UPANGA WA OILPMBECHJU ZHNYMIC
PRHVMYLPCHBOP "yYYUFPTYY FUCKING." n., yЪD-PE yULKHUUFChP, 1993.
chNEUFP CHCHEDEOYS
pZTPNOSHCHK LPOFYEOF, PNSCHCHBENSCHK FTENS PLEBOBNY, bFMBOFYUEULYN - U ЪBRBDB, fYIYN - U CHPUFPLB YYODYKULIN - U AZB, YЪDBCHOB OBUEMEO OBTPDBNY, ChPYEDYFPYNYYTYACHY. pDOBLP bFB PZTPNOBS FETTYFPTYS OKHTsDBEFUS CH TBKPOYTPCHBOYY, LBL CH RTPUFTBOUFCHEOOPN, FBL Y PE CHTENEOOPN. Obtpdsh fp chpkoilbmy, fp yuyueebbmy juu ya fuyi oepvyasfoschi rtpuftboufchbi, upfbchmss prtedemoooosch zEpztbjyulye gempufopufy, fbl lbl rtytdOSHys yUSHOSTY TE Vshmy oepdoblpcchny.
fBL, ATSOSCHK RPMKHPUFTPC YODPUFBO PZTBOYUEO PF RTPYYI TBKOPCH BYYY CHSHCHUPLYNY ZPTBNY ZYNBMBSNY, RHUFSCHOSNY VEMKHDTSYUFBOB Y ZHUFSHCHNY DTSKHOZMSNY, PFDEMSAEYNY VYTNMYBYNY X. tSDPN U YODYEK TBURPMBZBMBUSH UFTBOB, OBSCHCHBENBS bZHTBYS. fP UTEDYENOPNPTULYK VBUUEKO, CHLMAYUBAEIK CH UEVS vMYTSOYK chPUFPL Y bZhTYLKH UECHETOEE UBIBTSHCH. OBTPDSH, OBUEMSCHYE bZhTBYA, CHUEZDB RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK PUPVKHA GEMPUFOPUFSH, UCHSBOOKHA LHMSHFKHTOSHNY, LLPOPNYUEULYYY RPMYFYUEULYYUCHSNYY. yOPZDB LFB GEMPUFOPUFSH ЪBICHBFSHCHBMB ATSOHA YUBUFSH echTPREKULPZP RPMKHPUFTPCHB - YURBOYA, B YOPZDB PFUFKHRBMB KUHUSU AZP-CHPUFPL PF UTEDYENOPZP NPTS.
TSDPN U bZHTBIYEK TBURPMBZBMUS eChTPREKULYK RPMHPUFTPC LFPPZP CHEMYLPZP LPOFYEOFB: UFTBOB CHMBTSOBS Y FERMBBS, PZTBOYUEOOBS U CHPUFPLB CHOKHOFEOOEK YUBUFBSHA LPOFYE. zTBOYGB NETSDH OYNY RTPMEZBMB RP BFNPUZHETE. lFP YЪPFETNB SOCHBTS, LPFPTBS KUHUSU ЪBRBD RPMPTSYFEMSHOBS, B KUHUSU CHPUFPLE PFTYGBFEMSHOBS. rTYOSFP ЪBRBDOCHA YUBUFSH OBSHCHBFSH echTPRPK, B CHPUFPYUOKHA echtbyek. chPUFPYUOBS YUBUFSH CH LMYNBFYUEULPN PFOPYEOYY IBTBLFETOB UKhTPCHSHNY JINBNY, BUKHYMYCHSHNY UFERSNY Y NPOPFPOOSCHN MBODYBZhFPN: KUHUSU UHASIBU - MEUOSCHN, B KUHUSU ACHN - UFERO. uIPDUFChP MBODYBZHFPCH PRTEDEMSMP IBTBLFET OBTPDPC, OBUEMSCHIYI FH PVMBUFSH, CH LPFPTPK OSHOE TBURPMBZBAFUS tPUUYS, nPOZPMYS Y TBKPO PBYUPCH - UTEDOSS BYYS. l CHPUFPLKH PF ECHTBYKULPK UFERY METSYF AZP-CHPUFPYUOSCHK RPMKHPUFTPC LPOFYEOFB - NHUUPOOBS PVMBUFSH, OBSCHCHBENBS LYFBEN. ECHTBYEK CH YUFPTYLP-LHMSHFHTOPN UNSHUME FETNYOB NSCH UYYFBEN FPMSHLP FH YUBUFSH LPOFYEOFB, LPFPTBS METSYF NETSDH LYFBEN, ZPTOSCHNY GERSNY fYVEFB Y ЪBRBDOSCHN RPPMhCPhRPhPhPhPh.
dPMZPE CHTENS HYUEOSCHE-ECHTPRPGEOFTYUFSHCH, LBL Y LIFBEGEOFTYUFSHCH, UYYFBMY GEOFTBMSHOHA ("CHSHCHUPLHA") BYYA ZTBOYGEK pKLHNEOSCH Y OE RTYDBCHBMY OBTPDBN, EBULI, EBUNKH, EBUNKH PMBN Y TKHUULYN, - UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPZP OBYUEOYS. hTSD CHETOP YANGU YA LFP. rP UKHEEUFCHH, OBTPDSH, PVYFBCHYE ЪDEUSH, YZTBMY UCHPA TPMSH CH UFBOPCHMEOYY LHMSHFHTSCH Y RTPPHYCHPUFPSOY chPUFPLB Y ъBRBDB. imba UPUFBCHMSMY LBL VSH PUPVSHCHK TEZYPO CH LHMSHFKHTOPK YUFPTYY YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB, OE NEOEE CHBTSOSHCHK, YUEN LYFBKULIK Y ECHTPREKULIK. FP, YuFP POY ЪBOINBMYUSH VPMSHYE ULPFPCHPDUFCHPN, OETSEMY ENMEDEMYEN, OE NEYBMP TBCHYFYA YI YULHUUFCHB KUHUSU BMFBE, CH DPMYOBY CHEMYLI TEL: chPMZY, dPOB, USDYUKHDB, USDYUKHDB, USD CH RTEDZPTSSI FSOSH-YBOS. bFY OBTPDSCH U FPZP NPNEOFB, LBL SING CHPYMY CH YUFPTYA, UPUFBCHMSMY UBNPUFSPFEMSHOSHCHK TEZYPO TBCHYFYS YULHUUFCHB, YDEMPZYY, LLPOPNYYLY. y EUMY DP UYI RPT eChTPRB OE UFBMB YUBUFSHA lYFBS, YuFP NPZMP UMHYYFSHUS CH I Ch. (FBOULBS BZTEUUYS), FP LFP ЪBUMHZB IHOOPCH, FATPL, NPOZPMPCH Y TKHUULYI, CHUEZDB UFTENYCHYIUS L PVAEDYOEOYA DMS ЪBEIFSHUEVS PF YOPUFTBOOSCHI PLLHRBOFPCH. LFP OBYUBMPUSH ЪB FSCUSYUKH MEF DP OBYEK TBSH.
KUHUSU THVETS IX VIII PHR. DP O.b. CH UFERSI GEOFTBMSHOPK BYYY UMPTSYMUS LPNRMELU LPYUECHSHCHI LFOPUPCH, CH LPFTPPN CHEDHEHA TPMSH YZTBMY IKHOOSCH, OP LHDB CHIPDAYMY DYOMYOSCH, DHOIKH (RTEDLY USOSHVYCHYCHHCH). NDP Y LHOSHMHOS. bFB UKHRETFOYUEULBS GEMPUFOPUFSH OBIPDIMBUSH H PRRPYGYY DTECHOENKH LYFBA Y YTBOPSCHYUOPNH FKHTBOKH (AEYUTSBN). RETCHSHCHE RSFSHUPF MEF, DP 209 Z. DP O.B., YUFPTYS LPYUECHOILPC RYUSHNEOOOSCHNY YUFPYUOILBNY OE PUCHEEOB, OP UPZMBUOP OBYEK NPDEMY KUHUSU LFPF RETIP YUFPBULFI RJPOBZE EB Y OBYUBMP ZHBSHCH BLNBFYUEULPK. lPOEG LFPC ZHBSH YJCHEUFEO U DPUFBFPYUOPK UFEREOSHA RPDTPVOPUFY. vPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH UYM IKHOOSCH FTBFYMY KUHUSU PFTBTSEOYE IBOSHULPK BZTEUUYY, VMBZPDBTS YUENKH UNPZMY KHDETSBFSH OEBCHYUINPUFSH Y GEMPUFOPUFSH DETSBCHSHCH DP LPOGB I P.O. TBZTPNMEOOSH USOSHVYKGBNY CH 93 Z., IKHOOSCH TBULPMMYUSH KUHUSU YUEFSHCHTE CHEFCHY, J LPFPTSCHI PDOB RETENEYBMBUSH USOSHVYKGBNY, CHFPTBS PUEMB CH UENYHSPHMB CH UENYHSTEYUSHE, TFKHMB YFBK Y FBN RPZYVMB.
rP RTYOSFPK OBNY FETNYOPMPZYY, LRPIB II-V CHCH. DMS CHUEI LFOPUPCH, CHIPDICHYI CH "IHOOULYK" UKHRETFOPU, VSHMB ZHBPK HRBDLB, RPUME LPFPTPK PUFBMYUSH OELPFPTSHCHE TEMYLFSHCH, OP IPD LFOPZEOEB RTECHBMUS.
chFPTK RPDYAEN YNEM NEUFP CH UETEDYOE VI CH TEHMSHFBFPN EZP VSHMP UPJDBOYE FATLULPZP LBZBOBFB, PVAEDYOYCHYEZP CHEMILHA UFERSH PF mSPI DP dPOB. rP NBUYFBVBN FATLULYK LBZBOBF RTECHPUIPDIM IKHOULHA DETSBCHH, OP ЪB CHUE EZP DCHHIUPFMEFOEE UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE CH OEN OEBNEFOSCH PVEEUFCHEOOSCH UDCHYZY. lPOUETCHBFYYN UYUFENSH MEZLP PVYASUOIN FEN, YuFP FATLY CHEMY OERTEUFBOOSCH CHPKOSH U YNRETYSNY UHK Y FBO, U YTBOPN Y bTBVULYN IBMJBFPN, B FBLCE U RPLPTEOOSCHUS, UPRFEOOSCHUS, PRMENEOOSCHUS, PRMENEOOSCHUS OOP U KHKZKHTTBNY. pDOBLP PVBSOYE "FATLULPZP CHEUOPZP UMS" VSHMP UFPMSH LZHZHELFYCHOP, YuFP NOPZIE DTECHOYE OTPDSCH UFERY: LSCHRYUBLY (RPMPCHGSHCH), LBOZBTSHCH (REYOOEOZY), LBTMSHNCHLPY RBTGSO) Y DBTSE NPZPMPSCHYUOSCH LYDBOY - CHPURTYOSMY LHMSHFHTH, UCHPYI RPLPTYFEMEK Y UPITBOYMY ITS DBCE RPUME ZYVEMY FATPL CH 745 Z., CH OBYUBME ZHBSHCH YI YUFPTYYUEULPZP UHEEUFCHPCHBOYS.
UNEOYYE FATPL HKZHTSCH VSHMY OTPPDPN ITBVTSHCHN, OP OE BZTEUUYCHOSCHN. imba KHNEMY ЪBEEBFSH UCHPA UCHPVPDH, OP OE UFTENYMYUSH L ЪBCHPPECHBOYSN. TsBDOP CHRYFSHCHBS YTBULKHA (NBOIIEKUFCHP) Y CHYBOFYKULHA (OUEFPTYBOUFCHP) ZHYMPUPZHYY, HKZHTSCH PLBBBMYUSH OE CH UPUFPSOY OMBBDYFSH RPTSDPL KH EUVS DPFZBYECHUMECHUCHUUUUUU SHCHCHCH CH 841-847 ZZ. xGEMECHYE PF TBZTPNB KHKZHTSCH URBUMYUSH CH PBYUSCH VBUUEKOB fBTYNB, ZDE TBUFCHPTYMYUSH UTEDY NEUFOSCHI TSYFEMEC, PUEDMSCHI VKHDDYUFPCH. h CHEMYLPK UFERY OBUFKHRYMB ZHBB PVULHTBGYY (HRBDLB), RTDPDPMTSBCHYBSUS DP XII Ch., LPZDB OPCHSHCHK FPMYUPL CHP'OEU PDOPCHTEENOOOP YUTSKHTYUTSEOEK Y NPOZPMPFESHME, UPFEJPMFESHME - OFEJPM PK YNRETYY.
oYUHFS OE NEOEE RTYNEYUBFEMSHOP PVEEE DMS CHUEI OBTPDPC GEOFTBMSHOPK BYY OERTYSFYE LYFBKULPK LHMSHFHTSCH. FATLY YNEMY UCHPA UPWUFCHOOHA YDEMPZYUEULHA UYUFENKH, LPFPTHA POY PFUEFMYCHP RTPPHYCHPRPUFBCHYMY LYFBKULPK. rPUME RBDEOYS CHFPTPZP LBZBOBFB CH BYYY OBUFKHRYMB LRPIB UNEOSH CHETCH. fPZDB HKZHTSCH RTYOSMY NBOYIEKUFCHP, LBTMHLY - YUMBN, VBUNBMSH POZHFSCH - OEUFPTYBOUFCHP, FYVEFGSH - VKhDDYYN CH EZP YODYKULPK ZHTNE, OP LYFBKULBS FBLEE OKHULBS YDEMPYULBS YDEMPYULBS FYVEFGSH HA UFEOH.
b FERETSH, LPZDB NSCH PVTYUPCHBMY PVEYE LPOFHTSCH FENSH, RPRTPVHEN RPTUMEDYFSH YUFPTYLP-LHMSHFKHTOSH LPMMYYY CHEMYLPK UFERY VPMEE RPDTPVOP.
