Harmful impurities in the air. Harmful impurities in the atmosphere

Humanization of labor is the adaptation (adaptation) of one or another aspect of work activity to a person. Humanization of labor involves the creation of the most favorable conditions and organization of work for the maximum realization of the labor potential of workers.

The system of legislative norms emerging in Russia, set by the social orientation of the state, guides employers towards maintaining the following minimum necessary social working conditions, or ensuring humanization of labor and quality of working life:

ensuring the level of minimum wage;

providing additional benefits and compensation to workers employed in hazardous and hazardous industries;

raising funds for the formation of housing funds for the construction or purchase of housing;

certification of workplaces for tinder conditions and preparation for certification of production facilities for compliance with labor safety requirements.

Thus, social strategies are closely intertwined with the system of social partnership - they can serve as complementary tools, especially in determining the state of the social parameters of the organization and forming models for their improvement.

In the whole complex of social tasks of the organization, solved within the framework of strategic planning, two groups of tasks are of particular importance:

Social problems that must be solved directly in the organization in the interests of all (or most) members of the workforce. This is an improvement in working conditions, rest, relationships in the team, the form, amount of remuneration and other issues that directly affect the nature of social and production relations, by which one can judge the level of necessary social conditions. Most of these aspects are the subject of a collective agreement concluded between the employer (owner), the workforce and the industry trade union.

Social tasks characterizing the level of development of social infrastructure facilities at the enterprise, in which individual employees and local authorities are more interested. This is the provision of comfortable housing for enterprise employees, the presence of preschool institutions, health and medical institutions for employees and members of their families, the presence of educational institutions, etc. (Fig. 10.2).

Rice. 10.2. Groups interested in implementing social strategies of the enterprise

The social aspects of the organization, related to issues of social development of the organization, are especially important. The parameters of this block of social strategies must be constantly under the control of the workforce, the trade union and the owners of the enterprise and be made public. As the events of recent years show (miners' protests, public sector workers' strikes, etc.), ignoring or insufficient attention to the social indicators of a given bloc can lead to undesirable phenomena. Of course, the main subject is the collective of workers who compare their living conditions with similar conditions of workers at enterprises in a given industry in the region (city). Consequently, objective information characterizing the level of social development of the organization should be provided in comparison with similar enterprises in the territory.

The second group of social tasks can help increase the motivation of employees to improve the socio-economic indicators of production and economic activity and implement the corporate strategy of the organization.

In general, the social strategy of an organization is a holistic system of substrategies aimed at solving the entire range of problems of the organization (Fig. 10.3).

Rice. 10.3. System of social strategies of the organization

The proposed systematization of social strategies of an enterprise shows that, along with strategies implemented in the interests of the workforce, strategies can be developed in relation to consumers, suppliers and local communities, i.e. to those groups that are in the external environment. Special sub-strategies can be developed that take into account the specific characteristics of these groups.

The need to use social strategies in conjunction with the general strategies of the organization is due to the presence of a major problem - staff resistance to the implementation of strategic planning. Both Russian and foreign researchers point to this problem, in particular I. Ansoff: “When senior managers decided to put strategic decision-making on a systematic basis by introducing strategic planning, the organization resisted the new system. When planning was nevertheless carried out, many systems stopped “working”, planning began to wither, and the strategy did not have any impact on product sales. In addition to this, there has been a clear tendency to push the planning system out of the firm and return to older, less radical methods of decision-making... Resistance to change is not limited to the introduction of strategic planning. It occurs whenever organizational change entails a break in established behavior, criteria and management structure. Thus, significant strategic changes cause resistance not only to planning, but to the entire process of change. This resistance is not an accident, but a fundamental problem that deserves attention along with the formulation of the strategy itself."

Resistance to the strategic management process is difficult to avoid, since the main factor of resistance is the organization's employees. Consequently, at the stage of strategy implementation, it is necessary to take into account the goals of all groups that associate their interests with the existence and activities of the organization, and above all the interests of members of the workforce. This is only possible if the interests of the organization’s employees are respected, i.e. when implementing social strategies within the framework of a unified corporate strategy of the enterprise.

