The use of dialect words distorts the language. What is dialectism

Dialectisms, or dialect words, are vocabulary whose use is limited to a certain territory. These are words that are used in certain folk dialects and are not part of the literary language.

For example:

Pskov lUskalka- insect, bug;

Vladimirskoe alert– smart, quick-witted;

Arkhangelsk galIt- play pranks;

Ryazan I'm glad– a well-fed person or a well-fed animal;

Orlovskoe hryvnia- warm.

Dialectisms and words of the literary language

Dialectisms can be related to words in a literary language in different ways. Some may differ from literary words by one or two sounds ( gloomy- cloudy), others - with prefixes or suffixes (Ryazan conversational– talkative, Onega grow old- grow old). There are dialect words that do not have the same meaning in dialects as in the literary language (Ryazan mermaid- garden scarecrow), or roots unknown to the literary language (Voronezh bootie- basket).

How dialectisms become common words

Dialectisms can penetrate into the literary language, and thus become all-Russian. This occurs as a result of their use in fiction texts. Writers introduce figurative folk words into their works in order to convey local speech characteristics, more vividly characterize the characters, and more accurately express concepts associated with folk life. We can find examples of the use of dialectisms in I. S. Turgenev, N. S. Leskov, L. N. Tolstoy and other prose writers of the 19th century, as well as in writers of the 20th century: M. A. Sholokhov, V. M. Shukshin, V. P. Astafiev and others. Thus, in the 19th century, words such as reckless, rescue, jerk, crawl, inveterate, beg, awkward, ordinary, savor, rustle, puny and others.

Dialectisms in various dictionaries

Dialect vocabulary is described in dialect dictionaries and is also reflected in writers’ dictionaries. For example, in the dictionary of M. A. Sholokhov: Goat- jump when playing leapfrog, like a kid ( Along the alleys, barefoot and already tanned Cossacks leapfrogged. The word is used in the author's speech).

Dialectisms that are widespread in dialects and appear on the pages of standard dictionaries of a literary language have the marks regional or local and examples of their use in literary texts.

For example:

In the 4-volume academic “Dictionary of the Russian Language” there are words big ear- eldest in the house, mistress, shout- talk, converse and others.

Dialect vocabulary is widely represented in the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl. It reflects the Russian folk worldview, Russian folk culture, imprinted in the language.

Dialect words of different areas

Lesson summary in 6th grade

Note:

The summary was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Common words and dialectisms.

Lesson objectives:

learning new material;
development of skills to work with a dictionary, find in the text and explain the meaning of dialectisms;
to cultivate interest in learning the vocabulary of the Russian language, an attentive and careful attitude to the word.

Cognitive: searching for information, determining the meaning of information, constructing statements, reflecting on activities;
Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;
Communicative: ability to express thoughts;
Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.

Organizing time.
Spelling warm-up (p. 86) with an explanation of the lexical meanings of words, repetition of material from the previous lesson (archaisms, historicisms, neologisms) with examples.
Technique “Attractive goal”: - reading a fragment from the story by I.S. Turgenev “Bezhin Meadow”;
(Click on the plus sign to read the text.)
Fragment of the story
“Did you guys hear,” Ilyusha began, “what happened to us in Varnavitsy the other day?”
- At the dam? - asked Fedya.
- Yes, yes, on the dam, on the broken one. This is an unclean place, so unclean, and so deaf. There are all these gullies and ravines all around, and in the ravines all the kazyuli are found.
- Well, what happened? tell me...

- problematic situation: is the text clear? What words are unclear? What are these words? (Exit to the interpretation of terms common and restricted words; recording the lesson topic; distinguishing between what is known and what needs to be known; motivation of educational activities).
- setting the goal of the lesson: to study dialectisms, determine why they are used in a literary text.
Working with V. I. Dahl’s dictionary, explaining the meanings of dialectisms.
Searching for information in a textbook, structuring information, constructing a statement according to a diagram (pp. 86, 87).
Distribution letter (exercise 166): words of common use and words of limited use (for the second group of words, indicate dialectisms, terms and jargon).

Exercise 167 orally (draw a conclusion about how the meaning of dialectism can be given in the text itself).

Exercise 168 in writing (with morphemic analysis); a conclusion about what features were used as the basis for the data in the exercise of words in different dialects, about the accuracy and imagery of the folk language.
Game “Find a Pair”: who can quickly find matches between dialect and common words from exercise 169.
Working with an explanatory dictionary: find and write down 3 words with local marks. or region, explain their meanings.
Working with the text “On a Visit to the Pomors” (exercise 171): searching for evidence of theoretical material on p. 88: “Dialect vocabulary is used in works of art to describe the area, everyday life, and characteristics of the characters’ speech” (work in pairs).

Student responses; conversation on questions after the text. Conclusion about the purposes of using dialectisms in the text. Why can the meanings of some dialect words be understood without special explanations and without dictionaries? Which of the dialect words correlates with a commonly used colloquial verb cook- cook food? Which dialect word can be replaced with a commonly used synonym bridesmaid- an ancient ritual of introducing the groom and his relatives to the bride? Indicate what other dialect words you can find commonly used synonyms for. Determine in what meaning the word is used in the text red.
Reflection of activity.
Analysis of homework: §21, exercise 170. Read a fragment of A. Astafiev’s story and find dialectisms in it. Copy the last paragraph, inserting the missing letters and adding missing punctuation marks.

