On March 31, 1940, at the VI session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a law was adopted on the transfer to the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the territories of the Karelian Isthmus and Northern Ladoga region transferred from Finland after the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940, in accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940 also about transformation
KASSR to the Karelo-Finnish SSR. The capital of the KFSSR remained the city of Petrozavodsk.
According to some historians, the KFSSR posed a threat to Finland, as it could be a potential “background” for its accession to the USSR. In favor of this theory, an argument is given that earlier, on December 1, 1939, the so-called The People's Government of the Finnish Democratic Republic of Finnish communists led by
O. Kuusinen, who later headed the KFSSR.
In 1937, the areas of the Kalinin region inhabited by Karelians formed the Karelian National Okrug, which existed until 1939. The circumstances surrounding the dissolution of the district are unknown. Presumably, the planned annexation of Finland in 1939.
The “titular” Karelian and Finnish population, unlike other Soviet republics, constituted a national minority throughout the existence of the republic. In 1939, even before the Soviet-Finnish War and the annexation of the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga region, the share of the Finno-Ugric population (Karelians, Finns and Vepsians) in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was 27%, and according to
In the 1959 census, conducted after the abolition of the republic, it dropped to 18.3%. The Finnish and Karelian population of the western lands of Karelia annexed in 1940 (more than 400 thousand people) were evacuated in advance to the central regions of Finland. In this regard, at that time there was a joke that “in the Karelo-Finnish Republic there are only two Finns: the Financial Inspector and FINkelstein, but in general they are one and the same person.”
On July 16, 1956, the KFSSR was again demoted in status to the ASSR and returned to the RSFSR. At the same time, the word “Finnish” (Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) was removed from its name.
One of the monuments of the Karelo-Finnish SSR is the “Friendship of Peoples” fountain at VDNKh in Moscow. The 16 female figures in the fountain ensemble symbolize the Union Republics of the USSR. One of them is the Karelo-Finnish SSR, which has not existed since 1956, the rest became independent states in 1991.
It would be interesting to see today the independent state of the Karelo-Finnish Republic.
Yuri Andropov in 1947-1951 He was the Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
The formation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR is directly related to the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940.
After it was not possible to conclude an agreement with Finland on military assistance and the deployment of Soviet bases on the country’s territory, as happened with the Baltic states, as well as the concession of the Karelian Isthmus and the Peninsula to the Soviet Union
Hanko, in exchange for twice the territory north of Lake Ladoga, Moscow decided to carry out a military occupation of Finland. On November 26, 1939, NKVD officers carried out a provocative shelling of Soviet positions near the border village of Maynila. After this, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with Finland, and on November 30 the Red Army began
large-scale invasion of Finnish territory. A month earlier, the Finnish People's Army Corps was formed in the USSR, designed to become the troops of the puppet pro-communist government of the Finnish Democratic Republic, led by a prominent figure of the Comintern, Otto Kuusinen.
On November 23, the political department of the Leningrad Military District sent the following instructions to the troops: “We are not marching as conquerors, but as friends of the Finnish people... The Red Army supports the Finnish people, who stand for friendship with the Soviet Union... Victory over the enemy must be achieved with little bloodshed.” .
However, it was not possible to win with little blood. The frontal assault on the Mannerheim line failed. In the first three weeks, the Red Army failed not only to reach Helsinki, as planned, but even to break through the first line of Finnish positions. On the Karelian Isthmus, by December 21, 1939, the Soviet offensive had completely stopped. On December 26, Soviet troops went on the defensive.
