondly, what is more efficient… | Во-вторых, что является более рациональным... |
| This can be clearly shown by the fact that … | Это может ясно показать тот факт, что… |
| In contrast, it must be admitted that … | В контрасте, можно добавить, что… |
| Taking everything in account, it must be said that … | Принимая все во внимание, следует сказать, что… |
| People should focus their attention on ways to overcome the problem of … | Людям следует сосредоточиться на путях решения проблемы… |
| As the result… | В результате… |
| Secondly, the alternative way to solve the problem of … would be … | Во-вторых, альтернативным решением проблемы будет… |
| One final suggestion, which would help enormously, is to … | Одно финальное решение, которое непременно поможет… |
| To sum up, there are several measures which could be taken to improve… | Подытожив, есть несколько мер, которые следует принять... |
Правила написания эссе на английском языке
Придерживайтесь структуры. Не забывайте пользоваться черновиком. Делайте себе пометки, очертите план написания эссе на английском, набросайте список всех аргументов прежде, чем начать писать. Важно быть во всеоружии и быть готовым к любой теме.
Лучше всего готовиться к написанию английского эссе заранее, и писать их чем больше, тем лучше. Таким образом, какая бы тема вам не попалась, вы сможете ее развить на основе тех знаний и опыта, которые получили во время подготовки.
Эссе может быть идеально по содержанию, однако, если оно будет содержать грамматические ошибки , все пропало. Обязательно не забудьте проверить свою работу после написания. Желательно сделать это дважды. Вначале с самого начала до конца, а затем в обратном порядке прочесть всю работу. Работу стоит читать в обратном порядке для выявления ошибок в словах.
Обязательно соблюдайте стиль одного из трех типов эссе во всей работе. В эссе важно соблюдать конкретику, но не следует делать его слишком кратким. Чаще всего эссе состоит из 180-320 слов, в зависимости от цели написания. Не забывайте про linking words. Они показывают грамотность автора. Пользуйтесь цитатами, которые подтвердят то или иное мнение.
Важно! Количество слов в эссе по английскому обычно колеблется от 180 до 320 слов.
Можем сделать вывод, эссе — не так страшно, как может показаться на первый взгляд. Главное — подготовка. Даже прочитав всего лишь эту статью, Вы уже овладеете достаточной информацией, чтобы понимать, как писать эссе на английском. Дело за малым — практика. Пишите, как можно больше эссе, вдохновляйтесь, чтобы написать эссе по английскому на тему незнакомую для вас, будь то спасение животных или же тенденции мирового искусства.
Английский по Скайпу — подготовка к эссе
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Эссе по иностранному языку требует качественного содержания и хорошей организационной структуры, а также грамотного языкового оформления.
Является одним из самых проблемных заданий при сдаче единого государственного экзамена. По сложности конкуренцию ему может составлять только аудирование. Поэтому тренировка в составлении эссе должна быть особенно усиленной и интенсивной.
С 2012 года время, выделенное на весь экзамен по иностранным языкам, увеличено до 180 минут. Так как остальные задания экзамена не были изменены, мы рекомендуем вам потратить дополнительное время именно на письменную часть (80 минут). Более того, уточняется план к заданиям, что может облегчить задачу в написании.
In my opinion, cars should not be allowed into the city centers as they add to pollution and poison the air we breathe. We must also think about the people who live in the center and suffer from the noise made by cars. Moreover, the streets in the center are usually narrow therefore people are often stuck in traffic for many hours and, as a result, arrive late at their destination. Final-ly, with ho cars in city centers, there would be no need for large ugly car parks, which would allow more space for parks. However, many people believe we would not be able to survive without cars because most of the products for shops and other businesses are transported by cars. Besides, they are afraid that public transport would be overloaded. I am sure it is possible to solve these problems by introducing a reliable high frequency tram service as well as developing the underground. As for goods, we could use electric vehicles for their delivery.