The vocabulary of the Russian national language includes popular vocabulary, the use of which is not limited either by the place of residence or the type of activity of people, and restricted vocabulary, which is common within one area or among people united by profession, common interests, etc.

Popular vocabulary forms the basis of the Russian language. It includes words from different areas of society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, etc. Common words, unlike vocabulary of limited use, are understandable and accessible to any native speaker.

Throughout the history of the Russian literary language, its vocabulary has been replenished with dialectisms. Among the words that go back to dialectisms, there are stylistically neutral ones ( taiga, hill, eagle owl, strawberry, smile, plow, very) and words with expressive connotations ( boring, clumsy, mumble, take a nap, nonsense, trouble). Many words of dialect origin are associated with the life and way of life of the peasantry ( farmhand, harrow, spindle, dugout). After 1917, the words grain grower, plowing, greenery, steam, mow, milkmaid, initiative, new settler entered the literary language.

The Russian literary language is also enriched with ethnographic vocabulary. In the 50-60s, Siberian ethnographic words were mastered fall, valley, sludge etc. In this regard, in modern lexicography an opinion is expressed about the need to revise the system of stylistic marks that limit the use of words by indicating their dialectal nature.

And yet, for the development of a modern literary language, dialect influence is not significant. On the contrary, despite isolated cases of borrowing dialect words into a literary language, it subjugates dialects, which leads to their leveling and gradual extinction.

In artistic speech, dialectisms perform important stylistic functions: they help convey local flavor, the peculiarities of the characters’ speech, and finally, dialect vocabulary can be a source of speech expression.

The use of dialectisms in Russian fiction has its own history. Poetics of the 18th century. allowed dialect vocabulary only in low genres, mainly in comedy; dialectisms were a distinctive feature of the characters’ non-literary, predominantly peasant speech. At the same time, dialect features of various dialects were often mixed in the speech of one character.

Sentimentalist writers, prejudiced against coarse, “peasant” language, protected their style from dialect vocabulary.

Interest in dialectisms was caused by the desire of realist writers to truthfully reflect the life of the people, to convey the “common” flavor. Dialect sources were consulted by I.A. Krylov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy and others. Turgenev, for example, often contains words from the Oryol and Tula dialects ( highway, talk, poneva, potion, volna, doctor, boochilo and etc.). Writers of the 19th century used dialectisms that corresponded to their aesthetic attitudes. This does not mean that only some poeticized dialect words were allowed into the literary language. Stylistically, the use of reduced dialect vocabulary could have been justified. For example: As if on purpose, the peasants met, all shabby(T.) - here dialectism with a negative emotional-expressive connotation in the context is combined with other reduced vocabulary ( the willows stood like beggars in rags; the peasants rode on bad nags).

Modern writers also use dialectisms when describing rural life, landscapes, and when conveying the characters’ speech pattern. Skillfully introduced dialect words are a grateful means of speech expression.

It is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, from the “quotational” use of dialectisms, when they are present in the context as a different style element, and, on the other hand, their use on equal terms with the vocabulary of the literary language, with which dialectisms should stylistically merge.

When using dialecticisms in quotation terms, it is important to maintain a sense of proportion and remember that the language of the work must be understandable to the reader. For example: All the evenings, and even nights, [the guys] sit at the little lights, speaking in the local language, and bake opalihi, that is, potatoes(Abr.) - such use of dialectisms is stylistically justified. When assessing the aesthetic meaning of dialect vocabulary, one should proceed from its internal motivation and organic nature in the context. The mere presence of dialectisms cannot yet indicate a realistic reflection of local color. As rightly emphasized by A.M. Gorky, “everyday life needs to be laid in the foundation, and not stuck on the façade. Local flavor is not in the use of words: taiga, zaimka, shanga“It should stick out from the inside.”

A more complex problem is the use of dialectisms along with literary vocabulary as stylistically unambiguous speech means. In this case, a passion for dialectisms can lead to clogging of the language of the work. For example: All vabit, bewitches; Belozor swam far away; Slope with screws up- such an introduction of dialectisms obscures the meaning.

When determining the aesthetic value of dialectisms in artistic speech, one should take into account what words the author chooses. Based on the requirement of accessibility and understandability of the text, the use of dialectisms that do not require additional explanation and are understandable in context is usually noted as proof of the writer’s skill. Therefore, writers often conditionally reflect the features of the local dialect, using several characteristic dialect words. As a result of this approach, dialectisms that have become widespread in fiction often become “all-Russian”, having lost connection with a specific folk dialect. The appeal of writers to the dialecticisms of this circle is no longer perceived by the modern reader as an expression of the author’s individual manner; it becomes a kind of literary cliche.