The auxiliary strike, delivered in difficult areas north of Lake Ladoga, ended in complete failure. Two Soviet divisions were surrounded and almost completely destroyed. In total, five Soviet divisions were surrounded and almost completely destroyed in that area before the end of the war. The lack of preparation for combat operations in general and in winter affected
conditions in particular. Only after bringing in reinforcements did the Red Army resume its offensive on the Karelian Isthmus. Every day for several days, Soviet troops rained down 12 thousand shells on the fortifications of the Mannerheim Line. On the morning of February 11, a general offensive began. On the first day, the divisions of the 7th Army were able to wedge themselves into the defense system of the Summsky fortified junction, the fall of which the front command hastened to notify Moscow on the same day. In reality, the amount was only withdrawn on February 14th. By the end of February, Soviet troops reached Finnish rear defensive positions in the Vyborg area. Battle for
this city continued until the conclusion of the truce.
Subsequent failures of the Finnish army on the Karelian Isthmus forced Helsinki to hesitate between concluding a difficult peace and the possibility of continuing resistance with the help of the Western allies. Mannerheim feared that the fatigue of the Finnish troops, who had already brought all their reserves into action, could lead to the fact that the front was about to collapse.
The peace signed in Moscow was difficult for Finland. The new border roughly corresponded to that established by the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721 after the Great Northern War.
The Finnish Democratic Republic was no longer remembered, but the Karelo-Finnish Union Republic and the 71st Special Division remained, as it were, “an armored train on a siding.” In case of a favorable military-political situation, it was always possible to join the rest of Finland. Stalin wanted the government in Helsinki to remember this.
Stalin's new ally Hitler watched with a grin at Stalin's attempts to defeat Finland. Maybe it was then that he became convinced
in its victory in the war with the USSR.
Victor Suvorov. The Last Republic
A “government” of NKVD and GRU officers was created. Otto Kuusinen was appointed “President” (his wife at that time worked in the illegal station of Richard Sorge), the ministers were Soviet communists of Finnish origin. The “Red Army of Finland” was created, which was supposed to victoriously enter Helsinki and support the “rebellious proletariat”, and our Red Army was supposed to help our “class brothers” a little.
The entire population of Finland was already divided into whites and reds. The so-called “White Finns” were subject to isolation and liquidation. What awaited them was the same as the Polish officers. By the way, the division into whites and reds was carried out in all territories adjacent to our borders: in 1920 we fought against the “White Poles”, in 1921 - against the “White Finns” and “White Karelians”, in 1927 - against the “White Chinese generals”. The very term “White Finns” indicated that our goal was to turn them into Reds.
The fighting in Finland ended on March 13, 1940, and already in the summer the three Baltic states: Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia surrendered to Stalin without a fight and became the “republics” of the Soviet Union.
Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
Hymn text:
Oma Karjalais-suomalaiskansamme maa,
Vapaa Pohjolan Neuvostojen tasavalta.
Kotimetsaimme kauneus oin kajastaa
Revontultemme taivaalta leimuavalta.
Chorus:
Neuvostoliitto on voittamaton,
Se kansamme suur-isanmaa ijat on.
Sen Tiena on Kansojen Kunniantie,
Se Karjalan Kansankin voittoihin vie.
Isanmaa Kalevan, kotimaa runojen,
Jota Leninin Stalinin lippu johtaa.
Yli kansamme uutteran onnellisen
Valo kansojen veljeystahdesta hohtaa.
Chorus.
Kotimaamme loi uudeksi kansamme tyo,
Tata maata me puollamme kuin isat ammoin.
Sotasuksemme suihkavat kalpamme lyo.
Asemahdilla suojaamme Neuvasto-Sammon.
Chorus.
Translation from Finnish:
Music: Karl Rautio
Text: Armas Yaikia
The native country of our Karelo-Finnish people,
Free Northern Soviet Republic.
The beauty of our native forests is reflected at night
On our Northern Lights burning in the sky.
Chorus.
The Soviet Union is invincible
This is the eternal land of the great ancestor of our people.
His path is the path of honor of nations,
He and the people of Karelia will lead to victories.
Fatherland of Kaleva, homeland of runes,
Which Lenin-Stalin banner leads.
Over our hardworking happy people
the light of the peoples of the brotherhood of the star shines.
Chorus.
Our homeland was created again by the labor of our people,
We defend this country like our fathers in ancient times.
