The Siberian kingdom was abolished, and the Tobolsk province during 1780-1782 was transformed into the Tobolsk governorship consisting of two regions (Tobolsk and Tomsk), which became part of the Perm and Tobolsk governor-general.
Creation of the province
Emperor Paul I, who ascended the throne, revised many of his mother’s reforms, including abandoning the institution of governor generals. In this regard, on December 12, 1796, the Tobolsk province was formed as an independent administrative unit of Russia by a personal decree given to the Senate “On the new division of the State into Gubernias” (December 12, 1796 No. 17634).
Subsequent transformations
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In turn, who replaced Paul new emperor Alexander I revised many of his father’s reforms, and therefore, in 1802, the Tobolsk province, along with Irkutsk, became part of the Siberian Governor-General. In 1822, the Siberian General Government was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. The Tobolsk province became part of the West Siberian General Government, which existed until 1882.
Further transformations
In 1917, after the Bolsheviks came to power, there was the first attempt to organize the Kalachinsky district from part of the Tyukalinsky district for convenient management of the remote south-eastern territories of the province. The first member of the food committee of the Kalachinsky district was Yakov Martynovich Kalnin, a Latvian poet and teacher. During 1917-1919, in the vicissitudes of the Civil War, the district was liquidated more than once and re-created by different authorities, transferred from the Tobolsk province to the Akmola (Omsk) region.
On February 1-10, 1918, the First Extraordinary Session of the Tobolsk Provincial Zemstvo Assembly took place, which resolved a number of urgent issues, including:
- About the separation of the Kalachinsky district from the Tyukalinsky district (the issue was resolved positively);
- On the separation of Tarsky and Tyukalinsky districts from the Tobolsk province to the Akmola region (the final decision was postponed until the next session with the obligation of the provincial zemstvo government to submit a detailed report on this issue);
- On the transfer of the provincial zemstvo government from Tobolsk to another city in the province (transfer to Tyumen was fundamentally recognized as necessary);
In September 1918, Omsk raised the issue of the withdrawal of the Tyukalinsky district and the newly created, unrecognized by Tobolsk, Kalachinsky district.
On March 13, in Tyumen, 150 mobilized rebels rebelled, armed themselves with rifles seized from a warehouse and began to riot in the city. I order the riot to be suppressed with the most brutal measures and all rebels captured with weapons to be shot on the spot without any trial. Urgently report to me about the execution and the number of those executed. No. 0809/OP.
Commanding Siberian Army Lieutenant General Gaida.
Headquarters of the Siberian General Staff, Major General Bogoslovsky.
Tobolsk province was officially renamed Tyumen province by a special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated March 2, 1920.
Symbolism
The coat of arms of the Tobolsk province was approved on July 5, 1878:
“In the golden shield is a scarlet ataman’s mace, on which is Ermak’s black shield, round, decorated with precious stones, between two scarlet banners placed indirectly crosswise with black shafts and spear points. The shield is crowned with the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by St. Andrew’s ribbon.”
Population
In 1846, there were 831,151 residents of both sexes in the province. The province ranked 35th in population in the Russian Empire.
| District | Russians | Tatars | Ukrainians | Khanty | Komi | Nenets | Mansi | Latvians | Kyrgyz |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province as a whole | 88,6 % | 4,0 % | 2,6 % | 1,3 % | … | … | … | … | … |
| Berezovsky | 17,5 % | … | … | 51,8 % | 9,4 % | 20,7 % | … | … | … |
| Ishimsky | 93,8 % | … | 3,3 % | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Kurgan | 98,8 % | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Surgutsky | 27,8 % | … | … | 71,7 % | … | … | … | … | … |
| Tarski | 85,7 % | 9,0 % | 2,9 % | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Tobolsk | 77,0 % | 17,6 % | … | 1,8 % | … | … | … | … | … |
| Turin | 93,2 % | … | … | … | … | … | 5,1 % | … | … |
| Tyukalinsky | 81,9 % | … | 9,5 % | … | … | … | … | 1,4 % | 2,5 % |
| Tyumen | 87,3 % | 10,1 % | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Yalutorovsky | 94,8 % | 2,9 % | … | … | 1,3 % | … | … | … | … |
The religious composition was dominated by Orthodox Christians - 89.0%. 5.1% were Old Believers and “deviating from Orthodoxy”, 4.5% were Muslims. 11.3% were literate (men - 17.7%, women - 5.0%).
Administrative division
| № | County | County town | Square, verst² |
Population (), people |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Berezovsky | Berezov (1301 people) | 604442,2 | 29190 |
| 2 | Ishimsky | Ishim (14226 people) | 37604,6 | 367066 |
| 3 | Kurgan | Kurgan (39,854 people) | 20281,6 | 359223 |
| 4 | Surgutsky | Surgut (1602 people) | 220452,4 | 11561 |
| 5 | Tarski | Tara (11229 people) | 71542,1 | 268410 |
| 6 | Tobolsk | Tobolsk (23357 people) | 108296,0 | 147719 |
| 7 | Turin | Turinsk (2821 people) | 67008,6 | 96942 |
| 8 | Tyukalinsky | Tyukalinsk (2702 people) | 55049,3 | 344601 |
| 9 | Tyumen | Tyumen (56668 people) | 15608,0 | 171032 |
| 10 | Yalutorovsky | Yalutorovsk (3835 people) | 18944,9 | 216792 |
Governor's leadership
First leaders
Governors (1796-1917)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Tolstoy Alexander Grigorievich | 1796-28.07.1797 | |
| Koshelev Dmitry Rodionovich | State Councillor | 28.07.1797-20.03.1802 |
| Hermes Bogdan Andreevich | actual state councilor | 1802-1806 |
| Kornilov Alexey Mikhailovich | actual state councilor | 1806-12.1807 |
| Shishkov Mikhail Antonovich | actual state councilor | 1808-02.04.1810 |
| Brin Franz Abramovich | actual state councilor | 26.07.1810-28.07.1821 |
| Osipov Alexander Stepanovich | actual state councilor | 08.1821-12.12.1823 |
| Turgenev Alexander Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 12.12.1823-03.1825 |
| Bantysh-Kamensky Dmitry Nikolaevich | actual state councilor | 03.1825-30.07.1828 |
| Nagibin Vasily Afanasyevich | State Councilor, acting. d. | 30.07.1828-19.02.1831 |
| Somov Pyotr Dmitrievich | State Councillor | 19.02.1831-17.10.1831 |
| Job vacancy | 17.10.1831-30.10.1832 | |
| Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich | State Councilor, Chairman of the Provincial Board, acting governor |
30.10.1832-21.12.1833 |
| Job vacancy | 21.12.1833-05.05.1835 | |
| Kopylov Vasily Ivanovich | State Councillor | 05.05.1835-23.06.1835 |
| Kovalev Ivan Gavrilovich | actual state councilor | 23.06.1835-25.06.1836 |
| Povalo-Shveikovsky Christopher Khristoforovich | State Councilor, acting. d. | 06.07.1836-17.02.1839 |
| Talyzin Ivan Dmitrievich | actual state councilor | 17.02.1839-18.06.1840 |
| Ladyzhensky Mikhail Vasilievich | actual state councilor | 18.06.1840-03.03.1844 |
| Engelke Kirill Kirillovich | actual state councilor | 04.04.1845-04.03.1852 |
| Prokofiev Tikhon Fedotovich | actual state councilor | 04.03.1852-16.03.1854 |
| Artsimovich Viktor Antonovich | Kammer-junker (actual state councilor) | 16.03.1854-27.07.1858 |
| actual state councilor | 20.03.1859-23.11.1862 | |
| Despot-Zenovich Alexander Ivanovich | actual state councilor | 23.11.1862-28.07.1867 |
| Chebykin Porfiry Vasilievich | major general | 28.07.1867-10.07.1868 |
| Sollogub Andrey Stepanovich | major general | 10.07.1868-24.08.1874 |
| Pelino Yuri Petrovich | 29.11.1874-01.01.1878 | |
| Lysogorsky Vladimir Andreevich | actual state councilor (privy councilor) | 07.06.1878-17.02.1886 |
| Troinitsky Vladimir Alexandrovich | actual state councilor | 06.03.1886-10.12.1892 |
| Bogdanovich Nikolai Modestovich | State Councilor, acting. d. | 10.12.1892-08.03.1896 |
| Knyazev Leonid Mikhailovich | actual state councilor | 12.04.1896-29.01.1901 |
| Lappo-Starzhenetsky Alexander Pavlovich | actual state councilor | 29.01.1901-28.12.1905 |
| Gondatti Nikolay Lvovich | actual state councilor | 13.01.1906-19.09.1908 |
| Gagman Dmitry Fedorovich | State Councillor | 19.09.1908-08.02.1912 |
| Stankevich Andrey Afanasyevich | actual state councilor | 08.02.1912-11.11.1915 |
| Ordovsky-Tanaevsky Nikolai Alexandrovich | actual state councilor | 13.11.1915-1917 |
Revolutionary leaders (1917-1919)
- Pignatti, Vasily Nikolaevich (1917-1918) Chairman of the Committee of Public Peace, provincial commissar, (1918-1919) governor of the Tobolsk province
- Khokhryakov, Pavel Danilovich (1918), Chairman of the Provincial Council
Second leaders
Lieutenant Governors (1796-1823)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Koshelev Dmitry Rodionovich | State Councillor | 1796-28.07.1797 |
| Kartvelin Nikolay Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 28.07.1797-18.07.1799 |
| Odin Nikolai Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 18.07.1799-1802 |
| Steingel Ivan Ferdinandovich | State Councillor | 1802-1808 |
| Minin Gavriil Vasilievich | collegiate advisor | 1808-1810 |
| Raskazov Nikolay Evdokimovich | collegiate advisor | 1810-1813 |
| Nepryakhin Fedor Petrovich | collegiate councilor (state councilor) | 1813-1823 |
Chairmen of the provincial government (1824-1895)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Zhukovsky Nikolay Vasilievich | collegiate advisor | 01.02.1824-19.01.1829 |
| Serebrennikov Grigory Stepanovich | collegiate advisor | 19.01.1829-06.02.1830 |
| Kirilov Pyotr Ivanovich | collegiate advisor | 06.02.1830-06.09.1831 |
| Kopylov Vasily Ivanovich | State Councillor | 26.09.1831-24.10.1831 |
| Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich | State Councillor | 25.06.1832-21.12.1833 |
| Deineko Ivan Ignatievich | collegiate advisor | 24.10.1835-12.03.1840 |
| Sokolov | court councilor | 12.03.1840-11.08.1842 |
| Dubetsky Joseph Petrovich | collegiate advisor | 11.08.1842-28.02.1844 |
| Vladimirov Alexander Nikolaevich | collegiate advisor | 28.02.1844-20.05.1852 |
| Vinogradsky Alexander Vasilievich | State Councillor | 20.05.1852-11.08.1855 |
| Milordov Nikolai Petrovich | actual state councilor | 11.08.1855-23.12.1858 |
| Sokolov Mikhail Grigorievich | collegiate advisor | 23.12.1858-08.04.1863 |
| Kurbanovsky Mikhail Nikolaevich | State Councillor | 08.04.1863-10.03.1872 |
| Zalessky Pyotr Matveevich | collegiate councilor (actual state councilor) | 10.03.1872-27.02.1881 |
| Dmitriev-Mamonov Alexander Ippolitovich | court councilor | 27.02.1881-08.08.1885 |
| Severtsov Dmitry Alekseevich | 19.12.1885-13.07.1891 | |
| Baron, collegiate advisor | 27.07.1891-01.11.1895 |
Lieutenant Governors (1895-1917)
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Fredericks Konstantin Platonovich | baron, state councilor | 01.11.1895-25.04.1896 |
| Protasyev Nikolay Vasilievich | actual state councilor | 25.04.1896-23.03.1902 |
| Troinitsky Alexander Nikolaevich | collegiate advisor | 30.05.1902-05.04.1908 |
| Gavrilov Nikolay Ivanovich | State Councilor (actual State Councilor) | 05.04.1908-1917 |
Assistants of the Tobolsk Provincial Commissar
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Notes
Literature
- / Ed. V. P. Petrova. - Tyumen, 2003. - P. 13, 24-57. - 304 s. - 1,000 copies - ISBN 5-87591-025-9.
- Atlas of geographical maps, statistical tables, species and types of Tobolsk province. Publication of the Tobolsk provincial book warehouse. Printing house of the diocesan brotherhood. Tobolsk 1917.
- - M.: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. - Part 2. - P. 76-78.
- - M.: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. - Part 3. - P. 78.
- Kaufman A. A., Latkin N. V., Richter D. I.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Description of the Tobolsk province. - Petrograd: Publication of the Resettlement Administration, 1916. - P. 78.
- Tobolsk diocese: Part one. Description of the area occupied by the Tobolsk diocese in geographical, historical and ethnographic terms. - Omsk: Printing house of A.K. Demidov, 1892.
- Department one. Geographical and topographical information about the Tobolsk province. - 99 s.
- Division two. Historical and ethnographic information about the Tobolsk province; Division three. About the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which are part of the Tobolsk diocese. - 79 s.
- . - Tobolsk: Tobolsk Provincial Statistical Committee, 1912.
- Siberian and Tobolsk governors: Historical portraits, documents / resp. per issue I. F. Knapik. - Tyumen: Tyumen Publishing House, 2000. - 576 p. - ISBN 5-928800-08-8.
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An excerpt characterizing the Tobolsk province
- When it’s time for your wife to give birth, send to Moscow for an obstetrician... So that he is here.The old prince stopped and, as if not understanding, stared with stern eyes at his son.
“I know that no one can help unless nature helps,” said Prince Andrei, apparently embarrassed. – I agree that out of a million cases, one is unfortunate, but this is her and my imagination. They told her, she saw it in a dream, and she is afraid.