Writers should go beyond “interdialectal” vocabulary and strive for non-standard use of dialectisms. An example of a creative solution to this problem can be the prose of V.M. Shukshina. There are no incomprehensible dialect words in his works, but the speech of the heroes is always original and folk. For example, vivid expression distinguishes dialectisms in the story “How the Old Man Died”:

Yegor stood on the stove and put his hands under the old man.

Hold on to my neck... That's it! How light it has become!..

I threw up... (...)

I'll come by in the evening and check on you. (...)

“Don’t eat, that’s why you’re weak,” the old woman remarked. - Maybe we’ll chop the trigger and make some broth? It's delicious when it's fresh... Eh? (...)

No need. And we won’t eat, but we’ll decide to eat. (...)

At least don’t fidget now!.. He’s standing there with one foot, and he’s making some noise. (...) Are you really dying, or what? Maybe he's gotten better.(...)

Agnusha,” he said with difficulty, “forgive me... I was a little alarmed...

The processes of increasing spread of the literary language and the extinction of dialects, characteristic of our historical era, are manifested in the reduction of lexical dialectisms in artistic speech.

Dialectisms as an expressive means of speech can be used only in those styles in which going beyond the normative boundaries of the vocabulary of a literary language into folk dialects is stylistically justified. In scientific and official business styles, dialectisms are not used.

The introduction of dialect vocabulary into works of journalistic style is possible, but requires great caution. In journalism, the use of dialecticisms along with literary vocabulary is undesirable; dialecticisms are especially unacceptable in the author’s narration. For example: Then Lushnikov saw Shirokikh, and they returned to the gathering place, built a fire and began to shout to their comrades; The icebreaker was sailing well, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank before the path on the river was destroyed- replacing dialectisms with commonly used words, sentences can be corrected as follows: ...they began to call their comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank while the ice on the river was still intact (until the ice breaks).

It is completely unacceptable to use dialect words whose meaning is not entirely clear to the author. Thus, narrating the anniversary voyage of the steam locomotive, the journalist writes: Everything was the same as 125 years ago, when the same little engine passed along the first route... However, he did not take into account that the word pervoputok means “the first winter route on fresh snow.”

It should be borne in mind that the use of dialectisms is not justified even as a characterological means if the author cites the words of the characters spoken in an official setting. For example: ...It is necessary to inspect the animal in a timely manner and notify the veterinary service; The chefs bring food, the bridges are washed, the laundry is taken to the laundry. And sometimes they’ll just come over to have fun(speech of the characters in the essays). In such cases, dialectisms create an unacceptable diversity of speech means, because in conversations with journalists, rural residents try to speak in a literary language. The authors of the essays could write: ...We must take care of the animal on time; ...the floors will be washed; sometimes they'll just come in for dinner.

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of human activity, which, however, have not become commonly used. serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc. Unlike terms that are official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. For example, in the oral speech of printers there are professionalisms: ending - “a graphic decoration at the end of a book”, tendril - “an ending with a thickening in the middle”, tail - “the lower outer margin of the page, as well as the lower edge of the book, opposite the head of the book.”

As part of professional vocabulary, groups of words can be distinguished, different in their sphere of use: professionalisms used in the speech of athletes, miners, hunters, fishermen. Words that represent highly specialized names used in the field of technology are called technicalisms.

Particularly highlighted professional slang words that have a reduced expressive connotation. For example, engineers use the word snitch to mean “self-recording device”; in the speech of pilots there are words nedomaz and peremaz (undershooting and overshooting the landing mark), bubble, sausage - “balloon”; for journalists - snowdrop - “a person working as a correspondent for a newspaper, but enrolled in a different specialty”; what to call? - “how to title (article, essay)?”; add italics (in italics).

In reference books and special dictionaries, professionalisms are often enclosed in quotation marks so that they can be distinguished from terms (“clogged” font - “a font that has been in typed galleys or strips for a long time”; “foreign” font - “letters of a font of a different style or size, mistakenly included in the typed text or heading").

Under certain conditions, professionalisms find application in literary language. Thus, with insufficiently developed terminology, professionalisms often play the role of terms. In this case, they are found not only in oral, but also in written speech. When using professionalisms in a scientific style, authors often explain them in the text ( The so-called light hay enjoys a well-deserved bad reputation as low-nutrient food, with significant consumption of which cases of brittle bones in animals have been observed).

Professionalism is not uncommon in the language of large-circulation, trade newspapers ( Settling down the cars after the dissolution of the train and diverting shunting means for this, ...disbanding the train with the thrust of another). The advantage of professionalisms over their commonly used equivalents is that professionalisms serve to distinguish between related concepts, objects that for a non-specialist have one common name. Thanks to this, special vocabulary for people of the same profession is a means of precise and concise expression of thoughts. However, the informative value of narrowly professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, the use of professionalisms in newspapers requires caution.

Professionalisms of a reduced stylistic sound, which are very common in colloquial speech, also penetrate into the language of the newspaper. For example, essayists turn to such expressive professionalisms as “shuttles”, shuttle business, turn on the counter(increase the loan percentage), etc. However, excessive use of professionalism interferes with the perception of the text and becomes a serious flaw in style. Professional slang vocabulary is not used in book styles. In fiction it can be used along with other vernacular elements as a characterological device.