1. ъБДББУБ rTPFYCHPRPUFBCHMEOYE "bBRBDDB" - "chPUFPLH" LBL LFOPPLHMSHFHTOSHCHI GEMPUFOPUFEK UMPTSYMPUSH EEE CH BOFYUOPUFY PFTBTSBMP HTPCHEOSH OBHLY FPZP USOMAJI. rPD "ъBRBDPN" FPZDB RPOINBMBUSH UMMYOP-TYNULBS LHMSHFKHTB, "chPUFPLPN" OBSCHBMBUSH RETUYS Y RPDCHMBUFOSH EK UENYFULYE Y LBCHLBULYE OBTPDSH. pVB OBCHBOYS VSHMY Y PUFBMYUSH HUMPCHOSCHNY FETNYOBNY, OE UCHSBOOSHNY U ZEPZTBJEK.
fBL, nBTPLLP METSYF ЪBRBDOOEE yFBMYY, OP CHUEZDB RTYYUYUMSMPUSH L "chPUFPLH". oP LFP OEUHEEUFCHEOOP, EUMY ЪBTBOEE HUMPCHYFSHUS P OBYUEOYY FETNYOPCH, CHBTSOEE DTHZPE: "ъBRBD" CH UPCHTEENOOPN RPOINBOY - LFP TPNBOP-ZETNBOULBS eChTPRUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHBY , B "chPUFPLPCH" OE PDYO, B NOPZP.
lYFBK, YODYS, yTBO, UYTS U EZYRFPN Y UECHETOPK bZHTYLPK PFMYUBAFUS DTHZ PF DTHZB OE NEOSHIE, YUEN PF ECHTPRSCH. dPMZPE CHTENS vBMLBOULYK RPMKHPUFTPC, ЪБЧПЭЧБУШК ФХТЛБНИ, И ТПУУС, РПДУІООБС ъПМПФПК ПТДЭ, OE CHLMAYUBMYUSH OE CHLMAYUBMMYUSH CH REPPOUMBYES CH N VSHMP CHUEZDB OBUFPMSHLP PYUECHYDOSHCHN, YuFP LYFBKGSHCH CH III Sehemu ya DP O.b. RPUFTPIMY CHEMYLHA UFEOH, YUFPVSH PFDEMYFSHUS PF LPYUECHOILPC CHEMYLPK UFERY, RTPFSOHCHYEKUS PF nBOSHYUTSKHTYY DP lBTRBF Y DBTSE rBOOPOY. fBL LKHDB RTYUYUMYFSH CHEMYLHA UFERSH Y RTYNSCHLBAEKHA L OEK MEUOKHA ЪPOKH - FBKZH: L "bBRBDKH" YMY "chPUFPLH"? rP-CHYDYNPNH, GEMEUPPVTBOBOP CHSHCHOEUFY EE LBL PFDEMSHOHA PF FPZP Y DTHZPZP, UBNPUFPSFEMSHOKHA GEMPUFOPUFSH, LPFPTBS Y SCHYFUS RTEDNEFPN OBEZP YUUMEDPCHBOYS. fPMSHLP CH LFPN UMKHYUBE KHZPM ЪTEOYS OE VHDEF RTPFPYCHPTEYUYFSH ZBLFBN YUFPTYY LFOPUPCH YYUFPTYY LHMSHFHTSCH.
rTYUFBMSHOPE YHYUEOYE LPYUECHPK LHMSHFHTSCH ECHTBYY FBYMP TSD OEPTSYDBOOPUFEK, KUHUSU YFP PVTBFYMY CHOINBOYE UOBYUBMB TKHUULYE, B CHUMED OB OINY ZHTBOGKHULYE MYUPTCHYEOF. kuimba RETEUFBMY UYUYFBFSH tPUUYA "ЪБДЧПТЛБНЯ ЭЧТПРШ", B nPOZPMYA - RETYZHETYEK lYFBS. oBPVPTPF, UFBMP SUOP, YuFP YUFPTYYUEULYE OBLPOPNETOPUFY TBCHYFYS UETEDYOSCH LPOFYEOFB, EZP ЪBRBDOPK Y CHPUFPYUOPK PLTBYO, MEUOPK Y UFEROPK Kommersant YNEAF, USHHPYHFPY USHPAHYU ETFHPY TSCH, LPFPTBS TELP PFMYUBEF LFPF TEZYPO Y PF "bBRBDB" Y PF "chPUFPLB".
ьFPF FEYU, PYUECHYDOSHCHK UREGYBMYUFBN, CHSHCHCHBM OEDPCHETYE FAIRIES, LFP RTYCHSHL RTEDCHSFPK UIENE, KHUFBTECHYEK HTSE CH UTEDOYE CHELB. bFP REYUBMSHOP, OP OE HDYCHYFEMSHOP. CHEDSH DBCE MADI RP-UCHPENKH PVTBPCHBOOSCH UYFBMY, YuFP POY TSYCHHF KUHUSU RMPULPK ENME, B RPFPN, UPZMBUYCHYYUSH, YuFP ENMS YBTPPVTBIOB, RPMBZBMY, YuFP POBGE METSIFHCHFBNY CHPLTHZ OEE. CHURPNOYN, YuFP CH OBYEN CHELE CH BNETYLE YNEM NEUFP "PVEISHSOYK" UKHDEVOSHCHK RTPGEUU: KHYUFEMS YLPMSCH UKHDYMY ЪB YЪMPTSEOYE CHZMSDPCH dBTCHYOB.
xYOOSHCH RYYHF LOYZY OE DTHZ DMS DTHZB, B DMS YYTPLZP YUFBFEMS. rПФПНХ OEPVIPDYNB UFTPZBS BTZHNEOFBGYS, RPDTPVOPE YIMPTSEOYE UPVSCHFYK YUFPTYY YUEFLPE PVPVEEOYE, DBVSH YUFBFEMSH OE KHFPOHM CH LBMEKDPULPRE LBMFYI, ZOBBLPRE LBMFYI, LPFBULPRE LBMFYI, DBVSH YUFBFEMSH OE KHFPOHM CH LBMEKDPULPRE LBFULPRE LBMEKDPULPRI lBL LFP UPCHNEUFYFSH?
bChFPT LFYI UFTPL CHSMUS ЪB FBLKHA ЪBDБУХ. saa 1930 Z. RP UYE CHTENS BY UPVYTBM NBFETYBM Y RYUBM P DESOSI IKHOOPCH, FATPL, IBBT Y NPOZPMPCH. EZP FTHD CHSHCHMYMUS CH UPJDBOYE "UFEROPK FTYMPZYY", PRHVMYLPCHBOOPC CH UENY LOYZBI Y UFB RSFYDEUSFY UFBFSHSI . uFBFSHY CHSHRPMOSMY TPMSH LBNOEK, J LPFPTSCHI ULMBDSHCHBMUS ZHKHODBNEOF YDBOYS; LOYZY VSHMY UFEOBNY, B OBUFPSEIK PUETL - LTPCHMS, CHEOYUBAEBS RPMKHCHELPCHHA TBVPFH.
yNEOOP LFP YETBTIYUUEULPE RPUFTPEOYE RPЪCHPMYMP YЪVETSBFSH RETEOBUSHEEOOPUFY VYVMYPZTBZHYEK, LPFPTBS RPMOPUFSHHA RTYCHEDEOB H YUBUFOSCHI UFBFSHSI Y NPOPZTBZH. KUHUSU LFY CHURPNPZBFEMSHOSH TBVPFSH RTYCHEDEOSH PFUSCHMPYUOSCH UPULY, Y LTYFYLH MEZLP RTPCHETYFSH IPD NSHUMY BCHFPTB.
lTPNE FPZP, PLBBBMPUSH OEPVIPDYNSCHN YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH FTBLFBF "LFOPZEOYY VYPUZHETB ENMY" (Moscow, Moscow, 1989).
fBLYN PVTBBPN, DBOOBS TBVPFB RTEDUFBCHMSEF PRSHCHF YUFPTYLP-ZEPZTBJYUEULPZP UYOFEEB, RPUCHSEOOOPZP RTPVMENE PVASUOOYS FENOSHI CHPRTPUPCH ZEOYUB DHMSHFUCHUCH UYOFEEB ECHELPCHSHE. th POB ЪBCHETYBEF YUUMEDPCHBOYE, YVP DMS YULHUUFChPCHEDB Y LHMSHFHTPMPZB VHDEF CHUEZP MYYSH RPDURPTSHEN, UFHREOSHA DMS DBMSHOEKYI PFLTSCHFYK Y PBTEOYK. yULTEOOE TsEMBA VKHDHEIN YUFPTYILBN LHMSHFKhTSCH HUREYB Y OBDEAUSH KUHUSU VMBZPDBTOPUFSH RPFPNLPCH, TBDI LPFPTSCHI BCHFPT TBVPFBM CHUA TSYOSH.
2. uFTBOB Y CHPDKHI. FPF ZhBLF, YuFP TBOPPVTBYE UFYMEK Y ChPDEKUFCHYK YЪPVTBYFEMSHOPZP YULHUUFCHB KUHUSU ЪTYFEMS YNEEF NEUFP KH CHUEI OBTPDPCH Y DBCE KH PDOPZP Y FPZP PDBHEUS HBISCHUUUZP OBTPZP OBTPYWUFCHB EO DBCHOP, OP FPMLPChP FP PVIASOOEOYS LFPNH ZHEOPNEOH OEF. fBL LBL NPOZPMSHULYK PTOBNEOF LTBKOE UREGYZHYYUEO Y PFMYUBEFUS PF PTOBNEOPCH UPUEDOYI UFTBO, FP KHNEUFOP ЪBDBFSH CHPRTPU "B RPYUENH?" Sehemu ya XVII-XVIII. KUHUSU LFP PFCHEYUBMY RTPUFP: TBOBS ZEPZTBJYUUEULBS UTEDB ZHTNYTHEF TBOSCH RUYYYUEULYE ULMBDSCH Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, SCHMSEFUS RTYYUYOPK TBOPPVTBYS LHMSHFHT. bFB FEPTYS OBSCCHBEFUS ZEPZTBJYUEULYN DEFETNYOYNPN. UPЪDBOB POB vPDYOPN (Sehemu ya XVI Ch.), TBCHYFB nPOFEULSHE (Sehemu ya XVIII Ch.), ZETDETPN Y KUHUSU EBRBDE RPMSH'HEFUS RPRKHMSTOPUFSHA DBTSE Ch XX Ch.
FEPTYS LFB RTPUFB Y RPPFPNKH UPVMBYFEMSHOB, OP OBDP RPNOIFSH, YuFP RTPUFPFB - BOFYRPD YUFYOSCH. OBRTYNET, RTYTPDOSH HUMPCHYS ъBRBDOPK ECHTPRSH Y sRPPOY UFBVIMSHOSHCH, FBL LBL PNSCHCHBAEYE YI NPTS UNSZYUBAF LPMEVBOYS LMYNBFB, B RYJPDYUEULYE RPCHSHCHTSOEPUYFPYFPYFPYFPYFPYFPYOSCHEEPOSCH VEDUFCHYS, OEDPUFBFPYUOSCH, YUFPVSH OBTHYYFSH YOETGYA LHMSHFKHTOPK DPNYOBOFSHCH, FP EUFSH NOPZPCHELPCHHA FTBDYGYA. b FEN OE NEOEE FTBDYGYY UNEOSAF PDOB DTHZHA: KUHUSU HTPCHOE UKHRETFOPUB - LMBUUYUEULBS BOFYUOPUFSH MMBDSH Y TYNB UNEOYMB DTECHOAA LHMSHFHTH REMBUSPCH Y HFTHULPYMPCH Y HFTHULPYMPCH Y HFTHULPYMPCH, B FFPUUCHFP NBOP-ZETNBOULPK KUHUSU UBRBDE. th KUHUSU HTPCHOE YЪPMYTPCHBOOPZP LFOPUB, OBRTYNET H SRPOYY, KUHUSU UNEOKH LHTZBOOPK LRPIE ChPYOUFCHEOOSHI SNB-FP RTYYMB LRPIB BLFYCHOPZP UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB VHDYKULYIFPUBSCHB VHDYKULYI FPYUBMBZCHB VHDYKUlyi MYBGYEK UTEDOECHELPCHPK SRPOULPK LHMSHFKHTSCH CH FPN LMBUUYUEULPN CHYDE, CH LBLPN POB RPRBMB CH RPME ЪTEOYS ECHTPREKGECH XVIII Sehemu ya fBN POB CHPURTYOINBMBUSH LBL LBLPFYLB, YUKhDBYUEUFCHP OBTPDB, KHEDYOYCHYEZPUS KUHUSU PUFTPCBI PF CHUEZP GYCHYMYYPCHBOOPZP NYTB. OP ЪB LBLYE-FP UFP RSFSHDEUSF-DCHEUFY MEF PF LFYI RTEDUFBCHMEOYK OE PUFBMPUSH Y UMEDB - RTPYЪPYMP "SRPOULPE YUKHDP", Y SRPOGSH HTSE OE HYUBFUS, B UBNY HYUBYCHUMBYCH "OBNY YUKHDPY". SHLP CH RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFY, OP Y CH MYFETBFKHTE , TSYCHPRYUY Y CH LYOENBFPZTBZHE. sRPOULBS LHMSHFHTB DEMBEF FTEFYK CHYFPL. mBODIBZhF FHF OH RTY YUEN.
OP, NPTSEF VSHCHFSH, CH GEOFTE echTBYKULPZP LPOFYEOFB, ZDE DYBRBPO LMYNBFYUEULYI LPMEVBOYK LHDB VPMSHYE, ZDE RPUFPSOOP YUETEDHAFUS CHELPCHCHESHE BUKHIY URPIBHOSHPY URPIBHOSHPY PRCH YUE? rTPCHETYN Y FP CHPNPTsOPE PVASUOOYE, PRYTBSUSH KUHUSU UPVUFCHOOOSCH YUUMEDPCHBOYS.
rPUTEDYOE echTBYKULPZP LPOFYEOFB, PF huUUHTY DP dHOBS, FSOEFUS CHEMILBS UFERSH, PLBKNMEOOBS U UECHTB UYVYTULPK FBKZPK, B U AZB - ZPTOSCHNY ITEVFBNY; bFB ZEPZTBJYUEULBS ЪPOB DEMYFUS KUHUSU DCH RPMPCHYOSCH, OERPITSYE DTKhZ KUHUSU DTHZB. chPUFPYUOBS RPMPCHYOB OBSHCHBEFUS chOKHFTEOOOEK BIJEK - CH OEK TBURPMPTSEOSCH nPOZPMYS, dTsKHOZBTYS Y chPUFPYUOSCHK fHTLEUFBO. pF UYVYYYY PFDEMSAF ITEVFSH UBSOULYK, iBNBT-dBVBO Y SVMPOPCHSHCHK, PF FYVEFB - lHOSHMHO Y OBOSHRBOSH, PF LYFBS - CHEMILBS UFEOB, FPYuOP RTPCHEDEOBS UFTPYPPY UFTPY UHIPSH UHI ЪBRBDOPK RPMPCHYOSCH - zPTOSHK bMFBK, fBTVBZBFBK, UBKHT Y ъBRBDOSCHK fSOSH - yBOSH. fP TSEUFLP PYUETYUEOOOSCHK ZEPZTBZHYUEULYK TEZYPO, OP LHMSHFHTOSHCHPDEKUFCHYS MEZLP RETEYBZYCHBAF ЪB ZEPZTBZHYUEULYE ZTBOYGSCH .