“Hm... hm...” the old prince said to himself, continuing to write. - I'll do it.
He drew out the signature, suddenly turned quickly to his son and laughed.
- It's bad, huh?
- What's bad, father?
- Wife! – the old prince said briefly and significantly.
“I don’t understand,” said Prince Andrei.
“There’s nothing to do, my friend,” said the prince, “they’re all like that, you won’t get married.” Do not be afraid; I won't tell anyone; and you know it yourself.
He grabbed his hand with his bony little hand, shook it, looked straight into his son’s face with his quick eyes, which seemed to see right through the man, and laughed again with his cold laugh.
The son sighed, admitting with this sigh that his father understood him. The old man, continuing to fold and print letters, with his usual speed, grabbed and threw sealing wax, seal and paper.
- What to do? Beautiful! I'll do everything. “Be at peace,” he said abruptly while typing.
Andrei was silent: he was both pleased and unpleasant that his father understood him. The old man stood up and handed the letter to his son.
“Listen,” he said, “don’t worry about your wife: what can be done will be done.” Now listen: give the letter to Mikhail Ilarionovich. I am writing to tell him to use you in good places and not keep you as an adjutant for a long time: it’s a bad position! Tell him that I remember him and love him. Yes, write how he will receive you. If you are good, serve. Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky’s son will not serve anyone out of mercy. Well, now come here.
He spoke in such a rapid-fire manner that he did not finish half the words, but his son got used to understanding him. He led his son to the bureau, threw back the lid, pulled out the drawer and took out a notebook covered in his large, long and condensed handwriting.
“I must die before you.” Know that my notes are here, to be handed over to the Emperor after my death. Now here is a pawn ticket and a letter: this is a prize for the one who writes the history of Suvorov’s wars. Send to the academy. Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find benefit.
Andrei did not tell his father that he would probably live for a long time. He understood that there was no need to say this.
“I will do everything, father,” he said.
- Well, now goodbye! “He let his son kiss his hand and hugged him. “Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it will hurt my old man...” He suddenly fell silent and suddenly continued in a loud voice: “and if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will be ... ashamed!” – he squealed.
“You don’t have to tell me this, father,” the son said, smiling.
The old man fell silent.
“I also wanted to ask you,” continued Prince Andrey, “if they kill me and if I have a son, do not let him go from you, as I told you yesterday, so that he can grow up with you... please.”
- Shouldn’t I give it to my wife? - said the old man and laughed.
They stood silently opposite each other. The old man's quick eyes were directly fixed on his son's eyes. Something trembled in the lower part of the old prince’s face.
- Goodbye... go! - he suddenly said. - Go! - he shouted in an angry and loud voice, opening the office door.
- What is it, what? - asked the princess and princess, seeing Prince Andrei and for a moment the figure of an old man in a white robe, without a wig and wearing old man’s glasses, leaning out for a moment, shouting in an angry voice.
Prince Andrei sighed and did not answer.
“Well,” he said, turning to his wife.
And this “well” sounded like a cold mockery, as if he was saying: “Now do your tricks.”
– Andre, deja! [Andrey, already!] - said the little princess, turning pale and looking at her husband with fear.
He hugged her. She screamed and fell unconscious on his shoulder.
He carefully moved away the shoulder on which she was lying, looked into her face and carefully sat her down on a chair.
“Adieu, Marieie, [Goodbye, Masha,”] he said quietly to his sister, kissed her hand in hand and quickly walked out of the room.
The princess was lying in a chair, M lle Burien was rubbing her temples. Princess Marya, supporting her daughter-in-law, with tear-stained beautiful eyes, still looked at the door through which Prince Andrei came out, and baptized him. From the office one could hear, like gunshots, the often repeated angry sounds of an old man blowing his nose. As soon as Prince Andrei left, the office door quickly opened and the stern figure of an old man in a white robe looked out.
- Left? Well, good! - he said, looking angrily at the emotionless little princess, shook his head reproachfully and slammed the door.
In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and towns of the Archduchy of Austria, and more new regiments came from Russia and, burdening the residents with billeting, were stationed at the Braunau fortress. The main apartment of Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov was in Braunau.
On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just arrived at Braunau, awaiting inspection by the commander-in-chief, stood half a mile from the city. Despite the non-Russian terrain and situation (orchards, stone fences, tiled roofs, mountains visible in the distance), despite the non-Russian people looking at the soldiers with curiosity, the regiment had exactly the same appearance as any Russian regiment had when preparing for a review somewhere in the middle of Russia.
In the evening, on the last march, an order was received that the commander-in-chief would inspect the regiment on the march. Although the words of the order seemed unclear to the regimental commander, and the question arose how to understand the words of the order: in marching uniform or not? In the council of battalion commanders, it was decided to present the regiment in full dress uniform on the grounds that it is always better to bow than not to bow. And the soldiers, after a thirty-mile march, did not sleep a wink, they repaired and cleaned themselves all night; adjutants and company commanders counted and expelled; and by morning the regiment, instead of the sprawling, disorderly crowd that it had been the day before during the last march, represented an orderly mass of 2,000 people, each of whom knew his place, his job, and of whom, on each of them, every button and strap was in its place and sparkled with cleanliness . Not only was the outside in good order, but if the commander-in-chief had wanted to look under the uniforms, he would have seen an equally clean shirt on each one and in each knapsack he would have found the legal number of things, “sweat and soap,” as the soldiers say. There was only one circumstance about which no one could be calm. It was shoes. More than half the people's boots were broken. But this deficiency was not due to the fault of the regimental commander, since, despite repeated demands, the goods were not released to him from the Austrian department, and the regiment traveled a thousand miles.
The regimental commander was an elderly, sanguine general with graying eyebrows and sideburns, thick-set and wider from chest to back than from one shoulder to the other. He was wearing a new, brand new uniform with wrinkled folds and thick golden epaulettes, which seemed to lift his fat shoulders upward rather than downward. The regimental commander had the appearance of a man happily performing one of the most solemn affairs of life. He walked in front of the front and, as he walked, trembled at every step, slightly arching his back. It was clear that the regimental commander was admiring his regiment, happy with it, that all his mental strength was occupied only with the regiment; but, despite the fact that his trembling gait seemed to say that, in addition to military interests, the interests of social life and the female sex occupied a significant place in his soul.
“Well, Father Mikhailo Mitrich,” he turned to one battalion commander (the battalion commander leaned forward smiling; it was clear that they were happy), “it was a lot of trouble this night.” However, it seems that nothing is wrong, the regiment is not bad... Eh?
The battalion commander understood the funny irony and laughed.
- And in Tsaritsyn Meadow they wouldn’t have driven you away from the field.
- What? - said the commander.
At this time, along the road from the city, along which the makhalnye were placed, two horsemen appeared. These were the adjutant and the Cossack riding behind.
The adjutant was sent from the main headquarters to confirm to the regimental commander what was said unclearly in yesterday's order, namely, that the commander-in-chief wanted to see the regiment exactly in the position in which it was marching - in overcoats, in covers and without any preparations.
A member of the Gofkriegsrat from Vienna arrived to Kutuzov the day before, with proposals and demands to join the army of Archduke Ferdinand and Mack as soon as possible, and Kutuzov, not considering this connection beneficial, among other evidence in favor of his opinion, intended to show the Austrian general that sad situation , in which troops came from Russia. For this purpose, he wanted to go out to meet the regiment, so the worse the situation of the regiment, the more pleasant it would be for the commander-in-chief. Although the adjutant did not know these details, he conveyed to the regimental commander the commander-in-chief’s indispensable requirement that the people wear overcoats and covers, and that otherwise the commander-in-chief would be dissatisfied. Having heard these words, the regimental commander lowered his head, silently raised his shoulders and spread his hands with a sanguine gesture.
- We've done things! - he said. “I told you, Mikhailo Mitrich, that on a campaign, we wear greatcoats,” he turned reproachfully to the battalion commander. - Oh, my God! - he added and decisively stepped forward. - Gentlemen, company commanders! – he shouted in a voice familiar to the command. - Sergeants major!... Will they be here soon? - he turned to the arriving adjutant with an expression of respectful courtesy, apparently referring to the person about whom he was speaking.
- In an hour, I think.
- Will we have time to change clothes?
- I don’t know, General...
The regimental commander himself approached the ranks and ordered that they change into their overcoats again. The company commanders scattered to their companies, the sergeants began to fuss (the overcoats were not entirely in good working order) and at the same moment the previously regular, silent quadrangles swayed, stretched out, and hummed with conversation. Soldiers ran and ran up from all sides, threw them from behind with their shoulders, dragged backpacks over their heads, took off their greatcoats and, raising their arms high, pulled them into their sleeves.
Half an hour later everything returned to its previous order, only the quadrangles turned gray from black. The regimental commander, again with a trembling gait, stepped forward of the regiment and looked at it from afar.
- What else is this? What's this! – he shouted, stopping. - Commander of the 3rd company!..
- Commander of the 3rd company to the general! commander to the general, 3rd company to the commander!... - voices were heard along the ranks, and the adjutant ran to look for the hesitant officer.
When the sounds of diligent voices, misinterpreting, shouting “general to the 3rd company”, reached their destination, the required officer appeared from behind the company and, although the man was already elderly and did not have the habit of running, awkwardly clinging to his toes, trotted towards the general. The captain's face expressed the anxiety of a schoolboy who is told to tell a lesson he has not learned. There were spots on his red (obviously from intemperance) nose, and his mouth could not find a position. The regimental commander examined the captain from head to toe as he approached breathlessly, slowing his pace as he approached.
– You’ll soon dress people up in sundresses! What's this? - shouted the regimental commander, extending his lower jaw and pointing in the ranks of the 3rd company to a soldier in an overcoat the color of factory cloth, different from other overcoats. – Where were you? The commander-in-chief is expected, and you are moving away from your place? Huh?... I'll teach you how to dress people in Cossacks for a parade!... Huh?...
The company commander, without taking his eyes off his superior, pressed his two fingers more and more to the visor, as if in this one pressing he now saw his salvation.
- Well, why are you silent? Who's dressed up as a Hungarian? – the regimental commander joked sternly.
- Your Excellency…
- Well, what about “your excellency”? Your Excellency! Your Excellency! And what about Your Excellency, no one knows.
“Your Excellency, this is Dolokhov, demoted...” the captain said quietly.
– Was he demoted to field marshal or something, or to soldier? And a soldier must be dressed like everyone else, in uniform.
“Your Excellency, you yourself allowed him to go.”
- Allowed? Allowed? “You’re always like this, young people,” said the regimental commander, cooling down somewhat. - Allowed? I’ll tell you something, and you and...” The regimental commander paused. - I’ll tell you something, and you and... - What? - he said, getting irritated again. - Please dress people decently...
And the regimental commander, looking back at the adjutant, walked towards the regiment with his trembling gait. It was clear that he himself liked his irritation, and that, having walked around the regiment, he wanted to find another pretext for his anger. Having cut off one officer for not cleaning his badge, another for being out of line, he approached the 3rd company.
- How are you standing? Where's the leg? Where's the leg? - the regimental commander shouted with an expression of suffering in his voice, still about five people short of Dolokhov, dressed in a bluish overcoat.
Dolokhov slowly straightened his bent leg and looked straight into the general’s face with his bright and insolent gaze.
- Why the blue overcoat? Down with... Sergeant Major! Changing his clothes... rubbish... - He didn’t have time to finish.
“General, I am obliged to carry out orders, but I am not obliged to endure...” Dolokhov hastily said.
– Don’t talk at the front!... Don’t talk, don’t talk!...
“You don’t have to endure insults,” Dolokhov finished loudly and resoundingly.
The eyes of the general and the soldier met. The general fell silent, angrily pulling down his tight scarf.
“Please change your clothes, please,” he said, walking away.
- He's coming! - the makhalny shouted at this time.
The regimental commander, blushing, ran up to the horse, with trembling hands took the stirrup, threw the body over, straightened himself, took out his sword and with a happy, decisive face, his mouth open to the side, prepared to shout. The regiment perked up like a recovering bird and froze.
- Smir r r r na! - the regimental commander shouted in a soul-shaking voice, joyful for himself, strict in relation to the regiment and friendly in relation to the approaching commander.
Along a wide, tree-lined, highwayless road, a tall blue Viennese carriage rode in a row at a brisk trot, its springs slightly rattling. Behind the carriage galloped a retinue and a convoy of Croats. Next to Kutuzov sat an Austrian general in a strange white uniform among the black Russians. The carriage stopped at the shelf. Kutuzov and the Austrian general were talking quietly about something, and Kutuzov smiled slightly, while, stepping heavily, he lowered his foot from the footrest, as if these 2,000 people were not there, who were looking at him and the regimental commander without breathing .
A shout of command was heard, and again the regiment trembled with a ringing sound, putting itself on guard. In the dead silence the weak voice of the commander-in-chief was heard. The regiment barked: “We wish you good health, yours!” And again everything froze. At first, Kutuzov stood in one place while the regiment moved; then Kutuzov, next to the white general, on foot, accompanied by his retinue, began to walk along the ranks.
By the way the regimental commander saluted the commander-in-chief, glaring at him with his eyes, stretching out and getting closer, how he leaned forward and followed the generals along the ranks, barely maintaining a trembling movement, how he jumped at every word and movement of the commander-in-chief, it was clear that he was fulfilling his duties subordinate with even greater pleasure than the duties of a superior. The regiment, thanks to the rigor and diligence of the regimental commander, was in excellent condition compared to others who came to Braunau at the same time. There were only 217 people who were retarded and sick. And everything was fine, except for the shoes.