The inclusion of professionalisms in the text is often undesirable. Thus, the use of highly specialized professionalism cannot be justified in a newspaper article. For example: At the mine, leveling of horizons and slopes of roads are carried out very untimely- only a specialist can explain what he meant

In book styles, professional vocabulary should not be used because of its colloquial tone. For example: It is necessary to ensure that the filling of the furnaces does not exceed two hours, and the smelting was sitting in the furnace no longer than 6 hours 30 minutes(better: ).

It is also unacceptable to use jargon-professional words in book styles, which are used in oral speech as informal versions of scientific terms and usually have a reduced expressive connotation. Such professionalisms are sometimes mistakenly mistaken for scientific terms and included in works of a scientific style (they write: dozer instead of dispenser, tweeter instead of tweeter, reciprocity instead reciprocity method, organic instead organic fertilizers). The introduction of professional slang words into written speech reduces style and often becomes the cause of inappropriate comedy [ Sandblasting makes it possible to thoroughly paint cars(better: Using a sandblaster, the surface of the car is well cleaned, which ensures high quality paintwork.)]. In the 90s, the Russian literary language was actively replenished with colloquial vocabulary, and therefore professional and professional slang words appeared on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Many professionalisms have become widely known, although until recently lexicologists did not include them in explanatory dictionaries. For example, the name black box, meaning “protected on-board flight information storage device,” has ceased to be a narrowly professional name. When describing plane crashes, journalists freely use this professionalism, and comments on it appear only if the author of the article wants to depict the picture of the tragedy clearly:

Among the wreckage of the colliding aircraft scattered over a radius of ten kilometers, the emergency commission found two “black boxes” from the Il-76T and one similar device from the Saudi Boeing.

These devices, enclosed in the strongest orange metal cases, can withstand 1000-degree temperatures and a hundredfold overload upon impact without damage.

Jargon vocabulary, unlike professional vocabulary, denotes concepts that already have names in the common language. Jargon is a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by common interests, occupations, and position in society. In modern Russian, youth jargon, or slang, is distinguished (from the English slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups). Many words and expressions have come from slang into colloquial speech: crib, cram, tail(academic debt), swim (perform poorly on an exam), fishing rod (satisfactory grade), etc. The emergence of many jargons is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to a subject or phenomenon more clearly and emotionally. Hence these evaluative words: amazing, awesome, cool, laugh, go crazy, get high, play around, plow, sunbathe and so on. All of them are common only in oral speech and are often absent from dictionaries.

However, slang contains many words and expressions that are understandable only to the initiated. Let us take as an example a humoresque from the newspaper “University Life” (09.12.1991).

Notes of one cool student at one killer lecture.

Hammurabi was a strong politician. He literally rolled a barrel at the surrounding kents. At first he ran into Larsa, but actually broke off. Fighting with Larsa was no show to the sparrows, especially since their Rim-Sin was such a sophisticated cabinet that he had no problem gluing Hammurabi’s beard on. However, it was not so easy to take him for a show-off, Larsa became purely violet to him, and he turned the arrows on Marie. He managed to throw noodles into the ears of Zimrilim, who was also a tough man, but in this case he clicked his beak. Having become coryphal, they ran into Eshnuna, Uruk and Issin, who bounced their tails for a long time, but flew by like a flock of rasps.

For the uninitiated, such a set of slang words turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to understanding the text, so let’s translate this passage into literary language.

Hammurabi was a skilled politician. He pursued an expansionist policy. At first, the ruler of Babylon tried to capture Larsa, but he failed. It turned out to be not so easy to fight Larsa, especially since their ruler Rim-Sin was such a resourceful diplomat that he easily forced Hammurabi to abandon his intention. But Hammurabi continued his campaigns of conquest in order to expand the territory of his state. And, abandoning attempts to conquer Larsa for a while, he changed his political course, and the Babylonian army rushed north. He managed to conclude an alliance with the ruler of Mari Zimrilim, who was also a good politician, but in this case he yielded to the military power of Hammurabi. The combined forces conquered Eshnunu, Uruk and Issin, who stubbornly defended themselves, but were eventually defeated.

When comparing these very different “editions,” one cannot deny the first, full of jargon, its liveliness and imagery. However, the inappropriateness of using slang in a history lecture is obvious.

The expressiveness of slang vocabulary contributes to the fact that words from slangs move into national colloquial and everyday speech, not bound by strict literary norms. Most words that have become widespread outside of jargons can be considered jargons only from a genetic point of view, and at the time of their consideration they already belong to the vernacular. This explains the inconsistency of labels for jargon in explanatory dictionaries. So, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” S.I. Ozhegov fall asleep in the meaning of “to fail” (colloquial), in the meaning of “to get caught, to be caught in something” (simple), and in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. D.N. Ushakova, it has marks (colloquially, from the thieves' argot). Ozhegov has crammed (colloquial), and Ushakov has given a label for this word (school slang). Many jargons in the newest dictionaries are given with a stylistic mark (simple) [for example, in Ozhegov: ancestors - “parents” (simple, joke); tail - “the remainder, the unfulfilled part of something, for example exams” (simple); newbie - “newcomer, recruit, junior in relation to elders” (simple), etc.].