ъBRBDOBS YUBUFSH CHEMYLPK UFERY LBL CHNEEBAYK MBODYBZhF LHMSHFKHTOPZP BTEBMB CHLMAYUBEF OE FPMSHLP OSCHOEYOYK LBBIUFBO, OP Y UFERY tyuetOPSHONPSHOTSHS Y DBTSEMCHEUTY PFHDEUTY RCHHDE UFPYULY ЪTEOYS ZEPZTBZHYY XIX Sehemu ya LFB UFERSH - RTDPDPMTSEOYE CHPUFPYUOPK UFERY, OP "KUHUSU UBNPN DEME LFP OE FBL, YVP OBDP KHYUFSHCHBFSH OE FPMSHLP IBTBLFET YRPCHENCHPDY RPCHENPHIPPY.
bFNPUZHETOSHCHE FPLY, OEUKHEYE DPTsDECHSHCHE YMY UOETSOSCHE FKHYUY, YNEAF UCHPA ЪBLPOPNETOPUFSH. GYLMPOSH U bFMBOFILY DPOPUSF CHMBZH DP ZPTOPZP VBTSHETB, -PFDEMSAEEZP CHPUFPYUOHA UFERSH PF ЪBRBDOPK. OBD nPOZPMYEK CHYUYF PZTPNOSHCHK BOFYGYILMPO, OE RTPRHULBAEYK CHMBTSOSHI EBRBDOSHCH CHEFTPCH. KWENYE OECHYDYN, YVP RTPTBYUEO, Y YUETE OEZP MEZLP RTPIPDSF UPMOEUSHE MHYUY, TBULBMSAEYE RPCHETIOPUFSH ADUI. rППФПНХ ЪНПК ЪДЭУШШЧЧРБДБЭФ НБМП УЭЗБ, й ФТБЧПДОСЧ ЦИЧПФОШЧ НПЗХФ TBЪЧДФ TBЪЧДФ TBШЧДФ HA LBMPTYKOHA FTBCHH. CHUEOPK TBULBMEOOBS RPYUCHB TBBNSHCHBEF OYTSOYE UMPI CHPDHIB, VMBZPDBTS YUENH CH ЪBBPT CHFPTZBEFUS CHMBTSOSCHK CHPDKHI YYYYYYY, KUHUSU AZE, FIPPLEBOULYE NHUUPOSCH. ьFPK CHMBZY DPUFBFPYuOP, YUFPVSH UFERSH ЪББЪМЭОЭМБ ЪПВеУРИУМБ ЛПРШЧФОСХИ ЛПТНН О CHEUSH ZPD. b FBN, ZDE USCHF ULPF, RTPGCHEFBAF Y MADI. CHPF RPYENH YNEOOP CH CHPUFPYuOPK UFERY UPJDBCHBMYUSH NPZHYUYE DETSBCHSH IKHOOPCH, FATPL, KHKZHT Y NPZPMPCH.
b KUHUSU ЪBRBD UFERY UOETSOSCHK RPLTPCH RTECHSHCHYBEF 30 UN Y, IHTSE FPZP, PE CHTENS PFFEREMEK PVTBKHEF PUEOSH RTPYUOSCHK OBUF. fPZDB ULPF ZYVOEF PF VEULPTNYGSHCH. rПьФПНХ УЛПФПЧПДШЧХХЦДЭОШЧ О МЭПП, ПВШУП УХИП, ЗПОСФШ УЛПФ KUHUSU ZPTOSHCHE RBUFVIEB - DTSEKMSBTY, UFPYBCHBCH, YuFP BAF KUHUSU JINH UEOP. fBL, DBCE RPMPCHGSH YNEMY UCHPY RPUFPSOOSHE ЪNPCHLY, FP EUFSH PUEDMSCHE RPUEMEOYS, Y RPFPNKH OBIPDIMYUSH CH UBCHYUYNPUFY PF DTECHOETHUULYI LOSJEK, YVP, MYOPDOSCH UTSENCH ZMY KHLMPOSFSHUS PF HDBTPCH TEZKHMSTOSCHI CHPKUL. chPF RPYENH CH ЪBRBDOPK RPMPCHYOE CHEMYLPK UFERY UMPTSYMUS YOPK VSCHF Y YOPE PVEEUFCHOOPE KHUFTPKUFCHP, OETSEMY CH CHPUFPYUOPK RPMPCHYOE .
OP CH NYTE OEF OYUEZP RPUFPSOOPZP. GYLMPOSH Y NHUUPOSCH YOPZDB UNEEBAF UCHPE OBRTBCHMEOYE Y FELHF OE RP UFERY, B RP MEUOPK ЪPOE LPOFYEOFB, B YOPZDB DBTSE RP RPMSTOPK, FP EUFSH RP FKHODTE. fPZDB KHLBS RPMPUB LBNEOUFPK RKHUFSHCHOY ZPVI Y RKHUFSHHOY VEF-rBLDBMB TBUYYTSEFUS Y PFFEUOSEF ZHMPTH, B UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, Y ZHBHOKH KUHUSU UECHET, L UYVYTY, YAKUHUSU LUBOUTYBAZ. CHUMED ЪБ ЦИЧПФОШНИ ХИПДСФ І МАДІ "Ч РПИУЛБИ ЧПДШШ І ФТБЧШШ" БОПЧСФУС ФТБЗИУОСЧНЯ.
ъB RPUMEDOYE DCH FSCHUSYU MEF CHELPCHBS ЪBUHIB RPUFYZMB CHEMYLHA UFERSH FTYTSDSCH - PE II-III Ch., na Ch. OP LBL FPMSHLP GYLMPOSH Y NHUUPOSCH CHPCHTBEBMYUSH KUHUSU RTYCHSHCHYUOSCH RHFY, FTBCHB PDECHBMB TBULBMEOOKHA RPYUCHKH, TSYCHPFOSHCH LPTNYMYUSH EA, B MADI UOPCHB PVTEFBICHOS YKVICHOS YPVTEFBMY RTYCHMCH.
OP CHPF YuFP CHBTsOP: ZTBODYPЪOSCHE UFYYYKOSHCHES VEDUFCHYS OE CHMYSMY OH KUHUSU LHMSHFHTH, OH KUHUSU LFOPZEOY. imba ChP'DEKUFCHPCHBMY FPMSHLP O IP'SKUFChP, B YUETE OEZP - KUHUSU HTPCHEOSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK NPEY LPYUECHSHI DETSBCH, YVP FE UMBVEMY CH LLPOPNYYUEULPN Y CHPEOOPN OPEYUSHBOSSCH SYYOY RTYVMYTSBMYUSH L PRFYNBMSHOSHCHN. CHPF RPYUENH RTYOGYR ZEPZTBZHYUEULPZP DEFETNYOYNB OE CHSHCHDETTSBM RTPCHETLY ZBLFBNY. CHEDSH EUMY VSC ZEPZTBZHYUEULYI HUMPCHYK VSHMP DPUFBFPYUOP DMS RPOINBOYS ZHEOPNEOB, FP CH YUFPTYYUUEULPN CHTENEY RTY UPITBOOYY KHFPKYUYCHPZP MBODYBZhFBILBE OE CHPЪ OMPCYBZhFB OE CHPЪ USH VSC OPCHSHHI OBTPDPCH, U OPCHSHNYY NYTPCHPKYTEOOYSNYY OPCHSHCHNYUFEFIYUEULYY LBOPOBNY. OE VSHMP VSC TBCHYFYS, RPFPNH YuFP RBUFSHVB PCHEG OE FTEVHEF TBCHYFYS FEIOIL.
pChGB IPDYF RP UFERY Y EUF FTBCHH, B UPVBLB PCHGH PITBOSEF. mHYUYE OE RTYDHNBFSH, Y, OBYUIF, OHTSEO OE RTPZTEUU, B BUFPK. OP KUHUSU UBNPN DEM OYLBLPZP ЪBUFPS CH CHEMYLPK UFERY OE VSHMP. OBTPDSH FBN TBCHYCHBMYUSH OE NEOEE VHTOP, YUEN CH ENMEDEMSHIUEULYI TBKPOBI ъBRBDDB Y chPUFPLB . UPGYBMSHOSHE UDCHYZY VSHCHMY, IPFSH Y OERPITSYE KUHUSU ECHTPREKULYE, OP OE NEOEE OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHE, B FOPZEOYE RP FPK TSE UIENE, LBL Y PE CHUEN NYTE.
MEZEODB P RTEUMPCHKHFPK OEURPUPVOPUFY LPYUECHOYLPCH L CHPURTYSFYA LHMSHFKHTSCH Y FChPTYUEUFCHH - LFP "YUETOBS MEZEODB". lPYUECHOILY CHEMYLPK UFERY YZTBMY CH YUFPTYYY LHMSHFHTE YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB OE NEOSHIKHA TPMSH, YUEN ECHTPREKGSCHY LIFBKGSHCH, EZYRFSOE, BGFELY YOLY. fPMSHLP TPMSH YI VSHMB PUVPPK, PTYZYOBMSHOPK, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, KH LBTSDPZP LFOPUB YMY UKHRETFOPUB, Y DPMZPE CHTENS EE OE NPZMY TBZBDBFSH. fPMSHLP ЪB RPUMEDOYE DCHB CHELB TKHUULYN HYUEOSCHN - ZEPZTBZHBN Y CHPUFPLPCHEDBN - HDBMPUSH RTYRPDOSFSH RPLTSCHCHBMP YYYDSCH Y OBD LFPC RTPVMENPK, BLFHBMSHOPUFLPPPEDB OOBU.
VHI MPCHYE - CHEUFY RPCHEUFCHCHBOYE KUHUSU ЪBDBOOPN HTPCHOE. rPOSFYE HTPCHOS YUUMEDPCHBOYS YJCHEUFOP CHUEN EUFEUFCHPYURSHCHFBFEMSN, OP OE RTYNEOSEFUS CH ZHNBOIFBTOSCHI OBHLBI. UTS! dMS YUFPTYY POP PUEOSH RPMEЪOP.
pVASUOIN FEYU YUETE PVTB. yЪХУБФШ ЪЧеДОПЭ ОЭВП УЭТЭЪ НИЛТПУЛПР - ВЭУУНШУМОКОП. yUBBLYECHULYK UPVPT - FPCE. dB Y YUEMPCHELB YMY EZP LBYOE MHYUYE OBVMADBFSH RTPUFSHN ZMBBPN. OP DMS YHYUEOYS VBLFETYK NYLTPULPR OEPVIPDYN. fBL Y CH YUFPTYY. fBN, ZDE FTEVHEFUS YTPFB CHZMSDB, OBRTYNET DMS HSUOOYS UHDSHVSH LFOPUB YMY UKHRETFOPUB (UYUFENSH YOULPMSHLYI LFOPUPCH), TBCHOP LBL UFYMS - ZPFYLY YMY VBTPLLP, - NEBYUE OMBYNEUFUY b RTY RPCHSHCHYEOOYY FTEVPCHBOYK L RPDTPVOPUFY (ULTHRHMEOPUFY) NPTsOP PRYUBFSH OE FPMSHLP, DPRKHUFYN, BNZHPTKH, OP DBTSE PFVYFSHCHK PF OEE YUETERPL. pDOBLP KUHUSU LFPN HTPCHOE NSCH LFOPUB OE EBNEFYN, LBL NHTBCHEK OE CHIDYF nPOVMBOB.
chShchVPT HTPCHOS PRTEDEMSEFUS RPUFBCHMEOOOPK ЪBDBUEK. OBN OHTsOP PICHBFYFSH RTPNETSKHFPL CH FTY FSHCHUSYU MEF - nPOZPMYA Y UPRTEDEMSHOSHE UFTBOSHCH (RPUMEDOYE - DMS UBNPLPOFTPMS Y RPRPMOOYS YOZHPTNBGYY). OYCE bfpzp htpchos vkhdkhf htpchoy bfpnoschk, npmelkhmstoschk, lmefpyuoschk, PTZBOYNEOOSHCHK Y RETUPOBMSHOSCHK, ZTBOYUBEIK U UHVFOYUEULN. b CHCHYE - RPRHMSGYPOOSCHK, CHYDPPCHPK (PFOPUSEYKUS HCE L VYPMPZYY), VYPUZHETOSHCHK Y, OBLPOEG, RMBOEFBTOSCHK. dMS OBYEK TBVPFSHOY OYTSOYE, OH CHETIOYE KHTPCHOY OE OHTSOSCH, IPFS ЪБВШЧЧБФШ POYI OE UMEDHEF. ъБ OYNY NPTsOP UMEDYFSH "VPLPCHSHCHN ЪTEOYEN", FP EUFSH KHYYFSHCHBFSH RP NETE OBDPVOPUFY. eUMY YUYFBFEMSH UPZMBUEO JUU CHUEN CHCHYEYIMPTSEOOSCHN, NPTsOP RTYZMBUYFSH EZP RPZTHYFSHUS CH RTPYMPE, DMS OBYUBMB KUHUSU UBNPN PVVEOOOPN KhTPCHOE - OPYPORPHOE - OPYPORPHN.