It is clear that if one group of social strategies, influencing the level of “social development of the organization,” should be carried out by the organization independently, then the other, aimed at developing social infrastructure, should be carried out jointly with other enterprises, communities and institutions with the support of local authorities.

Analyzing the experience of strategic planning at Russian enterprises, G.B. Kleiner considers it advisable “...to begin systematically developing a strategy in a cluster-based manner. It is better to develop large blocks of strategy (which do not contain commercial secrets) not in isolation at one enterprise, but in close contact and synchronously with a group of other enterprises included in its environment. We can talk either about network partners, or about a group of geographically close enterprises, say, enterprises of the same city (village). Such group development of certain types of strategy (for example, product-market or social) could significantly reduce organizational costs, increase the realism and effectiveness of the strategy, as well as the degree of compliance with the mutual expectations of network agents. The procedure for the group formation of an integrated strategy should include the participation of enterprise teams in the process and contribute to their reaching a new level of internal balance and the formation of a favorable position in the market environment.”

Of course, the implementation of social strategies requires a significant investment of time and resources, the benefits of which may not appear immediately. In this case, a strong argument in favor of the development and implementation of social strategies can be the determination of their significance in increasing production efficiency.

“Air pollution is an environmental problem.” This phrase does not reflect in the slightest degree the consequences that come from a violation of the natural composition and balance in the mixture of gases called air.

It is not difficult to illustrate such a statement. The World Health Organization provided data on this topic for 2014. Around 3.7 million people worldwide have died due to air pollution. Almost 7 million people died from exposure to air pollution. And this is in one year.

Air contains 98–99% nitrogen and oxygen, the rest: argon, carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen. It makes up the Earth's atmosphere. The main component, as we see, is oxygen. It is necessary for the existence of all living things. Cells “breathe” it, that is, when it enters a cell of the body, a chemical oxidation reaction occurs, as a result of which the energy necessary for growth, development, reproduction, exchange with other organisms and the like is released, that is, for life.

Atmospheric pollution is interpreted as the introduction of chemical, biological and physical substances that are not inherent in it into the atmospheric air, that is, a change in their natural concentration. But what is more important is not the change in concentration, which undoubtedly occurs, but the decrease in the composition of the air of the most useful component for life - oxygen. After all, the volume of the mixture does not increase. Harmful and polluting substances are not added by simply adding volumes, but are destroyed and take their place. In fact, a lack of food for cells arises and continues to accumulate, that is, the basic nutrition of a living creature.

About 24,000 people die from hunger per day, that is, about 8 million per year, which is comparable to the death rate from air pollution.

Types and sources of pollution

The air has been subject to pollution at all times. Volcanic eruptions, forest and peat fires, dust and pollen and other releases into the atmosphere of substances that are usually not inherent in its natural composition, but occurred as a result of natural causes - this is the first type of origin of air pollution - natural. The second is as a result of human activity, that is, artificial or anthropogenic.

Anthropogenic pollution, in turn, can be divided into subtypes: transport or resulting from the operation of different types of transport, industrial, that is, associated with emissions into the atmosphere of substances formed in the production process, and household or resulting from direct human activity.

Air pollution itself can be physical, chemical and biological.

Physical includes dust and particulate matter, radioactive radiation and isotopes, electromagnetic waves and radio waves, noise, including loud sounds and low-frequency vibrations, and heat, in any form.
Chemical pollution is the release of gaseous substances into the air: carbon and nitrogen monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, heavy metals, ammonia and aerosols.
Microbial contamination is called biological. These are various bacterial spores, viruses, fungi, toxins and the like.

The first is mechanical dust. Appears in technological processes of grinding substances and materials.

The second is sublimates. They are formed by condensation of cooled gas vapors and passed through process equipment.

The third is fly ash. It is contained in the flue gas in a suspended state and represents unburned mineral impurities of the fuel.