Slang vocabulary is inferior to literary vocabulary in accuracy, which determines its inferiority as a means of communication. The meaning of jargon tends to vary depending on the context. For example, the verb kemarit can mean doze, sleep, rest; verb run over - threaten, extort, pursue, take revenge; the adjective cool has meanings good, attractive, interesting, reliable etc.; This is the same meaning of the word lethal and a number of others. All this convinces us of the inappropriateness of replacing the rich, vibrant Russian language with slang.

A special socially limited group of words in the modern Russian language is camp jargon, which is used by people placed in special living conditions. He reflected the terrible life in places of detention: zek (prisoner), veneer or shmon (search), gruel (stew), tower (execution), informer (informer), knock (inform) and so on. Such jargon finds application in realistic descriptions of camp life by former “prisoners of conscience” who were given the opportunity to openly recall repressions. Let us quote one of the most talented Russian writers who did not have time to realize their creative potential for well-known reasons:

If you are called on duty, it means expect trouble. Either a punishment cell follows, or some other dirty trick...

True, this time they didn’t put me in a punishment cell or even “deprive me of a stall.” “Deprive with a stall” or “deprive with a date” are bossy formulas that arose as a result of a tendency to laconicism, this is 50% of the economy of expression. “Deprive the right to use a kiosk” or “...date.” The bosses, completely tormented by the desire for the ideal, had to resort quite often to the saving tongue twister, and they naturally tried to save seconds. So, something unusual awaited me. Upon entering, I saw several guards and at their head - “Regime”. We, too, were inclined to brevity, though for other reasons: when danger was approaching, it was easier and more profitable to whisper: “Regime!” than to say: “Deputy head of the camp for the regime.”

Besides the “Regime”, the guards and me, there was someone else in the room, and I immediately stared at him.

(Julius Daniel)

From this passage one can get an idea of the very “mechanism” of the appearance of these strange jargons. I would like to hope that there will be no extralinguistic conditions for their consolidation in the Russian language and that they will quickly become part of the passive vocabulary.

This cannot be said about the language of the underworld (thieves, tramps, bandits). This slang variety of language is defined by the term argo (French argot - closed, inactive). Argo is a secret, artificial language of criminals (thieves' music), known only to initiates and also existing only in oral form. Some argotisms are becoming widespread outside the argot: thieves, mokrushnik, feather(knife), raspberry (stash), split up, nix, fraer etc., but at the same time they practically turn into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic marks: “colloquial”, “coarsely colloquial”.

Many famous writers were wary of jargon. Thus, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, when reprinting the novel “The Twelve Chairs,” abandoned some jargon. The desire of writers to protect the literary language from the influence of jargon is dictated by the need for an irreconcilable fight against them: it is unacceptable for jargon to be popularized through fiction.

In journalistic texts it is possible to refer to argotisms in materials on a certain topic. For example, in the “Crime Stories” section:

The “cream” of the criminal world are “thieves in law”... Below are ordinary thieves, who in the colony are called “denial” or “wool”. The life credo of the “denialist” is to resist the demands of the administration and, on the contrary, to do everything that the authorities prohibit... And at the base of the colony pyramid are the bulk of the convicts: “men”, “hard workers”. These are those who sincerely embarked on the path of correction.

In rare cases, jargon may be used in newspaper materials that have a sharp satirical focus.

The use of jargon in non-satirical contexts, dictated by the authors’ desire to enliven the narrative, is regarded as a stylistic flaw. So, the author got carried away with the play on words, calling his note like this: The artist Dali went completely crazy(the note describes the artist’s unusual sculpture - in the form of a lamp, which gave the correspondent grounds for a pun: lantern - ofonarel). For a reader who does not know the jargon, such words become a mystery, but the language of a newspaper should be accessible to everyone.

The infatuation with the jargon of journalists who write about crimes, murders and robberies in a humorous tone is also reprehensible. The use of argot and slang words in such cases gives the speech an inappropriate, cheerful tone. The tragic events are narrated as a fascinating incident. For modern correspondents of Moskovsky Komsomolets, this style has become familiar. Let's give just one example.

On Tverskaya Street last Thursday, police picked up two girls who were trying to “push” a VCR to passers-by for a fortune. It turned out that the girls cleaned it out the night before apartment on Osenny Boulevard. (...) The ringleader was a 19-year-old homeless woman...

The downward trend in the style of newspaper articles is clearly demonstrated by many newspapers. This leads to the use of jargon and argotism even in serious materials, and for short notes and reports, a style “colored” with reduced vocabulary has become common. For example:

And I won’t give you the corridor

The Kremlin has a new idea: to give fraternal Belarus access to the sea through Kaliningrad. “We are going to come to an agreement with the Poles and get their consent to build a section of the highway through their territory,” the President of Russia said just now.

However, this “sign of the times” does not meet with sympathy among stylists, who do not approve of the mixing of styles, which creates inappropriate comedy in such publications.