Kutuzov walked through the ranks, stopping occasionally and speaking a few kind words to the officers whom he knew from Turkish war, and sometimes to soldiers. Looking at the shoes, he sadly shook his head several times and pointed them out to the Austrian general with such an expression that he didn’t seem to blame anyone for it, but he couldn’t help but see how bad it was. Each time the regimental commander ran ahead, afraid to miss the commander-in-chief's word regarding the regiment. Behind Kutuzov, at such a distance that any faintly spoken word could be heard, walked about 20 people in his retinue. The gentlemen of the retinue talked among themselves and sometimes laughed. The handsome adjutant walked closest to the commander-in-chief. It was Prince Bolkonsky. Next to him walked his comrade Nesvitsky, high headquarters an officer, extremely fat, with a kind and smiling handsome face and moist eyes; Nesvitsky could hardly restrain himself from laughing, excited by the blackish hussar officer walking next to him. The hussar officer, without smiling, without changing the expression of his fixed eyes, looked with a serious face at the back of the regimental commander and imitated his every movement. Every time the regimental commander flinched and bent forward, in exactly the same way, in exactly the same way, the hussar officer flinched and bent forward. Nesvitsky laughed and pushed others to look at the funny man.
Kutuzov walked slowly and sluggishly past thousands of eyes that rolled out of their sockets, watching their boss. Having caught up with the 3rd company, he suddenly stopped. The retinue, not anticipating this stop, involuntarily moved towards him.
- Ah, Timokhin! - said the commander-in-chief, recognizing the captain with the red nose, who suffered for his blue overcoat.
It seemed that it was impossible to stretch out more than Timokhin stretched out, while the regimental commander reprimanded him. But at that moment the commander-in-chief addressed him, the captain stood up straight so that it seemed that if the commander-in-chief had looked at him for a little longer, the captain would not have been able to stand it; and therefore Kutuzov, apparently understanding his position and wishing, on the contrary, all the best for the captain, hastily turned away. A barely noticeable smile ran across Kutuzov’s plump, wound-disfigured face.
“Another Izmailovo comrade,” he said. - Brave officer! Are you happy with it? – Kutuzov asked the regimental commander.
And the regimental commander, reflected as in a mirror, invisible to himself, in a hussar officer, shuddered, came forward and answered:
– I am very pleased, Your Excellency.
“We are all not without weaknesses,” said Kutuzov, smiling and moving away from him. “He had a devotion to Bacchus.
The regimental commander was afraid that he was to blame for this, and did not answer anything. The officer at that moment noticed the captain’s face with a red nose and a tucked belly and imitated his face and pose so closely that Nesvitsky could not stop laughing.
Kutuzov turned around. It was clear that the officer could control his face as he wanted: the minute Kutuzov turned around, the officer managed to make a grimace, and after that take on the most serious, respectful and innocent expression.
The third company was the last, and Kutuzov thought about it, apparently remembering something. Prince Andrei stepped out from his retinue and said quietly in French:
– You ordered a reminder about Dolokhov, who was demoted, in this regiment.
-Where is Dolokhov? – asked Kutuzov.
Dolokhov, already dressed in a soldier’s gray overcoat, did not wait to be called. The slender figure of a blond soldier with clear blue eyes stepped out from the front. He approached the commander-in-chief and put him on guard.
- Claim? – Kutuzov asked, frowning slightly.
“This is Dolokhov,” said Prince Andrei.
- A! - said Kutuzov. “I hope this lesson will correct you, serve well.” The Lord is merciful. And I will not forget you if you deserve it.
Blue, clear eyes looked at the commander-in-chief as defiantly as at the regimental commander, as if with their expression they were tearing apart the veil of convention that so far separated the commander-in-chief from the soldier.
“I ask one thing, Your Excellency,” he said in his sonorous, firm, unhurried voice. “Please give me a chance to make amends for my guilt and prove my devotion to the Emperor and Russia.”
Kutuzov turned away. The same smile in his eyes flashed across his face as when he turned away from Captain Timokhin. He turned away and winced, as if he wanted to express that everything that Dolokhov told him, and everything that he could tell him, he had known for a long, long time, that all this had already bored him and that all this was not at all what he needed . He turned away and headed towards the stroller.
The regiment disbanded in companies and headed to assigned quarters not far from Braunau, where they hoped to put on shoes, dress and rest after difficult marches.
– You don’t lay claim to me, Prokhor Ignatyich? - said the regimental commander, driving around the 3rd company moving towards the place and approaching Captain Timokhin, who was walking in front of it. The regimental commander’s face expressed uncontrollable joy after a happily completed review. - The royal service... it’s impossible... another time you’ll end it at the front... I’ll apologize first, you know me... I thanked you very much! - And he extended his hand to the company commander.
- For mercy's sake, general, do I dare! - answered the captain, turning red with his nose, smiling and revealing with a smile the lack of two front teeth, knocked out by the butt under Ishmael.
- Yes, tell Mr. Dolokhov that I will not forget him, so that he can be calm. Yes, please tell me, I kept wanting to ask how he is, how he is behaving? And that's all...
“He is very serviceable in his service, Your Excellency... but the charterer...” said Timokhin.
- What, what character? – asked the regimental commander.
“Your Excellency finds, for days,” said the captain, “that he is smart, learned, and kind.” It's a beast. He killed a Jew in Poland, if you please...
“Well, yes, well,” said the regimental commander, “we still need to feel sorry for the young man in misfortune.” After all, great connections... So you...
“I’m listening, Your Excellency,” Timokhin said, smiling, making it feel like he understood the boss’s wishes.
- Yes Yes.
The regimental commander found Dolokhov in the ranks and reined in his horse.
“Before the first task, epaulets,” he told him.
Dolokhov looked around, said nothing and did not change the expression of his mockingly smiling mouth.
“Well, that’s good,” continued the regimental commander. “The people each have a glass of vodka from me,” he added so that the soldiers could hear. – Thank you everyone! God bless! - And he, overtaking the company, drove up to another.
“Well, he’s really a good man; “You can serve with him,” said subaltern Timokhin to the officer walking next to him.
Document from the IPS "Code"
Tobolsk province on the eve of 1917
It was no coincidence that the war that broke out in Europe in 1914 was called the Great by its contemporaries. It gave rise to global changes in the world system and radically influenced the fate of Russia - it had a decisive impact on the mechanisms and forms of social reproduction, on mass consciousness and value guidelines, determined the nature and direction of the revolutionary process. However, the regions of the Russian Empire (with their specific pre-war development) World War had different influences. In this regard, the fate of the Tobolsk province is indicative: distant from the front line, industrially less developed, politically inert, it found itself outside the epicenter of the main events of the era, but still experienced their negative consequences.
During the war years, the province continued to be a territory with an extremely low population density - 1.62 people. per 1 sq. a mile, and the bulk of the residents were concentrated along the railway - in Kurgan, Yalutorovsky and Ishim districts. Population density had a decisive impact on social development. Thus, the sparsely populated north of the province was still predominantly in the power of patriarchal public relations, subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, and the densely populated south was more developed in economically and was influenced by capitalism. However, in the south of the province there were still opportunities for predominantly extensive development Agriculture, and there was practically no excess population.
During the war, there were no changes in the nature of the economic development of the province. It remained peasant both in composition and in the occupation of the majority of the population. This is evidenced by minor changes in the ratio of urban and rural population. On January 1, 1914 urban population accounted for 6.8% of the province's population, by 1917 - 8%. *1 Not the least role in the process of growing the share of the urban population belonged to refugees and militia warriors.
Despite the conscription of 243.3 thousand people into the army, of which 223.7 thousand people. *2 were villagers, the population of the region continued to increase during the war years. If in 1914 2103.2 thousand people lived on the territory of the province. *3, then, according to our calculations, by 1917 the population of the province, including those drafted into the army, excluding military losses, amounted to 2160.8 thousand people. The annual population growth in 1914-1916, although it was almost half that of the pre-war period, was about 1%, that is, it remained generally positive. This was greatly facilitated by the rear situation and the fact that before the war the province was a region of intensive development and resettlement.
At the same time, the demographic parameters of the population have undergone noticeable changes. By 1917, the reduction in the male population became a rather acute problem in the province, which had a negative impact on the sex ratio. If in cities, due to the presence of reserves and militia warriors, men numerically predominated, then in 1916 and 1917. in agricultural census surveys rural areas women were in the lead (for every hundred men - 120 and 128 women, respectively *4). The “average” peasant family, numbering slightly more than 6 souls in 1914, was reduced to 5 people by 1917. *5 There has also been a trend towards a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate of the population. This could not but affect the quantity and quality work force, and as a consequence, on the pace of development of the region’s economy. At the same time, negative trends manifested themselves here to a lesser extent compared to European Russia.
In the province as a whole it has been preserved positive dynamics agricultural development. Despite a noticeable decrease in the growth rate of sown areas (in 1911-1913, sown areas increased by 8%, and by 1917 - only by 5.2 percent) *6, there was an increase in the gross harvest of grain crops, primarily wheat and oats and rye (average annual indicators for 1914-1917 were higher than those in 1910-1913 by 58%). We find an explanation for this in the pricing policy of the state during the war years, in the desire of the peasantry of the Tobolsk province to make maximum use of market conditions. The abolition of the “Chelyabinsk tariff change” on the eve of the war, favorable weather conditions (with the exception of 1915) and partial compensation for the loss of men through the use of prisoner-of-war labor had a beneficial effect. As a result, Tobolsk province, like other areas Western Siberia, during the war years not only provided itself with bread, but also had significant surpluses. Excess bread from the harvests of 1916 and 1917. amounted to 30.2 million poods, while the neighboring Ural provinces experienced a deficit of 17 million poods. *7 The main areas of commercial agriculture were Kurgan, Tyukalinsky, Ishimsky
counties. Although the growth in crop area lagged behind the growth in the number of peasant farms (5% versus 10%), the tendency towards the total ruin of peasants in the province was weakly expressed.
The changes that occurred during the war in the livestock industry are reflected in livestock statistics much less clearly than in agricultural statistics. Absolute data from provincial statistics and the censuses of 1916 and 1917 are practically incomparable and do not allow one to identify dynamics, and therefore comparisons are possible only with a significant degree of conditionality. An analysis of available sources suggests that the conclusions of some researchers, both about a significant reduction in the number of livestock and about its sharp increase by 1917, seem doubtful.
During the war, the structure of the herd changed, there was a redistribution of the percentage different groups livestock In connection with the requisition of cattle and horses, the peasantry of the province relied on small livestock and young animals. The share of both increased in 1916. With a decrease for 1913-1916. the share of horses in the herd by 9.3%, the share of sheep, goats, and pigs increased by 8.4%. A slight decrease in the share of cattle (0.1%) indicated that the peasant farm maintained its dairy and meat production.
The World War did not change the orientation of industrial production in the Tobolsk province towards the processing of agricultural products, as well as the dominance of small forms of industry. These circumstances, as well as the conjuncture of the time (military orders) determined the preferential development of leather, sheepskin and fur coats, meat canning, flour-grinding and butter production, that is, industries that preserved the development of the province as an agricultural raw material appendage. The needs of the war caused the expansion of old and the opening of new enterprises in the province, most of which were small enterprises, as well as workshops with a small number of workers and low mechanization of labor.
The numerical predominance of small, handicraft and handicraft industries, and the slight growth of the urban population indicated that the economy of the province had just embarked on the path of modernization. Unlike other regions of Siberia, during the war years the activity of large monopolistic associations did not manifest itself in the Tobolsk province. No new industrial centers arose, and the main production was concentrated in the already established ones - in the Tyumen and Kurgan districts. In addition, the war led to a decline in the importance of a number of trades and occupations of the population, which played an important role in the economy of the region in the pre-war period (fishing, fur, carpet, forestry).
Being an agricultural region, Tobolsk province, however, faced problems in 1914-1917. with rising food prices. The reason, in our opinion, was the disorganization of economic relations at the micro and macro levels as a result of the war, as well as the ineffective, poorly thought out and organized policy of the center. The rise in cost was also an indicator of immaturity capitalist development countries.
At first, the rise in prices of basic products was caused by a disruption in the normal exchange between city and countryside, the activities of intermediary buyers in conditions of increasing demand for food from the army (especially in the Urals, Petrograd and other industrial centers). Imported goods increased in price most significantly: sugar, tobacco, soap (almost doubled), salt (tripled). *8 Despite the excess food supplies in the region, the increase in food prices was noticeable. According to city government data, in January-March 1915 prices increased on average in the province by 22%, and by October-November - by another 40%. *9 This becomes especially surprising when we consider that the population of the cities was relatively small, and the cities themselves were surrounded by a dense network of villages. The establishment of a fixed price for products by city councils did little to eliminate the problem of high prices: taxable items - meat, bread, butter - were exported to Irbit, Kamyshlov, Yekaterinburg, where prices were higher. There were frequent cases of concealment of goods. The concealment of goods by foreign firms in Kurgan and merchants in the village became public knowledge. Obdorsky, requisition of a large supply of wheat from the merchant Tekutyev. *10 In Yalutorovsky district in 1915, an unofficial joint-stock company was formed to transport oil by cart to Moscow, which was a serious competitor to government agents in procuring oil for the army. *eleven
The creation in 1915, on the initiative of the authorities, of food commissions in cities initially inspired some optimism and gave rise to hopes for changes in solving the food issue. However, it soon became clear that they lacked any real power and ability to influence the situation. This was associated with unrest in Tyumen in January 1916 during the elections of a new food commission. Despite the efforts made by the authorities, the province was shaken one after another by sugar, grain, and meat crises.
The food crisis has become a factor not only in economic but also in social disintegration of society. In the context of a general rise in prices, the figure of the merchant became odious. folding negative perception The press also contributed greatly. Thus, the newspaper “Ermak” called “people of profit” “hungry jackals” and “internal enemies”, *12 and a certain “Everyman” in the “Sibirskaya Trading Gazeta” expressed the opinion that traders themselves inflate prices, justifying this with dubious “world prices” . *13 Since the fall of 1915, there has been an increase in spontaneous dissatisfaction among the poor population with interruptions in supply and the high cost of basic food products and essentials. In rural areas, protest against the buying up and high prices of food and goods was more often expressed in arson - a specifically peasant form of struggle. The most massive protest here was in May 1916 by desperate peasants. Vikulovsky Tarsky district, which burned 17 houses of local shopkeepers and merchants. *14 Other forms of protest against high prices in the Tobolsk province were combined with demands for higher wages and were of a strike nature.