To sum up, I believe that a clean, reliable and environmentally friendly public service would encourage people to use public transport and help smooth the transition to a car-free zone.
Изучение иностранного языка – лучшее, что может быть, изучать его в стране, где на нем разговаривают. Согласны ли вы
Nowadays people spend lots of money in order to go to an English-speaking country to improve their language skills. But is it really the most effective way of learning a language? In my view, studying in a foreign country has certain drawbacks. Firstly, this way is very expensive as the tuition fee for overseas students is rather high. Besides, when you study abroad, you have to adapt to a very different way of life, which can be quite stressful. What is more, English teachers do not speak Russian so if you don’t know English well, you will not understand their explanation.
It is often assumed that it is better to study a language abroad because you can always use it speaking with native speakers. However, I doubt that we will have lots of opportunities to speak abroad as we do not know many people there. It is also believed that Russian teachers are not as qualified as those in England. I totally disagree with this opinion because Russian teachers can compare two languages and explain grammar rules better.
To sum up, I would argue that the best way to learn a language is to study it in your native country because you can always get the necessary help from your teachers. Moreover, today we have lots of opportunities to improve our skills such as communicating with English pen-friends over the Internet. I think that we should travel abroad so as to practise a language but not to study it.
Иностранные языки. Сейчас в школах изучают по 2-3 языка. За и против
Most people understand that without knowledge of foreign languages it is difficult to survive in the modern world. Therefore they send their children to schools where they can study two or even three foreign languages. However, is it good to study several languages simultaneously? On the one hand, foreign languages are the main part of our culture so they help us to expand our outlook. We cannot broaden our minds if we see the world only from the perspective of our own culture. In addition, learning languages is a good exercise for the intellect. Moreover, if pupils know at least one foreign language, they learn new languages much faster. On the other hand, many pupils find it confusing to learn two or three languages at a time, especially languages that are similar, because children usually mix up lots of words. Besides, some languages are tricky enough to learn. For example, in English there are more exceptions than rules. In this case, children can be overloaded with homework. More than that, some pupils do not know their native language well and learning several foreign languages could prevent them from mastering their own language.
In conclusion, I want to say that learning languages is extremely beneficial and I would like to know different foreign languages. However, I believe children should not learn too many languages at the same time so as not to get confused. They ought to get a solid base in one language before they start learning a new one. 16. Интернет. За и против We live in the age of information technology and nowadays the Internet is nearly as common as the telephone. No doubt that it is a unique invention, which has influenced all areas of our lives. However, some people consider the Internet one of the greatest evils of our time. On the one hand, the Internet is very useful, because it lets us access a world of facts, figures and knowledge. In addition, with the Internet, it is now possible to speak to friends and relatives any-where in the world cheaply and quickly. Other services are also available through the Internet such as booking tickets or buying things. Moreover, the Internet allows a lot of talented people to show the world their achievements and makes it easier to find a job. On the other hand, the Internet can become a disaster for our society, because people spend hours in front of their computers and neglect their everyday duties. Another worry is the activities of cybercriminals. For example, hackers can steal your money or even your property while cyberterrorists may ‘attack’ the world’s computers, causing chaos, and making planes and trains crash. What is more, leaders of different terrorist or oppositional organizations can use the Internet to find new followers.
In conclusion, I strongly believe that despite the criticisms by some and the fears of others, the Internet seems to have changed our world to the better and we must try to make the best use of it.
Клонирование. За и против
Recent advances in genetic biology have led us to quite a doubtful situation. People all over the world argue whether human cloning research should be controlled by the government as solving problems connected with human cloning is definitely not a piece of cake. In my opinion, human cloning experiments are extremely dangerous because there are huge risks of abnormalities in human clones. Moreover, if clones have been made, they will obviously have serious psychological problems connected with their unusual birth. Finally, there is no doubt that human cloning will change our perception of what is the value of a human life as we might change from having children to manufacturing them. However, scientists claim that human cloning could be very beneficial as therapeutic cloning could provide stem cells for regenerative medicine and tissues for transplantation. Besides, re-productive cloning will probably give parents who are both infertile an opportunity to have children. I am afraid that this technology is not safe enough to use on humans. It is also possible that clones will age quicker since the cell used in the cloning procedure has already been used in a real life individual.