The fourth is industrial soot or solid highly dispersed carbon. It is formed during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons or their thermal decomposition.

Today, the main sources of such pollution are thermal power plants operating on solid fuel and coal.

Consequences of pollution

The main consequences of air pollution are: the greenhouse effect, ozone holes, acid rain and smog.

The greenhouse effect is based on the ability of the Earth's atmosphere to transmit short waves and retain long ones. Short waves are solar radiation, and long waves are thermal radiation coming from the Earth. That is, a layer is formed in which heat accumulation or a greenhouse occurs. Gases capable of such an effect are called greenhouse gases. These gases heat themselves and heat the entire atmosphere. This process is natural and natural. It happened and is happening now. Without it, life on the planet would not be possible. Its beginning is not related to human activity. But if earlier nature itself regulated this process, now man has intensively intervened in it.

Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas. Its share in the greenhouse effect is more than 60%. The share of the rest - chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone and so on, accounts for no more than 40%. It was thanks to such a large proportion of carbon dioxide that natural self-regulation was possible. As much carbon dioxide was released during respiration by living organisms, so much was consumed by plants, producing oxygen. Its volumes and concentration remained in the atmosphere. Industrial and other human activities, and above all deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, have led to an increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by reducing the volume and concentration of oxygen. The result was greater heating of the atmosphere - an increase in air temperature. Predictions are that rising temperatures will lead to excessive melting of ice and glaciers and rising sea levels. This is on the one hand, and on the other hand, due to higher temperatures, the evaporation of water from the surface of the earth will increase. This means an increase in desert lands.

Ozone holes or destruction of the ozone layer. Ozone is one of the forms of oxygen and is formed naturally in the atmosphere. This occurs when ultraviolet radiation from the sun hits an oxygen molecule. Therefore, the highest concentration of ozone is in the upper layers of the atmosphere at an altitude of about 22 km. from the surface of the Earth. It extends over approximately 5 km in height. this layer is considered protective, as it blocks this very radiation. Without such protection, all life on Earth perished. Now there is a decrease in ozone concentration in the protective layer. Why this happens has not yet been reliably established. This depletion was first discovered in 1985 over Antarctica. Since then, the phenomenon has been called the “ozone hole.” At the same time, the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed in Vienna.

Industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere combine with atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric and nitric acid and cause “acid” rain. These are any precipitation whose acidity is higher than natural, that is, pH<5,6. Это явление присуще всем промышленным регионам в мире. Главное их отрицательное воздействие приходится на листья растений. Кислотность нарушает их восковой защитный слой, и они становятся уязвимы для вредителей, болезней, засух и загрязнений.

When they fall onto the soil, the acids contained in their water react with toxic metals in the ground. Such as: lead, cadmium, aluminum and others. They dissolve and thereby facilitate their penetration into living organisms and groundwater.

In addition, acid rain promotes corrosion and thus affects the strength of buildings, structures and other metal building structures.

Smog is a familiar sight in large industrial cities. It occurs where a large amount of pollutants of anthropogenic origin and substances resulting from their interaction with solar energy accumulate in the lower layers of the troposphere. Smog forms and lasts a long time in cities due to windless weather. There is: humid, icy and photochemical smog.

With the first explosions of nuclear bombs in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, humanity discovered another, perhaps the most dangerous, type of air pollution - radioactive.

Nature has the ability to self-purify, but human activity clearly interferes with this.

Video - Unsolved Mysteries: How Air Pollution Affects Health

Atmosphere: definition, structure

The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, including a mixture of different gases to a height of 100 km. from the planet. The layered structure of the atmosphere regulates the thermal regime and protects living organisms.

Atmospheric components:

Nitrogen 78%;
Oxygen 21%;
Argon 0.9%;
Carbon dioxide 0.03%;
Other gases 0.07%.

Air pollution

Definition 1

Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere is the entry into the atmospheric air of non-specific physical, chemical and biological substances or a change in their natural concentration.