DIALECTISM is a word or stable combination in a literary language that is not part of its lexical system, but belongs to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Depending on what features of the dialect are reflected in the dialect word, dialectisms are divided into lexical-phonetic (pavuk, cf. spider, sharp, cf. acute), lexical-word-formative (limpet, cf. saucer, peven, cf. rooster), actually lexical (shaber - “neighbor”, basque - “beautiful”), lexical-semantic (guess - “find out”, freckle - “fever”). A special group consists of ethnographic dialectisms - words that name concepts that are characteristic only of the life of speakers of the dialect. This is the name of clothing, utensils, foods, local customs, etc. (shushun, paneva - the name of women’s clothing; rybnik - “pie with baked whole fish”; dozhinki - the name of the holiday associated with the end of field work). Ethnographic dialectisms usually do not have synonyms in the literary language.

Often the vocabulary of dialects is characterized by precision in the designation of concepts. Therefore, dialectisms are used by writers in the language of works of art for various purposes: to convey local color, to create or enhance a comic effect, to accurately depict realities, to express the language of characters, and others. There are certain patterns when introducing dialecticisms into the language of a work: they are usually introduced into the speech of characters, and ethnographic and actual lexical dialecticisms are most often used. In Russian classical literature, dialectisms were introduced into the language of their works by D. Grigorievich, A. Pisemsky, I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy and others, in modern literature they are used by M. Sholokhov, V. Tendryakov, V. Belov, V. Soloukhin and etc.

Dialectisms. 1. Words from different dialects are often used in the language of fiction for stylistic purposes (to create local color, to characterize the speech characteristics of characters).

2. Phonetic, morphological, syntactic, phraseological, semantic features inherent in individual dialects in comparison with the literary language.

Dialectisms are grammatical. Grammatical features in a particular dialect, manifested in declension, formation of forms of parts of speech, transition from one grammatical gender to another, etc. Past the hut (instead of past the hut), in the steppe (instead of in the steppe), wide steppes (instead of the steppe ), weaker (instead of weaker). The whole face seemed to have turned blue (Bunin). A cat smells whose meat it has eaten (Sholokhov).

Lexico-phonetic dialectisms. Words with a different vocalization than in the literary language. Vostry (sharp), pavuk (spider), pinzhak (jacket), hear (listen).

Semantic dialectisms. Common words with a meaning different from that in the literary language. Much in the meaning of “very”, impudent in the meaning of “sudden”, flood in the meaning of “drown”, guess in the meaning of “recognize by sight”.

Word-forming dialectisms. Words with a different word-formation structure than those of the same root literary synonyms. Bech (run), lyudryka (saucer), guska (goose), dozhzhok (rain), unwalked and unridden side (unwalked, unridden), sboch (on the side).

Dialectisms are strictly lexical. Local names of objects and phenomena that have other names in the literary language. Baz (covered yard for livestock), beetroot (beets), veksha (squirrel), gashnik (belt), zar (now), kochet (rooster), stubble (stubble).

Phonetic dialectisms. Features of the speech sound system. Girl, scream, tsai (see clattering), yasu, myashok (see yakka), etc.

Dialectical phraseological units. Stable combinations found only in dialects. Give as a waste (expose yourself to attack), carry both from the Don and from the sea (talk nonsense), leave your feet behind (knock off your feet), bend a wheeze (work with tension).

Ethnographic dialectisms. Local names of local items. Obednik, poberezhnik, polonoshnik, shalonik (the name of the winds among the Pomors), crane (a lever for raising water from a well), cats (birch bark bast shoes), novina (a harsh canvas).

Dialectisms (from the Greek Dialektos dialect, dialect) are linguistic features characteristic of territorial dialects that are included in literary speech. Phonetic dialectisms – tsokanie: to [ts]ka, but [ts]; yak: [in a] dro, [p a] tuh; pronunciation [x] in place of g at the end of the word: dream [x], other [x].

G r a m m a t i c dialecticisms: t at the end of the 3rd l. verbs: go, take; end of birth n. I declension of nouns –e: from the wife, from the sister; special management of prepositions: came from Moscow, went to get bread, go to the hut. Verbal dialectisms: blueberry, cherniga (blueberry), calf, calf, calf (calf), side (side).

Lexical dialectisms can be of several types: 1) ethnographisms name objects, concepts characteristic of everyday life, the economy of a given area, and have no parallels in literary language: noneva type of skirt, mues vessel made of birch bark; 2) proper lexical dialectisms – synonyms of the corresponding words of the literary language: kochet (rooster), basque (beautiful), dyuzhe (very); 3) semantic dialectisms have a different meaning than in literary language: canopy bridge, bad weather, bad weather.

Dialectisms are used in the language of fiction for stylization, speech characteristics of characters, and creation of local color. Dialectisms can also occur in the speech of persons who have not fully mastered the norms of the literary language.

DIALECT (from the Greek Dialektos - conversation, dialect, adverb) is a type of language that is characterized by the relative unity of the system (phonetic, grammatical, lexical) and is used as a means of direct communication in a team located in a certain limited territory. The dialect is part of a larger linguistic formation, is contrasted with other parts of this whole, other dialects, and has common features with them. There are territorial social dialects.