3. YUFPTYS RTYTPDSCH YYUFPTYS MADEK. pVB ZHEOPNEOB YNEAF UPVUFCHEOOSCH ЪBLPOPNETOPUFY. bFOPZEOY - RTPGEUU RTYTPDOSHCHK. NA YDEF RP IPDH READING Y OEPVTBFYN, LBL CHUE RTPGEUUSH VYPUZHETSCH. na CHP'OILBEF CHUMEDUFCHYE RTYTDOSHI SCHMEOYK, RPLB EEE OE CHCHSUOOOSCHI DP LPOGB, Y CHEDEF UEVS RPDPVOP FETNPDOBNYUEULPK UYUFENE, UOBYUBMB TBUYYTSS BTEBM, B UREPPNKHWFPN UBUYYTSS BTEBM, B RPPOMPNKHFPN KHMSHUB - "FPMYULB" Y UMYCHBSUSH U PLTHTSBAEEK UTEDPK CH RPDCHYTSOPN TBCHOPCHEUYY - ZPNEPUFBYE. UBN RP UEVE JUU YA OE PUFBCHMSEF UMEDPC, Y NSH OE OBMY VSH P UKHEEUFCHPCHBOY FBLYI SCHMEOYK, EUMY VSC YI OOETZYS OE ZHYLUYTPCHBMBUSH CH RBNSFOILBI LHMSHFHITCHSCH, YYUFIOCHSCH - UFEIOCH - FEYUFIOCH. b LFP HCE OE YUFPTYS RTYTPDSCH, B YUFPTYS MADEK, FPYUOEEE, Y'DEMYK THL Y KHNPCH MADULYI, FP EUFSH FEIOPUZHETSCH.
h PFMYYUYE PF RTYTPDOSCHI ZHEOPNEOPCH UPJDBOOSCH MADSHNY RTEDNEFSCH OE NPZHF UBNPCHPURTPYCHPDYFSHUS Y RTYURPUPVMSFSHUS L PLTHTSBAEEK UTEDE. imba NPZHF FPMSHLP UPITBOSFSHUS YMY TBTYBFSHUS, OP ЪBFP CH VMBZPRTYSFOSHI HUMPCHYSI SING OE RPDCHMBUFOSHCH CHUEYUFTEVMSAEENKH READING. rПФПНХ IMBA ITBOSF YOZHPTNBGYA, ЪБМПЦЕОХА Х ОИ И И UPЪDBFEMSNY - NBUFETBNY, ЪPDYUNY, IHDPTSOILBNY. fPMSHLP POY, DESFEMY LHMSHFHTSCH, UDEMBMY CHPNPTSOPK OBHLH YUFPTYA, TBUYYTYCHYKHA PVMBUFSH RTYNEOOYS YuEMPCHYUEULPZP YOFEMMELFB KUHUSU DEUSFLY FSCHUSYUEMEFOBYK FSCHUSYUEMEFOBYK, RBUMTSYUEMEFYK OSSCH TEDLPCH.
fY DTECHOYE YEDECHTSCH, DPVSHCHFSHCHE BTIEMPZBNY, CHSHCHCHBAF PDOPCHTEENOOOP CHPUFPTZ Y DPUBDH. "nPTFYNET KHYMET UTBCHOYCHBEF BTIEPMPZYA VEЪ DBF U TSEMEЪOPDTPTTSOSCHN TBURYUBOYEN VEY KHLBBOYS KUSOMA" . th ChTSD MY RTBC EZP PRRPOOF, RPMBZBAEIK, YuFP FBLPE TBURYUBOYE MKHYYE PFUHFUFCHYS CHUSLPZP TBURYUBOYS . dBFYTPCHLY RBNSFOYLPCH NPZHF VSHFSH PYYVPYUOSCHNY, LMBUYZHYLBGYS YI - UMKHYUBKOPK, B YOFETRTEFBGYS - RTEDCHSFPK. lFP OE VTPUBEF FEOY KUHUSU BTIEMPZYA RBMEPMYFB Y OEPMYFB, OP FPMSHLP PYUETYUYCHBEF ZTBOYGSCH EER,.CHPNPTSOPUFEK. fBN, ZDE OEF DBF Y YNEO, RETED OBNY EEE OE YUFPTYS, B RTEDSHUFPTYS. OP LBL FPMSHLP RPSCHMSAFUS FE Y DTHZIE - YUFPTYL KUHUSU LPOE, BY UTSBF FEUOSCHN DPUREIPN TSEUFLPK YOZHPTNBGYY, PUFBCHMSAEEK ENKH RTBCHP KUHUSU CHPPVTTSEOYE, OPY OPY OPY OPAU.
YuFPTYS CHEMYLPK UFERY, DPMZPE CHTENS OE YNECHYEK UPVUFCHOOOPK RYUSHNEOOPUFY, OBUYOBEFUS U FTHDPCH DCHHI CHEMILYYUFPTYLPCH DTECHOPUFY - zETPDPFB Y USCHNB GSOS. pVB POY TBURPMBZBMY YUFPYUOILBNY, OSHCHOE KHFBUEOOSCHNY, Y RETEDBMY OBN UCHEDEOYS P ULIZHBI, DYOMYOBY Y RTEDLBY IKHOOPCH. fY UCHEDEOYS OE CHUEZDB RPMOSH, OP POY CHSHCHDETTSBMY RTPCHETLH YUFPTYYUEULPK LTYFYLPK, LBL UTBCHOYFEMSHOPK, FBL Y CHOKHFTEOOEK. Eumi Tse DPVBCHIFSH LI TBULBBN DBOOSHOV RBMPZEPZTBZHYY I RBMPPUFOPZTBZHYY, FP NSH RPMHyUNEHC LBTFYOKH YUFPTYY CHILPK PELS FTY FESHEYU MEF. bFP FPF ZHKHODBNEOF, KUHUSU LPFPTPN NPTsOP UFTPYFSH ЪDBOYE YUFPTYY LPYUECHPK CHPPVEE Y YUFPTYY YЪPVTBYFEMSHOPZP YULHUUFCHB CH YUBUFOPUFY. dBCE EUMY LFB YUFPTYS VKhDEF OEYUYUETRSHCHBAEEK, UBNB ZHYLGYS MBLHO YMY ЪBYNUFChPCHBOYK VKhDEF PVASUOEOB YOPZDB UFYIYKOSHNY VEDUFCHYSNY, UCHUCHIMCHYSNY, YBUCHIMPNYYSNY PUEDEK, YMY UPVMBOBNY YOPYENGECH, UKHNECHYI CHOEDTYFSH CH KHNSCH Y UETDGB LPYUECHOILPC DTPVSEEE DKHY NBOIEKUFCHP, KhFEYBAEE OEUFPTYBOUFCH P, RLPK "TSEMFPK CHETSH" Y UFTPZPUFSH YUMBNB. rППФПНХ ЪБКННУС ИУФПТYEK UFTBOSHCHY OBTPDPCH (LFOPUPCH), ITS OBUEMSCHIYI, PREDEDEMYCH DMS OBYUBMB UBNP RPOSFYE "LFOYUEULBS YUFPTYS".
ьФОПЗЭОЪ - РТТПДОСЧК CHURSHCHYLB LFK BOETZYY - RBUUIPOBTOSCHK FPMYUPL, RTPYUIPDSEIK CH FPN YMY JOPN TEZYPOE RMBOEFSHCH, - RPTPTsDBEF DCHYTSEOYE, IBTBLFET LPFPTPZP PRTEDEMSEFUS PVUUABBUEPHLEE PVUFBOUTBEHLEE SKUFCHOOKHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH LFOPUB, UPGYBMSHOPK Y YUFPTYUUEULPK - FTBDYGYSNY, KHOBUMEDPCHBOOSCHNY PF RTPYMSCHI LFOPZEOYPCH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, FUYUUEULBS YUFPTYS PRYUSCHCHBEFUS CH YUEFSHTEI RBTBNEFTBI, RPDPVOP FPNKH LBL MAVPK RTEDNEF YNEEF DMYOH, YYTYOKH, CHCHUPFKH Y CHTENS PFEZPYPBBD. ьФБ ЖПТНХМИТПЧЛБ YULMAYUBEF RTYTBCHOYCHBOYE LFOPUB L TBUPCHPNH FYRKH, YVP TBUSCH - VYPMPZYUEULYE FBLUPOSCH - OBIPDSFUS KUHUSU RPTSDPL CHCHCHIE YUFPTYUDINGEULZP; RPULPMSHLH LFOPZEOYE - RTPGEUU BOETZEFYUEULYK, DMS PVTBBPCHBOYS OPCHPZP LFOPUB OEPVIPDYNP RETCHYUOPE UPYUEFBOYE TBOSHI LPNPOOFPCH, CH FPN YUYUME HIVES. bFOPMPZYS - OBHLB UBNPUFPSFEMSHOBS, OP YNEOOOP POB DBEF CHPNPTSOPUFSH KHUFBOPCHYFSH IBTBLFET LPTTEMSGYY NETSDH YUFPTYEK OBTPDPC Y YUFPTYEK LHMSHFHT.
CHYUOP NEOSSUSH, KHNYTBS Y CHPTPTDSDBSUSH, LBL CHUE TSYCHPE KUHUSU OBYEK RMBOEFE, LFOPUSCH PUFBCHMSAF UMED VSHMPZP RKHFEN ACCOUNTINGOYS DESOYK, LPFPTSCHE UPUFBCHMSAF ULEMEFU YA ULEMEFU. lFPF UMED - RBNSFSH P UPVSHFYSI.
OP YuFP VSH NSCH OBMY P RTPYMSHI CHELBI, EUMY VSH OE VSHMP OH RBNSFOILPC, KHCHELPCHYYI YI CH LBNOE Y VTPOYE, OH TSYCHPRYUY, ZHTEULPCHPK Y UFBOLPCHPK, OH RYUSHNEOOPFUTPY , OH RYUSHNEOOPFUTPY ? OYYUEZP!
4. nPOZPMYS DP IHOOPCH Y NPOZPMCH. oEF OH PDOPK UFTBOSHCH, ZDE VSHCH U CHTENEO RBMEPMYFB OE UNEOYMPUSH.OEULPMSHLP TB OBUEMEOYE. y nPOZPMYS OE YULMAYUEOYE. PE CHTENS MEDOYLPCHPZP RETYPDB nPOZPMYS VSHMB UFTBOPK PIET, OSHCHOE RETEUPIYYI, B FPZDB PLBKNMEOOOSCHY ZHUFSHCHNYY BTPUMSNYY PLTHTSEOOSCHY OE RKHUFSCHOEK, B GCHEFHEE. zPTOSHCHE MEDOILY iBNBT-DBVBOB Y CHPUFPYUOSCHI UBSO DBCHBMY UFPMSH NOPZP YuYUFPK CHPDSH, YuFP KUHUSU ULMPOBY IOFS Y nPOZPMSHULPZP bMFBS TPUMY ZHUFSHCHE MEUB, LPE-ZDE RETSHPY OTSHPY OTSHPY OTSEPTY OPPY FPLYI KHUSHIBOIK UFEROPK ЪPOSH echTBYKULPZP LPOFYEOFB, RPZHVYCHYI PYETB Y RTYDBCHYYI NPOZPMSHULPK RTYTPDE ITS UPCHTENEOOSHK .
fPZDB UTEDY PIET Y MEUPCH CH UFERY RBUMYUSH UFBDB NBNPOFPCH Y LPRSCHFOSHI, DBCHBCHYI RYEH IEOILBN, UTEDY LPFPTSCHI RETCHPE NEUFP ЪBOINBMY MADI CHETIOEZP RBMEPMYFB. imba PUFBCHYMY RPFPNLBN RTELTBUOSCHE UIENBFYUEULYE YJPVTBTTSEOYS TSYCHPFOSCHI KUHUSU UFEOBY REEEET Y KHFEUPCH, OP YUFPTYS LFYI RMENEO, OE YNECHYI RYUSHNEOOPFUFY, LBOKHMBEC.
NPTsOP FPMSHLP ULBBFSH, YuFP CHEMILBS UFERSH, RTPUFYTBCHYBSUS PF NHFOP-TSEMFPK TELY IHBOI RPYUFY DP VETEZPCH MEDPCHYFPZP PLEBOB, VSHMB OBUEMEOB UBNSHNY TBMSHYUOSCHNY MAD. ъDEUSH PIPFYMYUSH KUHUSU NBNPOFPCH CHSHCHUPLPPTPUMSHE ECHTPREPYDOSH LTPNBOSHPOGSCH YYTPLPMYGSHCHE, KHLLPZMBYSHCH NPOZPMPIDSCH dBMSHOEZP chPUFPLB Y DBTSE OPUBFSCH BNETYLBCHOPYTEDY CH Y CH RPYULBI PIPFOYUSHEK DPVSHYU DPIPDIYCHYE DP NYOKHYOULPK LPFMPCHYOSCH.
lBL ULMBDSHCHBMYUSH PFOPYEOYS NETSDH OYNY - OEYCHEUFOP. OP OEF UPNOEOYS CH FPN, YuFP POY YOPZDB CHPECHBMY, YOPZDB ЪBLMAYUBMY UPASCH, ULTERSENSHCHE VTBYUOSCHNY, KHBNY, YOPZDB UUPTYMYUSH Y TBUIPDYMYUSH CH TBOSCHUSH TBOSCH UTPFSCH Y CHPDPK, B OBYUIF, ЪCHETEN, RFYGEK Y TSCHVPK. fBL VSHMP CH FEYUEOYE FAIRIES DEUSFY FSCHUSYUEMEFYK, RPLB MEDOIL RETEZPTBTSYCHBM DPTPZH zPMSHZHUFTENKH Y FERMSCHN GYLMPOBN U bFMBOFYLY.