The World Health Organization keeps statistics on health problems caused by any type of atmospheric pollution. Thus, every year 3.7 million people die as a result of atmospheric pollution and the appearance of cancer.

The main document regulating and reducing pollution emissions is the Kyoto Protocol.

Types and sources of pollution

Sources of pollution:

Natural – natural mineral, microbial or plant pollutants in the form of volcanic eruptions, forest fires, plant pollen, etc.;
Anthropogenic – pollution resulting from the operation of vehicles, industrial emissions, and household waste.

Main pollutants:

Carbon monoxide (a colorless gas that has no odor or other signs of presence as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel);
Carbon dioxide (a colorless gas characterized by a persistent sour odor resulting from the breakdown of carbon);
Sulfur dioxide (a gas with a pungent odor - sulfur dioxide, formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing substances);
Nitrogen oxides (gases released at nitrogen-producing enterprises as a result of the operation of vehicles);
Ozone (a strong oxidizing agent among similar gases, the most toxic pollutant);
Hydrocarbons (formed as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel, solvents);
Lead (used in all batteries).

By scale of distribution:

Local pollution is characterized by a high content of polluting elements in local areas (in a city, industrial area, village, etc.);
Regional pollution is characterized by the involvement of large spaces and regions with a possible impact on neighboring regional areas (state, country);
Global pollution changes the composition of the atmosphere and has serious consequences on an ecological and climatic scale for the population of the entire globe.

According to their state of aggregation, pollutants can be:

Gaseous (sulfur oxide, carbon or dioxides of substances);
Solid (carcinogens, lead compounds, resins, etc.);
Liquid (acids, alkalis, etc.).

By nature of pollution:

Physical – direct impact on the atmosphere in the form of noise, electromagnetic, thermal or mechanical vibrations. Mechanical impact manifests itself in the form of dust and solid particles, electromagnetic – radio waves, noise pollution leads to air deformations through sound and frequency vibrations, thermal – in the form of thermal emissions;
Chemical - pollution

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If we consider environmental problems, one of the most pressing is air pollution. Environmentalists are sounding the alarm and calling on humanity to reconsider its attitude to life and consumption of natural resources, because only protection from air pollution will improve the situation and prevent serious consequences. Find out how to solve such a pressing issue, influence the environmental situation and preserve the atmosphere.

Natural sources of clogging

What is air pollution? This concept includes the introduction and entry into the atmosphere and all its layers of uncharacteristic elements of a physical, biological or chemical nature, as well as changes in their concentrations.

What pollutes our air? Air pollution is caused by many reasons, and all sources can be divided into natural or natural, as well as artificial, that is, anthropogenic.

It’s worth starting with the first group, which includes pollutants generated by nature itself:

The first source is volcanoes. When they erupt, they emit huge quantities of tiny particles of various rocks, ash, poisonous gases, sulfur oxides and other equally harmful substances. And although eruptions occur quite rarely, according to statistics, as a result of volcanic activity, the level of air pollution increases significantly, because up to 40 million tons of hazardous compounds are released into the atmosphere every year.
If we consider natural causes of air pollution, then it is worth noting such as peat or forest fires. Most often, fires occur due to unintentional arson by a person who is negligent about the rules of safety and behavior in the forest. Even a small spark from a fire that is not completely extinguished can cause the fire to spread. Less often, fires are caused by very high solar activity, which is why the peak of danger occurs in the hot summer.
Considering the main types of natural pollutants, one cannot fail to mention dust storms, which arise due to strong gusts of wind and mixing of air currents. During a hurricane or other natural event, tons of dust rises, causing air pollution.

Artificial sources

Air pollution in Russia and other developed countries is often caused by the influence of anthropogenic factors caused by the activities carried out by people.

