A verb is an expression of action. The category of time is an expression of how an action relates to the moment of speech. It is customary to distinguish three forms of time. To determine the relationship of a verb to the present, future or past tense, it is usually enough to ask a question. But there are verb forms that need to be analyzed more deeply. Let us highlight some features - they will help to distinguish temporary forms.
Present tenseThis category is used to indicate a certain action:
- happening at a specific moment, i.e. moment of speech ( I am reading a book);
- happening regularly ( I read books);
- happening all the time ( I work as a builder).
Often a verb in the present tense is used figuratively, expressing the near future. We we're leaving Tomorrow. It is interesting to use present tense verbs in literary texts telling about historical events, which gives the narration a special liveliness. Swede, Russian – stabs, chops, cuts.
The forms of verbs in the present tense are synthetic (consist of one word), the differences are determined by changing the verb itself in persons and numbers. I run, you run, he (she, it) runs. We are sitting, you are sitting, they are sitting.
- Facts may be mentioned without specifying the duration of the action. For this purpose, imperfective verbs are used (“what did you do?”). I attended lectures.
- If we mean an action that ended at the time of speech, or describe actions that succeeded each other, this is a perfective verb (“what did you do?”). I attended the lectures, had lunch and went to the meeting.
- If the particle was is attached to the verb, this is an indication of an action that did not take place or was prevented in the past. I wanted to leave, but they asked me to stay.
- suffix -l-
(did is a masculine form with a zero ending);
- for the feminine gender an ending is added -A
(did); for neuter gender – ending -O
(did); for plural – ending -And
, common to all genera ( did).
- verbs whose stems (infinitive and present tense) end in h
And With
(crawl - crawled, carry - carried);
- verbs with stem endings in g and k (in the present tense), with an infinitive in -whose
(shore - take care - shore, bake - oven - bake);
- verbs whose infinitive contains a combination -ere-
, but in the present tense it is not ( rub - rub - rub);
- the verb to grow, which in the past tense has a special form grew;
- verbs like scrape, row, the basis of which in the past tense coincides with the basis of the present ( scrape - scrape, row - row);
- stative verbs with suffix -Well-
, in the past tense without this suffix ( disappear - disappeared, perish - died).
There are forms with the meaning of suddenness of action, which at first glance do not belong to the past tense. The fact is that such verbs are identical in form to perfect singular verbs in the imperative mood. He take it Yes come at the most inopportune time. Compare: take it and come. Through such forms the desirability of an action that has not been performed can be expressed. Come If you had earlier, you would have found him at home. Compare: if you had come earlier.
In artistic speech there may be forms that are used to denote a repeated action that occurred a long time ago and for some time. This is a category of long past tense. I'm often at the table with them sat. This is not the case in life seen.
Future
This category serves to designate an action that will take place after the moment of speech ( I will read a book, I will write poetry). In the imperfect form (“what will I do?”), the future tense has an analytical, compound form - the verb “to be” plus the infinitive. Synthetic, simple form (“what will I do?”) I'll read it is formed only by inflection.
A verb in the simple future tense can express time without relation to the moment of speech, acquiring the following meanings:
- continuously repeated action then it will stop, then it will rush again);
- a common action in the past ( no, no, yes, he will look out the window);
- sudden, rapid action in the past ( when he starts screaming).
Which verbs change tenses?
Firstly, we must remember that when we talk about tense forms of a verb, we are talking about the indicative mood, that is, we are talking about an action that, in our opinion, is happening, has happened or will happen in reality.
In the imperative and conditional moods, verbs do not have tense forms.
Verb tenses
The verb in Russian has three tenses: present, past and future.
Verbs in the present tense denote actions performed at the moment of speech, i.e. at the moment when we pronounce this verb (I I'm running- this means that I say the word “run” and run at the same time).
Verbs in the past tense denote an action that occurred or was performed BEFORE we uttered this word: I ran, came running- that means now, when I say this, I’m no longer running. Performed or performed an action before the moment of speech.
A verb in the future tense denotes an action that has taken place or will take place after we have uttered this verb.
Changing verb tenses
Let's change the verb tenses walk.
In the past time: walked - what did you do? Walked, walked, walked, walked. I have already gone there and returned.
Past tense:
Present tense. What am I doing, what are you doing, what are you doing? and so on : walking, walking, walking…
Present tense:
I'm walking we're walking
are you walking are you walking
he walks they walk
Future tense. I will walk, you will walk. In this case, person and number are determined by the auxiliary verb, to which personal endings are added (will, will, will), and the verb itself walk stands in an indefinite form. This form of the future tense is called future complex.