The establishment of maximum prices for bread and fodder purchased for the army, as well as a ban on the export of a number of products from the province, also played a role in the rise in prices of basic products. The organization of procurement for the army was not systematic and consistent, and the sluggishness and inexperience of government officials in this matter regularly led to missed delivery deadlines and the need to take emergency measures - requisitions, which dealt a significant blow to peasant farming. The state not only revealed its weakness and inability to organize an effective supply of food to the army, but through its unsuccessful measures in the field of food affairs, it destroyed the food market in the country. Despite the fact that in the Tobolsk province neither the city nor the village experienced the famine, the signs of which clearly appeared at the end of 1916 in European Russia, the issue of high prices in the province was much more pressing than other political problems. The failure in organizing the food supply during the war became one of the main factors of dissatisfaction with the existing government and political system empire not only in the center, but also in such a distant agricultural province as the Tobolsk province.
Contrary to the statements of many Siberian scholars of the previous period, we are far from concluding that the preconditions for revolution were taking shape in Siberia during this period. In our opinion, an important issue that requires special consideration and understanding is the problem of changes in the mood of the population that occurred under the influence of the war. Analysis of the sources allows us to identify the main stages of these changes: patriotic upsurge in the initial period of the war, its replacement by “patriotic anxiety” by the middle of 1915 and the growing crisis of power by the end of 1916.
The declaration of war and mobilization initially caused a shock, which in the rural areas of the province resulted in 16 mobilized unrest, the largest of which occurred in the city of Ishim. *15 The protests were not directed against the war, but were accompanied by the destruction of wine shops and demands for food money, *16 which were based on natural human feelings- loyalty to existing traditions and concern for the fate of loved ones. The Tsar's manifesto and the beginning of a propaganda campaign about the reason and goals of the war awakened “popular enthusiasm,” and shock was replaced by a stormy expression of loyal feelings in the reigning house. Jews, Muslims, and Catholics declared their devotion to the Russian state and people. There was not just loyalty to the regime, but a surge of pro-government sentiment, which was expressed both in the participation of almost all segments of the population in collecting donations for various needs, and in the creation of public organizations and committees to help the front. An important feature of this period was the interest in the printed word.
The calls of the Tolstoyan commune (“Come to your senses, brothers and sisters” and “Dear brothers and sisters”) to stop the world massacre sounded in dissonance with the general mood, but they did not receive a wide response. In addition, the less successful situation at the front, contrary to expectations, gave rise to the first doubts about the degree of combat effectiveness of the Russian army, which nevertheless did not become prevalent until the end of 1914.
The population had different attitudes towards the war. Part of the peasantry, merchants and industrialists, who benefited from supplies to the army, as well as military orders, which also made it possible for them to avoid being sent to the front, supported the continuation of the war. However, there were other moods that were influenced by the unsuccessful conduct of the military campaign of 1915, rising prices and food problems, the influx of refugees and prisoners of war, and the disintegration of the supreme power, its reluctance to take into account the opinion of society and agree to certain reforms.
The heavy and unevenly distributed burden of war caused an increase in spontaneous pacifism and a feeling of rejection of social reality among the peasantry. This was expressed not only in
the spread of negative rumors about events at the front, but also the increase in the number of anti-war and anti-monarchist statements. More and more often, especially in 1916, the motive of the desirability of reprisal against the tsar himself, as the main “source of troubles” and torment of the people, began to be heard. The mood of the village was also influenced by numerous requisitions and collection of arrears. The refusal of peasants, and especially conscript families, to pay arrears, as well as current fees, is becoming widespread. *17 In 1916, the growth of arrears was 33.5% compared to 1914, and government and zemstvo taxes were 84% of the target level. *18
Another manifestation of the special sentiments of the peasantry was the cutting down of state-owned forests, since at the end of the war everyone hoped for the publication of a manifesto on the “addition” of fines and penalties for logging. The fate of the “prohibition law,” which had ideological overtones and was introduced at the beginning of the war, is also indicative. Despite the bans and persecution, underground moonshine brewing took on gigantic proportions in the village. Peasants brewed moonshine even near the provincial center. *19
A distinctive feature of the public life of the Tobolsk province during the war years remained its deep provincialism and weak political organization in comparison even with the neighboring territories - the Urals and the Tomsk province. The defeat of the Social Democratic organization in the province in the pre-war period, the reduction in the influx of political exiles, and the strengthening of police supervision during the war - all this did not contribute to the widespread dissemination of the ideas of the Social Democrats. The exception was the underground Marxist circle of student youth in Tobolsk in 1914-1915. The Social Revolutionaries gave preference to practical work in cooperation.
So far, the fact of anti-government and anti-war agitation of revolutionary parties in the province has not been documented, and strikes and walkouts were more likely associated with a general deterioration in the living conditions of workers. Labor protests were seasonal in nature and were overwhelmingly aimed at improving working conditions. During the war, Tyumen and Kurgan were in third and fourth place in the number of strikes in Siberia.
The scale of the tasks posed by the war to the city government, the limited means for their implementation, the inability of the autocracy to wage a victorious war favored the change of “patriotic” sentiments in the urban environment to more moderate ones. As a result, active demands for reforms in city government intensified, although they were not overly radical and did not go beyond the scope of opposition to the regime. The vastness of the region, weak connections due to the lack of developed communications, prevented not only the exhaustion of extensive development in the field of economics, but also the emergence of radically new ideas in the field of thought. Only a narrow circle of liberals in Tyumen and Kurgan, involved in the trends of the times and subject to influences from the center, were able to raise the question of forming a government of people's trust. If the government during the war years, as before, considered centralized government to be the most acceptable for Siberia, then the local liberal public begins to actively speak out for the introduction of zemstvos in the territory of the Tobolsk province and ensuring more effective urban governance. If in European Russia during this period a movement was unfolding against class zemstvos, for the democratization of zemstvo bodies, *20 then the public of the province would consider the mere establishment of zemstvos to be democratization. However, the development by the government of basic provisions on the introduction of zemstvos in the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces was constantly postponed.
The question of changing the city's situation was all the more relevant because the imperial structures in critical situation did not have the opportunity to establish effective governance of the country and the lion's share of the costs of maintaining prisoners, housing and providing for refugees fell on the cities. The administration of almost all cities in the province referred to the burden of the city budget with unbearable expenses associated with wartime. *21 Cities quickly exhausted the existing opportunities to increase city revenues, and they were not allowed to establish new ones city situation. So the economic question grew into a question of reform. At the end of 1916, the Tyumen City Duma stated: “The slogan “Everything for war, and then the internal structure of the country”, adopted by the State Duma
- the slogan is wrong, we need internal reforms" *22 However, due to the weak development of the “public element” and the narrow circle of its supporters, the liberal movement in the province was unable to go beyond imitation.
The situation in the province especially worsened in the second half of 1916. Due to the obvious futility and growing unpopularity of the war, special public attention was drawn to the evasion of wealthy citizens from military duty, as well as bribery and embezzlement in the 35th Infantry Regiment in Tyumen. *23 Cases of Siberians fleeing from the front have become more frequent. Lack of reforms and deterioration
economic situation in the country, the severance of economic ties made it almost impossible to support the government. In connection with the requisition for rear work, the foreign population of the province showed dissatisfaction. Despite the difference in social origin and property status, by the end of 1916 a significant part of the population of the province began to view the government as an opposite, opposing camp. The origins of this were not only in the severity of the war, but also in the inability of the government to admit its failure and agree to at least some liberalization of the regime. Thus, the autocracy deprived itself of the support and trust of broad sections of the population.
Economic prosperity did not save the Tobolsk province from political upheavals. February Revolution was greeted with jubilation in the province, whose population, in the hope of changes in public life, expressed their support for the new government. However, more stable economic development did not create favorable conditions for left-wing radicalism and the spread of the ideas of Bolshevism. Thus, the specifics of the development of the Tobolsk province in wartime left its mark on the character political process in the region.
law.admtyumen.ru/nic?print&nd=466200137 |
A hundred years ago these days in Russia they drank a lot, held rallies, wore red bows - they celebrated the revolution in every possible way. Euphoria seemed to cover all segments of the population Central Russia. The Tobolsk province is by no means the outskirts of the empire, but other moods reigned here and for most what happened was a surprise. Here they lived slowly, thoroughly, “with principles.” The candidate told Komsomolskaya Pravda - Tyumen about what the political mood of Siberians was in the years before the “great turning point” historical sciences, presenter Researcher Institute for Problems of Northern Development SB RAS Alexey Konev.
Earth and people
- At first XX century, Tobolsk province was at a stage of more active socio-economic development compared to the previous century?
- Yes it is. True, the pace and depth of these changes varied markedly in different parts of the region. The province was one of the largest in the Russian Empire in terms of area, occupying a vast territory from the Kurgan forest-steppe to the cold tundra of Yamal, and had a variegated ethnic and religious composition of the population.
The most important transport arteries connecting the south and north remained the rivers - Tobol, Irtysh, Ob. It is no coincidence that shipping has developed rapidly here. Tobolsk province was the location of large shipping companies and shipyards. Tobolsk North was a major supplier of squirrel fur and valuable fish to the Russian and international markets.
The total fish catch by 1914 reached a record 2 million poods (more than 32 million tons). Fish canning and logging, oil-making, flour-grinding, tanning, distilling, and brewing industries were actively developing. I note that there were few large enterprises; the bulk of the industry was still represented by small handicraft and semi-handicraft establishments.
– What was the population of the province?
– Not very big, even compared to its neighbors. By the beginning of the First World War, there were just over 2 million 103 thousand people, of which about 93% lived in rural areas.
The overwhelming majority of the few inhabitants of the two northernmost districts were “yasak foreigners”: Samoyeds (Nenets), Ostyaks and Voguls (Khanty and Mansi), who led a nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle, which in general has changed little since the 18th – 19th centuries. The main occupations of the northerners are fur extraction, reindeer herding, fishing, and collecting wild plants.
The agricultural south was populated mainly by the Russian old-timer population; compact groups of Siberian Tatars and the so-called “Bukharians” lived in five counties. This population experienced a more significant impact of developing capitalism. The growth of Tyumen, Kurgan and Ishim is noticeably accelerating; Tobolsk and Yalutorovsk were growing at a slower pace. In total, a little more than 130 thousand people lived in the cities of the province by 1917 (in 1897 - 87.5 thousand people).
The population growth in the south of the province was facilitated by the active resettlement of peasants from European Russia during the years of the Stolypin agrarian reform, some of whom settled in cities. And yet, the processes of urbanization in our region lagged noticeably not only from the central regions of the country, but also from the nearest Tomsk province, moreover, during the years of the World War, the number of city residents decreased by 10 thousand people.
– The increase in the number of immigrants probably caused some problems in relations with the “locals”?
– Yes, the old-time peasants and foreigners in the areas where the settlers were located were unhappy with this, they had to share their land: the government formed a colonization land fund and introduced new allotment standards here. Because of this, many conflicts arose.
And the settlers expressed dissatisfaction because they were given “inconvenience,” for example, in forested and swampy areas. In addition, the issue of land ownership remained unresolved, which reduced interest in more intensive development of arable land.
Nevertheless, the mass resettlement caused an increase in sown areas (by 30% compared to 1907) and, as a consequence, a noticeable increase in grain harvest. The settlers brought with them new varieties of crops and methods of cultivating the land.
The province has turned into an important grain-producing region. Siberian peasants for the most part were much better off than peasants in most regions of the European part of the country; they were provided not only with land, but also with horses, and had more large and small livestock.
In general, they lived prosperously, which was repeatedly noted by contemporaries.
Urban civilization
– What were the Siberian cities of that era like?
– They made a contradictory impression, even the large and provincial ones, in some of their districts and the way of everyday life of some of the townspeople, rather resembled rich villages, and the small northern ones, like Berezovo and Surgut, were essentially no different from villages. Streets were rarely paved with cobblestones, not to mention asphalt, which by that time had appeared only in St. Petersburg and Moscow as an experiment.
Wooden pavements were a characteristic feature of most Western Siberian cities; drainage was carried out through drainage ditches laid between the road and pedestrian part streets. The sanitary condition of urban settlements raised many questions and was the object of severe criticism.
At the same time, noticeable changes took place in Tobolsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, and Ishim, affecting their appearance and level of improvement. Firstly, stone house construction has revived. Stone buildings, both public and private, erected at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, still define the unique charm of the historical quarters of our cities.
More than one hundred and forty stone buildings appeared in Tobolsk between 1904 and 1914. In this indicator, it was little inferior to Omsk, which by that time had greatly surpassed Tobolsk in size. The new building of the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, the men's diocesan theological school, became a real decoration.
A water supply system appeared in the provincial capital, with a daily water supply of 110 thousand buckets, and new large public baths. The first electricity was supplied from the generator of the water station in 1908, and a little later a power station with a capacity of 40 kilowatts was introduced.
In Tyumen, power plants operated at shipbuilding and sawmills. By 1912, almost all cities of the province were lighting the main streets with kerosene lanterns. But electric ones, and only 6 of them, were available only in Tobolsk. Cinematography became a new mass entertainment for the townspeople.
By 1910, there were 4 “electric theaters” in Tobolsk, and 3 in Tyumen. In some large Siberian cities, such a remarkable sign of the oncoming modernization appeared as country dachas, which served exclusively for summer recreation, and not for working on the land.