Let us list the main artificial sources causing air pollution:

Rapid development of industry. It’s worth starting with chemical air pollution caused by the activities of chemical plants. Toxic substances released into the air poison it. Metallurgical plants also cause atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances: metal processing is a complex process that involves huge emissions as a result of heating and combustion. In addition, small solid particles formed during the manufacture of building or finishing materials also pollute the air.
The problem of air pollution from motor vehicles is especially pressing. Although other types also provoke emissions into the atmosphere, it is cars that have the most significant negative impact on it, since there are many more of them than any other vehicles. The exhaust emitted by motor vehicles and generated during engine operation contains a lot of substances, including hazardous ones. It's sad that emissions are increasing every year. An increasing number of people are acquiring an “iron horse”, which, of course, has a detrimental effect on the environment.
Operation of thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler plants. The life of humanity at this stage is impossible without the use of such installations. They supply us with vital resources: heat, electricity, hot water. But when any type of fuel is burned, the atmosphere changes.
Household waste. Every year the purchasing power of people increases, and as a result, the volumes of waste generated also increase. Their disposal is not given due attention, but some types of waste are extremely dangerous, have a long decomposition period and emit fumes that have an extremely adverse effect on the atmosphere. Every person pollutes the air every day, but waste from industrial enterprises, which is taken to landfills and is not disposed of in any way, is much more dangerous.

What substances most often pollute the air?

There are an incredibly large number of air pollutants, and environmentalists are constantly discovering new ones, which is associated with the rapid pace of industrial development and the introduction of new production and processing technologies. But the most common compounds found in the atmosphere are:

Carbon monoxide, also called carbon monoxide. It is colorless and odorless and is formed during incomplete combustion of fuel at low volumes of oxygen and low temperatures. This compound is dangerous and causes death due to lack of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and has a slightly sour odor.
Sulfur dioxide is released during the combustion of some sulfur-containing fuels. This compound provokes acid rain and depresses human breathing.
Nitrogen dioxides and oxides characterize air pollution from industrial enterprises, since they are most often formed during their activities, especially during the production of certain fertilizers, dyes and acids. These substances can also be released as a result of fuel combustion or during operation of the machine, especially when it is malfunctioning.
Hydrocarbons are one of the most common substances and can be contained in solvents, detergents, and petroleum products.
Lead is also harmful and is used to make batteries, cartridges and ammunition.
Ozone is extremely toxic and is formed during photochemical processes or during the operation of transport and factories.

Now you know which substances pollute the air most often. But this is only a small part of them; the atmosphere contains a lot of different compounds, and some of them are even unknown to scientists.

Sad consequences

The scale of the impact of air pollution on human health and the entire ecosystem as a whole is simply enormous, and many people underestimate it. Let's start with the environment.

Firstly, due to polluted air, a greenhouse effect has developed, which is gradually but globally changing the climate, leading to warming and melting of glaciers, and provoking natural disasters. It can be said that it leads to irreversible consequences in the state of the environment.
Secondly, acid rain is becoming more and more frequent, which has a negative impact on all life on Earth. Through their fault, entire populations of fish die, unable to live in such an acidic environment. A negative impact is observed when examining historical monuments and architectural monuments.
Thirdly, fauna and flora suffer, since dangerous fumes are inhaled by animals, they also enter plants and gradually destroy them.

A polluted atmosphere has an extremely negative impact on human health. The emissions enter the lungs and cause disruptions in the respiratory system and severe allergic reactions. Together with the blood, dangerous compounds are carried throughout the body and greatly wear it out. And some elements can provoke mutation and degeneration of cells.

How to solve the problem and save the environment

The problem of air pollution is very relevant, especially considering that the environment has deteriorated greatly over the past few decades. And it needs to be solved comprehensively and in several ways.