OP MEDOIL TBUFEF MYYSH FPZDB, LPZDB FERMSHCHK CHEFET (U FENRETBFKHTPK PLPMP OHMS) OUEEF KUHUSU OEZP IPMPDOSHCHK DPTSDSH Y NPLTSHCHK UOEZ. b RPULPMSHLH FY PUBDL OEUMYUSH KUHUSU CHPUFPL PF bBPTULPZP NBLUINKHNB, MEDOIL OBTBECHBM UCHPK ЪBRBDOSCHK LTBC Y RETEDCHYZBMUS PF fBKNSHTTB (18 FSHUSYU MEF DP O.B.) UDPUSCH O M CH UECHETOPE NPTE Y TBUFBSM . b H FY CE FSCHUSYUEMEFYS EZP CHPUFPYUOSCHK LTBC FBSM RPD MHYUBNY UPMOGB, YVP BOFYGYLMPO, FP EUFSH SUOBS RPZPDB, RTPRHULBM UPMOEUSHE MHYUY DP RPCHETIOPMY OPUFY, UMDBY RPCHETIOPUFY, UMDB, UMDB. u FBAEEZP MEDOILB UFELBMY THYUSHY YUUFPK CHPDSH, LPFPTSCHE PTPYBMY UFERY, RTYNSCHLBCHYE L MEDOILH, OBRPMOSMY CHRBDYOSCH, RTECHTBEBBS YI CH PIETB, Y UPЪDBCHBMY FPFFMBFMBNFPW FPF LTP, DBCHBMY FPFMCHBPD FKHTB CHETIOEZP RBMEPMYFB.
Op lbl fpmshlp medoil tbufbsm y gylmposh rtptchbmyush juu ya chpufpl rp mptsvyoe oylpzp dbchmeoys, rpimy dptsdy y uezprbdsh, b pf yvshflb chmbzy Khufschoy. nBNPOFSH Y VSHLY OE NPZMY DPVShCHBFSH LPTN YJ-RPD FTEINEFTPCHPZP UMPS UOEZB, Y KUHUSU NEUFE TPULPYOPK UFERY RPSCHYMBUSH FBKZB - YEMEOBS RKHUFSHCHOS, ZDE TsYCHHLPNB MYSHХШ ЭИЕ УЭЧЭСО ПМОПОY. b KUHUSU AZA CHSHCHUPIMY PYETB, RPZYVMY FTBCHSHCHY LBNEOYUFBS RKHUFSCHOS zPVY TBDEMYMB nPOZPMYA KUHUSU UPCHTENEOOHA CHOEYOAA Y CHOKHFTEOOAA. oP, L UYUBUFSH, CH I FSCHUSYUEMEFYY DP O.B. LFB RHUFSCHOS VSHMB EEE OE YTPLB Y RTPIPDINB DBTSE RTY FPZDBYOYI OEUPCHETYEOOSCHI URPUPVBI RETEDCHYTSEOYS: KUHUSU FEMEZBI, ЪBRTSSEOOSCHI CHPMBNY, HAPA LPMEUB ЪБNEOSMY LBFLUCHUCHUCHUCHUMBCH EOOOSCH DMS KHUFBOPCHLY PUEK.
OBLBOKHOE YUFPTYUEULPZP RETYPDB, PE II FSCHUSYUEMEFYY DP O.B., RMENEOB, TSYCHYE UECHETOEE ZPVY, HCE RETEYMY PF OEPMYFB L VTPOJE. imba UPЪDBMY OULPMSHLP PYUBZPCH TBOOPPVTTBOSCHI LHMSHFHT, UHEEUFCHPBCHYI PDOPCHTENOOOP Y, PYUECHYDOP, CHBYNPDEKUFCHBCHYI DTHZ U DTHZPN. fP PFLTSCHFYE VSHMP UDEMBOP u.y.tKhDEOLP, RTYNEOYCHYN TBDIPLBTVPOPCHCHE NEFPDSH (PRTEDEMEOYS CHPTBUFB RP RPMKHTBURBDH u 14) VHI DBFYTPCHLY BTIEPMPZYUEULTEE LHMKHUEULYI MHMPHYOUEULYI LHMKHUEULYI LHMKHHULTYI LHMKHHUBDH CHYOSCH. PLBUBMPUSH, YuFP BTIEPMPZYUEULYE "LHMSHFHTSCH" OE UMEDHAF PDOB ЪB DTHZPK, LCHPMAGYPOOP UNEOSS DTKHZ DTHZB, B UPUHEEUFCHHAF Y DBFYTHAFUS OE III FSCHUSYUEMEFI.X BVH OX. DP O.b. tБЪОИГБ РПУФИ Х ФШШУСУХ МЭФ.
uPZMBUOP FEN TSE DBFYTPCHLBN, RETEUEMEOYE RTEDLPCH IKHOOPCH U ATSOPK PLTBIOSCH zPVY OB UECHETOKHA UPCHETYMPUSH OE Ch XII, B Ch na Ch. Y FEN UBNSHCHN UCHSBOP U PVTBPBCHBOYEN YNRETYY UTSPKH, RPTPDYCHYEK BOFYUOSCHK LYFBK Y CHRPUMEDUFCHYY - OBNEOYFHA IBOSHULHA BZTEUUYA. b FY ZTBODYPOSCHE UPVSHCHFYS CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH UPRPUFBCHYNSCH U OBYUBMPN ULYZHULPZP LFOPZEOEB, RPUMEDHAEYE ZHBSHCH LPFPTPZP PRYUBOSCH ZETPDPFPPN . yFBL, THVETS DPYUFPTYYUEULYI RETYPDPCH YYUFPTYYUEULYY URPI RBDBEF OB na Ch. DP O.B., RTYUEN TBYUGB LFYI DCHHI TBDEMPCH-YUFPTYY METSYF FPMSHLP CH UFEREOY PUCHEFDPYME. MADY CHUEI AKISOMA OBMY OBCHBOYS UCHPYI RMENEO YNEOB UCHPYI CHPTSDEK, OP OBYVPMEE DTECHOYE YI OI DP OBU OE DPIMY, B RPFPNH DMS YJHYUEOYS YI RTYIPDIFUS PZTBOYESPOYCHFPS BMPFTBOYESCH. lFP, LPOYUOP, OENBMP, OP OEDPUFBFPYuOP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH KHMPCHYFSH Y PRYUBFSH RTPGEUUSCH DTECHOYI LFOPZEOYPCH, OE CHRBDBS RTY LFPN CH ZTHVSHCH PYYVSHCH PYYVCHY, RBPZYUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCHUCH, BOBLOY, OLP, RPDNEOYCHYE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOHA YUFPTYA CHCHNSCHYMEOOOPK, PFCHEYUBCHYEK YI RTEDCHSFSHCHN NOEOYSN.
oBHLB TBCHYCHBEFUS, IPFS KUHUSU RHFY RPUFPSOOP CHPJOILBAF RTERSFUFCHYS YAKE, FTEVHAEYE RTEPDPMEOYS. OCHOE CH TBURPTSCEOYY HYUEOSCHI LTPNE DBF, KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHI U RPNPESH TBDYPLBTVPOPCHSHI NEFPDPC, RPSCHYMYUSH YNEOB OBTPDPC, TBOEE OBSCHBCHYIUS HUMPCHOP, RP NEMPOBZRPYUPPYUPYULPYU DWY FEOYSN DTECHOELYFBKULYI YETPZMYZHPCH, LPFPTSCHE CH I CH DP O.B., PE CHTENEOB USHNB GSOS, KUHUSU FTHDSCH LPFPTPZP NSCH. PRYTBENUS, RTPYOPUYMYUSH OE FBL, LBL UEKUBU.
th PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP CHNEUFP "RBBSCHTSCHLGSCH" UMEDHEF ZPCHPTYFSH "AEYUTSI", B. c. MBKHZHET DPLBЪBM, YuFP LFY YETPZMIZHSCH RTPYOPUYMYUSH "UPZDPK", FP EUFSH UPZDSCH . "fBZBTGSCH" PVTEMY UCHPE YUFPTYUEULPE YNS - DYOMYOSCH, "UAOOKH" - IKHOOSCH, "FPVB" - FBVZBUY, "USOSHVY" - UYVYTSH, "FHLA" - FATLAFSHCH. fPMSHLP UMPPE "LYDBOSH" RTYYMPUSH UPITBOIFSH, YVP EZP RTBCHYMSHOPE ЪCHHYUBOYE "LFBK" RETEYMP KUHUSU TSYFEMEK UTEDYOOOPK TBCHOYOSCH, LPFPTSCHI RP PYYVLE UFBMY OBSCFCHGBY "OBSCCHGBY"; Mtoaji wa NEOSFSH LFOPOIN RPЪDOP.
OP, OEUNPFTS KUHUSU CHUE KHUREY OBHLY, UCHSBSB YUFPTYS OBTPDPC CHEMYLPK UFERY NPTSEF VSHFSH YJMPTSEOB FPMSHLP U III Sehemu ya DP O.B., LPZDB VESHSNSOOSCH RMENEOOB nPOZPMMYOBMECHMY PKHOSCHMY VSHULI RTYUETOPNPTSHS UNEFEOSHCH UBTNBFBNY. fPZDB CE UPJDBMBBUSH NPZKHYUBS DETSBCHB UTEDOOEK BYY - rBTZHYS Y VSHM PVAEDYEO LYFBK. U LFPPZP CHTENEY NPTsOP PUNSCHUMYCHBFSH FOYUUEULHA YUFPTYA nPOZPMYY, B UMEDPCBFEMSHOP, Y YUFPTYA EE LHMSHFHTSCH, YVP LBL OEF LFOPUB VEJ LHMSHFHTSCH, FSHHPFBLFTSCH OECHHTSCH FSHBLFTSCH OECH.
DYMEFBOFBN LBCEPHUS, UFP YUFPTYS - LFP "TSYOSH VE OYUBMB Y LPOGB". KUHUSU VMYOLPN TBUUFPSOY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP OE CHYDOP OH OBYUBM, OH LPOGPC. UPCHENEOOIL OILZDB OE CHYDEMY RBUUYPOBTOPZP FPMYULB, RPDPVOP FPNH LBL DTECHOYE TYNMSOE OE EBNEYUBMY, YuFP TEURKHVMYLB DBCHOP UNEOYMBUSH YNRETYEK. OP YUFPTYL, OBIPDSUSH CH DPMTSOPN PFDBMEOY PF UACEFB, CHYDYF UNEOKH GCHEFB CHTENEOY, DBTSE ANAIDI RPRTBCHLH KUHUSU RMBCHOPUFSH RETEIPDB. pVYFBFEMY CHEMYLPK UFERY OE ЪBNEYUBMY, LBL UNEOYMPUSH CHTENS, CH LPFPTPN SING TSYMY. lBL DP bFPZP YN LBBBMPUSH EUFEUFCHEOOSCHN RBUFY PCHEG Y PIPFYFSHUS, FBL YUETE 150 MEF YI RPFPNLBN VSHMP PYUECHYDOP, YUFP OBDP IPDYFSH CH RPIPDSCH. MADI OE EBNEYUBAF RETENEOSCH UFETEPFYRB UCHPEZP RPCHEDEOYS. yI PVOBTHTSYCHBEF FPMSHLP YUFPTYS DPMZYI RETYPPPCH, FPMSHLP FBN NPZHF VSHFSH ЪBNEYUEOSCH RETEMPNOSH DBFSH BFOYUEULPK YUFPTYY.
yЪ ULBUBOOZP CHSHCHFELBEF, YuFP NPDEMSH FOYUUEULPK YUFPTYY DPMTSOB PVASUOIFSH UMPTSOSCHE RETYPDSH, ZDE CH ZMKHVPLPN LPOFBLFE TYFNSCH TBOSHI UKHRETFOYUUEULYI GEMPPUPT OPUFEYULBYDBY GEMPUPTZ LPMYEULYIDBY GEMPUPTZ LPMYEULYIDBY OPUFE. rППФПНХ FENB, YЪVTBOOBS DMS YMMAUFTBGYY RTPVMENSH LOFBLFB - YUFPTYS nPOZPMYY Y UPRTEDEMSHOSHI UFTBO, - ZPDYFUS DMS YURSHCHFBOYS OBEZP NEFPDB. TEYEOYE DPUFYZOKHFP UTEDUFCHBNY LFOPMPZYY, RTPCHETLB - FTBDYGYPOOSCHNY RTYENBNY. TEKHMSHFBF CH PVPYI UMKHYUBSI PDOPOBYEO. ъOBYUIF, LFOPMPZYUEULBS NPDEMSH NPTSEF VSHFSH RTYNEOOOB Y L DTHZPK LRPIE, FETTYFPTYY, LFOPUKH, B FBLCE L ZEPZTBJYUEULYN NPNEOFBN NPDYZHYLBGYY MBODIBZHFNSHFPY UFPYULUCHULUHFPU YFPYULUCH HT". ZhBLFSH ULBYULPPVTBOPZP TBCHYFYS OBVMADBAFUS NOPZYNY PVMBUFSNY OHLY Y OYZDE OE CHSHCHCHBAF OEDPCHETYS, FBL TSE LBL Y RMBCHOPE UFBOPCHMEOYE CH RTPNETSKHFLBI NETSDH BNY.
na CHEDSH PE CHUEI UFTBOBI na X CHUEI LFOPUPCH OBVMADBEFUS FB CE. LBTFYOB. Sehemu ya VIII Sehemu ya DP O.b. FBL CHP'OILMY LFOPUSCH - UPJDBFEMY Y OPUYFEMY BOFYUOPK LHMSHFHTSCH: TYN, bMMBDB Y RETUYS - Y RPYUFY PDOPCHTENEOOOP (CH YUFPTYYUEULYI NBUYFBVBI) RPZBUMY. Sehemu ya I-II ChH. ZPFSH OBYUBMY CHEMILPE RETEUEMEOYE OBTPDPCH, DBLY RPZYVMY CH VPTSHVE U TYNPN, B LTPYEUOSCH ITYUFYBOULYE PVEYOSCH CHSTPUMY CH ЪPMPPHHA CHYBOFYA; Y FPTSE YOETGYY ICHBFYMP KUHUSU 1200 MEF, LTPNE FAIRIES UMHYUBECH, LPZDB RTPGEUU VSHM PVPTCBO CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHPN UP UFPTPOSHCH. Sehemu ya VI-VII ChH. BOBMPZYUOP RTPSCHYYUEVS BTBVSH, TBDTSRKHFSCH (LFOPU, UNEYBOOSCHK YI BVPTYZEOPCH Y NYZTBOFPCH: UBLPCH, UPZDYKGECH, LZhFBMYFPCH), FYVEFGSHCH, UTEDOECGHELPGSHCH LIFB. Sehemu ya IX Sehemu ya ъBRBDOPK eChTPRE OBYUBMYUSH RPIPDSCH CHYLYOZPCH, ZHEPDBMSHOSCHE CHPKOSHCH, TELPOLYUFB Y PVTBPCHBOYE OBGYK, Y LPFPTSCHI MYYSH OENOPZYE DPFSOKHMY DP XXMISHIPYUHTSCH Sehemu ya XIV NMPDSCHE OTPPDSH; RETED OINY VHDHEEEE. rTPYUYE RTYNETSH PRKHUBEN, YVP NSCHUMSH SUOB: LPYUECHOILY CHEMYLPK UFERY TBCHYCHBMYUSH FBL TSE, LBL Y CHUE RTPYUYE LFOPUSCH, Y EUMY ULIZHULYK CHYFPL LFOPZEOEB VSHOPYCHBMYUSHOEB VSHOPLYMH HW KULP-UBTNBFULYN FPMYULPN, FP LFP FPMSHLP RPLBSCHCHBEF, YuFP LFOPZEOOSCH CHЪTSCHCHSCH - SCHMEOYE RTYTPDSCH .