Counting and literacy
– Before the October Revolution, the overwhelming majority of the population in Russia, including Siberia, was completely illiterate. Perhaps that’s why people weren’t interested in politics “in the capitals?”
– This is an incorrect statement. The question is what were the trends in the development of the education system, what level of literacy are we talking about and among which segments of the population. By the way, by 1917 the region was well saturated with educational institutions.
Thus, all levels were represented in Tobolsk educational institutions except for the university. Education could be obtained both secular and spiritual, both classical and applied (real).
In the cities of the province there were secular (district, real, commercial) and religious schools, pro-gymnasiums, and agricultural schools. In rural areas there were parochial and mobile one-class schools. Muslim children learned to read and write in a mekteb. Before the First World War, the country planned to introduce universal primary education, teacher institutes are opening en masse. In 1916, such an institute was organized in Tobolsk.
I note that more than 90% of urban and about 30% of rural school-age children in the province received primary education at that time. There were big problems with attracting children from the peoples of the North to education. Residents of the taiga and tundra, as well as a significant part of Russian peasants, did not see the need for this and were afraid that studying would tear their children away from their usual way of life and would not contribute to acquiring the necessary life skills.
Many peasants taught their children numeracy and literacy at home and believed that this would be enough. The majority of urban residents have formed an idea of the importance of children receiving at least a primary education in schools.
– Siberia is still identified with the word “exile”. Hundreds of thousands of convicts were sent beyond the Urals to serve sentences for various crimes. In the Tobolsk province, exiles at the beginning of the 20th century made up 3% of the total population. How did the Siberians react to the presence of so many exiles?
Residents and local authorities were equally dissatisfied with the large number of “shackles.” Among the exiled settlers there were many “political” ones, some of whom were engaged in active propaganda work among students, intellectuals, minor employees, workers and peasants.
During the period of a surge of protest activity during the revolution of 1905–1907. Cells of the main political parties were formed in the province, but not all were able to demonstrate themselves actively enough in the future and act legally.
RSDLP groups were crushed by the police, the largest underground organization Social Democrats in Tyumen collapsed in 1914. By this time, the Social Revolutionaries had also curtailed their underground activities and concentrated on working in the legal press and consumer cooperatives.
The branch of the Cadet Party arose on the basis of the Tobolsk Union of Civil Freedom. With the support of the liberals, the provincial agronomist and famous public figure N. L. Skalozubov entered the Third State Duma.
The local branch of the Octobrist party, supported by the guild merchants, the intelligentsia and some officials, after the defeat in the elections to the Third Duma, practically curtailed its activities. At this time, representatives of the monarchist party “Union of the Russian People” were not successful in the elections from the Tobolsk province.
– It turns out that the majority of the region’s population were of little interest in general political problems?
– The residents of the province were characterized by, as the Social Democrats put it, petty-bourgeois views. This was explained by the insignificant stratum of the large and middle bourgeoisie, the predominance of peasants and petty bourgeois. The majority of local residents, I believe, did not experience a conscious need for radical reforms.
Rather, they were preoccupied with their current problems. The scourge of Siberian life is the arbitrariness of officials. Thus, many were dissatisfied with the judicial system, which they encountered in the analysis of property disputes, family quarrels, and criminal offenses. But in general, people, as a rule, rarely transferred their problems to the political plane.
Extreme irritation with the current government and distrust of it will develop in the conditions of a protracted war, under the pressure of economic difficulties and growing political crisis, under the influence of propaganda from the “political” and the mindset of soldiers demobilized from the front.
*Editorial " Komsomolskaya Pravda"-Tyumen" thanks Alexey Konev for the provided photographic materials.
Tobolsk province
It borders on the Arctic Ocean, on the NE - Yenisei Bay. , to the E and SE - Tomsk lips. , to the South-Semipalatinsk and Akmola regions. , to the west of Arkhangelsk and Vologda provinces. (from which it is separated by the Ural ridge), then by the trans-Ural part of the Perm and Orenburg provinces. Its extreme points on the N are Cape Ivanov on White Island and Cape Matesol on the mainland, on the SE - west. shore Bol. Poplar Lake, at the northwestern mouth of the river. Kara.
Square The province is approximately 1217410 sq. ver.; it is distributed extremely unevenly between 10 counties. The largest counties are Berezovsky (604,442 sq. ver.) and Surgutsky (220,452), the smallest are Yalutorovsky (18,944 sq. ver.) and Tyumen (15,608 sq. ver.).
Surface
Surface T. lips represents a vast lowland with the exception of the north-west. corner where the spur of the Urals ridge is located. Pai hoi. The first hills of this range, starting at the coast Kara Sea , gradually rise in the upper reaches of pp. Oy and Nermayag, heading from NW to SE, starting with the Konstantin Stone (1491 ft.), and in the upper reaches of the river. Kara enters the Arkhangelsk province, extending to the southwest. The height of these mountains ranges from 1491 to 4075 feet. (Khainda-pay). Extending further in the same direction, the ridge separates from the six-headed Hardewes Hill (3720 ft.) a short spur in the upper reaches of the river. Voykar to the SE with the hills of Neryaby (3086 ft.), Parime-Kay (2716 ft.), the main ridge extends in the same southwest. direction, but from Mount Pareko it goes to the south and stretches along the border of the Vologda lips. to the sources of Pechora (Pechera-ya-Tolyakh hill) and then enters the Perm lips. The border Ural ridge is from 35 to 50 versts wide, and in its structure it is a series of parallel ridges, extending from one another at a distance of 5 to 12 versts; These gaps are filled with wooded valleys, cut by rivers that originate here. The slopes of the ridges are covered with coniferous forests up to their very top, but north of 66° N. w. forests are no longer found on the mountains. All in. at its end, the Ural Range. on the N it descends to the sea with rocky capes, then giving way to earthy hills of alluvial origin, reaching the sea coast and rising above sea level from 20 to 30 or more feet. Lowland T. lips. has a slight slope from S to N, not exceeding 440 feet. from the south its borders, to the mouth of the river. Obi. North part of Tara district, southern. - Surgutsky and north-east. T. are occupied by plateaus up to 500 ft. altitude, serving as a watershed between tributaries and pp. Ob and Irtysh. According to the nature of the terrain of the lips. divided into 3 zones: polar tundra in the northernmost. parts of it, tall forests and steppe lowlands in uu. Kurgan, Ishim and Tyukalinsky, with the Yalutorovsky district and part of Tarsky representing a transitional stage from the previous belt to the steppe. Zap. part of the steppe zone is known as the Ishim steppe, the eastern part, bordering Tomsk province, is known as the Barabinsk steppe, and both steppes do not present significant differences under natural conditions. The steppe strip appears in the form of a wavy surface overgrown with grass, feather grass and other herbs. It is dotted with small hills, long and narrow in plan, called ridges or islands. These elevations do not exceed 3 soots. high above the steppe and run in parallel rows in a direction approximately from SW to NE, so that the steppe appears to be covered with folds. Numerous lakes are scattered throughout this vast steppe space, most are freshwater, but there are also bitter and salty ones; In general, steppes are poor in running water. In low-lying swampy areas, mainly on the outskirts of lakes and in places of dry lakes, there are salt marshes; on the southern outskirts of the steppe, the soil is also saline in nature. The steppe zone of the province can be called a cultural and agricultural strip; the layers of chernozem here in some places reach 1/2 arsh. thicknesses, but do not appear continuous, but are interspersed with clay, sand, and silt.
Water
The rivers that irrigate Tobolsk Gubernia belong to the basin of the Arctic Ocean, which washes the northern part. lip border The seashores represent a strongly sinuous line. On the outermost border of the lips. Baydaratskaya Bay juts out, bounded from the Yalmal Peninsula, washed by the Kara Sea, to the north. at the tip of which is located the vast, completely deserted White Island, separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Malygin Strait. Kara Sea off the coast of T. lips. shallow (13-25 ft.). Baydaratskaya Bay, extending 160 ver. inland, with a width of 50 at the mouth and 25 in. at the top, it receives several minor rivers from the west, originating in the northern ridge. Ural. By eastern The vast Ob Bay juts out from the side of Yalmal, length. up to 700 ver., wide. at 70-100 ver. at a depth of up to 15 fathoms. Samoyed Peninsula long. up to 300 v. separates the Ob Hall. from east part of it, Tazovskaya Bay, is shallow (up to 3 fathoms deep) and filled with sand banks and wide shallows. To the Ob Hall. one of the greatest rivers of Siberia, the Ob, flows into it, which at its mouth breaks into numerous branches; Of the latter, the branches of the Big Ob and Khamanelsky of the Lesser Ob are considered navigable. To the northwest of the latter, to the west. On the shore of the Yalmal Peninsula, at Cape Saleta, there is a not particularly deep (up to 14 ft.), but rather convenient Nakhodka harbor, discovered by those who in recent years made an inventory of the Ob Hall. Vilkitsky. This harbor is so far the only one convenient for harboring ships in the entire Ob area. To the southeast end of the Ob Hall. fall pp. Nadym and Nyda, and in the Tazovskaya province, bordering the Yenisei province, - r. Pur. The mouths of these fairly significant rivers are filled with shallows and low-lying islands. To the north of Cape Matesol is Vilkitsky Island with Shvede Bay. The main water artery of the lips. is p. Ob, covering all its districts with its tributaries. The river Ob is part of the Surgut district. from Tomsk province, flows to the north-west, receiving the river. Vakh, turns to the west, going in this direction up to 600 ver., connects with the river. Irtysh, makes a turn to the NW, and from its division into two branches, the Big and Small Ob, turns to the N and in this direction reaches the mouth of the river. Poluya, from where it flows to the NE until it flows into the Ob Bay. Dl. the flow of the Ob within the lips. more than 2000 ver., wide. from 450 soot. up to 2 ver., and in the islands and numerous channels the width between the river banks reaches in some places up to 50 ver., and the greatest depth of the river. from 7 to 10 soot. Bolshaya Ob, 450 ver. long. is divided by islands into numerous channels, the length of the Malaya Ob before its connection with the Greater Ob is up to 300 ver. Many significant rivers flow into the Ob, on the right Vakh, Agan, Pim, Lyamin, Kazym, Kunovat and Poluy, on the left Kul-Yugan, Bol. Yugan, Solym, Irtysh, Sosva, Synya, Voykor and Shchuchya. The entire southern and middle part of the province, the most populated and productive, is covered by the navigable river. Irtysh with its tributaries. The Irtysh flows within the lips. 1020 century, navigable everywhere, wide. from 120 to 250 s, depth. from 2 1/2 to 6 and 8 fathoms. The Irtysh receives numerous tributaries, on the right the Om, Tara, Uy, Tui, Shish, Turtas, Demyan, on the left the Oshu, Ishim, Vagai, Tobol, Nosku and Konda. The main tributaries of the Irtysh are pp. Tobol and Ishim. R. Tobol flows within the lips. at 725 v.; in the flood of the river navigable from the city of Kurgan, and from the mouth of the river. Tours all summer. The main tributaries of the Tobol on the left: Iset, Tura, Iska, Tavda. R. Ishim flows within the lips. 500 century, navigable only in high water, in summer it can only be floated; along the banks of the Ishim stretches a low-lying strip of meadows from the 10th to the 15th century. wide, annually flooded in the spring, cut also by lakes and oxbow lakes. These meadows present many convenient mowing areas; Some places in the Ishim Valley are suitable for agriculture. A tributary of the Irtysh - r. Vagai, up to 250 v. length; can only be floating. The Vagai valley is partly swampy and in some places quite suitable for agriculture. Of the tributaries of the Tobol, the most important are pp. Tura and Tavda. The tour flows within the lips. 540 v. It is navigable in the spring along this entire length, and from Tyumen all summer. The main tributary of the Tura is the river. Pyshma, flows at 170 v. according to T. lips. and can be floatable. R. Tavda, composed of pp. Sosva and Lozva, navigable along its entire length. The vast majority of pp. province originates in swamps. These swamps stretch for hundreds of miles in length, but their width is for the most part insignificant, stretching in narrow stripes along the watersheds of large rivers and going into tongues between the coastal strips of their tributaries. Lakes in T. lips. There are up to 1600, they are extremely diverse both in their character and in the quality of their water. There are flowing lakes, others release or receive rivers, and there are still lakes. Yes, pp. Konda, Pelym pass through a number of lakes, called here “fogs”, pp. flow from others, such as Osha, Kazym, Noska, etc. Most of the lakes are freshwater, as for salty and bitter-salty lakes, they are not found to the north 55° N. w. The northernmost of these lakes is Saltosarayskoye, then Bol. and Mal. Bear and Akhtaban. The most significant freshwater lakes are Chernoe (280 sq. in.), Uvatskoe (145), Shchuchye (130), Kurtal (125), Frame (120 sq. in.).