Let's consider several effective measures to prevent air pollution:

To combat air pollution, it is mandatory to install treatment and filtering facilities and systems at individual enterprises. And at particularly large industrial plants it is necessary to begin introducing stationary monitoring posts for monitoring air pollution.
To avoid air pollution from cars, you should switch to alternative and less harmful energy sources, such as solar panels or electricity.
Replacing combustible fuels with more accessible and less dangerous ones, such as water, wind, sunlight and others that do not require combustion, will help protect atmospheric air from pollution.
The protection of atmospheric air from pollution must be supported at the state level, and there are already laws aimed at protecting it. But it is also necessary to act and exercise control in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
One of the effective ways that air protection from pollution should include is to establish a system for disposing of all waste or recycling it.
To solve the problem of air pollution, plants should be used. Widespread landscaping will improve the atmosphere and increase the amount of oxygen in it.

How to protect atmospheric air from pollution? If all of humanity fights it, then there is a chance of improving the environment. Knowing the essence of the problem of air pollution, its relevance and the main solutions, we need to jointly and comprehensively combat pollution.

Being in the human body in increased quantities, lead affects all organs and systems, but especially affects the nervous system, which is expressed in the symptoms of asthenovegetative syndrome: cephalgia, arthralgia, myalgia.

The presence of lead compounds in the body is especially harmful for children, as it leads to delayed development, nervous diseases, and blood diseases. At the same time, lead tends to accumulate in the body, causing more severe illnesses. As studies have shown, in addition to the direct toxic effect, lead compounds can increase the release of hydrocarbons, as they have a retarding effect on oxidation processes.

Plants and animals, which are often products of human consumption, also suffer from the presence of harmful impurities in the atmosphere. The effect of photochemical fog is determined by the state of the plants. Salad crops, beans, beets, cereals, grapes, and ornamental plantings are especially sensitive to it. First, water swelling appears on the leaves, after a while the lower surface of the leaves acquires a silver or bronze tint, and the upper surface becomes covered with spots and a white coating. Then rapid wilting occurs, the leaves darken and fall off.

The Pravda newspaper of August 24, 2004 described the effects of smog in Tokyo in the summer of that year: “The lawns of Tokyo's Komazawa Olympic Park are strewn with leaves. But under the feet of the children playing here is not a rustling carpet painted with bright autumn colors, but a dirty gray mass of fallen leaves. Although the Japan Meteorological Department predicts early autumn this year, leaf fall is still a long way off.

However, the trees are already shedding their leaves. This is caused by air pollution with “photochemical” smog - a product of the decomposition of car exhaust gases and industrial smoke under the rays of the sun. Most of the trees in this park have already lost half their leaves due to the smog.”

Exhaust gases from cars contribute to the corrosion of metals and reduce the strength of building materials, cause peeling of paints, cracking of rubber and synthetic products, and lead to the destruction of limestone, dolomite, and concrete. Experts explain the destruction of the stone portal of the cathedral in Herten (Germany) by the influence of air pollution. By 1985, losses from atmospheric pollution on monuments and works of art in Italy will reach one hundred and fifty billion lire.

Currently, many cities around the world have created car-free zones (for example, the Arc de Triomphe area in Rome), which make it possible to partially protect the most valuable architectural and historical monuments from destruction.

Work on the problem of reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases from automobile engines, according to the opinion of academician. Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation N. Zhavoronkova and prof. I. Varshavsky, should be carried out in the following main areas: development of driving cycles of cars and the use of bench devices at control and measuring posts to simulate the characteristic driving conditions of a car in the city in order to quickly determine the toxicity of each car in the main operating modes; improvement of engine fuel equipment and ignition systems, development of devices to reduce the toxicity of engines and cars; creation of methods for eliminating atmospheric poisoning from crankcase gases and completely eliminating emissions of carcinogenic substances from car engines; development of fuel additives that reduce the formation of toxic components during engine operation; designing devices to reduce fuel evaporation from gasoline tanks and carburetors; creation and implementation of neutralizers to reduce emissions of toxic exhaust gas components into the atmosphere; development of effective catalysts for neutralizing exhaust gases and effective adsorbents for absorbing toxic components of these gases; the use of semi-closed and closed cycle engines, ensuring their non-toxic operation; development and use of fundamentally new engines in cars that directly convert thermal and chemical energy into electrical energy.