The rule for placing a comma in a complex sentence with a compound subordinating conjunction(due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, in order to, in order that, while, because, because, despite the fact that, after, before, before, etc.)
If the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a complex (compound) subordinating conjunction, then the place of the comma is often determined by the writer himself, depending on the specific purposes of the statement. You can write “He liked her, because was very beautiful" (emphasis on the result) or "He liked her because she was very beautiful” (emphasis on the reason).
When a conjunction is divided, its first part becomes an indicative word included in the main part of a complex sentence as one of its members (as a rule, circumstances), and the subordinate clause acquires a clarifying character: Her face was shiny (for what reason?) that's why(why exactly?) , What she recently washed her face with soap (M. Sholokhov). (Wed. Her face was shiny (for what reason?), because of she recently washed her face with soap).
Some conjunctions, when broken into two parts, dramatically change their meaning, For example:
I fell So broke my knee (clause of consequence) - I fell So broke my knee (clause of action with a connotation of the degree of this quality);
He looked at her because he liked her (clause of reason) - He looked at her because if he liked her (clause of manner of action).
However, there are conditions that dictate the mandatory dismemberment/non-division of such a union.
Conditions for mandatory dismembermentcompositeunion:
1. The presence of a negative particle “not” before the conjunction, for example: He liked her not because was very beautiful.
2. The presence of intensifying, restrictive and other particles before the conjunction, for example: He liked her only(only, in particular, just, precisely, etc.) because was very beautiful.
3. The presence of an introductory word or introductory construction before the conjunction, for example: He liked her, apparently(probably, maybe, it seems, obviously, we need to think, I believe, etc.) , because was very beautiful.
4. Inclusion of the first part (indicative word) in a series of homogeneous members or parallel constructions, for example: He liked her because was very beautiful and even more so because had extraordinary charm.
Conditions for non-division of a compound union:
1. More often, a complex subordinating conjunction is not divided if the subordinate clause precedes the main one, for example:
As the snow in the pot turned gray and turned into a milky-cloudy liquid, Pavel added snow from a bucket (B. Okudzhava).
The indivisibility of the conjunction in this position is explained by the fact that the last part of the sentence is usually emphasized, while accents are rare at the beginning. Wed: As the sun rose, the day became warmer and cheerful (I. Bunin). — The noise died down as the news penetrated into all corners of the hall (L. Leonov).
2. Complex unions are not dissected whereas, while, for example:
Note: the possibility of dismembering the union while is revealed when updating the temporary meaning, especially when including the words just, yet, most, precisely: I asked my grandfather about this just at the time he swung his second felt boot (M. Prishvin). Such sentences are close to sentences with the conjunction when (at the time when): The mushrooms really begin to grow while, When rye shoots an ear (V. Tendryakov).
There are many websites about computers on the Russian Internet. On such sites you can find computer news, numerous reviews of so-called computer hardware (hardware), articles about various software products and much more. This list contains links to some Russian Internet resources about computers: www
bilet21.ru - online monitoring of electric trains in Russia, the CIS and countries of the world. The ability to instantly find out the schedule of any train, get information on each station. More up-to-date information about the schedule of electric trains in Moscow and St. Petersburg can be found on the website tutu.ru. For mobile devices there is wap-
What is a "smart home"
Smart House (eng. Smart House) is a modern residential building, organized for the convenience of people’s living with the help of high-tech devices. Electronic household appliances in a smart home can be combined into a Universal Plug’n’Play home network - with the ability to
Where on the Internet is there information about the Moscow State United Artistic, Historical, Architectural and Natural Landscape Museum-Reserve Kolomenskoye-Lefortovo-Lublino-Izmailovo
Moscow State United Art Historical-Architectural and Natural-Landscape Museum-Reserve Kolomenskoye-Lefortovo-Lyublino-Izmailovo In order to revive and develop the historical and cultural territories of the capital - the Lefortovo palace and park ensemble and the Lyublino estate - was
What is number as a grammatical category
Number is a grammatical category that expresses the quantitative characteristics of an object. 1. Most nouns change according to numbers, i.e. has two forms - singular and plural. In the singular form, a noun denotes one object, in the plural form - several objects:
Where can you find the Rammstein discography on the Internet?
Rammstein is a German rock band formed in 1994. Their musical style, which they themselves nicknamed Tanz-Metal, or “dance metal,” combines elements of metal, industrial and electronic music. The group was greatly influenced by the Laibach team. Information
In what year did Soviet fashion designer Mikhail Voronin patent the vest-layout method of sewing clothes?