To sum up, we must question whether human cloning is really worth it when weighed against the problems it raises. From my point of view, human reproductive cloning should be under the tight control of the government and the UN because it is dangerous to interfere with nature and the consequences can be really disastrous.
Книги или компьютеры. Кто победит в будущем
The latest advances in information technology make people think that schools of the future will use computers instead of printed books. Although electronic books have not been widely accepted yet, they have certain advantages over traditional paper volumes. But will they be able to replace printed books? In my opinion, students will be widely using computers for studying in the future. To begin with, computers can store lots of books in their memory and modern software allows us to find quickly the necessary information. Besides, with the interactive programs on computers studying will be much more exciting. What is more, electronic books will not degrade overtime like their printed counterparts. On the other hand, lots of disbelievers argue that computers will not replace printed books because a printed book is better for human eyes than a computer screen. In addition, books are cheaper and easier to use since they do not need electricity or the Internet connection. I cannot agree with this because modern computer screens emit no radiation and allow us to read even in low light conditions. Of course we will have to pay for electricity but I think it will be cheaper than to pay for printed books, which are very expensive nowadays.
To sum up, I think computers and printed books will peacefully coexist for years to come, but in the future technological progress will make it possible for students to carry laptops or even palmtops instead of traditional bags with lots of heavy books.
Компьютерные игры. За и против
People have always had different hobbies but technological progress has caused the appearance of computers and computer games, which can keep a child occupied for hours. However, adults consider computer games a complete waste of time. As for me, I believe computer games are more than mindless entertainment. To begin with, computer games can teach people to achieve their aims as they regularly put obstacles and traps in the way of players which are necessary to overcome in order to progress through the rest of the game. Additionally, computer games can be a valuable source of accidental learning that can be applied to school, home, and social events. Moreover, teachers have also started to appreciate educational games as an opportunity to make their lessons more exciting. Nevertheless, quite a few people are against this activity as they find it rather addictive and harmful for children’s health. They argue that computer games make students neglect their school work. However, if we learn to control our computer use and play games for an hour just to relax after a hard day at school, this will not do us any harm. What is more, modern technology made it possible to eliminate the bad effect of computers on our eyes.
To sum up, I believe that computer games have more advantages than drawbacks. They make us persistent, develop our logical reasoning and help us to escape from everyday problems. The thing is to find a right balance between virtual reality and everyday reality.
Космос. За и против исследований в космосе
Space exploration can mean a major leap for mankind. However, it is often criticized because the price for these space experiments is too high, especially while poverty still exists in many parts of the world. On the one hand, space research is extremely beneficial as it advances technology. As a result of this work, we have lots of inventions, which have made our lives much more comfortable. In addition, through the exploration of space, we could find new elements, minerals or even discover new laws of physics and eventually learn more about ourselves. What is more, space exploration will allow us to establish a human civilization on another planet as a hedge against the catastrophe that might occur on the Earth. On the other hand, the benefits of space exploration are not self-evident, no matter how real they are. It costs billions of dollars to fund the projects of space science whereas this money should rather be spent on meeting the needs of the underprivileged. Besides, some of the technology we develop through space science can be used in a destructive manner if it is in the wrong hands. Finally, a travel to space can be dangerous as we may discover something that is extremely harmful for the living beings on Earth.
To conclude, I want to say that space exploration satisfies the human desire for adventure therefore most people are interested in space research. Nevertheless, I believe our governments should find the right balance between social and space programs.
Формат и правила написания сочинения “expressing opinion”
Сочинение “expressing opinion” пишется в формальном (деловом) стиле.