Future tense:
I will at we will walk eat walk
you will eat you will walk yeah walk
he will no they will walk ut walk
All three tense forms: past, present, future, and the future is complex, will be in imperfective verbs - walk, decide ( but not decide), sign, draw.
There are only two tense forms: past and future, and the future is simple for perfective verbs: come, decide, sign, draw.
Present tense forms are not formed from perfective verbs.
Education is temporarý x shapes
Firstly, some verb forms are formed not only with the help of endings, but also with the help of suffixes.
For example, the suffix - l- of the past tense does not form a new word, but forms the form of the past tense, i.e., unlike the overwhelming majority of suffixes in the Russian language, it is formative, not word-forming and, therefore, is not included in the base, just like the suffix - t indefinite form and suffix - And imperative mood.
Go- l, laughing- l-ah, I think- l-and, come- l-axis.
Secondly, the verb to form tense forms usually uses not one stem, like a noun and an adjective, but two!
Spelling vowel before l in past tense verbs
In past tense verbs before l the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form: depend - depended, bark - barked.
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Lik-bez.com ().
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
Homework
Exercise No. 1.
Rewrite by inserting the missing letters, find the verbs and determine their tense.
SOUNDS OF SPRING.
Thousands of sounds appear in the spring in the animated forest. From stump to stump he tried... stings, the mouse squeaked thinly..., buzzed, hit the edge and the beetle fell heavily. The cuckoo will soon cuckoo on the m...head. At the very top of the oak tree a wild pigeon will coo. At sunset, an eagle owl will hoot terribly in the forest.
Exercise No. 2.
Find the verbs in the present tense and write them down.
1. Fell 6. Dancing
2. Reads 7. Mine
3. They laugh 8. I will paint
4. I’ll write 9. We’ll cook
Good afternoon, dear student! My students and I began to study perhaps one of the most complex topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages of the world there are only a few tenses, but in Russian there are 3 of them - the past tense, the present and the future. In order to correctly understand and use them in your speech and writing, let’s look at all three tenses in more detail.
Present tense
Present tense verbs in Russian mean a real action that is happening at the moment, now, moreover, they can be conjugated, i.e. change your shape. Verbs in the present tense are one of the most changeable verbs, and in the imperfect form, it should be noted that verbs of the perfect form do not have a present tense, because the action has already been completed!Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,
Kate in a hurry to study Kate is in hurry on her way to work.
What is Katya doing? - she is in a hurry - she is now, at the moment she is in a hurry, which means the time is present.
Every a week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.
What are parents doing? - they are going, every a week shows us that the action occurs regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords, they can serve as a hint for you which time to use at one time or another.
In the present tense form, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties when using present tense verbs.
Future
Very often my students get confused and don’t understand why there are so many different verbs in the future tense and how to remember it all. The fact is that the future tense in Russian shows us that the action has not taken place, we are planning to do something in the future, no matter whether it is near or far. Future tense verbs answer the questions:What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:
When will they start holidays, I I'll go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.
What will the holidays do? - will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means we understand that the conversation is about the future time.
What will I do? - I’ll go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.
In Russian, there are two types of future tense; you can find, for example, the following verb:
I I'll draw this picture and I'll give it to you to my mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - I’ll draw it and give it to you as a gift
But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:
I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.
What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.
But how then can you figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that verbs of the future tense can be simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions: What will I do? What will you do?)
I’ll paint, clean, carry, say, sing- they all answer perfect questions. Where a characteristic feature that will help you remember this form is the addition of the letter -c at the beginning of the question:
What will I do? I'll clean it up
Complex verbs of the future tense are formed from imperfective verbs using the verb be+ the infinitive or the initial form of the verb - this is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and see that the verb: I guessed right is in the infinitive form: guess.
Let's look at examples with complex verbs:
Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.
Verb " be" in turn changes according to persons:
I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)
Verbs in the future tense are inflected for persons and numbers, but genus it is impossible to determine in the future tense!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:
Win To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in
When used, the word changes completely in the future tense, for example:
I can find myself in.. I will find myself in..
I can be convinced - I want to be convinced I want to convince
I can win - I will become the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner
Past tense
In previous articles I have already written about verb tenses, here I want to note only the main features that we did not touch on at the initial stage. Let's remember that the past tense answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do? What did you do?Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the infinitive form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and adding the suffix -l, for example:
Clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning
Watch - look L(what did you do?) to look - looked
Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:
Looked - looked - looked He looked- she looked- they looked
But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:
Carry - carried (masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the gender: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.