Our military skis rush, our sword strikes
We will defend the Soviet Sampo with weapons.
Chorus.
Anthem music:
Anthem History:
Workers of all countries, unite!
16th Republic
During the leadership of N. S. Khrushchev and L. I. Brezhnev, the People's Republic of Bulgaria was unofficially called the 16th republic. Firstly, for the close ties and strong friendly relations between the USSR and Bulgaria. And secondly, because Todor Zhivkov, who headed Bulgaria for 35 years, at one time submitted a request for its entry into the USSR, which, however, was rejected.
The real 16th republic was the Karelo-Finnish SSR, which in 1940–1956 had the status of a union republic. In 1956 it became part of the RSFSR as an Autonomous SSR. From that time until the collapse of the USSR, the number of republics was 15.
Media concept In the modern history of Karelia’s statehood there are many bright and at the same time ambiguously assessed pages
These undoubtedly include Karelia’s status as a union republic within the USSR from March 31, 1940 to July 16, 1956, when it bore the name of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (KFSSR). (Let us note in parentheses that in 1991, for six months during the slogan proclaimed by Boris Yeltsin: “Take as much sovereignty as you can swallow,” there existed, which many people forget, at least nominally, the Karelian Soviet Socialist Republic. But we’ll talk about the time of the “parade of sovereignties” another time). Moreover, the history of the creation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, and the history of this state formation itself, and the reasons and circumstances of its transformation again into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic deserve to be known, if only because, as Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky said:
The past must be known not because it passed, but because, when it left, it did not know how to remove its consequences.
Following this aphorism implies that in our present not everything is well, as it is today, the causes of this trouble are in the past, and to eliminate them it is necessary to know the reliable past, which is one of the fundamental pillars of developing socially beneficial policies and development society.
The fact that the formation of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the consequences of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939 - 1940 is a generally accepted truth, but it is often interpreted in a very primitive way: the Soviet Union, with aggressive goals, allegedly attacked a small independent country without any reason in order to “Sovietize it”, and when this could not be done “on the spot”, he created an artificial formation - the KFSSR to continue his aggressive policy. In fact, the history of the emergence of this national entity is far from simple and has a long history, although it is closely connected with the Soviet-Finnish war.
"Let's start from the stove"
The prerequisites for Finnish statehood were formed precisely in the Russian Empire. The Grand Duchy of Finland became part of Russia after the Russo-Swedish War of 1808 - 1809. Finland enjoyed broad autonomy, having its own bank, post office, customs, and, since 1863, also an official Finnish language.
A month and a half after the October Revolution, on December 6 (19), 1917, the Finnish Parliament under the leadership of Per Evind Svinhufvud approved the declaration of state independence of Finland. Just 12 days later - December 18 (31), the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic adopted a Decree recognizing the independence of Finland, signed personally by V.I. Lenin.
On such favorable soil, the ideas of brotherhood of the Finno-Ugric peoples, the ideas of independence of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the unification of the Finno-Ugric peoples around it are formed.
It was these ideas that the leaders of Finland tried to implement after the collapse of the Russian Empire. Most of us know about the intervention of the troops of the Entente countries - France and Great Britain, during the Civil War. However, the Finnish intervention on the Northwestern Front remains, as a rule, an unknown page of history.
During the interwar period (from 1918 to 1939), irredentist sentiments were strong in Finland: nationalists dreamed of creating a “Greater Finland”, which would include the Soviet part of Karelia and other territories.
Two civil wars
The Soviet government planned to start a socialist revolution in Finland with the help of its Finnish supporters. The uprising broke out in Helsinki on the evening of January 27, 1918. The same date is also considered the date of the beginning of the Finnish Civil War.
The Red offensive attempt in the northern direction failed, and in early March the Whites, under the command of General Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim, launched a counteroffensive.