В данном типе сочинения требуется выразить свою точку зрения на заданную тему, а так же привести противоположные вашей точки зрения других людей и объяснить, почему вы с ними не согласны. Ваше мнение должно быть четко сформулировано и подкреплено примерами или доказательствами.
Объем сочинения 200-250 слов (минимум 180 слов, максимум 275)
В сочинении должны активно использоваться конструкции типа «In my opinion», «I think», «I believe»
Необходимо использование вводных слов и конструкций типа “On the one hand, on the other hand”…, слов - связок (Nevertheless, Moreover, Despite…)
Запрещается использование сокращения, типа “I’m”, “they’re” “don’t”, “can’t” (иначе будет снижен балл за организацию сочинения)
Сочинение“expressing opinion” имеет строгую структуру, изменение которой при написании сочинения приведет к снижению балла. Сочинение “expressing opinion” состоит из 4-х абзацев:
1) Introduction (вступление)
Во вступлении необходимо четко сформулировать тему-проблему, указав, что существуют две противоположные точки зрения на проблему (Some people claim that mobile phones are very useful devices while others argue that life could be less stressful without them.) и высказать свое мнение, не используя слишком много личных конструкций
Однако первое предложение не должно слово в слово повторять заданную тему сочинения. Рекомендуемое окончание первого абзаца: Now I would like to express my point of view on the problem of …
2) Основная часть
1 абзац.
Привести 2-3 аргумента, подтверждающих вашу точку зрения, подкрепляя их примерами или доказательствами.
Во втором абзаце вы должны придерживаться только ОДНОЙ точки зрения, например: Mobile phones in my opinion are very useful devices. ИЛИ I consider the mobile phone to be a harmful and useless invention.
Необходимо привести 2-3 аргумента с доказательствами в поддержку собственного мнения
2 абзац.
Привести противоположные точки зрения (1-2), и объяснить, почему вы с ними НЕ согласны. Пример: However, some people think that mobile phones not only keep you in touch with your relatives and friends but also provide you with a great number of facilities. I can’t agree with this statement because…
Ваши контраргументы мнению других людей не должны повторять 2ой абзац.
3) Conclusion (заключение)
Необходимо сделать вывод, обратившись к заданной в 1-м параграфе теме, что существуют 2 точки зрения на проблему, а также подтвердить собственную точку зрения.
Например: «There are different points of view on this problem. I think that…» или «Taking everything into consideration, there are two different points of view on this problem. I believe that…
Useful vocabulary for composition"expressing opinion"
1 абзац Вводные фразы
- It is popularly believed that….
- People often claim that... Some people argue that…
- A lot of people think that…
- It is often suggested /believed that…
- Many people are in favour of idea that... Many people are convinced that...
- Some people are against…
2 абзац. Фразы, выражающие свою точку зрения:
- I would like to explain my point of view on this situation.
- I would like to express my opinion on this problem.
Фразы, характеризующие преимущества обсуждаемой проблемы:
- As already stated I’m in favor of… for a number of reasons…
- There are many things to be said in favour of…
- The best/ thing about……. is…
Фразы, перечисляющие точки зрения:
- Firstly, /First of all….
- In the first place
- To start with, / To begin with,
- Secondly, Thirdly, Finally,
- Last but not least,
Фразы, добавляющие новые аргументы:
- Furthermore, /Moreover, /What is more,
- As well as…. /In addition to this/that…
- Besides, /…….also….
- Not only…., but…… as well.
- Apart from this/that….
- not to mention the fact that
3 абзац.