Geology
Geologically lips very little researched. North half of it was formed in the last geological period under the influence of the North Sea, southern. it probably formed the bottom of an ancient sea, the remains of which are numerous steppe salt lakes both in T. and in the areas adjacent to it up to and including the Aral and Caspian seas. With the exception of the east. foothills of the Urals, throughout the entire lip area. no hard rocks have yet been discovered, and both the soil and subsoil consist of loose sediments of new formation. In the vicinity of Omsk, the shells found belong to freshwater sediments of the Pliocene, as well as the bones of a mammoth and rhinoceros found. Well at the railway station. dor. in Tyumen I found soot on the first 2. reddish-yellow loams, then loams mixed with sand, deeper brownish-red clays, turning into dense gray-bluish ones. Along the banks of the Tura, layers of sand with layers of fine gravel and clay were discovered, and judging by the horizontal bedding of loams and the remains of extinct animals found, it can be assumed that in the entire Tyumen region. post-Pliocene strata occur. From the confluence of the Irtysh into the Ob, down the latter, on the right bank, there are layers of white, yellow and red clays, and there are also blocks of siliceous sandstone imbued with mica and iron oxide. The Ishim ridges consist of hardened clays, limestones and layers of marine skull-skinned animals. Along the banks of the Tobol, the high, rugged banks consist of white sand and clay, and the river. The Tavda flows through clayey-silt soil. In the north-west corner of the lips, where the northern spurs pass. In the Urals, clay shales of different colors and hardness with veins of quartz and hornfels occur along river valleys and coastal mountains. The structure of the Ural ridge is well known. Mineral wealth has been little explored. Useful clays for pottery are found in the Turin district, there is copper ore in the Tyumen district, and bog iron ores are also found in abundance there, as well as in Berezovsky. Gold was found in rivers flowing from the foothills of the Urals, containing from 12 to 24 shares per hundred poods. sands, but its extraction is unprofitable due to the high cost of work. On the sea coast they find amber thrown out by the sea, as well as pieces of coal. Along the Ob to the north from the village. Asbestos is found in the bushes. In Berezovsky district. mica deposits. In Tyumen district. millstone and grindstone, azure paint near Isetskaya Sloboda, umber near the village. Rafailovsky, white clay in the same place. Mammoth bone is found by Samoyeds in the tundra. Salt lakes Bol. and Mal. Bearish contain from 94 to 97% pure table salt, Glauber's salt is found in bitter steppe lakes, planting salt in salt pans. lakes doesn't happen every year.
Climate
Climate lips continental, and from South to North and from West to South the temperature decreases rapidly.
Average temperature:
| Localities | Winters | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Annual |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ishim | -13,6 | -0,4 | +14 | +1,6 | −0,2 |
| Tara | -16 | +0,1 | +16,5 | -0 | +0,3 |
| Tobolsk | -14 | -0 | +13,5 | −0 | −0,1 |
| Berezov | -17 | -5,1 | +11,6 | -2,9 | -4,5 |
| In Obdorsk | avg. annual temperature equal to - 5.5° | ||||
On the south lips. On average, winter is shorter than in the north by 7 weeks, spring is longer by a week, summer by 4, and autumn by 2 1/2 weeks. The time of the onset of the first frosts and spring mornings, which have such a harmful effect on agriculture, is very different, on average they occur: in Tobolsk on September 3. , Kurgan 11 Sep. and Ishima Aug 28 ; matinees stop in Tobolsk between April 28. and June 16, in Kurgan between April 24. and June 8, in Ishim between April 24. and June 12. The coldest months are Jan. and February, the earliest frosts over 15° occur at the end of October, and in the north in Berezovo in half of the same month, the latest frosts of -15° occur at the end of March, and in Berezovo in April. The number of cold days with temperatures of -20° in Berezovo is 55, in Obdorsk 75, Tobolsk 33, Tara the same, Ishim 27, Kurgan 26. Frosts reach: in Berezovo -45°, Tobolsk -37.5, Tara -39°, Ishim -42°, Kurgan -35. Summer heat in Berezovo +27.5°, Tobolsk +28.6°, Tara +31.4°, Ishim +29°, Kurgan +33°.
Opening and freezing of rivers. The Ob River near Obdorsk opens between May 25 and June 15, near Berezov May 15 - June 5, and near Surgut May 10 - June 1. Tobol opens on average on April 26. , freezes at the very beginning on November 1, the Irtysh opens on May 1, freezes on November 7, Ishim - April 19. and November 5, Tura April 13. and 23 Oct. , Sosva - May 25 and October 30.
Number of days with precipitation and their amount in mm: in Obdorsk 90 days - 217.8 mm, Berezovo 118 days. - 359 mm, Tobolsk 95 days. - 473.4 mm, Turinsk 80 days. - 344 mm, Tyumen 86 days. - 466 mm, Tare 100 days. - 375 mm, Ishima 88 days. - 438 mm, Kurgan 81 days - 300 mm. Largest quantity precipitation occurs in the summer, but in Berezovo, Tobolsk and Tara, partly in the autumn, least amount precipitation falls in Obdorsk, Berezovo and Tobolsk in the spring, in Turinsk, Tara, Ishim and Kurgan in the winter, and in Tyumen in the autumn. The prevailing winds are western and southwest. To the north of Tobolsk, hail falls very rarely, to the south more often, but most often in the Tyumen and Turin districts, although there are no more than one hail days per year. Thunderstorms are also rare in the north, but in the southern counties they are not uncommon, especially in summer. The number of thunderstorm days in Berezovo is 5, in Tobolsk 8, in Tara 8, in Kurgan 12. Due to the amount of precipitation, there are severe floods in the spring from river floods that flood vast areas. Samarov's Irtysh bottles into the 20th century. in width. The floods and the city are memorable, when all the riverine towns and villages were flooded with water.
Fauna
The fauna has changed somewhat over the past half century. Animals that were once abundant became rare, especially fur-bearing species. All in. The Arctic Ocean and its bays are home to walruses, seals, dolphins, and occasionally beavers and otters are found in some tributaries of the Ob. Polar bears are found on the islands of the Kara Sea. In the tundra zone there are deer and their inevitable companions, wolves, as well as black bears, arctic foxes, wolverines, weasels, and mice. To the south, in the forest belt - foxes, squirrels, stoats, chipmunks, martens, sables, moose, lynxes, etc. In the transition zone to the steppe - badgers, ferrets, weasels, various small rodents, hares, etc.; the same animals are also found in the steppe zone of the region, where breeds of small rodents are especially highly developed - shrews, gophers, moles, etc. Bird breeds are not diverse: both water and forest birds are found in abundance, as well as those characteristic of steppe areas. Representatives of the class of reptiles are few in number; There are common and steppe lizards, snakes and snakes, and vipers are common. Pisces T. lips. rich: in the Ob there are muksun, shokur and pyzhyan, then, both in the Ob and in other significant rivers - sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, burbot, cheese, taimen, pike, perch, crucian carp, ruffe, chebak, pike perch, vendace. There are a lot of crucian carp, perch, chebak, dace and pike in the lakes. The breeds of insects differ little from the corresponding stripes of Europe. Russia. In pp. Crayfish have recently appeared in Ture and Pyshma, which were not there before. Harmful insects, except for midges, are grasshopper and prusik, devastating crops and meadows in the steppe strip of the lips.
Peoples
From foreigners live in the lips Tatars, Bukharans, Ostyaks, Samoyeds and Voguls. Tatars live together with Bukharians in the Tyumen and Tobolsk districts, without them - in the district. Yalutorovsk, Kurgan, Ishim, Tarsk and Tyukalinsk; Most of all Tatars are in Tobolsk district. (about half of their total number). The Tatars are engaged in agriculture, fishing, trade and some crafts, for example, blacksmithing and leatherworking. Tatar villages are sparsely populated. In the southern uu., especially in Ishimsky, there are many Kyrgyz living, but they do not form independent villages, but live among the Russians. The size of the Tatar-Bukhara population is approx. 42,000. Ostyaks with Samoyeds and Voguls settled in the north. districts of the province. Ostyaks (approx. 22,500) are found in greatest numbers in Berezovsky, then in Surgut and Tobolsk districts. In the first, they are more numerous than Russians. The main occupations of the Ostyaks are fishing, hunting, reindeer herding, birding, and collecting pine nuts. Reindeer Ostyaks live in the Obdorsky section of Berezovsky district; they are more numerous than trappers and fishermen. Before the arrival of the Russians, the Ostyaks were considered prosperous, but vodka and the merciless exploitation of them by the Russians led most of them to a beggarly state. Diseases are also highly developed among them, especially syphilis. The majority of Ostyaks are officially considered Orthodox, but they have not forgotten their old beliefs; There are also idolaters among them. The Irtysh Ostyaks became significantly Russified and moved from a nomadic life to a sedentary one; the desire to settle down is also noticeable among the Ostyaks of Ob and Kondino; other Ostyaks lead a nomadic lifestyle, living in winter and summer yurts, and the reindeer live in tents. Samoyed-Yuraks inhabit the far north of the province. They roam from the Urals to the borders of the Yenisei lips. along the North coast Arctic Ocean and share the Father's Hall. on Kamennye and Nizovye. Each horde is divided into clans: in the first there are 6 clans, in the second there are 9. In addition, there are Samoyeds assigned to 3 Ostyak volosts. Samoyeds are mostly idolaters. Leading nomadic life, they, in addition to reindeer husbandry, are engaged in fishing and hunting, wandering near the Ob and Tazovsky gulfs. - finding and selling mammoth bones. The total Samoyed population numbers up to 6,000 without those assigned to the Ostyak volosts. The Voguls live in the southwest. parts of Berezovsky, in the north. Turinsky and in the west. corner of the Tobolsk uy., there are from 4500 to 6000 of them. The Voguls are Christians, but they still have many pagan concepts preserved, and only the sedentary Voguls, who have become heavily Russified, can be considered Orthodox. Although sedentary Voguls are engaged in agriculture, but only partly; Their main occupations are fishing, hunting, collecting lingonberries and pine nuts. The total foreign population in the province. there are up to 90,000 (47,000 men and 43,000 women). Tatars, Bukharians and Voguls have all the makings of cultural progress; The Ostyaks and Samoyeds are apparently heading towards extinction.
Of the European nationalities, the Poles are scattered throughout almost the entire province, most of them are in the districts of Tobolsk, Tyukalinsky, Ishimsky and Tarsky. Germans and Finns (5000) live in the Tyukalinsky and Tarsky districts, forming special colonies. Jews predominantly live in cities. In addition, in T. lips. Gypsies live (up to 1000 days), leading a nomadic life; They are endowed with land, but rent out their plots to peasants, engaging in blacksmithing, horse trading, and sometimes horse stealing. The Russians, who make up the bulk of the population of the provinces, belong in the vast majority to the Great Russian tribe.
Population
People's health
Tobolsk province in colonization and agriculture
The natural colonization of the southern parts of the districts of T. and Turinsky and the adjacent Tyumensky district ended a long time ago; Their Russian population, located in frequent rows of small villages along the banks of more significant rivers, consists entirely of old-timers. However, in the near future, colonization will resume here: those produced in - gg. studies found in T. (Turtas basin) and Turinsky (Tavda basin) y. vast expanses of free land, where some have already begun, and some will begin, work on allocating land for resettlers. One might think that these works will penetrate further to the north. In Tarsky district. Until very recently, Russian colonization almost did not penetrate further north than the Irtysh coast, but in the city a study of the Urmans was undertaken along the systems of the right tributaries of the latter - Shisha and Tuya, which penetrated further north into the Demyan basin. Nowadays, there are already numerous Russian settlements according to the Shisha and Tuya systems. Both in the southern part of the same Tarsky district and in the rest of the southern districts in the 50s of the 19th century, there was a massive resettlement of migrants from state peasants who resettled with the assistance of the government, on the basis of the regulations of the charter on improvement in state-owned villages (see respectively. article); quite a few new villages in these districts arose in the 60s, when land-poor peasants moved to Siberia, whose right to resettlement was recognized by the laws of the 60s. At this time, colonization was finally completed in Yalutorovsky and almost completed in Kurgan district. (in the latter, 11 more new villages arose in the 70s and 80s), and now both of these counties are already so populated that further colonization is out of the question. Ishimsky u. until the beginning of the 90s, it remained almost completely aloof from the colonization movement. In uh. In Tarsk and Tyukalinsk, colonization resumed in the early 80s and has been continuously intensifying since then; in total, 77 new settlements arose here between now and the year (41 of them in -93), with a population of up to 18 1/2 thousand. Resumption of systematic land allotment work from the city, first in Ishim and Tyukalinsky, and then and in Tarsky district, caused an increased influx of migrants: in new areas, formed by part from surplus land for old-time use, partly from government quitrent articles, and in Tarsky district. - and from the urman lands, by July 1, 50,648 souls were installed (13,790 in Ishimsky, 24,223 in Tyukalinsky, 12,635 in Tarsky district). Nowadays, the supply of land in the first two districts and in the steppe areas of Tarsky is almost exhausted, and only forest lands in the areas of Tarsky and Turinsky remote from the main migration route remain available for settlement. Influx of immigrants to T. lips. therefore, it decreased significantly: in the city 3402 families came here, in the city - 6792 families (almost a quarter of all migrants who proceeded to Siberia), in and cities. - only 1627 and 1517 families, which is only 5.7 and 6.3% of the total migration movement to Siberia.