Mikhail Lvovich Voronin (July 10, 1938, Kyiv - April 14, 2012, ibid.) - famous Soviet and Ukrainian designer and fashion designer. The creator of the popular trademark "Mikhail Voronin", as well as the Voronin concern - a network of enterprises specializing in
How to play console games for free
At the moment, games for consoles are quite expensive, often the price of several games is comparable to the price of the console. To save money, you can play console games on an emulator on a PC. Unfortunately, emulating PS2 and more modern consoles is still very difficult. The emulator for PS2 exists only in beta version (http://ww
What is a franchise agreement
What is a franchise agreement? The franchise agreement (franchise agreement) defines how your business will operate within the franchising system. This agreement contains the terms of the business relationship between the franchisor company and the owner company. The franchise agreement also serves to guarantee uniformity, which is beneficial not only for the owner company, but also for the companies
What is dignity
Definition of the word "dignity" In a general sense: a positive quality (for example, the dignity of a book). In relation to a person: a set of properties that characterize the high moral qualities of an individual, as well as awareness of the value of these properties and self-esteem (for example, to lose one’s dignity). In economics: value, price of a banknote, denomination (for example, a coin in denomination
How to make South Korean sauce
To prepare South Korean sauce you need 250 g butter, 6 egg yolks, 2 tbsp. spoons of vinegar, 1 pinch of grated nutmeg, Korean salt to taste. Place a saucepan with egg yolks, salt, nutmeg and 2 teaspoons of water in a water bath, beat until creamy, gradually add butter, then
If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (usually this happens with conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma needed.
For example: “Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired.”
If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then a comma after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”) not placed.
For example: “She simply forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it,” “..., and therefore, …”, “..., and maybe …”, “..., and therefore, …”.
If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then a comma needed after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word.
For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”
If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating conjunction (in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “ and also”, etc.), and then an introductory word, then a comma before it need not.
For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done that”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “And finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have come to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”
Happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence worth the connecting union, A the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are NEEDED.
For example: “But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced...”; “And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing.”
Always written WITHOUT commas:
Firstly
at first sight
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (eventual) end
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
Anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
due to this
in this case
in the same time
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
at most
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all that
with (all) desire
on occasion
equally
the biggest
at the very least
actually
in addition
to top it off
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
traditionally
A comma is NOT placed at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before... I found myself...”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually...”
"While…"
“Especially since...”
"Nevertheless…"
“Despite the fact that...” (at the same time - separately); There is NO comma before “what”.
"If…"
"After…"
“And...”
« Finally" in the meaning of "finally" - is not separated by commas.
« And this despite the fact that..."- a comma is always placed in the middle of a sentence!
« Based on this, …"- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
BUT: “He did this based on...” - no comma is used.
« After all, if... then..." - a comma is not placed before "if", since the second part of the double conjunction - "then" - comes next. If there is no “then”, then a comma is placed before “if”!
« Less than two years..." - a comma is not placed before “what”, because this is not a comparison.
Comma before "How" placed only in case of comparison.
« Politicians like Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is added because there is a noun "policy".
BUT: "… policies such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov…” - there is no comma before “how”.
Commas are not used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God’s sake”- not separated by commas, + the word “god” is written with a small letter.
BUT: commas are placed in both directions:
"God bless" in the middle of the sentence it is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - it is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
"By God"- in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God"- separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence, “God” - with a small letter.
§ 3100. The comparison, formalized by the conjunctions while, while, whereas, is based on emphasizing the differences between situations that are similar in one way or another. The listed conjunctions differ semantically, as well as in the possibilities of division; their comparative meaning is abstracted to varying degrees from the temporal meaning present in the semantics of the conjunctions themselves.
§ 3101. Sentences with the conjunction while can express the actual comparison (1) and comparison against the background of the meaning of simultaneity (2).
1) In the actual comparison, the dissimilarity in the semantics of the conjunction is emphasized: the combination at that time acts as an unaccentuated, grammaticalized part of the conjunction.
The living word is rich and generous. It has many shades, while the word term has only one single meaning and no shades (Marshak); Astrov is ironic and grins, while Voinitsky is indignant, rebels, and cries (V. Ermilov); The lieutenant colonel was undoubtedly a soldier, while the captain was undoubtedly a scout (Simon.); While in order to sterilize a wound we need to resort to iodine, potassium permanganate, boric acid, or at least boiled water, a wounded tree leaf surrounds itself with a sterile zone (Soloukh.).
In such constructions, the conjunction while acts as a synonym for the comparative conjunction if - then, correlative with the coordinating conjunction a (see § 3096).
When emphasizing the difference, the adversative or concessive connotation of meaning can be contextually reinforced.
It was surprising that we still had not reached the crossing point, while everything spoke of its proximity (M. Sib.); A gambling person only looks like a strong-willed person; he imagines himself to be the master of the situation, while he is only a toy in the hands of other people (A. Kron); The poet's lyrics grew primarily on the moral categories of goodness, love, and duty, interpreted in the abstract, while reality demanded from the poet an open and unwavering response to what she lived by (journal).
Such constructions are correlative with sentences formalized by the conjunction but or concessive: He imagines himself to be the master of the situation, but (although) he is only a toy in the hands of other people.
2) When compared in combination with simultaneity, the union while being dismembered; component at that time in its composition can be accentuated. Under these conditions, the comparative meaning of constructions is accompanied by information about simultaneity.
You are talking about theoretical assumptions, while I am talking to you about facts, about simple facts (Hertz.); While it is cloudy and damp on the seashore, in the mountains it is clear, dry and warm (V. Arsenyev); She was still a small and fragile girl, while Vova had already grown one hundred and seventy-five centimeters in height (V. Dragunsky); I stood dumbfounded on the bench, while everyone jumped up from their seats, pushed and shouted (Trif.).
For sentences with a conjunction while with actual temporary relations, see § 2989.
§ 3102. Sentences with the conjunction between (obsolete and poetic, meanwhile) express 1) a comparison in which the temporal contact of situations is not emphasized, or 2) a comparison that includes the moment of simultaneity.
1) He constantly moved, moved his shoulders..., blinked, coughed and moved his fingers, while his son was distinguished by a kind of careless immobility (Turg.); The hut seems to grow into the ground, while slender and proud pines shake their heads high above it (Korol.); After Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov did not follow them, but created his own poetry, his own rhythms, his own harmonies, his own tone - while Alexei Tolstoy, and Maikov, and Polonsky created under the influence of Pushkin (Bunin).
2) While she was preparing everything needed for breakfast with tears, Bulba was giving out his orders (Gogol); While Levin was writing his, Kitty was thinking about how unnaturally attentive her husband was to the young Prince Charsky (L. Tolst.); Along the banks, green burdock, captured by the water, stretched out of it, anxiously waving its tops that had not yet sunk, while a few steps away at great depths both the burdock, and the mother-stepmother, and all the green brethren stood resignedly and quietly (Korol.); A flock of stitches scatters under a hand as pale as a moon, while, shaking the glass, Nordost bursts into anger (Bagr.); It seemed that he fell asleep to the sound of numbers, Meanwhile, above, in tart amber, the most tested clocks on the air are rearranged, checking in the heat (Pastern.).
Both types of comparison can be combined with a contextually revealed adversative or concessional meaning: Having met Gapka, Ivan Ivanovich began to scold why she was wandering around doing nothing, while she was dragging cereal into the kitchen (Gogol); “That’s enough,” I said to myself, while my feet, reluctantly stepping along the steep slope of the mountain, carried me down to the quiet river (Turg.).
Note. In the 19th century the union, meanwhile, was used in its actual temporary meaning: Gerasim remained motionless, crossing his powerful arms on Mumu’s back, while the boat was carried little by little by the wave back to the city (Turg.).
§ 3103. In sentences with a conjunction, then, comparison can be expressed in abstraction from the temporal meaning of simultaneity (1) or in combination with this meaning (2).
1) Moreover, she can read and write, while Marya Porfiryevna is completely illiterate (S.Sh.); A critic knows how to look and see the beautiful, while a petty critic sees only the bad and ignores the good (Stanisl.); The grandfather tries in every possible way to humiliate him, while all the other adults carefully elevate him (Gorky); The taiga landscape is oppressive, while in the forests near Moscow a person always feels like a master (Prishv.).
2) A book was open on the table in front of her, but her eyes, motionless and full of inexplicable sadness, seemed to be skimming the same page for the hundredth time, while her thoughts were far away (Lerm.); Merging with each other, the clouds covered the entire sky from behind, while in front it was still clear (Gorky).
For constructions with a conjunction, while the contamination of the proper comparative and comparative tense meaning with the concessive component is characteristic:
These articles... are called polemical, while there is not even a shadow of polemic in them (V. Belinsky); I am ashamed to remember with what a loud, piercing, even a little desperate voice I shouted again: “Coachman!”, while he was two steps away from me (L. Tolst.); He never praised me, rarely talked about my appearance, while I was always too busy with myself and cared a lot about my appearance (T. Kuzminskaya); The hunter could not stand it: he shot at the beast at sixty paces, when he should have let the beast go at ten fifteen paces (Bianchi).
Compared to the conjunctions while and meanwhile as in the conjunction while the actual comparative meaning is abstracted to the greatest extent from the meaning of the temporary. The use of this conjunction not as a comparative, but to denote simultaneity is noted in the language of writers of the 19th century: - Dear brother! - she said, gently pressing his head to her chest, while tears suddenly watered her face (Ven.).
§ 3104. As an equivalent to the comparative conjunctions while, while, while, the conjunction when can be used:
And we hate, and we love by chance, Without sacrificing anything, neither malice nor love, And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, When fire boils in the blood (Lerm.); It seemed strange to her that act after act she could sit completely motionless, when everything inside her was churned up by streams of movement and her eyes were stinging from the hot rush of blood (Fed.); [The people] are rich and wise, despite the obvious poverty of knowledge of its individual representatives. Therefore, he remains immortal when even his best sons die (Soloukh.).
In such sentences, as well as in other constructions with a comparative meaning, a concessive connotation can be contextually accentuated.
Do you really want to charge me for a whole year when I haven’t even lived with you for two weeks? - Oblomov interrupted him (Gonch.); I... am exhausted by daily visits with requests for help, when I myself barely have enough for black bread (Bunin); I was very interested in why girls had to sew on live thread, when in other cases they were blamed for such sewing (Lesk.).
In the presence of a concessional meaning, conditions are created for the non-distinction of conjunctions when, if, although and once. This neutralization of their meanings is especially typical for sentences that take the form of a question, often rhetorical: Why don’t you go after the brunette when you liked her so much? (Gogol); Who, in fact, would seriously think of making a date at night, far outside the city, in a cemetery, when it can easily be arranged on the street in a city garden? (Czech.).
Not only false leading words, but also the cunning conjunction “how”. Many people know that a comma seems to be placed in constructions with the conjunction “how,” but not always. And when this happens “not always” is difficult to say. We talk about at least five cases when it is better to refrain from using a comma before “how”.
Right: Aristotle went down in history as a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.
Perhaps the simplest rule, but at the same time the most common in terms of the number of errors. There is no need to use a comma if the conjunction “as” means “as.” You probably remember that we separate comparative phrases with commas. But distinguishing the comparative phrase from the meaning of “as” can be difficult. “Aristotle went down in history as a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.” Entered as who? - Pupil of Plato and teacher of Macedon. There is only one recipe: carefully read the sentence and try to understand whether there is a comparison here or not.
Right: You're acting like a girl!
The most difficult thing is when the phrase with the conjunction “how” acts as an adverbial circumstance of the course of action. That is, we can easily ask a question about the circumstance and mentally try to replace the phrase with an adverb or a noun in the instrumental case (by whom? with what?). It is even more difficult to distinguish comparison from this “circumstance of the course of action.” A popular example given by Rosenthal and the authors of other reference books: “The path twisted like a snake.” How did the path meander? - The path twisted like a snake. Or “at school we studied Chinese as an elective.” Did you study how? - Optional. Well, in our example: how are you behaving? - Like a girl.
Right: Before each parent meeting, Petya walks on pins and needles for a week.
Also, a comma is not used if the comparative phrase is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning. Literally speaking, if you remove this phrase, the sentence loses its meaning. And it becomes unclear what I wanted to say
This also includes comparative phrases that have become stable expressions over time: understand as a hint, pale as death, take for granted, it’s pouring like a bucket, life flowed like clockwork, feel at home, hungry as a dog, and so on. Of course, it is impossible to know all phraseological expressions, so it is not a sin to turn to a dictionary or Google to assess the degree of their stability.
Right: Books about Harry Potter are loved by both adults and children.
There is no need for a comma before “as” in some compound conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence (“since...”, “since...”, “as...”), and with a double conjunction “as...” so and...” For example: “While children are resting, teachers continue to work”, “Vasya successfully passed the Unified State Exam in both physics and chemistry”, “Outstanding people such as Steve Jobs and Elon Musk also once studied at school” .
In addition, you should not succumb to the persuasion of a comma in the combinations “as if nothing had happened,” “almost as,” “sort of like,” “as possible,” “exactly as” and simply in the presence of a negative particle: “She reasoned just like an adult”, “Sasha did as many assignments as possible”, “They are not like people.”
Right: life is like a miracle
In this example, there is absolutely no need to put a comma. Why, you ask? Yes, because there is no place for a comma before the subject and predicate; only a dash (or nothing at all) is allowed. “Life is like a miracle”, “School is like a test”, “Love is like a flame” and other equally beautiful metaphors.