DMS FPZP YUFPVSH RPMHYUBFSH YI OBUYI OBVMADEOYK OBKHYUOSCH TEKHMSHFBFSCH, OBDP KHUEUFSH OUEULPMSHLP NEMLYI, OP CHBTSOSCHI DEFBMEK. reETCHBS: CHTSCHCH LFOPZEOEB, YMY FPMYUPL (NHFBGYS), PVOBTHTSYCHBEFUS CH YUFPTYY OE UTBH. ENH CHUEZDB RTEDYUFCHHEF YOLHVBGYPOOSCHK RETYPD, PVSHYUOP OEDPMZYK, PLPMP 150 MEF, OP CHULTSCHFS EZP PUEOSH FTHDOP. oEHYUEF bFPZP SCHMEOYS NPTSEF CHOUFY RHFBOYGH CH BOBMY, B OESUOPUFEK UMEDHEF YVEZBFSH. hFPTBS: OILFP OE CYCHEF PDYOPLP; OBYUYF, UPUEDY NPZHF UYMPK PVPTCHBFSH OBYUBCHYYKUS RTPGEUU; UMEDCHBFEMSHOP, LFOPUKH OHTSOP OBKHUYFSHUS UEWS PFUFBYCHBFSH. fTEFSHS: PTYZIOBMSHOBS LHMSHFKHTB, UPJDBCHBENBBS LFOPUPN KUHUSU RTPFSTSEOY CHUEK EZP TSYOY, YUBUFP RETETSYCHBEF EZP, LBL CHEY, LPFPTSCHE PUFBAFUS RPUME UNETFY NETFY SHGB. oBUMEDOILBN RTEDPUFBCHMEOP RTBCHP MYVP TBUYUUFYFSH UCHPA ENMA PF YUKhTsPZP IMBNB (B IMBNPN OETEDLP UYYFBAF YEDECHTSCH RTPYMPZP), MYVP FTBFYFSH UYMSCH UYMSCH O UCHPEBOUTHPCHPE, YUCHPE OETEDLP UFBTOSCH. oEY'CHEUFOP, YUFP IHTSE, OP BCHFPT LFYI UFTPL - YUFPTYL Y RPFPNH VE'PZPCHPTPYUOP RTEDRPYUIFBEF CHFPTK CHBTYBOF.
th OBLPOEG, ЪBNEYUBOYE YUYUFP NEFPDPMPZYUEULPE. netsfsh Yukhtskha LHMSHFHTH RP LPMYUEUFCHH HGEMECHYI RBNSFoilLPCH - RTYOGYRYBMSHOP OECHETOP. NPTsEF VShchFSh TPULPYOBS GYCHYMYYBGYS, RPUFTPEOOBS KUHUSU VBJE OEUFPKLYI NBFETYBMPCH - LPTSY, NEIPCH, DETECHB, YEMLB, - Y FHRBS, RTYNYFYCHOBS, OP KHRPFTEVMSHOPDOPCH YLBNEPDOPCH YMBZMSOPCH YMBZBE pF RETCHPK OE PUFBOEFUS UMEDPC, B PUFBFLY CHFPTK VHDEF OELKHDB DECHBFSH. b CHEDSH RP YUYUMH OBIPPDPL PGEOYCHBAF "LHMSHFHTH" BTIEPMPZY Y DBTSE YULHUUFCHPCHEDSH. PYUECHYDOP, DMS PGEOLY HTPCHOS LHMSHFHTSCH OBDP YNEFSH RTPCHETPUOSHE DBOOSCH. yI-FP NSCHY RPUFBTBENUS YYCHMEYUSH YY LFOYUEULPK YUFPTYY.
ъBRPNOYCH RETEYUYUMEOOSCH HUMPCHYS, CHETOENUS CH CHEMILHA UFERSH, L IKHOOBNY DTECHOYN NPOZPMBN.
5. RETEMPLATE DBFSCH. rTYOSFBS OBNY NEFPDYLB TBMYUEOYS HTPCHOEK YUUMEDPCHBOYS RPCHPMSEF UDEMBFSH CHBTsOPE OBVMADEOYE: LFOOYUEULBS YUFPTYS DCHYTSEFUS OETBCHOPNETOP. h OEK, OBTSDKH U RMBCHOSCHNY BOFTPRYKOSCHNY RTPGEUUBNY RPDYAENB, TBUGCHEFB Y RPUFEREOOPZP UFBTEOYS, PVOBTHTSYCHBAFUS NNEOFSH LPTEOOPK RETEUFTPKLY, MPNLY UFBTSDUKBOKHDDYCHI, PVOBTHTSYCHBAFUS UPVSHCHFYSNY, Y UYFKHBGYK, OE CHSHCHFELBAEYI YY RTYCHSHCHYUOPK TBUUFBOPCHLY UYM. chDTHZ CHP'OILBEF OYuFP OPChPE, OEPTSYDBOOPE, LBL VHDFP NPEOSCHK FPMYUPL RPFTSU FEBFEMSHOP RPDPVTVTBOOKHA UPCHPLHROPUFSH PFOPYEOYK Y CHUE RETENEYBM, LBL NEYBAF LPMP LBTF. b RPUME LFPZP CHUE KHMBTSYCHBEFUS Y FSHUSYUKH MEF YDEF UCHPYN YUETEDPN.
rTY UMYYLPN RPDTPVOPN YYMPTSEOY IPDB UPVSHFYK LFYI DBF KHCHYDEFSH OEMSHHS - CHEDSH MADI OE CHYDSF RTPGEUUPCH ZPTPPVTBPCBOYS, FBL LBL, DMS FPZP YUFPVSHFSYSCHUSHCH, CHMSHLY OE ЪOBAF P FPN, YuFP VSCHCHBEF JINB, YVP YI BLFYCHOBS TSYOSH KHLMBDSCHCHBEFUS CH OEULPMSHLP MEFOYI DOEK . th FHF RTYIPDYF KUHUSU RPNPESH OBHLB, UYOFEYTHAEBS PRSHCHF RPLPMEOYK Y TBVPFBAEBS FBN, ZDE MYUOBS Y DBTSE OBTPDOBS RBNSFSH KHZBUBEF RPD DEKUFCHYEN ZHVYFEMDINGHOP.
RETEMPLOSHE DBFSCH OE CHHCHDNLB. h CHEMYLPK UFERY YI VSHMP FTY, Y PVP CHUEI HCE VSHMP KHRPNSOKHFP. rETChPK DBFPK, DTECHOEK Y RPFPNH TBURMSCHCHYUBFPK, OBDP UYUYFBFSH i-IX CHCH. DP O.b. fPZDB RPSCHYMYUSH ULIZHSHCH Y CHPOIL DTECHOYK LYFBK. hFPTBS DBFB - III Sehemu ya DP O.b. KUHUSU YYTPFE PTDPUB Y UECHETOSHI ULMPOPCH OSHYBOS RPSCHYMYUSH FTY OPCHSHHI NPZKHYYI LFOPUB: KUHUSU OBRBDE - UBTNBFSCH, CH ZPTBI YOSHYBOS - IKHOOSCH, CH UPCHENEOOOPK POZBOPMYK ATsOPYK. bFH NPEOHA CHURSHCHYLKH LFOPZEOEB NPTsOP RPTUMEDYFSH DP YJMEFB, FP EUFSH RPMOPK RPFETY YOETGYY, LPZDB PUFBAFUS FPMSHLP PUFSHCHYYE LTYUFBMMSCHY REREM. fTEFSHS CHURSHCHYLB - NPOZPMSHULYK CHUMEF XII CH., YOETGYS LPFPTPZP PFOADSH OE YUUSLMB. nPOZPMSH ЪDTBЧУФЧХАФ И ФЧПТСТФ, UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHP YUENKH - YI YULHUUFCHP.
6. iХООХ И ЖБББ РПДЯЭНБ ЛПУЭЧПЗП NYTB. oEF, OE VSHMP Y OE NPZMP VSHFSH LFOPUB, RTPYUIPDSEEZP PF PDOPZP RTEDLB. CHUE LFOPUSCH YNEAF DCHHI Y VPMEE RTEDLPCH, LBL CHUE MADI YNEAF PFGB Y NBFSH. ьFOYUEULYE UHVUFTBFSCH - LPNPOOFSH CHP'OILBAEEZP LFOPUB CH NPNEOF ZHMALFKHBGYY OOETZYY TSYCHPZP CHEEUFCHB VYPUZHETSCH UMYCHBAFUS Y PVTBHAF EDYOKHA UYUKFOCH, PVTBHAF EDYOKHA UYUKFOCH -P LFPN UMYSOY GEMPUFOPUFSH, UPYIDBAEKHA UCPA, PRSFSH-FBLY PTYZIOBMSHOHA LHMSHFHTH .
NPNEOF TPTSDEOYS LFOPUB IKHOOKH UCHSBO U RETEIPDPN RMENEO ISOSHAOSH Y IHOAK U ATsOPK PLTBIOSCH RHUFSHCHOY ZPVY KUHUSU UECHETOKHA Y UMYSOYEN YI U BVPTYZEOBNY, YNECHYYNY HCE A LTBHMHMSH A LTBYYNY HCE A YCHHMSH. YNS LFOPUB, UPЪDBCHYEZP "LHMSH FHTH RMYFPYUOSHI NPZYM", KHLTBYEOOSCHI YЪPVTBTSEOYSNY PMEOEK, UPMOEYUOPZP DYULB Y PTKhTSYS, OE UPITBOYMPUSH, OPTECH OEFON OPFOF UEMEOGBNY U AZB, ZHTNYTPCHBMUS LPNRPEOFBNY LFOPUB IKHOOKH (YMY IKHOOPCH), PFOPUSEEEZPUS L RBMEPUYVYTULPNH FYRKH NPOZPMSHULPK TBUSCH .
Sehemu ya IV Sehemu ya DP O.b. IKHOOSCH PVTBBPCHBMY NPEOKHA DETSBCHH - RMENOOOPK UPA DCHBDGBFY YUEFSHTEI TPDPCH, CHPZMBCHMSENSHK RPTsYYOOOSCHN RTEYDEOFPN - YBOSHAYEN Y YETBTTIYEK RMENOOSCHI LOSJEK "BDCHISCHI" BDCHI LOSJEK "BDCHI,"up YUOSHI). PFUYUEF X IKHOOPCH OE U UECHETB, LBL X OBU, B U AZB. RETCHPOBUBMSHOPE UMYSOYE FOYUUEULYI UHVUFTBFPCH CH NPNEOF BOETZEFYUEULPZP CHTSCHB CHUEZDB CHEDEF L HUMPTSOEOYA FUYUEULPK UYUFENSCH, FP EUFSH OPCHSHCHK LFOPU CHUEZEEDB NVPPEYFEEDB NVP ZBEYUFE EZP. iHOOBN RTEDUFPSMP CHEMILPE VKHHEEE.
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Vyacheslav Osipov, darasa la 11, shule ya sekondari No
Novemba 27 | 09:06
Lev Gumilyov, mtoto wa Anna Akhmatova na Nikolai Gumilyov, alizaliwa mnamo 1912. Mwaka ujao, 2012, jumuiya nzima ya dunia itaadhimisha miaka mia moja ya kuzaliwa kwa mwanasayansi huyu mkuu.
Nilimtambua Gumilyov kama mtangazaji, nilisoma nakala yake kuhusu miaka yake ya shule huko Bezhetsk: " Miaka ya shule- huu ni mtihani wa kikatili. Wanafundisha shuleni masomo mbalimbali. Wengi wao hawana sababu ya maslahi yoyote, lakini ni muhimu, kwa sababu bila mtazamo mpana wa ulimwengu hakutakuwa na maendeleo ya akili na hisia. Ikiwa watoto hawajajifunza fizikia, basi hawataelewa nini nishati na entropy ni; bila zoolojia na botania wataenda kushinda asili, na hii ndiyo njia chungu zaidi ya kujiua kwa aina. Bila ujuzi wa lugha na fasihi, uhusiano na ulimwengu unaozunguka wa watu hupotea, na bila historia, na urithi wa zamani. Lakini katika miaka ya ishirini historia iliondolewa programu za shule, na jiografia imepunguzwa hadi kiwango cha chini. Hii haikusaidia mambo.
Kwa bahati nzuri, basi ndani mji mdogo Bezhetsk ilikuwa na maktaba, kamili ya insha Mine Reed, Cooper, Jules Verne na waandishi wengine wengi ambao hutoa habari ambayo ni rahisi kuyeyuka, lakini kwa raha. Kulikuwa na historia za Shakespeare, riwaya za kihistoria Dumas, Walter Scott... Kusoma kulikusanya nyenzo za msingi za ukweli na kuamsha mawazo"
Nilivutiwa na shughuli za kisayansi Gumilyov mwanasayansi: "L.N. Gumilyov, akisoma vipengele maendeleo ya kihistoria watu wa Eurasia, alielezea ukweli kwamba dhoruba mabadiliko ya kijamii kwenye bara zinahusishwa na mizunguko shughuli za jua, ambayo yanaelezewa kikamilifu kabisa na wanaastronomia. Kufuatia wataalamu katika uwanja wa sayansi ya asili, mwanasayansi alipendekeza kuwa uhusiano huu ni wa asili. Alidhani kwamba ongezeko kubwa la shughuli za jua linachangia ukweli kwamba Duniani ndani kiasi kikubwa"Wapenzi" wanazaliwa - watu kuongezeka kwa shughuli, kukuza mabadiliko na miongozo ya kijamii harakati za kihistoria watu."