- Some people believe that… however they fail to understand that…
- they fail to consider that… they forget that…
- Some people argue that …. I can not agree with it as …
- I disagree with this point of view (statement, opinion) because …
- It has become fashionable for some people to argue that…
- Contrary to what most people believe, I think that…
- As opposed to the above ideas…I believe that…
4 абзац. Заключительные фразы:
- In conclusion,
- On the whole,
- To conclude,
- To sum up,
- All in all,
- All things considered
- Finally,
- Lastly,
- Taking everything into account,
- Taking everything into consideration
Выражение личного мнения:
- In my opinion this subject is very controversial
- In my view…
- To my mind…
- To my way of thinking…
- Personally I believe that…
- I feel strongly that…
- It seems to me that…
- As far as I am concerned…
Критерии оценивания выполнения заданий С2
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Решение коммуникативной задачи (СОДЕРЖАНИЕ) |
ОРГАЗАЦИЯ текста |
Грамматика |
Орфография и пунктуация |
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Задание выполнено полностью: содержание отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании; стилевое оформление речи выбрано правильно с учетом цели высказывания и адресата; соблюдены принятые в языке нормы вежливости. |
Высказывание логично: средства логической связи выбраны правильно; текст разделен на абзацы; формат высказывания выбран правильно |
Используемый словарный запас соответствует поставленной задаче; практически нет нарушений в использовании лексики. (1-2 ошибки) |
Используются грамматические структуры в соответствии с поставленной задачей. Практически отсутствуют ошибки. (1-2 ошибки) |
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Задание выполнено: некоторые аспекты, указанные в задании раскрыты не полностью; имеются отдельные нарушения стилевого оформления речи; в основном соблюдены принятые в языке нормы вежливости |
Высказывание в основном логично; имеются отдельные недостатки при использовании средств логической связи; имеются отдельные недостатки при делении текста на абзацы; имеются отдельные нарушения формата высказывания |
Используемый словарный запас соответствует поставленной задаче, однако встречаются отдельные неточности в употреблении слов либо словарный запас ограничен. Но лексика использована правильно (3-7 ошибок) |
Имеется ряд грамматических ошибок, не затрудняющих понимание текста (3-7 ошибок) |
Орфографические ошибки практически отсутствуют. Текст разделен на предложения с правильным пунктуационным оформлением (1-2 ошибки) |
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Задание выполнено не полностью: содержание не отражает все аспекты, указанные в задании; часто встречаются нарушения стилевого оформления; в основном не соблюдаются принятые в языке нормы вежливости |
Высказывание не всегда логично: имеются недостатки или ошибки в использовании средств логической связи, их выбор ограничен; деление текста на абзацы нелогично или отсутствует; имеются многочисленные ошибки в формате высказывания |
Использован неоправданно ограниченный словарный запас; часто встречаются нарушения в использовании лексики, некоторые из которых могут затруднять понимание текста |
Либо часто встречаются ошибки элементарного уровня, либо ошибки немногочисленны, но затрудняют понимание текста (8-12 ошибок) |
Имеется ряд орфографических или пунктуационных ошибок, которые значительно затрудняют понимание текста (3-10 ошибок) |
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Задание не выполнено: содержание не отражает те аспекты, которые указаны в задании, или не соответствует требуемому объему (200- 250 слов) Примечание: минимальное количество слов – 180, максимальное 275. Если в сочинении 179 слов – «0» за содержание, если слов более 276, то проверяется только 250 слов от начала. |
Отсутствует логика в построении высказывания; формат высказывания не соблюдается |
Крайне ограниченный словарный запас не позволяет выполнить поставленную задачу (нельзя ставить, если нет «0» за содержание) |
Грамматические правила не соблюдаются (более 12 ошибок) |
Правила орфографии и пунктуации не соблюдаются Более 10 ошибок |
Образец сочинения
Many cities in Europe do everything to promote bicycles as an ecologically clean type of transportation; however the governor of St. Petersburg signed a decree according to which bicycles will not be allowed in the city centre.
Do you agree that bicycles should be banned in the centre of St. Petersburg?
Write 200-250 words
Use the following plan:
1. Introduction. (State the problem)
2. Express your opinion and give reasons for it.
3. Give other people"s arguments and explain why they are wrong.
4. Make a conclusion
In European cities people ride bicycles a lot because they are aware that bikes help to save fuel and reduce pollution in cities. However, the governor of Saint-Petersburg decided to ban bicycles in the city centre and I fully agree with it. I would like to explain my point of view on it.