When there is alternation in a word (when letters replace each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters ch//g, ch//k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:
Stere whose- stereg (masculine gender, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in the feminine and plural the ending is added depending on the person: steregla, steregli she was watching over, they were watching over.
Please remember that we cannot determine the person of past tense verbs, only gender and number.
The present
The present tense has several functions in Russian. The first is to determine the permanent properties of an object or person. For example, “Water boils at 100 degrees.” Secondly, the present tense serves to express potential possibilities. For example, “A cheetah reaches speeds of more than one hundred kilometers per hour.” Thirdly, it records the action at the moment of its commission. To the question: “What are you doing now?”, you can answer: “Reading a book,” “Washing the dishes,” etc. The fourth functional feature of the present tense is the nomination of an action that is repeated from time to time, constantly, periodically, sometimes, etc. As an example, “I go to school”, “Auntie is watching a TV series”, “They meet with friends on Saturdays”. There is another transpositional property of a verb in the present tense - the transmission of thoughts directed to the future by forms of the present. This time is called the present in the future. For example, the verb “I’m going” in the context: “I’m going to Paris.”
The future tense in Russian expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech. According to the method of formation, it is divided into simple and complex. Simple tense is formed with the help of affixes (suffixes and endings) according to their inflectional class. For example, “I’ll read”, “I’ll translate”, “I’ll go”. The complex tense additionally uses the verb “to be” to form the form. When conjugating a verb in the future tense, only the form of the additional verb changes - “I will dream”, “you will dream”, “he/she will dream”, “we will dream”, “you will dream” and “they will dream”.
The future tense can have a variety of meanings and purposes. It is used very often in proverbs and sayings. For example, “As it comes around, so it will respond.” The future simple can function in the present: “I just can’t understand what’s wrong with it,” “I can’t find the keys.” With the same success, the future is present in terms of the past tense: “It used to be that he would sit down, take the button accordion in his hands and begin to sing a sad song.”
Past
The past tense is not subject to such temporal transpositions. It expresses the action that preceded the moment of speech. Formation depends on whether the verb is perfect or imperfect. The imperfect past expresses an action as a fact: “walked,” “dozed,” “fought.”
The completed action, firstly, states the completion of the process: “went away”, “dozed off”. Secondly, it determines the order of the actions taken: “First I woke up, washed my face, and went to work.” The third function of the past perfect consolidates the result of a past action in the present: “I watched this film and now I can talk about it.” Repeatability and repetition are characteristic of both the perfect and imperfect past.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change according to number, person and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. In the Russian language, there are three main forms of verb tense: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand verb tenses.
Determining the type of verb
Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. Perfect verbs indicate that an action has already been done (or will be done) and the result has been achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.
Imperfect verbs can be in the past, present or future tense. They answer the question “what to do?”
Past tense verbs
The main signs that a verb refers to the past tense are:
- suffix -l; (walked, flew)
- endings -а (feminine), -о (neuter) and -и (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.
To understand that a verb is in the past tense, depending on its gender and number, you need to substitute the following questions:
- for the perfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “what did they do?” (plural);
- for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “What did you do?” (plural).
Present tense verbs
In the present tense, the verb reflects the action taking place at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:
- in the singular - “what does it do?”;
- in the plural - “what are they doing?”
As noted above, only imperfect verbs can be in the present tense.
The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.
First conjugation verb endings
Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: I carry, you carry, carries; reading, reading, reading
Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.
Second conjugation verb endings
Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; building, building, building.
Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.
Future tense verbs
Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Determining questions for singular verbs:
- perfect form: “what will he do?”;
- imperfect form: “what will it do?”
Questions for plural verbs:
- perfect form: “what will they do?”;
- imperfect form: “What will they do?”
Imperfect verbs in the future tense have one interesting feature - they turn into complex verbs. The verb “to be” is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, I will run, I will play.
The endings of perfect verbs of the first conjugation
Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I’ll take it, you’ll take it, you’ll take it; read, read, read.
Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -ut (third person). Example: we’ll take it, you’ll take it, they’ll take it; read, read, read.
Endings of perfect verbs of the second conjugation
Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: I’ll lie down, you’ll lie down, you’ll lie down; I'll build, build, build.
Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: let's lie down, lie down, lie down; Let's build, build, build.