In a relationship natural agricultural conditions T. lips (leaving aside the tundra strip, which is completely unsuitable for agriculture and, moreover, has not been studied in the natural sciences) is divided into two stripes: southern, steppe or forest-steppe, northern. the border of which runs approximately along the 56-57 parallel, and the northern, forest, and southern. the outskirts of this latter can be distinguished into a special transitional zone, characterized by sparse forests and the predominance of almost exclusively deciduous trees. The Tobolsk steppes present a slightly undulating, and in some places (mainly east of the Irtysh) a completely flat surface, the highest areas of which form characteristic “manes” or “islands”, and the lowest ones are occupied by lakes; forests that once grew along the ridges have now been preserved only in the form of more or less dense, mostly birch “spikes,” almost exclusively in the lower areas of the steppe. This is a strip of chernozem soils mixed with solonchak soils, and in some places (for example, along the right bank of the Ishim) with “outposts” of desert-steppe type soils. The best chernozems are located along the “manes” or “islands”, as well as along the gentle ridges of the valleys of the relatively few rivers here; This is partly sandy loam chernozem on loess-like loam, with a more or less strong brownish tint and a noticeable admixture of large sand particles, partly loamy chernozem on the same subsoil, associated with sandy loam by a series of gradual transitions. Soils of sandy loam type, found mainly in the western part of the steppe strip, in natural state very fertile, but under the influence of culture, more valuable ones are blown out of them and washed away fine particles, which leads to a strong decrease in their fertility. Loamy lands, less susceptible to leaching and blowing out and therefore more valuable (especially for wheat crops), are distributed mainly in the eastern part of the steppe strip. On the flat steppe, from the typical chernozems, only clayey-calcareous ones (“cracks”) are found, overgrown with the most typical steppe vegetation; extreme cohesion makes these soils very difficult to cultivate, as a result of which they are for the most part not cultivated at all and only in the land-poor west begin to be cultivated. Solonchak soils in the west are found in relatively small, but very frequent spots on low areas of the steppe relief; in the east, they cover significant areas of the flat steppe, forming a kind of general background against which black soil manes appear in spots. Alkaline soils represent the most diverse stages of leaching, starting with solonetzes, wet and dry, completely unsuitable for cultivation and can only serve as sheep pasture, continuing with “saltcellars” (otherwise known as pseudosolonetzes), already suitable for cultivation (they give good harvests in rainy summers) , and ending with solonetzic chernozems, close to normal chernozems, but noticeably inferior to them in terms of fertility and endurance. The northern strip, with its generally flat terrain, is dotted with valleys of very numerous rivers and streams, giving the area a slightly undulating character; Only more or less wide watersheds remain flat, partly occupied by swamps, partly by podzolic soils (“squirrels”), which are sometimes barely covered with a thin turf crust, sometimes covered with a thicker dark turf layer (“turf” soils) and in this case are much more suitable for culture. Another common type, especially in the transition zone, is gray forest soils, under pine and birch they are more sandy, under spruce, fir, aspen and linden - more loamy. Along riverine ridges one often encounters soils that, both in external properties and in terms of suitability for cultivation, differ little from the sandy loam chernozems of the steppe strip, and in the valleys of more significant rivers (Tura, Tavda, etc.) there are areas with both typical valley chernozem and cohesive, very fertile clay soils, etc. The resettlement of the inhabitants of the province is in full accordance with natural conditions (see the corresponding article). In the North, the population is grouped in a more or less frequent chain of small villages, exclusively along the coasts of more or less large rivers; the same is the nature of settlement in the transition zone; but the size of the villages here is already much larger; The population of the southern steppe strip settled in even larger settlements wherever the presence of good-quality water basins and the abundance of good chernozem soils created favorable conditions for the emergence of agricultural settlements. On land ownership, see resp. article.
There are only approximate figures about the size of agriculture: in total, the province under plowing consists of approx. 2100 thousand dessiatines, under crops - approx. 1200 thousand dessiatines, which is an average of 4.9 per household, for every 100 people - about 90 dessiatines. sown area (significantly less than in Tomsk province, and almost the same as in Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces). In uh. In Berezovsky and Surgutsky agriculture, apart from isolated experiments, does not exist at all; in the rest, the household has sown area per household: in Tobolsk 2.1 dessiatines, Turinsky 3.7, Tyumensky 3.8, Tarsky 3.5 (?), Yalutorovsky 5, 4, Kurgansky 5.9, Ishimsky 5.1, Tyukalinsky 5.3 des. The most typical cropping system is fallow-fallow (see), but it is only in the most land-rich Tyukalinsky district. has retained its predominance to the present day; in other districts, in some places it has already been completely supplanted, in others it is being replaced by other systems: in Kurgan district. and the southern halves of Ishimsky and Yalutorovsky - grain fallow farming without fertilizer, in some places with three-field, but for the most part with two-field crop rotation; in more land-poor areas (mainly in the Kurgan and Yalutorovsky districts), the deposits have already completely disappeared and the economy is exclusively two-field. In the transition zone (northern Yalutorovsky and Ishimsky districts, southern T. district) significantly lower soil fertility does not allow the transition to grain farming without fertilizer; As the soils are plowed up, the period of fallow periods has to be extended, and at the same time, attempts to manure appear, in the north of the transition zone in relation to the near-yard arable lands, which have already been included in the system, with a three- or four-field crop rotation. The entire forest belt is an area of fully established manure farming; On the open lands, however, fallow-fallow farming is often maintained, which only completely disappears in the extreme north. Closer to the south (Tyumen district, southern part of Tyumen district, southeastern part of Turinsky district), farming remains free-flowing with crop rotations varying, depending on the quality of the land and the freshness of the manure, from three to five fields; further to the north there is an area of forced three-fields (at the extreme north there are two-fields) with fenced-off field shifts and grazing of fallow by cattle. Of the plants, only potatoes take a more or less accidental part in crop rotations; A lot of oats are sown everywhere, with the exception of those lands with the best soil on which two-field farming is carried out and which are saved for wheat. In the forest belt, the predominance goes to winter rye, which in forced three-field farming occupies half, in free manure farming - even a larger share of the sown area, and only on open-field arable land and in manure-filled two-field farming it gives way to barley and oats. Wheat crops are small, although they continue to be found almost until St. agricultural boundaries. IN processing land there are no significant deviations from the general type for Siberia (see the corresponding article); Only in the northern part of the forest belt (Turinsky and T. uy.) to combat excess moisture, ridge or ridge plowing and soil drainage with shallow ditches are practiced.
As far as productivity , then in the steppe zone the average yields are significant (for wheat 60-80 pd. per dessin.), in the transition zone it is much lower (wheat 30-40 p.d., rye 50-60 p.d.); In both cases, a noticeable decrease in yield is noted - a sign of a crisis in the forms of agricultural production. The most characteristic, due to the continental climate, are extremely sharp fluctuations between high marginal figures of excellent harvests (up to 200-250 p. of wheat, up to 200 p. of rye, up to 350 p. of oats) and more or less complete crop failures, entailing hunger strikes, the need for government assistance and more or less significant eviction. There were such crop failures, for example, in -70, -83, -92 and years; ordinary bad harvests often follow each other for 3-4 years in a row. In the zone of established manure farming, thanks to the less harsh continental climate and intensive manuring, yields are more constant and on average higher than in the steppe zone: there are no crop failures here, and the average rye yield is not lower than 70-80 pd. per dec., only on the poorest soils falling to 60 pd. The peasants of the Turin and Tyumen districts, despite the insignificant size of the crops, have surpluses of grain, albeit small, profitably selling some of it to the cities and in the north, to foreigners, and partly to the factories of the Perm province. Grain prices, never rising too high, do not fall too low here and fluctuate around a fairly high level, profitable for average farmers. There is a shortage of own grain only in the extreme north, where the cultivated area is too small and, despite high yields, cannot feed the population. In the steppe zone, with good harvests, significant surpluses of grain are obtained, with excellent ones. Since it lies almost in the center of a vast grain-growing region and grain does not tolerate any long-distance horse-drawn transportation (until recently - the only one available for most of the steppe districts), then with good harvests, excess grain did not find a profitable sale and was sold for next to nothing (price rye fell to 6-10 kopecks, wheat to 15-20 kopecks); the population sold all or almost all of the surplus grain, and in the event of a bad harvest, bread prices rose extremely high - up to 1 ruble. 50 kopecks, 2 rubles. and more for a pound (“there is nowhere to put grain during the harvest, and nowhere to take it from when there is a bad harvest”). Starting from the city, bread from Kurgan, Yalutorovsky and Ishimsky uy. began to arrive for export along the Siberian railway. dor. Digital data on the size of livestock breeding - see resp. article. The significance of this branch of the economy is completely different in the steppe than in the forest belt. In the southern counties, cattle breeding is, although a secondary, but independent source of well-being, the most essential significance of which is replenishing the deficits resulting from poor harvests. Due to the decline in carriage that has occurred quite a long time ago (due to the development of shipping along the Irtysh and Ob), horses are kept mainly for agricultural work; Only for more prosperous households does the sale of undergrowth become a source of proper income. Sheep are kept primarily for their own consumption; only a small part of the wool and tallow goes on sale. The main source of cash income is cattle; This income is derived partly from the sale of the offspring or the products of its slaughter, and partly from the preparation and sale of oil. The most common pig products sold are bristles. Of the birds, the main one. arr. chickens and geese are raised; chicken breeding has become a source of cash income, since for eggs with the construction of Sib. zhel. dor. A very profitable sale opened up. All in. in the strip, cattle breeding has no independent significance; livestock is kept partly for the purposes of own consumption, but mainly serves as agricultural implements and a producer of manure. From non-agricultural activities in the steppe zone the predominant importance is homemade crafts - spinning flax, hemp trim and wool, weaving canvas and cloth, wool-beating and dyeing crafts (“blue mills”), rolling felted shoes and hats, making sheepskins, etc.; windmills are owned by the majority of wealthy, and some even moderately wealthy, peasants. Here and there, in areas richer in forests, there are small groups of woodworkers and tar-makers; In the vicinity of cities, income comes from harvesting firewood for sale; in areas adjacent to large forest dachas (mainly in the transition zone), harvesting round and sawn timber for sale in pure steppe areas. In many riverine (along the Irtysh, Ishim, Tobol) and lakeside villages, residents are engaged in fishing, in some places in the form of more or less significant secondary income. In the northern forest belt, fisheries become much more important. Hunting, fishing, collecting pine nuts already in the south. parts of the forest belt are a significant aid to agriculture, a little further to the north (for example, in the Tavdinsky region, Turinsky district) they compete with the latter in importance, and in the north of the Tobolsk and Turinsky districts. and in uh. Berezovsky and Surgutsky are the main or even the only sources of existence for the foreign population. The latter here owns huge fishing grounds, of which it exploits only a certain share, while the rest is leased to peasants or fishing capitalists, to whom the owners of the lands themselves are often hired as workers. They hunt mainly squirrel and hazel grouse; The reserves of more valuable fur-bearing animals in the southern forest belt are almost completely depleted, and only foreigners from the extreme north extract valuable furs in more or less significant quantities. Throughout the entire forest belt, a significant source of wealth is logging - the procurement of firewood for cities and steamships, logs and sawn timber, partly for rafting to Tyumen and Tobolsk, partly for delivery by cart to the sparsely forested areas of T. and Perm province, as well as technical and handicrafts materials that use wood (resin and tar distillation, extraction of sponge, making matting, sleighs, carts, wheels, shovels, troughs, furniture, etc.). In Tyumen district. There are also sheepskin and fur coat, carpet and painting crafts; in Turin, there is forging of openers and the dressing of rawhide.
The administrative-territorial division of the Russian Empire throughout the 18th century underwent a number of changes. They concerned directly both the whole of Siberia and the Siberian Trans-Urals.
In December 1708, the Siberian province was formed with its center in Tobolsk, which included cities and counties from Perm and east to Yakutsk. In March 1711, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin was confirmed as the first Siberian governor. Under him, stone construction began in Tobolsk, new fortresses were founded along the Ishim and Om (Omsk) rivers, and the first archaeological excavations. In 1719, he was removed from office and accused of embezzling the treasury. The investigative commission confirmed the accusations, and in March 1721 Gagarin was hanged in the presence of Peter 1 and, as a warning to others, hung for almost a year. With his name, Siberia began to be perceived as a land of extortion.
In May 1719, with the removal of M.P. Gagarin, three provinces were formed within the Siberian province, including Tobolsk. The provinces of Vyatka and Solikamsk in 1727 were transferred to the Kazan province. In 1764, the Siberian province was divided into the Irkutsk and Tobolsk provinces. In the 80s, the province was part of the governorship, and since 1804 it became part of the general government.
The second governor, after M.P. Gagarin, in 1719 - 1724 was Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky. He was not particularly energetic; under him, nothing in Siberia changed. In February 1724, Peter 1 was forced to sign a Decree “On the suppression of abuses in Siberia”, which noted that, despite the lesson taught by Gagarin’s execution, “ here in Siberia the idlers do not stop, namely: extra fees are collected from the zemstvo commissars, and insults are caused to the people, and the judicial commissioners who are in the settlements do great dirty tricks and lies, and although there are petitions and denunciations against them from poor people, there are no There is no search and no decision, but those whom I strike with my forehead, they go according to their will, and it is notable that such thieves are given an incentive from the court judges. Likewise, the offenses committed by soldiers and others are not addressed and resolved, and such idlers will not be arrested, which is why more dirty tricks are done...” Abuses continued under the governorship of Mikhail Vladimirovich Dolgoruk (1724-1730).. Thus, a negative image of the region took shape in the minds of Russian society. In 1730, Alexey Lvovich Pleshcheev was appointed governor, and in 1736 he was replaced by Pyotr Ivanovich Buturlin. Governors Ivan Afanasyevich Shipov (1741-1742), Alexey Mikhailovich Sukharev (1742-1752), Vasily Alekseevich Myatlev (1752-1757) did not leave noticeable traces of their activities.
Tobolsk Governor Fyodor Ivanovich Soimonov left a significant mark on the History of Siberia. He was appointed in 1757. But his interests were connected mainly with Transbaikalia, with the strengthening of the Russian border in Southern Siberia. Denis Ivanovich Chicherin, who replaced him in 1763, took measures to populate the postal route from Tobolsk to Irkutsk. Under him, a geodetic school was opened in Tobolsk, a hospital was built, he appointed a doctor and assistants and ordered that the townspeople be vaccinated against smallpox. He reigned as governor until 1780. In 1882, another administrative reform was carried out in Russia, and governorships were established. E.P. Kashkin was appointed governor of Perm and Tobolsk. Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev, who ruled the region until 1796, was appointed governor of the Tobolsk province in 1787. He opens the first private printing house in Siberia, the Main Public School, and patronizes the development of literature and education. Under him, theatrical performances resumed in Tobolsk. A.V. Alyabyev turned out to be generous to A.N. Radishchev, who was exiled to Siberia, and allowed him to stay in Tobolsk.
From 1719, when the first population census in Russia (“revision”) was carried out, to 1795 (the year of the fifth census), the population of Siberia increased from 241 to 595 thousand people. This region is becoming an integral part of Russia, actively participating in all spheres of its life, including cultural.
John Maksimovich, Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia.