In my opinion, the governor is absolutely right. In the first place, our roads are not adapted for biking as in Europe; they are too narrow and there are no separate lanes for bicycles. Moreover, bikes do not help the traffic situation but even sometimes make it worse as bicyclists often break traffic rules and cause accidents. In addition, the weather in St. Petersburg is not good for bicycle commuting. In winter roads are covered with ice, in autumn and in spring rains are frequent and roads are wet, so it is very difficult for cyclists to move.
On the other hand, some say that bikes are undoubtedly useful for our health, I can not agree with it completely as there are a lot of road accidents where cyclists are injured. Some people may argue that bikes are ecologically clean, but you can also put special purifying facilities on cars which are faster and more comfortable as transport.
To sum up, there are different points of view on this problem. I believe that bicycles should be banned in the city centre where streets are not specially created for them. As I see it, a bike is a kind of transport for short trips in the countryside.
ЕГЭ по английскому. Письмо. Задание С2. Видеоурок.
ПРИМЕРНЫЕ ТЕМЫ ЭССЕ В КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЙ ВЕРСИИ TOEFL .
Topics in the following list may appear in your actual
test. You should become familiar with this list before
you take the computer-based TOEFL test. Remember
that when you take the test you will not have a choice
of topics. You must write only on the topic that is
assigned to you.
People attend college or university for many different reasons (for
example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge).
Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific
reasons and
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are
the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support
your answer.
Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved
the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in
books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience
with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source
is more important? Why?
A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near
your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new
influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory?
Explain your position.
If you could change one important thing about your hometown,
what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to
support your answer.
How do movies or television influence people’s behavior? Use reasons
and specific examples to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television
has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use
specific reasons and
Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big
city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and
details to support your answer.
“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has
nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the
quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your
position.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities
should give the same amount of money to their students’ sports activities
as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your opinion.
Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why
do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people
prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use
specific
Some people believe that university students should be required to
attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be
optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use
specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the
qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your
It has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built
in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why?
Use specific reasons
Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a
teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do
you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.
What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use
specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are
important.
Should governments spend more money on improving roads and
highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public
transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and
details to develop your essay.
It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big
city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to
develop your essay.
In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this
phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of
people. In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of
a co-worker (someone you work closely with)? Use reasons and
specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important.
In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do
you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific
reasons and details.
A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What
do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your
town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your
It has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built
in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use
It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be
built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should
sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television,
newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to
the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and
celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human
activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to
live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support
your answer.
It has recently been announced that a new high school may be built
in your community. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use
specific reasons and details in your answer.
Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number
of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community,
or even climate. Which do you prefer: staying in one place or moving in
search of another place? Use reasons and specific examples to support
your opinion.
Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to
save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons
You have received a gift of money. The money is enough to buy either a
piece of jewelry you like or tickets to a concert you want to attend. Which
would you buy? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. Do you agree
or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a live
performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more
enjoyable than watching the same event on television. Use specific reasons
and examples to support your opinion.
Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why
you think it has changed people’s lives.
automobiles
bicycles
airplanes
Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific
reasons and examples to support your answer.
Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the
present. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the help of
technology, students nowadays can learn more information and learn it
more quickly. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
The expression “Never, never give up” means to keep trying and
never stop working for your goals. Do you agree or disagree with this
statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry
are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you
agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific
reasons and examples to support your answer.
What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be
successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific
Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other
dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
Some people like to travel with a companion. Other people prefer to
travel alone. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and
Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day’s
work. Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night.
Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
What are the important qualities of a good son or daughter? Have
these qualities changed or remained the same over time in your
culture? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work
for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and
details to support your choice.
People work because they need money to live. What are some other
reasons that people work? Discuss one or more of these reasons. Use
specific examples and details to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face
communication is better than other types of communication, such as
letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to
support your answer.