Mnamo Oktoba 21 ya mwaka huu, katika maktaba ya Shishkov, mimi na wanafunzi wenzangu tulihudhuria jioni iliyowekwa kwa Lev Gumilyov. Katika ukumbi, pamoja na wakazi wa Bezhe, kulikuwa na wageni kutoka St. Petersburg: Alexander Vladimirovich Norin, mgombea wa sayansi ya kimwili na hisabati, profesa msaidizi, mwanafunzi wa Lev Gumilyov, Elena Vladimirovna Maslova, mkuu wa Kituo cha Ethnology kilichoitwa. Lev Gumilev huko St. Petersburg, Nikolai Valentinovich Borisov, mkuu wa idara mifumo ya habari katika sanaa na ubinadamu Kitivo cha Sanaa cha Chuo Kikuu cha St. Petersburg, profesa.
Hotuba za wanasayansi wa kisasa zilikuwa safi na za kupendeza, lakini nakumbuka sana hotuba ya Amon Aminovich Suleymanov, anayeishi Bezhetsk, ambaye alizungumza juu ya Gumilyov mshairi. Kutoka kwa hotuba yake nilijifunza kwamba Lev Gumilyov mwenyewe hakujiona kuwa mshairi, akisema kwamba washairi watatu katika familia moja ni wazi sana, lakini mashairi yake yanafunua nafsi yake halisi ya ushairi. Kwa mfano, shairi kuhusu St.
Dibaji
Unapoona uzio wa chuma cha kutupwa,
Na taa za tramu zinazopita,
Na harufu ya majani kutoka bustani ya usiku,
Na mwanga wa giza wa mto uliovurugika,
Na hali mbaya ya hewa ya joto, vuli,
Kwenye lami, kati ya mawe yanayometa -
Inaonekana kwangu kuwa hakuna furaha nyingine,
Nini cha kukumbuka
Mji wa ujana wangu.
Nadhani…
Hapana, nina uhakika nayo!
Kwamba mipaka ya maili na mipaka ya miaka ni bure,
Kwamba barabara ina taji ya mwanga
Silhouette yangu ya zamani imezaliwa.
Kwamba kivuli changu kinaonekana kwenye majengo ya kijivu,
Nyayo zangu zinameta kwenye mawe yanayometameta.
Jinsi Jiji lilivyo hai katika kumbukumbu zangu,
Kwa hivyo kivuli changu kiko hai katika vivuli vyake!
Katika shairi hili, lililoandikwa mnamo 1942 katika kambi ya Norilsk, ambapo Lev Gumilev alikuwa akitumikia kifungo chake, kuna hisia za kina, na mawazo yenye maana, na lugha ya kishairi.
Mwaka ujao, wakati kumbukumbu ya Lev Gumilyov inaadhimishwa, nitajifunza mengi zaidi juu ya hili. mtu mwenye talanta, mwanasayansi na mshairi!
Lakini alilelewa na bibi yake na kwa njia ya kujisomea.
Ikizingatiwa kuwa mnamo 1921 baba yake alishtakiwa na maafisa wa usalama kwa kushiriki katika njama ya Walinzi Weupe na kupigwa risasi (hali ya kesi hiyo bado haijulikani wazi), L.N. Gumilyov iliainishwa na mamlaka ya USSR kama isiyotegemewa na ilizuiwa kwa kila njia kujiandikisha Chuo Kikuu cha Leningrad, walikamatwa mara mbili na kuwekwa katika kambi, hawakuchapisha makala, vitabu, nk.
L.N. mwenyewe anazungumza juu ya nadharia yake. Gumilyov alisema hivi:
"Kulikuwa na wafungwa mara kadhaa zaidi ya kuta za kawaida za gereza... Seli yangu huko Kresty pia ilikuwa finyu. Sio tu bunk ambazo zina shughuli nyingi. Tunalala chini yao, kwenye sakafu ya lami, katika hali ya kujaa, yenye jasho, karibu na kila mmoja. Hali ni mbali na hali ya mapumziko. Lakini pia wana faida zao. Unaweza kuzungumza kwa uhuru na jirani yako, mgonjwa mwenzako. Ni marufuku kulala kwenye bunks wakati wa mchana, lakini hata wakati wa mchana unaweza kutambaa chini yao na, amelala chini, fikiria juu ya vitu vya kigeni. Kwa mfano, kuhusu historia. Nia yangu kwake bado haikuniacha. Lakini mtu anawezaje kufanya sayansi gerezani, akinyimwa vitabu muhimu, karatasi, hata penseli kwa maelezo? Na kisha nikafikiria, kwa nini sisomi nadharia? sayansi ya kihistoria? Baada ya yote, hii ni njia nzuri ya kulinda ubongo kutokana na athari za uharibifu wa mawazo na uzoefu wa gerezani.
Siku moja, kijana mwenye nywele zilizovurugika aliruka kutoka chini ya kitanda kwa miguu minne. Katika aina fulani ya kupatwa kwa jua kwa furaha na kijinga, alipiga kelele: "Eureka!"
Hakuwa mwingine ila mimi.
Wenzangu walioketi kwenye ghorofa ya juu, walikuwa wanane hivi, walinitazama kwa huzuni, wakiamua kwamba nilikuwa nimerukwa na akili: “Mwingine! Kituko!” Kesi kama hizo zilifanyika mara nyingi. Lakini wakati huu walikosea. Hawakujua kwamba dakika moja iliyopita nilikuwa nimepata jibu la fumbo ambalo lilikuwa likinitesa kwa wiki kadhaa mfululizo. Nilimkaribia, sasa kutoka upande mmoja, sasa kutoka kwa mwingine, lakini hakuniacha. Hali ilikuwa mbaya, na nilijiona kama mpumbavu wa kweli.
Kwa kweli, ni nguvu gani inayosababisha kuzaliwa na kufa kwa makabila - mataifa na watu?
Hakuna kabila hata moja katika historia ambalo limesalia kwenye mizizi yake hadi leo. Wasumeri wa kale, Wahiti, Wafilisti, Waetruriani na Waveneti walitoa nafasi kwa Waparthi, Walatini na Warumi, ambao walijitokeza kutoka kwa Kilatini na Italiki zingine. Lakini pia walibadilishwa na Waitaliano, Wahispania, Wafaransa na Wagiriki (kabila la asili ya Slavic-Albanian), Waturuki, Tajiks, Uzbeks na Kazakhs.
Inaonekana kwamba nimefanya ugunduzi, baada ya hatimaye kufunua kile kilicho katika msingi wa nguvu hii mchakato wa asili. Nilipata kichochezi chake na nikakipa jina bora: "shauku" - kutoka neno la Kilatini"passio" - shauku. Niligundua kwamba kuzaliwa kwa kila kabila jipya hutanguliwa na kuonekana kwa idadi fulani ya watu wa aina mpya ya shauku.”
Demin V.N., Lev Gumilyov, M., "Walinzi wa Vijana", 2007, p. 10-11.
« Kwenye mbao, bila vitabu, bila fursa ukosoaji wa kisayansi, aliunganisha mabaki ya mawazo yaliyohifadhiwa katika kumbukumbu katika mpango wa kimataifa wa makabila. Kwa njia fulani wanafanana na makabila ya Waturuki. U Gumilyov Kuna makala nzito juu ya mada hii. Alipenda washenzi wenye akili rahisi na hakupenda ustaarabu wa zamani uliooza. Siku moja nilimwona kwenye ukanda wa Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Mashariki na, bila kusema hello, aliuliza: "Lev Nikolaevich, unapenda nini? Genghis Khan? Alijibu kwa ufupi zaidi: " Genghis Khan Sikuwapenda watoa habari.” Haikuwa vigumu kwangu kutafsiri hili katika lugha ukweli wa kihistoria: Mawakala wa Kichina walikuwa wakivutia Kubwa Nyika, yakizuia makabila yasiungane na kuwa kundi moja na kupenya hadi kwenye “Nchi ya Kati.”
Pomerantz G.S. , Kutoka kwa hadithi za hadithi hadi matukio muhimu ya ukweli, mnamo Sat.: Nani anafanya falsafa nchini Urusi leo, Juzuu 2 / Mwandishi-mkusanyaji A.S. Nilogov, M., "Agraf", 2011, p. 392.
Nadharia yake ya shauku haikubaliwi na kila mtu (pamoja na kwa sababu ya ukweli kwamba nadharia kadhaa ziliwasilishwa na mwandishi kama ukweli) na huibua mijadala na maswali mapya kila wakati. Hapa mfano wa kawaida:
«... Lev Gumilev, akielezea kila kitu zaidi kwa njia rahisi: hapa, kwanza kuna msukumo wa nishati ya cosmic ambayo huzindua mchakato wa kijamii na kikabila, na kisha nishati hii inapotea hatua kwa hatua na inapungua. Hii ni tafsiri iliyorahisishwa kupita kiasi, Sivyo kwa kuzingatia taratibu za mabadiliko. Mahusiano ya ndani ya mfumo hubadilika kulingana na jinsi mfumo unavyoendelea kuishi na kukuza, kwa asili kujitahidi kwa upeo wake, mabadiliko kwa wakati.Mfumo ambao umefikia utata na nguvu fulani kwa ajili yako maendeleo zaidi na kuimarisha hutafuta kuondoa mifumo ndogo inayofanya kazi zaidi, ambayo ushawishi wake unakuwa wa kudhoofisha. Kweli, jambazi-huni mwenye afya atampiga mtu yeyote usoni, na kadhaa kati yao wanatishia kitongoji kizima. Lakini ukiwaajiri elfu moja kwa ajili ya vita, watatafunana wao kwa wao, watajitahidi kutenda kwa makusudi, na kuasi amri wasiyoyapenda. Na wale wenye jeuri zaidi wanauawa, licha ya sifa zao za juu zaidi za mapigano - ili kuimarisha ubora wa jumla wa mapigano ya jeshi. Na juu ya yote, uongozi wa kijeshi unajali juu ya nidhamu, udhibiti kamili, utekelezaji usio na masharti wa amri - wacha wapiganaji wawe mbaya zaidi, lakini jeshi ni bora. Kanuni ya uchezaji wa timu, sio kucheza kwa nyota. Na hivyo mfumo madhubuti huwaweka watu wasimamizi wa kazi zote ambao watatekeleza vyema kile wanachopewa. Sijali kama wewe ni mpumbavu, mradi tu uendelee.Utendaji unapendekezwa zaidi kuliko talanta. Na kisha admiral Nelson anafukuzwa kutoka jeshi la wanamaji kwa sababu anamzuia gavana kuiba - lakini anaiba "kulingana na cheo" na anaingia katika mahusiano ya mfumo wa "Dola", na Nelson anavuruga hali hiyo. Vita? - wataita, kuua, kutukuza: lakini ndani wakati wa amani yeye ni wa kupita kiasi."
Weller M.I. , Kassandra, St. Petersburg, "Nenosiri", 2003, p. 84.
"Wataalamu rasmi wa ethnograph, wakiongozwa na kiongozi wao, msomi Bromley(na sio wao tu) kundi zima lilimrundikia yule mzee, aliyeachiliwa kutoka kambi ndefu, lakini chini ya uangalizi wa siri. Gumilev. Binafsi, nakumbuka jinsi Lev Nikolaevich alinung'unika kwa mduara wa kibinafsi kwa kejeli kali: "Eh, Bromley-Barmaley." Katika Leningrad, Lev Nikolaevich aliishi katika ghorofa ya zamani ya jumuiya, katika chumba kikubwa cha mraba. Nilipokuwa nikimtembelea (mnamo 1977), aliniambia kwa tabasamu, akiitikia kwa kichwa ukutani: “Hapa, wameweka mtu wa KGB, anashikilia kila neno langu. Wanaendelea kunisubiri nilipuke na kusema kitu kama hicho. Wanaogopa. Wanaogopa nini? Sitasema lolote.” Naye alipunga mkono bila matumaini.”
Katsura A.V., Katika kutafuta karatasi nyeupe, M., "Upinde wa mvua", 2000, p. 279.
"Ninawafundisha wasiogope, wasiogope na kufanya kile kinachohitajika kufanywa."
"Kila mtu huvaa kofia, lakini huvaa kofia ya juu," ni maneno madhubuti ya mpinzani wa milele wa Nikolai Gumilyov, Alexander Blok. Mwana wa daktari wa meli, Nikolai Gumilyov aliunda wasifu wake na akafanya kwa shauku. Gumilyov alijifunza kujipinga kwa jamii. Watu wengi walifanya tofauti; Gumilyov alifanya hivyo kwa ustadi maalum. Labda kwa sababu maisha hayakuenea zaidi ya miongo saba, au labda kwa sababu ya talanta kubwa ya PR. Gumilyov alicheza na kutaniana, lakini kila wakati kwa dhati, na hali isiyoweza kuepukika ya mtindo.
"Na nitaihitimisha kwa aya fupi, katika sura ya ndoto za sonorous"
Gumilyov alianza kutunga umri mdogo, shairi la kwanza lilitungwa akiwa na umri wa miaka sita, nikiwa na umri wa miaka 16 lile maarufu lilichapishwa: “Nilikimbilia msituni kutoka mijini.” Na kisha makusanyo yakaruka - "Njia ya Mshindi", "Maua ya Kimapenzi". Watu wa wakati huo walimkashifu mshairi kwa bidii yake, lakini Gumilyov aliendelea kuandika. Bryusov, akikabiliwa na ushairi wa mapema wa Nikolai Stepanovich, alisema: "Labda, akiendelea kufanya kazi kwa ujasiri kama sasa, ataweza kwenda mbali zaidi kuliko tulivyopanga, atagundua uwezekano ndani yake ambao hatukushuku. .” Niliangalia ndani ya maji - uwezo wa kupata fomu wazi ya shairi ulianza kucheza mara tu Gumilyov alipopata mada yake. Mnamo 1912, akigeuka kutoka kwa Bryusov na Blok, Gumilyov alipendekeza harakati mpya ya kisanii kwa Umri wa Fedha - Acmeism. Aliunda na kuashiria Akhmatova na Mandelstam pamoja naye - kutafuta maneno kamili na upendo kwa maisha ya kidunia: "Walisimamisha jua kwa neno, Waliharibu miji kwa neno." Gumilyov alijua jinsi ya kuweka wazo katika fomu, na aliweza kupata mfumo wa harakati za kisanii. Katika "Warsha ya Washairi," iliyoongozwa na Gumilyov, uongozi mkali ulionekana; neno la Mwalimu lilikuwa sheria kwa washiriki wa chama cha fasihi.