The reading circle of Siberians also included spiritual literature, the works of the church fathers and its hierarchs. The Tobolsk diocese was often headed by hierarchs who not only patronized the development of culture and literature, but were themselves known as spiritual writers. Metropolitan Philofey Leshchinsky not only blessed the creation of a theater in Tobolsk in 1703, but he himself wrote plays of spiritual content for it.
In June 1711, Archbishop of Chernigov John Maksimovich was promoted to Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia, and in August he arrived in Tobolsk. John was already widely known in church circles, including as a spiritual writer. After his death, the handwritten Siberian Chronicle noted that he “he was quiet, humble, prudent, compassionate and merciful towards the poor”. And then it was noted: “His only amusement was to write soul-searching essays.”
John's main works were written before his arrival in Tobolsk. He graduated from the Kyiv Theological Academy. Having become Archbishop of Chernigov, John began to write and translate edifying works. In 1705, he compiled short biographies of various saints and published these descriptions in a book “The alphabet is collected, folded in rhymes...”. Instructions, advice and teachings to superiors and in general to everyone in power formed the content of his book “ Featron, or moralizing shame...", published in 1708. He covered spiritual instructions, interpretation of prayers and psalms, and issues of Christian morality in books that were published regularly in the Chernigov printing house, which he founded. Of great interest among them is “ Synaxarion about the victory at Poltava". This book is based on the sermons of Archbishop Theophylact of Tver and Feofan Prokopovich on the Poltava victory of Peter 1. The book was very famous. Published in 1710, a volume of translations from the Latin " God-thinking for the benefit of the faithful" quickly sold out, the next year it came out in a second and then a third edition. It is known that he presented four books to Peter 1, and he not only accepted them favorably, but also thanked them. Before leaving for Siberia, John completed work on the book “ Iliotropion, the alignment of human will with divine punishment". He left the manuscript in Chernigov, and it was published there in 1714, when he was already serving in Tobolsk. After his death, the manuscript of his unpublished book, already written in Tobolsk, was found in the diocesan chancellery “ Traveler».
Bibliographers point to 10 books written and published by John between 1705 and 1711. True, A. Sulotsky is skeptical about his sole authorship “ most of the massive works“, because at the same time he was involved in the affairs of the diocese and conducted services. The volume of these books is evidenced by the fact that in the “Alphabet ...” there were 10322 verses, and the book “ Virgin Mary"(1707) – 24260 verses. It was a syllabic verse. True, the poet Antioch Cantemir spoke rather ironically about his poetry, but this indicates the popularity of his works. His other books combine poetry and prose, some are written in prose. Many of them were in parishes of the Tobolsk diocese. Sulotsky testifies that he met them in the houses of Tobolsk old-timers. Some of them are still kept in the funds of the Tyumen Historical and Local Lore Museum named after. I.Ya.Slovtsova.
John Maksimovich died on June 10, 1715, while praying, kneeling. His ascetic activity left a deep memory among the Siberians. In 1915, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized John Maksimovich and canonized him.
“Memoirs” N.B. Dolgorukova.
Following A.D. Menshikov, an associate of Peter 1, the disgraced princely family of the Dolgorukovs, including the young princess Natalya Borisovna, was exiled to the north of the Tobolsk province. At the end of her life, after her release from exile, already in the monastery, where she went voluntarily, N. Dolgorukova wrote her “Memoirs”. They are recognized as one of the monuments of memoir prose of the 18th century. They also reflect the details of her life in Berezovo, where the family served exile.
She was born in 1714, was youngest daughter Field Marshal Count B.P. Sheremetev. At the age of 16, Natalya became the bride of the young Prince Ivan Dolgorukov. She was proud of her fiancé and his position in society. The Dolgorukovs were very close to the court, their daughter Ekaterina became the bride of Peter P. Natalya Sheremeteva and Ivan Dolgorukov got engaged in December 1729. And in January 1730, Emperor Peter II, who reigned for only a few months, unexpectedly fell ill with smallpox and died suddenly. The Senate did not recognize the will of Peter II, forged by Dolgorukov Sr., according to which he transferred the crown to his bride. Natalya Sheremeteva and Ivan Dolgorukov got married in April 1730, and a few days later, by order of Anna Ioannovna, the entire Dolgorukov family was exiled first to their Penza estates, and in the middle of the road they were turned around and sent to Berezov.
In Tobolsk they were forced to walk under escort to the pier. “It was quite a procession: a crowd of soldiers was following us with guns, like they were following robbers. I was already walking with my eyes down, not looking back, there were a lot of watchers on the street where we were being led.” After a month of sailing along the Irtysh and Ob, at the end of September 1730 they were delivered to Berezov. Here, soon, after shocks and a difficult road, the elder Dolgorukovs, Alexey Grigorievich and Praskovya Yuryevna, die. Natalya Borisovna talks sparingly about her stay in Berezovo. She didn’t like the town at all; she described it as “a small empty place”: “The huts are made of cedar, the ends are made of ice instead of glass; winter 10 months or 8; The frosts are unbearable, nothing will be born, no bread, no fruit - not even cabbage. Impenetrable forests and swamps, bread is brought by water a thousand miles away. We reached such a place that we had nothing to drink, eat, or wear. They don’t sell anything, not even a roll.”
In Berezovo, her husband, Prince Ivan, did not behave in the best way - he drank a lot, talked too much. But in the “Memoirs” there is not a word of reproach to her husband. She calls him « comrade», « compassionate»: « I had everything in him: a merciful husband, a father, a teacher, and a prospector for my happiness... In all misfortunes, I was my husband’s comrade». They had three children here. But in 1738, due to slander, Prince Ivan, his brothers and several people assigned to them were arrested and taken away. In 1739, the Dolgorukov brothers were subjected to a savage execution - being thrown on the wheel. In 1740, Natalya Dolgorukova and her children were allowed to return to Moscow. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who soon ascended the throne, forgave all the Dolgorukovs. Natalya Borisovna raised her sons, then went to Kyiv and became a monk there.
Her “Memoirs” paint an image of a courageous woman, devoted to her husband and family, resilient in adversity and able to forgive. She died in 1771. She became the heroine of one of K. Ryleev’s thoughts, in which he puts the following words into her mouth:
I was persecuted everywhere
The rod of autocratic fate;
Alas! All my youth
The stormy autumn rushed by.
In the fight against hostile fate
I faded into captivity,
My friend, beautiful and young,
Was given, like a ghost, for a moment.
I forgot my native city,
Wealth, honors and nobility,
To share the cold with him in Siberia
And experience the vicissitudes of fate.
The life story of N.B. Dolgorukova was an example for the wives of the Decembrists, who voluntarily went to Siberia for their exiled husbands.
Development of education.
Back in 1698, Metropolitan Ignatius received a decree to open a school at the bishop’s house. However, the school was not opened immediately. In 1703, 5 learned monks came to Tobolsk from Kyiv as school teachers. They brought with them books on Russian grammar, psalters, books of hours and other things. educational literature, a total of 206 books. At the same time, a school was opened in the voivodeship yard. There were 96 students studying there. At the same time, the school of the Swede Anton Deloval was operating in Tobolsk for the children of prisoners of war, who were sent to Tobolsk during the Russian-Swedish war. In 1716, a digital school was opened, which in 1722 already had 224 students and was the second largest in Russia. In 1732 it was transferred to the category of garrison schools. In 1772 there were 173 students, and in 1797 - 200. In 1789, it was planned to build a new building in Tobolsk instead of the one that burned down in 1788.
In 1748, the bishop's school was transformed into a seminary. Her studies lasted eight years. Up to 100 students were enrolled in the first classes, and no more than ten remained in the senior classes. Depending on their success and diligence, seminarians could stay there longer. In 1765, there were 200, and in 1791, 280 seminarians. Metropolitan Paul in 1759 began to open Latin schools at monasteries and churches. But it was difficult to find teachers who knew Latin, and therefore many of Latin schools were replaced by Slavic-Russian ones, and after 1764 they were transferred to government support.
In 1782, by decree of Catherine II, the “Commission for the Establishment of Public Schools” was formed. On February 3, 1789, the Empress’s decree on the opening of the Main Public School in the city was solemnly read out in Tobolsk. 3,118 rubles were collected from the townspeople, the books necessary for teaching were purchased, and teachers arrived. On March 11, 1789, the grand opening of the school took place. It enrolled: 49 students in the first grade, 31 in the second and 8 in the third grade. These were the children of officials, merchants, soldiers, and priests. By the end of 1789, the number of students reached 165 people and a fourth class was opened for those who passed the tests according to the program of three.
In parallel with the opening of the Main Public School in Tobolsk, small public schools began to open in the district towns of Siberia. Such a school was opened in Tyumen in 1789. It is noteworthy that in Tyumen there were 28 girls among the students of the small public school, which indicates the great desire of the population for education.
In the Tobolsk province, education in private schools was widespread. Retired people and exiles took on teaching children. Several people usually studied in private apartments. The administration tried to take action against private schools because the number of students in public schools was declining. In 1796, private schools were prohibited in cities where public schools had been opened. But the number of students at the Tobolsk Main Public School was declining: in 1795 there were 88 students, in 1796 - 76, and in 1797 - only 53 students. Nevertheless, in terms of the level of education of the general population, the Tobolsk province, like the whole of Siberia, did not lag behind European Russia.
Cherepanov Chronicle.
At the end of the 18th century, the process of formation of Siberian self-awareness began. It is based on careful preservation of the memory of the history of the settlement of the region, the formation of the first cities and settlements. Evidence of this was the manuscript, called the Cherepanov Chronicle. Its author is Ilya Leonidovich Cherepanov. He was born in 1724 and came from a “learned coachman family.” In Tobolsk he was well known both as an artist and architect.
I.L. Cherepanov’s interest in history was manifested in the fact that he carefully collected all the sources known and available to him. He copied characteristic information from sources, systematized them according to each other, giving the appearance of a chronicle. His manuscript, discovered after the author’s death, is of a compilation nature. Its main body is compiled on the basis of a number of sources that Cherepanov does not hide, including the chronicles of S.U. Remezov and the Siberian Chronicle, available to him, supplementing them with information from G.F. Miller’s work “Description of the Siberian Kingdom” published in 1750 ..." The Cherepanov Chronicle contains many details, information about which the author received from eyewitness accounts. Thus, testifying to the first stage performances in Tobolsk, he notes that during one of the performances, in 1705, “ On the 8th of May, on the day of St. John the Theologian, in Tobolsk, during the playing of a comedy, a fierce storm arose with the flow and broke the cross over the altar of the Cathedral Church, as well as the entire top of the St. Sergius Church with a poppy tree and a cross... At the same hour at the market zvoz three fathoms of the mountain has slipped from its place as a smooth surface.”
I.L. Cherepanov died in 1795. The original of his manuscript is kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, and a copy is kept in the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. Having undoubtedly cultural interest, it testifies to the level of education of the population of the region.
M.I. Galanin.
Old Believers have become widespread in the Tyumen region. This was facilitated, firstly, by a significant migration movement already from the second half of the 17th century. Secondly, the weak corps of official priests, many of whom were even illiterate. The Siberian-Ural Old Believers had a sharp, priestless character. It also produced a number of spiritual writers, whose works were distributed in manuscripts and were greatly revered. One of them was M.I. Galanin.
Miron Ivanovich Galanin was born in 1726. From childhood he accepted the faith of his fathers, and in the 40s he enrolled in a double schismatic salary. He gained fame among fellow believers in 1777 for his passionate speech at the Nevyansk Cathedral of Old Believers against the “corrected priests.” He declared: “Our people of Iryum reject the ruled priesthood and have doubts about it.” The Old Believers of the villages located in the Iryum River basin called themselves Iryumchi. Of the 18 villages, only two were Orthodox. It was here that the Trans-Ural peasant organization of chapel agreement took shape. Among them, Galanin found recognition; he was called Saint Mironushko.
M. Galanin is also known as an Old Believer writer. Manuscript " About the ancient fathers"was created by him in the 70s of the 18th century, during a period of disputes among Beglopopovites about priests. He is one of the authors of the essay " Message of Faith" It talks about the ritual-dogmatic side of worship. His main work is "The Story of Ancient Piety"" This is a great historical narrative about the struggle of the Ural-Siberian peasants with the official church. The full text of this work has not been found, but excerpts from it have been discovered in various places among the Siberian Old Believer messages. They are also contained in the work “ Genealogy of chapel concord", created in the Urals by Father Nifont at the end of the 19th century. In the early 70s of the twentieth century, in the funds of the Tobolsk branch of the archive of the Tyumen region, N.N. Pokrovsky found the manuscript “ Lives of Siberian fathers”, in which the researcher suggested borrowings from M. Galanin’s narrative that has not reached us.
M. Galanin was one of the leaders of mass anti-church protests in the Siberian Trans-Urals. For this reason, his name appears in the papers of the Tobolsk bishop's house, and at the end of the 18th century even in the affairs of the Holy Synod. In the 50s of the 18th century, he was imprisoned in the Melkovsky (Zarechny) prison. After this, for many years he was in spiritual exile in Tobolsk, and was imprisoned in the Znamensky Monastery.
« A lot of grief, - M. Galanin described his misadventures, - when I was in the city of Tobolsk: all around people of the same faith with us, like fierce beasts, rose up against us in the Znamensky Monastery at the Pyatnitskaya Church, languishing in chains with the monk Joachim twice, everything was an exhortation so that we would accept the new Nikonian rites. And there were also various tortures that were carried out at the monastery cells. In this same monastery of Znamensky there was our first ascetic and sufferer for the faith, Avvakum...”
M.I. Galanin died in the village of Kirsanovo, which is located on the territory of the modern Isetsky district, on June 9, 1812. His name is still surrounded by respect and honor, and Galanin readings are held in the Isetsky district, scientific and practical conferences on the history and culture of the Old Believer population.