To define a territorial dialect as part of a whole, the concepts of dialect difference and isogloss are essential. Examples of dialect differences can be okanye and akanye, the distinction between the sounds (ts) and (ch) and their non-distinction (tsoking), the presence of the sound (g) of a plosive formation and the sound (y) of a fricative formation, the form of R.P. unit. h. A line on a linguistic map showing the distribution of dialect differences in a territory is called an isogloss. Isoglosses of different phenomena can come together, forming bundles. With the help of isogloss bundles, territories are distinguished that are characterized by a relative commonality of the language system, i.e., dialects are distinguished. This also takes into account extra-linguistic socio-historical facts, such as the territorial distribution of phenomena, elements of material and spiritual culture, historical and cultural traditions, etc. Thus, the dialect has not only linguistic, but also socio-historical content. This content changes different historical periods. During the era of tribalism, there were tribal dialects. The era of feudalism is associated with the emergence of territorial dialects. It was for feudalism that the formation of new dialects and their specific features was a relevant process. Under capitalism, with the overcoming of feudal fragmentation, dialect education is suspended. Under socialism, dialects are a category of survival: they are no longer brought to life by socio-economic conditions, but continue to exist, while decomposition, deformation, leveling, and bringing them closer to the norms of the literary language occur.

Territorial dialectisms are characterized by social differentiation. A traditional type of dialect is distinguished, usually represented by the older generation, Ch. arr. women, and the language of youth, which approaches the literary language. Dialects are always opposed to the literary language. Interaction between dialect and lit. language currently determines the ways of further development.

Social dialects refer to professional and various languages. There is a significant difference between territorial and social dialects: the features of the former concern the entire structure of the language, therefore they are part of a more general linguistic formation, the features of the latter cover only the facts of vocabulary and phraseology.

Due to the complexity of the dialect division of the language, when describing the dialect structure of the Russian language, terms of a different scope are used: adverb and patois. In Russian scientific literature, the term “dialect” can be used as a synonym for the terms “adverb” and “dialect”.

DIALECTISM

Dialect vocabulary refers to words that are not included in the national lexical system, but belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectal vocabulary is extra-literary vocabulary, the vocabulary of oral, colloquial and everyday speech of any part of the Russian people, united by a territorial community.

Dialecticisms, when used in fiction, are recognized as alien to the literary language and are usually used for stylistic artistic and expressive purposes.

Words of a dialectal nature are usually called dialectal; other terms are also used: “provincialism”, “regional words”, etc. It is best to use the most common term - “dialectisms”, but with clarification - “lexical”. Such a clarification is necessary due to the fact that dialectisms can be of a different nature, namely phonetic (Arinka, look, L. Tolstoy is sitting on the Cheka) and grammatical (You’ll warm your back, but your sense of smell is frozen. That’s why D. A. -L. Tolstoy).

Many of the lexical dialectisms reflect the distant past of our language and are in origin national words, preserved only in certain territorial branches beremya (armful), licorice, doldon (smooth place for current; cf. palm), boroshno (rye flour), belly ( belongings), gozobat (to eat; derivative care), plow (in the meaning of “waving”, cf.: fan), zhuda (horror, fear; derivative terrible), shear (miser, cf. the same root stingy), zhirelo ( throat, mouth), etc.

All lexical dialectisms, as already noted, are outside the boundaries of national literary speech. However, this does not mean that there were no points of contact between the two lexical systems - national and dialect. Much of what was previously dialect expanded the scope of its use, became known to the entire Russian people, and entered the national literary language; much of what still remains the property of folk dialects is often used for graphic purposes in fiction.

Words that came into the literary language from dialects include, for example, clumsy, take a seat, nonsense, owl, plow, frail, boring, smile, very biryuk, take a nap, barracks, clumsy, mumble, hype, background, etc.

The process of enriching the national literary vocabulary at the expense of individual groups of dialect words was especially intense during the formation of the national Russian language; to a much lesser extent it manifested itself later and is manifested at the present time.

In connection with the normativity of the literary language, in connection with the need to preserve its purity and correctness, the question of to what extent and in what styles the use of dialect words in the system of modern literary vocabulary is legitimate. It is clear that strengthening dialect words in the national vocabulary is currently possible only in two cases; 1) if the everyday life of the entire people includes an object that was initially known in one particular area; 2) if lexical dialectism is a good expressive synonym for a common literary word.

The use of lexical dialectisms in fiction and journalistic literature is also possible outside of these conditions, as stylistic means, characterological facts that allow one to give a speech characteristic of the hero, stylize speech, etc. The use of lexical dialectisms outside of certain artistic and expressive tasks, as well as in all others styles of literary styles of literary language is a violation of the norms of modern Russian literary speech.

Naturally, due to individual writing style, different linguistic tastes, and also depending on the genre of literature, the techniques and principles of using dialect words may vary. Thus, Pushkin, Lermontov, Chekhov, Gorky, extremely sparingly, but very freely attracted her with certain stylistic goals, Grigorovich, Kazak Lugansky (V. Dal), Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, from Soviet writers - Sholokhov and Gladov.