Some people like to do only what they already do well. Other people
prefer to try new things and take risks. Which do you prefer? Use
specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risks or
chances. Others believe that success results from careful planning. In your
opinion, what does success come from? Use specific reasons and examples
to support your answer.
What change would make your hometown more appealing to people
your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
opinion.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most
important aspect of a job is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons
and examples to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should
never judge a person by external appearances. Use specific reasons
and details to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person should
never make an important decision alone. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.
A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or
to protect the environment. Which do you think the company should
choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other
movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of
movie do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses
should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons
and examples to support your position.
Some people are always in a hurry to go places and get things done. Other
people prefer to take their time and live life at a slower pace. Which do
you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Games are
as important for adults as they are for children. Use specific reasons
and examples to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other
adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18
year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support
your opinion.
What do you want most in a friend - someone who is intelligent, or
someone who has a sense of humor, or someone who is reliable?
Which one of these characteristics is most important to you? Use
reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most experiences
in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for
the future. Use reasons and specific examples to support our answer.
Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business.
Others prefer to work for an employer. Would you rather be selfemployed,
work for someone else, or own a business? Use specific
reasons to explain your choice.
Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and
replace them with modern buildings? Use specific reasons and examples to
support your opinion.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates
are a more important influence than parents on a child’s success in
school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
If you were an employer, which kind of worker would you prefer to hire:
an inexperienced worker at a lower salary or an experienced worker at a
higher salary? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think
that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons
and details to support your answer.
If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to
study, what would you choose? Explain your choice, using specific reasons
and details.
Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life.
Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What
is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would
give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with
shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends?
Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades
(marks) encourage students to learn. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your opinion.
Some people say that computers have made life easier and more
convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex
and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way
to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.
Some universities require students to take classes in many subjects. Other
universities require students to specialize in one subject. Which is better?
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children
should begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Boys and girls
should attend separate schools. Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.
Is it more important to be able to work with a group of people on a
team or to work independently? Use reasons and specific examples to
support your answer.
Your city has decided to build a statue or monument to honor a famous
person in your country. Who would you choose? Use reasons and specific
examples to support your choice.
Describe a custom from your country that you would like people
from other countries to adopt. Explain your choice, using specific
reasons and examples.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has
made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to
support your opinion.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising
can tell you a lot about a country. Use specific reasons and examples
to support your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Modern
technology is creating a single world culture. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your opinion.
Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of
valuable information. Others think access to so much information
creates problems. Which view do you agree with? Use specific
A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country. Where
should this visitor go on that day? Why? Use specific reasons and details
to support your choice.
If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and
where would you go? Why? Use specific reasons and details to
support your choice.
What discovery in the last 100 years has been most beneficial for people
in your country? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones
and email have made communication between people less
personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your
opinion.
If you could travel back in time to meet a famous person from history,
what person would you like to meet? Use specific reasons and examples
to support your choice.
If you could meet a famous entertainer or athlete, who would that
be, and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
If you could ask a famous person one question, what would you ask?
Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
Some people prefer to live in places that have the same weather or
climate all year long. Others like to live in areas where the weather
changes several times a year. Which do you prefer? Use specific
reasons and examples to support your choice.
Many students have to live with roommates while going to school or
university. What are some of the important qualities of a good
roommate? Use specific reasons and examples to explain why these
qualities are important.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Dancing
plays an important role in a culture. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.
Some people think governments should spend as much money as
possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the Moon and to
other planets). Other people disagree and think governments should
spend this money for our basic needs on Earth. Which of these two
opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support
your answer.
People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of
modern life. Some read; some exercise; others work in their
gardens. What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress?
Use specific details and examples in your answer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should
be paid according to how much their students learn. Give specific
reasons and examples to support your opinion.
If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to
an international exhibition, what would you choose? Why? Use
specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be
shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a
student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own
roommate? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
Some people think that governments should spend as much money
as possible on developing or buying computer technology. Other
people disagree and think that this money should be spent on more
basic needs. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use
specific reasons and details to support your answer.