"Na ramani zilizofutwa za Afrika"
"Sikuona kuvuka kwa ikweta, nilikuwa nikisoma juu ya ngamia wangu na kusoma Baudelaire." Afrika ni mahali ambapo Gumilyov aliabudu na kuchukia; Mnamo 1907, Nikolai Stepanovich alikwenda Odessa na kuishia Afrika. Afrika, pamoja na hadithi zake, miji ya ajabu, hofu ya zamani na ibada, ilivutia Gumilyov tangu utoto. Mshairi alimwandikia mashairi na kuwaacha wanawake kwa ajili yake. Petersburg, Gumilev ilikuwa chini ya miti, pygmies na simba ilikuwa ya kusisimua. Kuondoka, kupiga risasi, "kulenga kati ya macho" ni ndoto sio sana ya dandy ya Kirusi kama ya mtu mwenye madai ya mawazo tajiri. Kutawaliwa na mabadiliko ya maeneo kulimpeleka Gumilyov kwenye jangwa la Abyssinia, hakuogopa barabara zilizochafuliwa, ugonjwa wa kuhara damu, au woga wa viongozi kutoka kwa jiji; Hapa angeweza kuzungumza na mfalme wa Ethiopia, pamoja na Mungu - Yah, kila risasi ilikuwa ibada takatifu.
"Na ninampenda mwanamke"
Nani hajasikia kuhusu wanandoa wa Gumilev-Gorenko? Anna Akhmatova alizaa mtoto wa kiume kwa Gumilev, akajitolea mashairi kadhaa, na pia alimdanganya bila mwisho. Walakini, hapa alama ilikuwa sawa: "Akhmatova kila wakati aliamsha huruma nyingi. Nani, ambaye hakuandika barua kwake, hakuonyesha furaha. Lakini, kwa kuwa sikuzote alikuwa na huzuni, alikuwa na sura ya kuteseka, walifikiri kwamba mimi ni mume mkatili, na walinichukia kwa ajili yake. Na nilikuwa mume mwenye tabia njema zaidi na nilimchukua kwa tarehe kwenye kabati." Gumilyov aliolewa mara mbili, alipendana kila wakati. Wanawake pia walimpenda mshairi. Na shukrani kwa upendo wao, alikua Alain Delon wa wakati wake. . Wanaume ambao hawakuwa na mwelekeo wa kufanya picha ya Nicholas kuwa ya kimapenzi, hitaji la kuongea juu ya mwonekano wa mshairi, kana kwamba wanaomba msamaha, wakikohoa au kitu kingine, Gumilyov alikuwa na nywele nyingi, akichechemea na akipiga, na hakuweza kutamka herufi " l” na “r” hata kidogo, lakini wanaume na wanawake wakawa wazimu juu yake, wakamwona na kufa. mwanamke mzuri Petersburg, Larisa Reisner, aliandika kwa shauku baada ya kifo cha mshairi: "Ikiwa ningemwona kabla ya kifo chake, ningemsamehe kila kitu, ningesema ukweli kwamba sikuwahi kumpenda mtu yeyote mwenye uchungu kama huo, na hamu kama hiyo ya kufa kwa ajili yake. kama yeye, mshairi, Hafidh, kituko na tapeli. Ni hayo tu."
"Vita takatifu vilivyosubiriwa kwa muda mrefu"
Hii ni shauku nyingine ya Gumilyov, hakujua tu jinsi ya kuandika juu ya vita, aliona upande wake wa seamy. Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia vilimtunuku mshairi wawili St. Nikolai Stepanovich alipigana, kwanza kabisa, na yeye mwenyewe, akijiangalia tena na tena: "Haiwezi kuwa takataka hii ilinitisha - na nikarudi kwao na kuwasaidia kutoa bunduki ya mashine." Kwa bunduki ya mashine, Gumilyov alipokea Georgy wa pili.
"Ulikuwa umelala na kuamka ..."
Mawazo ya Kirusi yalivutiwa na falsafa ya Ujerumani. Wasomi walipendelea Hegel na Nietzsche. Gumilyov alivutiwa na wazo la mtu mkuu. Mwanadamu ni kitu ambacho lazima kishinde, kila mwanadamu lazima ajione kama bidhaa iliyoshindwa ya asili - tazama na ujaribu kujielimisha kama mwanafalsafa, msanii au mtakatifu. Gumilyov alijitahidi. Uthibitisho wa hili ni shairi " Kadi ya biashara" Maandishi kwenye kadi ni mafupi na mafupi - kila mstari ni juu ya mwandishi:
Ya kwanza kabisa, mbaya na nyembamba,
Alipenda tu giza la vichaka.
Jani lililoanguka, mtoto wa mchawi,
Kwa neno moja, kusimamisha mvua.
Wakati wa kusafiri kuzunguka Uingereza, Gumilyov mara moja alikutana na Gilbert Chesterton. Chesterton baadaye aliandika: “Nitasema tu kwamba alipotoka nje ya mlango, ilionekana kwangu kwamba angeweza kuondoka kupitia dirishani. pendekezo la vitendo ilikuwa kwamba washairi pekee ndio waruhusiwe kuitawala dunia. Alitutangazia kwa dhati kwamba yeye mwenyewe alikuwa mshairi. Nilifurahishwa na uungwana wake aliponiteua, kama mshairi mwenzangu, mtawala kamili na mtawala wa Uingereza." Chesterton hakuwa karibu na mawazo ya Gumilyov, lakini "mtoto wa mchawi" aliathiri fasihi ya Uingereza. Katika moja ya hadithi kuhusu Baba wa Chesterton Brown, Nietzscheanism ya Gumilev na Ukristo wa Gilbert ziligongana. Kijana mmoja ambaye alijiwazia kuwa angeweza kuzuia mvua aliokolewa na kasisi, ambaye alimpigilia superman kwenye mti kwa uma. Afisa wa Urusi, aliyejaa maoni ya Ukristo, Gumilev alimpenda sio Mungu, lakini Adamu. Ucheshi wa kitheolojia wa Nikolai Stepanovich haukuenda mbali, ulikuwa wa hila na wa kejeli. Katika ushairi wa Gumilyov hakuna dhihaka dhahiri ya picha ya Kristo, lakini wazo la unyenyekevu lilichezwa dhidi ya msingi wa picha ya mtu wa kwanza, Adamu:
"Uwe mkaidi katika nyakati ngumu,
Kuwa na huzuni, rangi na kuinama,
Lakini usiomboleze matunda hayo
Hajakombolewa na kudharauliwa."
"Laini, rangi, katika nguo za majivu ulionekana kwa macho laini"
Ushiriki wa Gumilyov katika njama hiyo ni msingi wa kutajwa mbili tu - Odoevtseva na Tagantsev. Odoevtseva, hata hivyo, hakuhojiwa. Na Tagantsev katika ushuhuda wake mara mbili anazungumza juu ya ukaribu wa Gumilyov Mawazo ya Soviet. Na, hata hivyo, mpelelezi Yakobson aliandika: "Raia Gumilev alisisitiza kwa mjumbe wa ujasusi wa Kifini kwamba yeye, Gumilev, anahusishwa na kikundi cha wasomi, ambacho wasomi wanaweza kuwaondoa na ambao, ikiwa watachukua hatua, yuko tayari kwenda nje. mitaani kupigana kikamilifu na Wabolshevik, ningependa kuwa na kiasi fulani ninachoweza kwa mahitaji ya kiufundi." Nikolai Stepanovich alijua jinsi ya kuunda hadithi, na hakuwa na hofu ya kifo bado, ilionekana kuwa ya kufurahisha kwake. Hakuna mtu aliyeanza kumtetea Gumilyov (isipokuwa Gorky, ambaye hakuna kitu kilichotokea kwake); hakuna mtu aliyegundua ikiwa mshairi, ambaye Chesterton alimwona kama mkomunisti muda mfupi kabla ya kukamatwa, alishiriki katika njama ya Tagantsev. Shujaa aliyezingatia kupenda maneno, uzuri, hatari na kuzunguka - Gumilyov alialika kifo.
Mshairi. Jenasi. huko Kronstadt. Baba yake alikuwa daktari wa majini. Wote utoto wa mapema G. alikaa Tsarskoe Selo. Alianza elimu yake ya gymnasium huko St. Petersburg na kuhitimu huko Tsarskoe Selo [mkurugenzi hapa alikuwa I. Annensky (q.v.)]. Baada ya kumaliza sekondari...... Ensaiklopidia kubwa ya wasifu
Gumilev- Nikolai Stepanovich (1886 1921) mshairi. R. huko Kronstadt. Baba yake alikuwa daktari wa majini. G. alitumia maisha yake yote ya utotoni huko Tsarskoe Selo. Alianza elimu yake ya gymnasium huko St. Petersburg na kuhitimu huko Tsarskoe Selo (mkurugenzi hapa alikuwa I. Annensky (tazama)).... ... Ensaiklopidia ya fasihi
GUMILEV- Lev Nikolaevich (1912 1992) mwanahistoria wa kitamaduni, ethnographer. Jenasi. katika familia ya N.S. Gumilyov na A.A. Akhmatova. Kuuawa kwa baba yake mnamo 1921 na kuteswa mara kwa mara kwa mama yake na viongozi kuliathiri njia ya maisha G. Mwaka 1936 56 alikamatwa mara nne na... ... Encyclopedia ya Mafunzo ya Utamaduni
GUMILEV Lev Nikolaevich - (1912 92) Mwanahistoria wa Urusi, mwanajiografia, daktari wa sayansi ya kihistoria (1961) na kijiografia (1974), msomi wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Asili cha Urusi (1991). Mwana wa N. S. Gumilyov na A. A. Akhmatova. Muumba wa mafundisho ya ubinadamu na makabila kama kategoria za kijamii; utafiti......
GUMILEV Nikolay Stepanovich- (1886 1921) mshairi wa Kirusi. Katika miaka ya 1910. mmoja wa wawakilishi wakuu wa Acmeism. Mashairi yana sifa ya kuomba msamaha mtu mwenye nguvu shujaa na mshairi, mapambo, kisasa lugha ya kishairi(makusanyo ya Maua ya Kimapenzi, 1908, Bonfire, 1918,... ... Kamusi kubwa ya Encyclopedic
Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich- , mshairi wa Kirusi. Alionekana kuchapishwa mwaka wa 1902. Alianza kama mwanafunzi wa Symbolists, hasa V. Ya Bryusov. Mnamo 1911 alipanga kikundi cha fasihi"Warsha ya Washairi." Mnamo 1913, pamoja na S. Gorodetsky, alitangaza ... Encyclopedia kubwa ya Soviet
GUMILEV- Lev Nikolaevich (1912 1992) mwanahistoria wa Kirusi, mtaalam wa ethnologist, mwanafalsafa, mwandishi wa dhana ya asili. mchakato wa kihistoria. Mwana wa washairi Anna Akhmatova na Nikolai Gumilyov. Alikamatwa mnamo 1933 na 1935. Akiwa kizuizini kwenye Mfereji wa Bahari Nyeupe na Norilsk (1938 1943).… … Kamusi ya hivi punde ya falsafa
Gumilev- Jina la Semina ya GUMILEVSKY. Kutoka kwa Kilatini humilis kudumaa. (F) (Chanzo: "Kamusi ya majina ya Kirusi." ("Onomasticon")) GUMILOV Nikolay Stepanovich Gumilev, mshairi mkubwa wa Kirusi Umri wa Fedha, ilifanya jina lake la ukoo kuwa maarufu sana katika... ... majina ya ukoo ya Kirusi
Gumilyov, Nikolai Stepanovich- Gumilyov Nikolai Stepanovich (1886-1921; risasi), msafiri barani Afrika, mpanda farasi wa kujitolea katika kwanza. vita vya dunia, alianza kama mwanafunzi wa V. Bryusov na akahifadhi shauku ya Bryusov kwa ukamilifu wa Parnassian na sheria ya ladha, ikawa ... Washairi wa Urusi wa Enzi ya Fedha
GUMILEV Nikolay Stepanovich- (1886 1921), mshairi wa Kirusi na mkosoaji, mwanzilishi harakati za fasihi acmeism (Akme ya Kigiriki, nguvu ya maua). Alizaliwa Aprili 15, 1886 huko Kronstadt, mwana wa daktari wa meli. Alisoma katika St. Chuo Kikuu cha St na katika Sorbonne; alifanya kwanza katika fasihi ... Encyclopedia ya Collier
GUMILEV, Lev Nikolaevich- (1912 1992) Mwanahistoria wa Kituruki. na Mong. watu, archaeologist, ethnographer. Jenasi. katika Tsarskoe Selo, mwana wa washairi A. Akhmatova na N. Gumilyov, mtukufu. Kwa takriban. Jumatano shule mnamo 1930 ilifanya kazi katika akiolojia. safari za M.I. Artamonov na G.A. Bonch Osmolovsky siku ya Jumatano. Asia...... Kamusi ya Bio-bibliografia ya wataalam wa mashariki - wahasiriwa wa ugaidi wa kisiasa katika Kipindi cha Soviet
Vitabu
- Nikolay Gumilyov. Kazi zilizokusanywa, Gumilyov N.. "Sio tu jitihada za uzuri, lakini pia uzuri wa jitihada," - hii ni ufafanuzi wa mashairi ya Gumilyov iliyotolewa na I. F. Annensky. Maisha ya matukio ya mshairi yalipunguzwa kwa huzuni mnamo Agosti 1921: alikuwa ... Nunua kwa rubles 668.
- Nikolay Gumilyov. Vipendwa, Gumilyov Nikolai Stepanovich. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov (1886 - 1921) ni mmoja wa wawakilishi wenye talanta zaidi wa Umri wa Fedha wa tamaduni ya Urusi. KATIKA Enzi ya Soviet walianza kuchapisha kazi zake na kuandika juu yake sana ...