One can observe different techniques for introducing dialect vocabulary into a literary context. Thus, if in L. Tolstoy the newly introduced vocabulary of a dialectal nature is full-fledged in the author’s dictionary, then in Turgenev it appears in the form of “inclusions” alien to the general verbal context. If L. Tolstoy does not make any comments or explanations in the text regarding the nature and scope of use of the extra-literary words used, then Turgenev, as a rule, explains them either with reservations or graphic means (quotes, italics, etc.) and emphasizes their freshness and sideliness general literary context.

Wed. from L. Tolstoy: It was already winter. But at this time, the thin, beautiful figure of a young soldier carrying the yard walked into the light of the fire; It was frosty and bitter, but in the evening it began to cool down; Opposite from Nikolai there were greenery, etc. (the words are highlighted by us. -N. Sh.) - and Turgenev: After the fire, this abandoned man took refuge, or, as the Oryol people say, “hunkered down” with the gardener Mitrofan; In the Oryol province, the last forests and squares will disappear in five years (the author's footnote states: In the Oryol province large continuous masses of bushes are called squares); We went to the forest, or, as we say, to “order”, etc.

Unlike L. Tolstoy, Turgenev sometimes even explains the words he puts into the mouths of the characters, for example, in the story “Lgov” the author’s speech explains the word pothole used by Suchok (“a deep place, a hole in a pond or in a river”), in the story “ Biryuk” - the word biryuk used by Foma (“In the Oryol province a lonely and gloomy person is called Biryuk”), etc.

Most Soviet writers follow L. Tolstoy in the use of dialect vocabulary. So, from Sholokhov we find: A bad month passed over the loan across the black, inaccessible sky; They gathered around the fire to have supper on a spread out row; They carry white crumbs of snow from a hillock hidden by bare shrubs; Cows that had not eaten enough young green stuff mooed around the bases, etc.

Dialectal vocabulary is words whose use is characteristic of people living in a certain area. Dialect is the oral, colloquial speech of residents of a certain area. Dialectism is a word used in this type of speech.

Types of dialectisms: 1) phonetic - these are words that reflect the phonetic features of the dialect (syalo, prenik, pisnya) 2) word-formative - these are words in which the morphemic structure is very close to the literary norm, but has some modifications while maintaining the same the same root (calf-calf, side-to-side) 3) morphological - forms, different from literary ones (I’ll go to my sister, at my sister’s, to me, to myself, to her, go, know, read) 4) syntactic - excellent -sya from letters. constructions (went to the doctor, people are standing) 5) lexical: a) proper. lexical (in relation to the lit. words. yavl. syn., such words are not in the literary language) - buckets, forgotten (in fact); b) lexical-semantic (in relation to literary words, manifest homonyms) – transparent-educated, huge-knowing; c) ethnographisms are local names of things and concepts spread in a given area (korets, beetroot, lushnik. The use of dialect vocabulary in speech. Since dialect vocabulary belongs to the number of words not generally known, not popular, the natural question is how and to what extent it can be used for artistic purposes. The degree and nature of the use of dialect words are determined by the theme of the work, the object of the image, the goals that the author sets for himself, his aesthetic ideal, skill, etc. For example, in L. N. Tolstoy dialectisms are found not only when conveying the speech of peasants, but sometimes in the author’s language, where they are given without any explanation. In I. S. Turgenev, such words have the nature of quotations, inclusions, alien to the general verbal context. At the same time, they are provided

remarks that reveal their meaning, scope of use, and these graphic means in the text emphasize their difference from the general literary context. The dialect words used by the authors can denote some objects, realities that are not known to popular use, and then the function of dialectisms is primarily denominative. The same function is often played by those actual lexical dialectisms that do not have a single-word equivalent in the literary language: Sitting down on the lawn under the oak tree, I decided to cook plum porridge. Dialectisms can be a fresh, expressive means. It was the expressiveness of the word crawl (an old skin shed by some animals when molting) that delighted A.S. Pushkin, who heard it from the expert on folk speech V.I.

Dalia. Dialectisms of all types serve as a means of individualizing the character (works by Paustovsky),

with their help, it is possible to achieve ethnographic authenticity and artistic persuasiveness in reproducing everyday life, surroundings, etc. Speaking about the use of dialect words in a newspaper, it must be emphasized that the requirement for a motivated use of dialectisms acquires a special meaning here

meaning. And, first of all, because the newspaper must convey educated, literary speech to the reader. This means that the use of non-literary means in newspaper texts should be as justified as possible.

It should be remembered that the dialect word used in the newspaper must be understandable to the reader, and therefore explained if it requires it by its nature. After all, the newspaper is read quickly and the reader does not have time to look for an unknown word in dictionaries.

The use of dialect words distorts the language. What is dialectism

Dialectisms and words of the literary language

How dialectisms become common words

Dialectisms in various dictionaries

Lesson summary in 6th grade

More on the topic Dialectal vocabulary. Types of dialectisms. Dialect words as a source of replenishment of national lexical means. The use of dialect means in fiction (functions and techniques of entering text). Lexical errors associated with inappropriate use of dialectisms: