Traveling through space and time is possible not only in science fiction films and science fiction books, a little more and it can become a reality. Many well-known and respected specialists are working on the study of such phenomena as wormholes and space-time tunnels.
A wormhole, as defined by physicist Eric Davis, is a kind of cosmic tunnel, also called a throat, connecting two distant regions in the Universe or two different Universes - if other Universes exist - or two different periods of time, or different spatial dimensions. Despite the fact that their existence has not been proven, scientists are seriously considering all possible ways to use traversable wormholes, provided they exist, to cover distances at the speed of light, and even travel through time.
Before using wormholes, scientists need to find them. Today, unfortunately, no evidence of the existence of wormholes has been found. But if they do exist, their location may not be as difficult as it seems at first glance.
What are wormholes?
Today, there are several theories about the origin of wormholes. Mathematician Ludwig Flamm, who used Albert Einstein's equations of relativity, was the first to coin the term “wormhole,” describing the process where gravity can bend time space related to the fabric of physical reality, resulting in the formation of a space-time tunnel.
Ali Evgun, from the Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus, suggests that wormholes arise in areas of dense accumulation of dark matter. According to this theory, wormholes could exist in the outer regions of the Milky Way, where there is dark matter, and within other galaxies. Mathematically, he was able to prove that there were all the necessary conditions to confirm this theory.
“In the future, it will be possible to indirectly observe similar experiments, as shown in the film Interstellar,” said Ali Evgun.
Thorne and a number of other scientists concluded that even if some wormhole were to form due to the necessary factors, it would most likely collapse before any object or person passed through it. In order to keep the wormhole open long enough, a large amount of so-called “exotic matter” would be required. One form of natural “exotic matter” is dark energy, and Davis explains its action this way: “pressure below atmospheric pressure creates a gravitational-repulsive force, which in turn pushes the interior of our Universe outward, which produces the inflationary expansion of the Universe.”
Such exotic material as dark matter is five times more abundant in the Universe than ordinary matter. Until now, scientists have not been able to detect clusters of dark matter or dark energy, so many of their properties are unknown. The study of their properties occurs through the study of the space around them.
Through a wormhole through time - reality?
The idea of time travel is quite popular not only among researchers. The theory of wormholes is based on Alice's journey through the looking glass in Lewis Carroll's novel of the same name. What is a space-time tunnel? The region of space at the far end of the tunnel should stand out from the area around the entrance due to distortions similar to reflections in curved mirrors. Another sign could be the concentrated movement of light directed through the wormhole tunnel by air currents. Davis calls the phenomenon at the leading end of the wormhole the "caustic rainbow effect." Such effects can be visible from a distance. "Astronomers plan to use telescopes to hunt for these rainbow phenomena, looking for a natural or even unnaturally created, traversable wormhole," Davis said. “I’ve never heard that the project actually got off the ground.”
As part of his research into wormholes, Thorne theorized that a wormhole could be used as a time machine. Thought experiments involving time travel often run into paradoxes. Perhaps the most famous of them is the grandfather paradox: If a researcher goes back in time and kills his grandfather, then this person will not be able to be born, and therefore would never go back in time. While it may be assumed that there is no way back to time travel, Davis said Thorne's work has opened up new possibilities for scientists to explore.
Phantom Link: Wormholes and the Quantum Realm
"The entire cottage industry of theoretical physics grew out of theories that led to the development of other space-time techniques producing the described causes of time machine paradoxes," Davis said. Despite everything, the possibility of using a wormhole for time travel attracts both science fiction fans and those who want to change their past. Davis believes, based on current theories, that in order to make a time machine out of a wormhole, the flows at one or both ends of the tunnel would need to be accelerated to speeds approaching the speed of light.
"Based on this, it would be extremely difficult to build a time machine based on a wormhole," Davis said. "In comparison, it would be much easier to use wormholes for interstellar travel in space."
Other physicists have suggested that time travel through a wormhole could cause a massive build-up of energy that would destroy the tunnel before it could be used as a time machine, a process known as quantum backlash. Still, dreaming about the potential of wormholes is still fun: "Think of all the possibilities that people would have if they discovered a way to do what they could do if they could travel through time?," Davis said. "Their adventures would be very interesting, to say the least."
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The science
The recently released visually arresting film Inresttellar is based on real scientific concepts such as rotating black holes, wormholes and time dilation.
But if you are not familiar with these concepts, you may be a little confused while watching.
In the film, a team of space explorers goes to extragalactic travel through a wormhole. On the other side, they find themselves in a different solar system with a rotating black hole instead of a star.
They are in a race against space and time to complete their mission. This kind of space travel may seem a little confusing, but it is based on basic principles of physics.
Here are the main ones 5 concepts of physics Things you need to know to understand Interstellar:
Artificial gravity
The biggest problem we humans face during long-term space travel is weightlessness. We were born on Earth and our bodies have adapted to certain gravitational conditions, but when we are in space for a long time, our muscles begin to weaken.
The heroes in the movie Interstellar also face this problem.
To cope with this, scientists are creating artificial gravity in spacecraft. One way to do this is to spin up the spaceship, just like in the movie. The rotation creates a centrifugal force that pushes objects toward the outer walls of the ship. This repulsion is similar to gravity, only in the opposite direction.
This is a form of artificial gravity you experience when you are driving around a small radius curve and feel as if you are being pushed outward, away from the center point of the curve. In a spinning spaceship, the walls become your floor.
Rotating black hole in space
Astronomers, albeit indirectly, have observed in our Universe rotating black holes. Nobody knows what's at the center of a black hole, but scientists have a name for it -singularity .
Rotating black holes distort the space around them differently than stationary black holes.
This distortion process is called "inertial frame entrainment" or the Lense-Thirring effect, and it affects how the black hole will look by distorting space, and more importantly the space-time around it. The black hole you see in the movie is enoughvery close to the scientific concept.
- The spaceship Endurance is heading towards Gargantua - fictional supermassive black hole with a mass 100 million times greater than the Sun.
- It is 10 billion light years away from Earth and has several planets orbiting it. Gargantua spins at an astonishing 99.8 percent of the speed of light.
- Garagantua's accretion disk contains gas and dust with the temperature of the Sun's surface. The disk supplies the Gargantua planets with light and heat.
The complex appearance of the black hole in the film is due to the fact that the image of the accretion disk is distorted by gravitational lensing. Two arcs appear in the image: one formed above the black hole, and the other below it.
Mole Hole
The wormhole or wormhole used by the crew in Interstellar is one of the phenomena in the film that whose existence has not been proven. It is hypothetical, but very convenient in the plots of science fiction stories where you need to overcome a large space distance.
Just wormholes are a kind of shortest path through space. Any object with mass creates a hole in space, which means space can be stretched, warped, and even folded.
A wormhole is like a fold in the fabric of space (and time) that connects two very distant regions, which helps space travelers travel a long distance in a short period of time.
The official name for a wormhole is an “Einstein-Rosen bridge,” as it was first proposed by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen in 1935.
- In 2D diagrams, the mouth of a wormhole is shown as a circle. However, if we could see the wormhole, it would look like a sphere.
- On the surface of the sphere, a gravitationally distorted view of space on the other side of the “hole” would be visible.
- The dimensions of the wormhole in the film: 2 km in diameter and the transfer distance is 10 billion light years.
Gravitational time dilation
Gravitational time dilation is a real phenomenon observed on Earth. It arises because time is relative. This means that it flows differently for different coordinate systems.
When you are in a strong gravitational environment, time moves slower for you compared to people in a weak gravitational environment.
According to scientists, space is a kind of concentration of all kinds of tunnels leading to other worlds or even to another space. And, most likely, they appeared along with the birth of our Universe.
These tunnels are called wormholes. But their nature, of course, differs from that observed in black holes. There is no return from the heavenly holes. It is believed that if you fall into a black hole, you will disappear forever. But once you find yourself in a “wormhole,” you can not only return safely, but even find yourself in the past or future.
Modern science astronomy also considers one of its main tasks - the study of wormholes. At the very beginning of the study, they were considered something unreal, fantastic, but it turned out that they actually exist. By their nature, they consist of the same “dark energy” that fills 2/3 of all existing Universes. This is a vacuum with negative pressure. Most of these places are located closer to the central part of galaxies.
But what will happen if you create a very powerful telescope and look right inside a wormhole? Perhaps we can see glimpses of the future or the past?
It is interesting that gravity is incredibly pronounced near black holes; a light beam is even bent in its field. At the very beginning of the last century, an Austrian physicist named Flamm hypothesized that spatial geometry exists and it is like a hole connecting worlds to each other! And then other scientists found out that as a result, a spatial structure is created similar to a bridge, which is capable of connecting two different universes. So they began to be called wormholes.
Electric power lines enter this hole from one side and exit from the other, i.e. in fact, without ending or beginning anywhere. Today, scientists are working to, so to speak, identify the entrances to wormholes. In order to view all these “objects” close up, you need to build super-powerful telescopic systems. In the coming years, such systems will be launched and then researchers will be able to examine previously inaccessible objects.
It is worth noting that all these programs are designed not only for the study of wormholes or black holes, but also for other useful missions. The latest discoveries of quantum gravity prove that it is through these “spatial” holes that it is hypothetically possible to move not only in space, but also in time.
In low-Earth orbit there is an exotic object called an “inner-world wormhole.” One of the mouths of the wormhole is located near the Earth. The neck or craw of a wormhole is fixed in the topography of the gravitational field - it does not approach our planet or move away from it, and in addition, it rotates along with the Earth. The neck looks like tied world lines, like “the end of a sausage tied with a tourniquet.” Luminescent. Located several tens of meters and further, the neck has radial dimensions of about ten meters. But with each approach to the entrance to the neck of the wormhole, the size of the neck increases nonlinearly. Finally, right next to the neck door, turning back, you will see neither stars, nor the bright sun, nor the blue planet Earth. One darkness. This indicates a violation of the linearity of space and time before entering the wormhole.
It is interesting to note that back in 1898, Dr. Georg Walthemas of Hamburg announced the discovery of several additional satellites of the Earth, Lilith or Black Moons. The satellite could not be detected, but following the instructions of Valtemas, the astrologer Sefarial calculated the “ephemerides” of this object. He argued that the object was so black that it could not be seen except at the time of opposition or when the object crossed the solar disk. Sepharial also argued that the Black Moon has the same mass as an ordinary one (which is impossible, since disturbances in the Earth's motion would be easy to detect). In other words, the method of detecting a wormhole near the Earth using modern astronomy is acceptable.
In the luminescence of the mouth of the wormhole, the glow from the sides of four small objects resembling short hairs and included in the topography of gravity, which, according to their purpose, can be called control levers of the wormhole, stands out. An attempt to physically influence the hairs, such as, for example, moving the clutch lever of a car with your hand, has no result in studies. To open a wormhole, the psychokinetic abilities of the human body are used, which, in contrast to the physical action of the hand, allow one to influence objects in the topography of space-time. Each hair is connected to a string that stretches inside the wormhole to the other end of the neck. By acting on the hair, the strings create an ethereal vibration inside the wormhole, and with the sound combination of “Aaumm”, “Aaum”, “Aaum” and “Allaa” the neck opens.
This is a resonant frequency corresponding to the sound code of the Metagalaxy. Upon entering the wormhole, you can see that four strings are attached to the wall of the tunnel; the diameter is about 20 meters (most likely in the wormhole tunnel, the space-time dimensions are nonlinear and heterogeneous; therefore, a certain extent has no basis); the material of the tunnel walls resembles hot magma, its substance has fantastic properties. There are several ways to open the mouth of a wormhole and enter the universe from the other end. The main one is natural and related 
with the structure of the entry of strings into the bundle of topography of the space-time lines of the neck of the wormhole. These are short levers that, when adjusted to the sound tone “zhaumm,” open a wormhole.
The Zhzhaum universe is the world of titans. The intelligent creatures of this being are billions of times larger and extend over a distance on the order of magnitude, like from the Sun to the Earth. Observing surrounding phenomena, a person discovers that he is comparable in size to nano-objects of this world, such as atoms, molecules, viruses. Only you differ from them in your highly intelligent form of existence. However, the observations will be short-lived. An intelligent creature of this world (that titan) will find you and, under the threat of your destruction, will demand an explanation for your actions. The problem is the unauthorized penetration of one form of etheric vibration into another, in this case the vibrations of "aaumm" into "zhaumm". The fact is that etheric vibrations determine the world constants. Any change in the etheric vibration of the universe leads to its physical destabilization. At the same time, the psychocosmos also changes, and this factor has more serious consequences than the physical one.
Our Universe. In one of the tentacles is our Galaxy, which includes 100 billion stars and our planet Earth. Each tentacle of the Universe has its own set of world constants. Thin threads represent wormholes.
Using natural wormholes to explore space is very tempting. This is not only an opportunity to visit the nearest universe and gain amazing knowledge, as well as riches for the life of civilization. This is also the next opportunity. Being in the channel of a wormhole, inside a tunnel connecting two universes, there is a real possibility of a radial exit from the tunnel, and you can find yourself in the external environment outside the Universe or the mother matter of the Forerunner. Here there are different laws of the forms of existence and movement of matter. One of them is the instantaneous speeds of movement compared to light speeds. This is similar to how in an animal organism oxygen, an oxidizing agent, is transported at a certain constant speed, the value of which is no more than a centimeter per second. And in the external environment, the oxygen molecule is free and has speeds of hundreds and thousands of meters per second (4-5 orders of magnitude higher). Explorers can find themselves at any point on the surface of space-time in the Universe incredibly quickly. Next, go through the “skin” of the Universe and find yourself in one of its universes. Moreover, using the same wormholes, one can penetrate deeply into the universe of the Universe, bypassing its border. In other words, wormholes are space-time tunnels, knowledge of which can significantly reduce the flight time to any point in the Universe. At the same time, leaving the body of the Universe, they use supra-light speeds of the mother form of matter, and then again enter the body of the Universe.
In any case, the existence of wormholes suggests their extremely active use by space civilizations. Use may be inept and lead to local disruption of the global background of the ether. Or it can be consciously aimed at changing the set of world constants. The fact is that one of the properties of wormholes is a resonant response not only to the etheric code of the present world vibration, but also to a set of codes corresponding to past eras. (During the existence of the Universe, the universes passed through a certain set of epochs, which strictly corresponded to a certain set of world constants and, accordingly, a certain ethereal code). With such access, a different etheric vibration spreads from the wormhole tunnel, first it spreads to the local planetary system, then the stellar, then the galactic environment, changing the very essence of the universe: breaking the real forms of interaction of matter and replacing them with others. The entire existence of the present era, like knitted fabric, is torn in ethereal catatonia.
Black Moon - in astrology, an abstract geometric point of the lunar orbit (its apogee), it is also called Lilith after the mythical first wife of Adam; in the most ancient culture, Sumerian, Lilith's tears give life, but her kisses bring death... In modern culture, the influence of the Black Moon signifies manifestations of evil, affects the human subconscious, enhancing the most unpleasant and hidden desires.
Why do some representatives of the higher mind carry out this type of activity associated with the destruction of the foundations of one being and replacing it with another? The answer to this question is connected with another topic of research: with the existence of not only universal forms of consciousness, but also those that were generated outside the Universe. The latter (the Universe) is like a small living organism located in the waters of a boundless ocean, whose name is Forerunner.
Until now, the functions of protecting the wormhole near the Earth were performed by the nearest civilizations surrounding earthlings. However, humanity grew up in psychophysical conditions with significant fluctuations in the values of world constants. It acquired internal spiritual, physical and mental immunity to changes in the fluctuations of the world etheric field. For this reason, in the field of functioning of the earthly space-time tunnel, the earthly universum is highly adapted to unexpected situations - from random, unauthorized, emergency, associated with the penetration of alien life forms and changes in the world etheric field. That is why the coming world order is connected with the fact that earthly civilization will play the role of the Atlas of the sky, it will give sanctions or reject requests for the use of a wormhole near planet Earth by space civilizations. Earthly civilization is like a phagocyte cell in the body of the Universe, allowing the cells of its own body to pass through and destroying foreign ones. Undoubtedly, an incredibly high diversity of representatives of universal civilizations will flow through earthly civilization. Each of them will have certain goals and objectives. And humanity will have to deeply understand the demands of non-earthlings. An important step for earthlings will be joining the union of space civilizations, contacts with alien intelligence and the adoption of a code of conduct for space civilization.
Modern science about wormholes.
A wormhole, also a “wormhole” or “wormhole” (the latter is a literal translation of the English wormhole) is a hypothetical topological feature of space-time, which at every moment of time is a “tunnel” in space. The area near the narrowest part of the molehill is called the "throat".
Wormholes are divided into “intra-universe” and “inter-universe”, depending on whether it is possible to connect its entrances with a curve that does not intersect the neck (the figure shows an intra-universe wormhole).
There are also traversable and impassable molehills. The latter are those tunnels that collapse too quickly for an observer or a signal (which has no speed faster than light) to travel from one entrance to the other. A classic example of an impassable wormhole is the Schwarzschild space, and a traversable example is the Morris-Thorne wormhole.
Schematic representation of an “intra-world” wormhole for two-dimensional space
The general theory of relativity (GR) does not refute the existence of such tunnels (although it does not confirm it). For a traversable wormhole to exist, it must be filled with exotic matter, which creates a strong gravitational repulsion and prevents the burrow from collapsing. Solutions such as wormholes arise in various versions of quantum gravity, although the issue is still very far from being fully explored.
A traversable intra-world wormhole provides the hypothetical possibility of time travel if, for example, one of its entrances moves relative to another, or if it is in a strong gravitational field where the flow of time slows down.
Additional materials about hypothetical objects and astronomical research near the Earth's orbit:
In 1846, Frederic Petit, director of Toulouse, announced that the second satellite of the Earth had been discovered. It was spotted by two observers in Toulouse [Lebon and Dassier] and a third by Lariviere in Artenac in the early evening of March 21, 1846. According to Petit's calculations, its orbit was elliptical with a period of 2 hours 44 minutes 59 seconds, with an apogee at a distance of 3570 km above the Earth's surface, and a perigee only at 11.4 km! Le Verrier, who was also present at the report, objected that it was necessary to take into account air resistance, which no one had done at that time. Petit was constantly haunted by the idea of a second satellite of the Earth and 15 years later he announced that he had made calculations of the movement of a small satellite of the Earth, which is the cause of some (then unexplained) features in the movement of our main Moon. Astronomers generally ignore such claims, and the idea would have been forgotten if a young French writer, Jules Verne, had not read the summary. In J. Verne's novel From a Gun to the Moon, a small object is used to approach the capsule to travel through outer space, causing it to fly around the Moon rather than crash into it: “This,” said Barbicane, “is a simple , but a huge meteorite, held like a satellite by the gravity of the Earth."
“Is it possible?” exclaimed Michel Ardant, “Does the earth have two satellites?”
“Yes, my friend, it has two satellites, although it is usually believed that it has only one. But this second satellite is so small and its speed is so great that the inhabitants of the Earth cannot see it. Everyone was shocked when the French astronomer, Monsieur Petit was able to discover the existence of a second satellite and calculate its orbit. According to him, a complete revolution around the Earth takes three hours and twenty minutes... "
“Do all astronomers admit the existence of this satellite?” asked Nicole
“No,” replied Barbicane, “but if they, like us, met him, they would no longer doubt... But this gives us the opportunity to determine our position in space... the distance to him is known and we were, therefore, at a distance of 7480 km above the surface of the globe when they met the satellite." Jules Verne was read by millions of people, but until 1942 no one noticed the contradictions in this text:
1. A satellite at an altitude of 7480 km above the Earth's surface should have an orbital period of 4 hours 48 minutes, not 3 hours 20 minutes
2. Since it was seen through a window through which the Moon was also visible, and since both of them were approaching, it would have to have retrograde motion. This is an important point that Jules Verne does not mention.
3. In any case, the satellite must be in eclipse (by the Earth) and therefore not visible. The metal projectile was supposed to remain in the shadow of the Earth for some time.
Dr. R.S. Richardson from the Mount Wilson Observatory tried in 1952 to numerically estimate the eccentricity of the orbit of this satellite: the perigee altitude was equal to 5010 km, and the apogee altitude was 7480 km above the Earth's surface, eccentricity 0.1784.
Nevertheless, Jules Vernovsky's second companion Petit (in French Petit - small) is known throughout the world. Amateur astronomers concluded that this was a good opportunity to achieve fame - whoever discovered this second satellite could write his name in the scientific chronicles.
None of the large observatories have ever dealt with the problem of the second satellite of the Earth, or if they did, they kept it secret. German amateur astronomers were persecuted for what they called Kleinchen ("little bit") - of course they never found Kleinchen.
W.H. Pickering turned his attention to the theory of the object: if the satellite orbited at an altitude of 320 km above the surface and if its diameter was 0.3 meters, then with the same reflectivity as the Moon, it should have been visible at 3 -inch telescope. The three-meter satellite should be visible to the naked eye as a 5th magnitude object. Although Pickering did not search for Petit's object, he continued research related to the second satellite - the satellite of our Moon (His work in the magazine "Popular Astronomy" for 1903 was called "On the photographic search for the satellite of the Moon"). The results were negative and Pickering concluded that any satellite of our Moon must be smaller in size, 3 meters.
Pickering's paper on the possibility of a tiny second satellite, "Meteor Satellite," presented in Popular Astronomy in 1922, sparked another brief burst of activity among amateur astronomers. A virtual appeal was made: "A 3-5 inch telescope with a low-power eyepiece would be an excellent means of finding a satellite. This is a chance for fame for the amateur astronomer." But again, all searches turned out to be fruitless.
The original idea was that the gravitational field of the second satellite should explain the incomprehensible slight deviation from the movement of our large Moon. This meant that the object had to be at least several miles in size - but if such a large second satellite really existed, it should have been visible to the Babylonians. Even if it was too small to be visible as a disk, its relative proximity to the Earth should have made the satellite's movement faster and therefore more noticeable (as artificial satellites or airplanes are noticeable today). On the other hand, no one was particularly interested in the "satellites", which are too small to be visible.
There was another suggestion about an additional natural satellite of the Earth. In 1898, Dr. Georg Waltemath from Hamburg announced that he had discovered not just a second moon, but an entire system of tiny satellites. Waltemas presented the orbital elements for one of these satellites: distance from Earth 1.03 million km, diameter 700 km, orbital period 119 days, synodic period 177 days. “Sometimes,” says Valtemas, “he shines at night like the Sun.” He believed that it was this satellite that Lieut Greely saw in Greenland on October 24, 1881, ten days after the Sun set and the polar night began. Of particular interest to the public was the prediction that this satellite would pass across the disk of the Sun on February 2, 3 or 4, 1898. On February 4th, 12 people from the Greifswald post office (post director Mr. Ziegel, members of his family and postal employees) observed the Sun with the naked eye, without any protection from the blinding glare. It is easy to imagine the absurdity of such a situation: an important-looking Prussian civil servant, pointing to the sky through the window of his office, read aloud to his subordinates Waltemas's predictions. When these witnesses were interviewed, they said that a dark object with a diameter of one-fifth the diameter of the Sun crossed its disk from 1:10 to 2:10 hours Berlin time. This observation was soon proven wrong, for during that hour the Sun was carefully examined by two experienced astronomers, W. Winkler of Jena and Baron Ivo von Benko of Pola, Austria. They both reported that there were only ordinary sunspots on the solar disk. But the failure of these and subsequent predictions did not discourage Valtemas and he continued to make predictions and demand their verification. Astronomers of those years were very annoyed when they were asked again and again the favorite question of the inquisitive public: “By the way, what about the new moon?” But astrologers seized on this idea - in 1918, astrologer Sepharial named this moon Lilith. He said that it was black enough to remain invisible at all times and could only be detected when confronted or when it crossed the disk of the sun. Sepharial calculated Lilith's ephemeris based on the observations announced by Valtemas. He also argued that Lilith has approximately the same mass as the Moon, apparently happily unaware that even an invisible satellite of such mass should cause disturbances in the Earth's motion. And even today, the "dark moon" Lilith is used by some astrologers in their horoscopes.
From time to time, observers report other "extra moons." Thus, the German astronomical magazine "Die Sterne" ("Star") reported the observation by the German amateur astronomer W. Spill of the second satellite crossing the disk of the Moon on May 24, 1926.
Around 1950, when the launch of artificial satellites began to be seriously discussed, they were imagined as the upper part of a multi-stage rocket that would not even have a radio transmitter and would be monitored using radar from Earth. In this case, a group of small close natural satellites of the Earth would become an obstacle, reflecting radar beams when tracking artificial satellites. A method for searching for such natural satellites was developed by Clyde Tombaugh. First, the motion of the satellite at an altitude of about 5000 km is calculated. The camera platform is then adjusted to scan the sky at exactly that speed. Stars, planets and other objects in photographs taken with this camera will draw lines, and only satellites flying at the correct altitude will appear as dots. If the satellite is moving at a slightly different altitude, it will be depicted with a short line.
Observations began in 1953 at the Observatory. Lovell and actually “penetrated” into uncharted scientific territories: with the exception of the Germans who were looking for “Kleinchen”, no one had ever paid so much attention to the space between the Earth and the Moon! Until 1954, weekly magazines and daily newspapers of high repute announced that the search had begun to yield its first results: one small natural satellite was found at an altitude of 700 km, another at an altitude of 1000 km. They even quoted the answer of one of the main developers of this program to the question: “Is he sure that they are natural?” No one knows exactly where these messages came from - after all, the searches were completely negative. When the first artificial satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958, these cameras quickly detected them (instead of natural ones).
Although this sounds quite strange, the negative result of this search does not mean that the Earth has only one natural satellite. She may have a very close companion for a short time. Meteoroids passing near the Earth and asteroids passing through the upper atmosphere can reduce their speed enough to become a satellite orbiting the Earth. But since it will cross the upper layers of the atmosphere with each passage of perigee, it will not be able to exist for a long time (there may be only one or two revolutions, in the most successful case - a hundred [this is about 150 hours]). There are some assumptions that such “ephemeral satellites” have just been seen. It is very possible that Petit's observers saw them. (also see)
In addition to ephemeral companions, there are two more interesting possibilities. One of them is that the Moon has its own satellite. But, despite intensive searches, nothing was found (We add that, as is now known, the gravitational field of the Moon is very “uneven” or heterogeneous. This is enough for the rotation of the lunar satellites to be unstable - therefore the lunar satellites fall to the Moon after a very short interval time, several years or decades later). Another suggestion is that there may be Trojan moons, i.e. additional satellites in the same orbit as the Moon, orbiting 60 degrees ahead and/or behind it.
The existence of such “Trojan satellites” was first reported by the Polish astronomer Kordylewski from the Krakow Observatory. He began his search in 1951 visually using a good telescope. He expected to detect a fairly large body in lunar orbit at a distance of 60 degrees from the Moon. The results of the search were negative, but in 1956 his compatriot and colleague Wilkowski suggested that there might be many tiny bodies too small to be seen individually, but large enough to appear as a cloud of dust. In this case, it would be better to observe them without a telescope, i.e. with the naked eye! Using a telescope will "magnify them into non-existence." Dr. Kordilevsky agreed to try. A dark night with a clear sky and the Moon below the horizon was required.
In October 1956, Kordilevsky saw a clearly luminous object for the first time in one of two expected positions. It was not small, extending to about 2 degrees (i.e. almost 4 times larger than the Moon itself), and was very dim, at half the brightness of the notoriously difficult counterradiance (Gegenschein; counterradiance is the bright point in the zodiacal light in direction opposite to the Sun). In March and April 1961, Kordilevsky achieved success in photographing two clouds near the expected positions. They seemed to change in size, but this could also be due to changes in lighting. J. Roach discovered these satellite clouds in 1975 using OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatory). In 1990 they were photographed again, this time by Polish astronomer Winiarski, who found that they formed an object several degrees in diameter, deviated by 10 degrees from the Trojan point and that they were redder than the zodiacal light.
So the century-long search for the second satellite of the Earth seems to have come to success, after all the efforts. Even though this "second satellite" turned out to be completely different from what anyone had ever imagined. They are very difficult to detect and differ from the zodiacal light, in particular from the counterradiance.
But people still assume the existence of an additional natural satellite of the Earth. Between 1966 and 1969, John Bargby, an American scientist, claimed to have observed at least 10 small natural satellites of the Earth visible only through a telescope. Bargby found elliptical orbits for all these objects: eccentricity 0.498, semimajor axis 14065 km, with perigee and apogee at altitudes of 680 and 14700 km, respectively. Bargby believed they were parts of a larger body that collapsed in December 1955. He justified the existence of most of his putative satellites by the disturbances they cause in the movements of artificial satellites. Bargby used data on artificial satellites from the Goddard Satellite Situation Report, unaware that the values in these publications are approximate and can sometimes contain large errors and therefore cannot be used for accurate scientific calculations and analysis. Moreover, from Bargby's own observations, it can be concluded that although at perigee these satellites should be objects of first magnitude and should be clearly visible to the naked eye, no one has seen them like that.
In 1997, Paul Wiegert and others discovered that asteroid 3753 has a very strange orbit and can be regarded as a satellite of the Earth, although, of course, it does not orbit the Earth directly.
An excerpt from the book of the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov “Heterogeneous Universe”.
2.3. Matrix space system
The evolution of this process leads to the sequential formation of metauniverse systems along the common axis. The number of matters forming them, at the same time, gradually degenerates to two. At the ends of this “ray” zones are formed where no matter of a given type can merge with another or others to form metauniverses. In these zones, “punching” of our matrix space occurs and zones of closure with another matrix space arise. In this case, two options for closing matrix spaces are again possible. In the first case, closure occurs with a matrix space with a large coefficient of quantization of the dimensionality of space and, through this closure zone, matters of another matrix space can flow and split and a synthesis of matters of our type will arise. In the second case, closure occurs with a matrix space with a lower quantization coefficient of the dimension of space - through this closure zone, the matters of our matrix space will begin to flow and split in another matrix space. In one case, an analogue of a superscale star appears, in the other - an analogue of a “black hole” of similar dimensions.
This difference in the options for closing matrix spaces is very important for understanding the emergence of two types of sixth-order superspaces - six-ray and anti-six-ray. The fundamental difference of which lies only in the direction of flow of matter. In one case, matter from another matrix space flows through the central zone of closure of matrix spaces and flows out of our matrix space through zones at the ends of the “rays”. In the antisix-ray, matter flows in the opposite direction. Matters from our matrix space flow out through the central zone, and matters from another matrix space flow in through the “radial” closure zones. As for the six-ray, it is formed by the closure of six similar “rays” in one central zone. At the same time, zones of curvature of the dimensionality of the matrix space appear around the center, in which metaverses are formed from fourteen forms of matter, which, in turn, close and form a closed system of metauniverses that unites six rays into one common system - a six-ray (Fig. 2.3.11 ) .
Moreover, the number of “rays” is determined by the fact that in our matrix space, a maximum of fourteen forms of matter of this type can merge during the formation. At the same time, the dimension of the resulting union of metauniverses is equal to π (π = 3.14...). This total dimension is close to three. This is why six “rays” arise, this is why they talk about three dimensions, etc... Thus, as a result of the consistent formation of spatial structures, a balanced system of matter distribution is formed between our matrix space and others. After the completion of the formation of the Six-Ray, a stable state of which is possible only if there is identity between the mass of matters flowing in and flowing out of it.
2.4. The nature of stars and “black holes”
At the same time, zones of inhomogeneities can be either with ΔL > 0 or ΔL< 0, относительно нашей Вселенной. В случае, когда неоднородности мерности пространства меньше нуля ΔL < 0, происходит смыкание пространств-вселенных с мерностями L 7 и L 6 . При этом, вновь возникают условия для перетекания материй, только, на этот раз, вещество с мерностью L 7 перетекает в пространство с мерностью L 6 . Таким образом, пространство-вселенная с мерностью L 7 (наша Вселенная) теряет своё вещество. И именно так возникают загадочные «чёрные дыры»(Рис. 2.4.2) .
This is how stars and “black holes” are formed in zones of inhomogeneity in the dimensionality of space-universes. At the same time, there is a flow of matter, matters between different spaces-universes.
There are also space-universes that have dimension L 7, but have a different composition of matter. When docking, in zones of heterogeneity of space-universes with the same dimensionality, but different qualitative composition of the substance that forms them, a channel arises between these spaces. At the same time, substances flow into both one and another space-universe. This is not a star or a “black hole”, but a zone of transition from one space to another. We denote the zones of inhomogeneity in the dimensionality of space in which the processes described above occur as zero transitions. Moreover, depending on the sign of ΔL, we can talk about the following types of these transitions:
1) Positive zero-transitions (stars), through which matter flows into a given space-universe from another, with a higher dimension (ΔL > 0) n +.
2) Negative zero-transitions through which matter from a given space-universe flows into another, with a lower dimension (ΔL< 0) n - .
3) Neutral zero transitions, when flows of matter move in both directions and are identical to each other, and the dimensions of space-universes in the closure zone are practically the same: n 0.
If we continue to analyze what is happening, we will see that each space-universe, through stars, receives matter, and through “black holes” it loses it. For the possibility of sustainable existence of this space, a balance is necessary between the incoming and outgoing matter into this space-universe. The law of conservation of matter must be fulfilled, provided space is stable. This can be represented as a formula:
m(ij)k- the total mass of forms of matter flowing through the neutral zero transition.
Thus, between space-universes with different dimensions, through zones of heterogeneity, there is a circulation of matter between the spaces that form this system (Fig. 2.4.3).
Through zones of inhomogeneity of dimensionality (zero transitions), a transition from one space-universe to another is possible. At the same time, there is a transformation of the substance of our space-universe into the substance of that space-universe where the transfer of matter takes place. So, “our” matter cannot enter other space-universes unchanged. The zones through which such a transition is possible are “black holes”, in which the complete decay of a substance of this type occurs, and neutral zero transitions, through which a balanced exchange of matter occurs.
Neutral zero transitions can be stable or temporary, appearing periodically or spontaneously. There are a number of areas on Earth where neutral zero transitions periodically occur. And if ships, planes, boats, people fall within their boundaries, then they disappear without a trace. Such zones on Earth are: the Bermuda Triangle, areas in the Himalayas, the Permian zone and others. It is practically impossible, in the event of entering the zone of action of a zero transition, to predict to which point and into which space the matter will move. Not to mention the fact that the probability of returning to the starting point is practically zero. It follows that neutral zero transitions cannot be used for targeted movement in space.
It is curved, and gravity, which is familiar to all of us, is a manifestation of this property. Matter bends, “bends” the space around it, and the more dense it is, the more it bends. Space, space and time are all very interesting topics. After reading this article, you will probably learn something new about them.
The idea of curvature
Many other theories of gravity, of which hundreds exist today, differ in detail from general relativity. However, all these astronomical hypotheses retain the main thing - the idea of curvature. If space is curved, then it can be assumed that it could take, for example, the shape of a pipe connecting regions that are separated by many light years. And perhaps even eras that are far from each other. After all, we are not talking about the space that is familiar to us, but about space-time when we consider space. A hole in it can appear only under certain conditions. We invite you to take a closer look at such an interesting phenomenon as wormholes.
First ideas about wormholes
Deep space and its mysteries beckon. Thoughts about curvature appeared immediately after General Relativity was published. L. Flamm, an Austrian physicist, already in 1916 said that spatial geometry can exist in the form of a kind of hole that connects two worlds. Mathematician N. Rosen and A. Einstein noticed in 1935 that the simplest solutions of equations within the framework of general relativity, describing isolated electrically charged or neutral sources, create a spatial “bridge” structure. That is, they connect two universes, two almost flat and identical space-times.
Later, these spatial structures began to be called “wormholes,” which is a rather loose translation from English of the word wormhole. A closer translation is “wormhole” (in space). Rosen and Einstein did not even exclude the possibility of using these “bridges” to describe elementary particles with their help. Indeed, in this case the particle is a purely spatial formation. Consequently, there will be no need to specifically model the source of charge or mass. And a remote external observer, if the wormhole has microscopic dimensions, sees only a point source with charge and mass when located in one of these spaces.
"Bridges" by Einstein-Rosen
On one side, electric power lines enter the hole, and on the other they exit, without ending or starting anywhere. J. Wheeler, an American physicist, said on this occasion that the result is “charge without charge” and “mass without mass.” In this case, it is not at all necessary to consider that the bridge serves to connect two different universes. No less appropriate would be the assumption that at a wormhole both “mouths” open into the same universe, but at different times and at different points. The result is something resembling a hollow “handle” if it is sewn to an almost flat familiar world. The lines of force enter the mouth, which can be understood as a negative charge (say, an electron). The mouth from which they emerge has a positive charge (positron). As for the masses, they will be the same on both sides.
Conditions for the formation of Einstein-Rosen bridges
This picture, for all its attractiveness, has not become widespread in elementary particle physics, for many reasons. It is not easy to attribute quantum properties to Einstein-Rosen “bridges,” which cannot be avoided in the microworld. Such a “bridge” does not form at all with known values of the charges and masses of particles (protons or electrons). The "electric" solution instead predicts a "naked" singularity, that is, a point where the electric field and the curvature of space are made infinite. At such points, the concept of space-time, even in the case of curvature, loses its meaning, since it is impossible to solve equations that have an infinite number of terms.
When does general relativity not work?
General relativity itself definitely states when exactly it stops working. At the neck, in the narrowest place of the “bridge”, there is a violation of the smoothness of the connection. And it should be said that it is quite non-trivial. From the position of a distant observer, time stops at this neck. What Rosen and Einstein thought was a throat is now defined as the event horizon of a black hole (charged or neutral). Rays or particles from different sides of the “bridge” fall on different “sections” of the horizon. And between its left and right parts, relatively speaking, there is a non-static area. In order to pass an area, one cannot help but overcome it.
Inability to pass through a black hole
A spaceship that approaches the horizon of a relatively large black hole seems to freeze forever. Signals from it arrive less and less often... On the contrary, the horizon according to the ship's clock is reached in a finite time. When a ship (beam of light or particle) passes it, it will soon hit a singularity. This is the place where the curvature becomes infinite. At the singularity (while still approaching it), the extended body will inevitably be torn apart and crushed. This is the reality of a black hole.
Further research
In 1916-17 the Reisner-Nordström and Schwarzschild solutions were obtained. They describe spherically symmetrical electrically charged and neutral black holes. However, physicists were able to fully understand the complex geometry of these spaces only at the turn of the 1950s and 60s. It was then that D. A. Wheeler, known for his work in the theory of gravity and nuclear physics, coined the terms “wormhole” and “black hole.” It turned out that in the Reisner-Nordström and Schwarzschild spaces there really are wormholes in space. They are completely invisible to a distant observer, just like black holes. And, like them, wormholes in space are eternal. But if a traveler penetrates the horizon, they collapse so quickly that neither a ray of light nor a massive particle, let alone a ship, can fly through them. To fly to the other mouth, bypassing the singularity, you need to move faster than light. Currently, physicists believe that supernova speeds of movement of energy and matter are fundamentally impossible.
Schwarzschild and Reisner-Nordström
A Schwarzschild black hole can be considered an impenetrable wormhole. As for the Reisner-Nordström black hole, its structure is somewhat more complicated, but it is also impenetrable. However, inventing and describing four-dimensional wormholes in space that could be traversed is not that difficult. You just need to select the required type of metric. A metric tensor, or metric, is a set of quantities, using which one can calculate the four-dimensional intervals that exist between event points. This set of quantities also fully characterizes the gravitational field and the geometry of space-time. Geometrically traversable wormholes in space are even simpler than black holes. They do not have horizons that lead to cataclysms with the passage of time. At different points, time can move at different rates, but it should not stop or speed up endlessly.
Two directions of wormhole research
Nature has placed a barrier to the emergence of mole holes. However, a person is designed in such a way that if there is an obstacle, there will always be those who want to overcome it. And scientists are no exception. The works of theorists who study wormholes can be conditionally divided into two directions, complementary to each other. The first deals with their consequences, assuming in advance that wormholes really exist. Representatives of the second direction are trying to understand from what and how they can appear, what conditions are necessary for their occurrence. There are more works in this direction than in the first one and, perhaps, they are more interesting. This direction includes the search for models of wormholes, as well as the study of their properties.
Achievements of Russian physicists
As it turned out, the properties of matter, which is the material for the construction of wormholes, can be realized due to the polarization of the vacuum of quantum fields. Russian physicists Sergei Sushkov and Arkady Popov, together with Spanish researcher David Hochberg, as well as Sergei Krasnikov, recently came to this conclusion. The vacuum in this case is not emptiness. This is a quantum state characterized by the lowest energy, that is, a field in which there are no real particles. In this field, pairs of “virtual” particles constantly appear, disappearing before they are detected by instruments, but leaving their mark in the form of an energy tensor, that is, a momentum characterized by unusual properties. Despite the fact that the quantum properties of matter are mainly manifested in the microcosm, the wormholes generated by them can, under certain conditions, reach significant sizes. One of Krasnikov’s articles, by the way, is called “The Threat of Wormholes.”
A question of philosophy
If wormholes are ever built or discovered, the field of philosophy associated with the interpretation of science will face new challenges and, it must be said, very difficult ones. For all the seemingly absurdity of time loops and the thorny problems surrounding causality, this field of science will probably figure it out someday. Just as they dealt with the problems of quantum mechanics and the created Cosmos, space and time - all these questions have interested people in all centuries and, apparently, will always interest us. It is hardly possible to know them completely. Space exploration is unlikely to ever be completed.
There are many interesting things in outer space that are still incomprehensible to humans. We know the theory about black holes and we even know where they are. However, of greater interest are wormholes, with the help of which movie characters move throughout the Universe in seconds. How do these tunnels work and why is it better for a person not to go into them?
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The films Star Trek, Doctor Who and the Marvel universe have one thing in common: traveling through space at great speed. If today it takes at least seven months to fly to Mars, then in the world of science fiction this can be done in a split second. High-speed travel is carried out using so-called wormholes (wormholes) - this is a hypothetical feature of space-time, which is a “tunnel” in space at each moment in time. To understand the principle of operation of the “hole”, you just have to remember Alice from “Through the Looking Glass”. There, the role of a wormhole was played by a mirror: Alice could instantly find herself in another place just by touching it.
The picture below shows how the tunnel works. In films, this is what happens: characters board a spaceship, quickly fly to the portal and, upon entering it, immediately find themselves in the right place, for example, on the other side of the Universe. Alas, even in theory it works differently.
Photo source: YouTubeGeneral relativity allows for the existence of such tunnels, but so far astronomers have not been able to find one. According to theorists, the first wormholes were less than a meter in size. It can be assumed that with the expansion of the Universe they also increased. But let's get to the main question: even if wormholes exist, why is using them a very bad idea? Astrophysicist Paul Sutter explained what the problem is with wormholes and why it is better for a person not to go there.
Wormhole theory
First, it’s worth finding out how black holes operate. Imagine a ball on a stretched elastic fabric. As it approaches the center, it decreases in size and at the same time becomes denser. The fabric bends more and more under its weight, until finally it becomes so small that it simply closes over it, and the ball disappears from view. In the black hole itself, the curvature of space-time is infinite - this state of physics is called a singularity. It has neither space nor time in human understanding.
Photo source: Pikabu.ru According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light. This means that nothing can get out of this gravitational field once it gets into it. A region of space from which there is no exit is called a black hole. Its boundary is determined by the trajectory of the light rays that were the first to lose the opportunity to escape. It's called the event horizon of a black hole. Example: looking out of the window, we do not see what is beyond the horizon, and a conventional observer cannot understand what is happening inside the boundaries of an invisible dead star.
There are five types of black holes, but we are interested in the stellar-mass black hole. Such objects are formed at the final stage of the life of a celestial body. In general, the death of a star can result in the following things:
1. It will turn into a very dense extinct star, consisting of a number of chemical elements - it is a white dwarf;
2. A neutron star - has the approximate mass of the Sun and a radius of about 10-20 kilometers, inside it consists of neutrons and other particles, and outside it is enclosed in a thin but hard shell;
3. Into a black hole, the gravitational attraction of which is so strong that it can suck in objects flying at the speed of light.
When a supernova occurs, that is, the “rebirth” of a star, a black hole is formed, which can only be detected due to the radiation emitted. It is she who is capable of generating a wormhole.
If you imagine a black hole as a funnel, then an object falling into it loses its event horizon and falls inside. So where is the wormhole? It is located in exactly the same funnel, attached to the black hole tunnel, where the exits face outward. Scientists believe that the other end of the wormhole is connected to a white hole (the opposite of a black hole, into which nothing can fall).
Why you don't need to go into a wormhole
In white hole theory, not everything is so simple. Firstly, it is not clear how exactly to get into a white hole from a black one. Calculations around wormholes show that they are extremely unstable. Wormholes can evaporate or “spit out” a black hole and trap them again.
If a spaceship or a person falls into a black hole, he will get stuck there. There will be no way back - from the side of the black hole, for sure, because he will not see the event horizon. But the unfortunate person can try to find a white hole? No, because he does not see boundaries, so he will have to “fall” towards the singularity of a black hole, which may have access to the singularity of a white one. Or maybe not.
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