April 26, 1918 The Soviet government of Finland fled to Petrograd, on the same day the White Finns took Viipuri (Vyborg), where they carried out mass terror against the Russian population and the Red Guards who did not have time to escape. The civil war in Finland was virtually over; on May 7, the remnants of the red units were defeated on the Karelian Isthmus, and May 16, 1918 A victory parade was held in Helsinki.
Meanwhile, the Civil War had already flared up in Russia with the active intervention of the Entente countries...
Having gained independence and waging war against the Red Guards, the Finnish state decided not to stop at the borders of the Grand Duchy of Finland. At that time, among the Finnish intelligentsia, the ideas of panphilanism, that is, the unity of the Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as the idea of Greater Finland, which was to include the territories adjacent to Finland inhabited by these peoples, - Karelia (including the Kola Peninsula), Ingria, gained great popularity among the Finnish intelligentsia (surroundings of Petrograd) and Estonia. The Russian Empire was collapsing, and new state formations arose on its territory, sometimes considering a significant expansion of their territory in the future.
Thus, during the Civil War, the Finnish leadership planned to expel Soviet troops not only from Finland, but also from territories whose annexation was planned in the near future.
Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army, General Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/5414/45838865.15/0_d3674_5123924f_orig
So February 23, 1918 at the Antrea railway station (now Kamennogorsk), Mannerheim pronounces the “Oath of the Sword”, in which he mentions:
I will not sheathe my sword... until the last warrior and hooligan of Lenin (who actually gave Finland independence - our note) is expelled from both Finland and Eastern Karelia.
War on Soviet Russia was not declared, but since mid-January (that is, before the start of the Finnish Civil War), Finland secretly sent partisan detachments to Karelia, whose task was the actual occupation of Karelia and assistance to Finnish troops during the invasion. The detachments occupy the city of Kem and the village of Ukhta (now the town of Kalevala). On March 6, a Provisional Karelian Committee was created in Helsinki (occupied at that time by the Reds), and on March 15, Mannerheim approved the “Wallenius Plan” aimed at the invasion of Finnish troops into Karelia and the seizure of Russian territory along the line Pechenga - Kola Peninsula - White Sea - Vygozero - Onega lake - Svir River - Lake Ladoga. Units of the Finnish army were supposed to unite at Petrograd, which was supposed to be turned into a free city-republic controlled by Finland.
From September 1919 to March 1920 The Red Army completely liberates Karelia from the interventionist forces of the Entente, after which it begins the fight against the Finns. By July 21, the Red Army liberated most of Russian Karelia from Finnish troops. Only the Rebolskaya and Porosozerskaya volosts remained in the hands of the Finns.
In July 1920, peace negotiations between Soviet Russia and Finland begin in the Estonian city of Tartu (where a peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Estonia was signed five months earlier). Representatives of the Finnish side demand the transfer of Eastern Karelia. In order to secure Petrograd, the Soviet side demands from Finland half of the Karelian Isthmus and an island in the Gulf of Finland. Negotiations lasted four months, but on October 14, 1920, a peace treaty was signed. Finland as a whole remained within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
Finnish occupation of Karelia. Territories occupied at different times (dates of occupation are indicated) are highlighted in light yellow. http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/4910/45838865.15/0_d383b_5b4f97b5_orig
The Treaty of Tartu was intended to put an end to hostilities between Russia and Finland. However, peace did not come here either. The Finnish leadership viewed it as a temporary truce and did not at all plan to renounce its claims to Karelia. Finnish nationalist circles perceived the Tartu Peace as shameful and longed for revenge.
November 6, 1921 Finnish partisan detachments begin an armed uprising in Eastern Karelia, on the same day the Finnish army under the leadership of Major Paavo Talvela crosses the border. Thus, Finnish intervention in the Russian Civil War is resumed, although in the North-West the Civil War had already ceased by that time (not counting the Kronstadt uprising of 1921). The Finns counted on the weakness of the Red Army after the Civil War and a fairly easy victory.
Light yellow shows the territory occupied by the White Finns as of December 25, 1921 http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/6208/45838865.16/0_d3a46_1c2700f9_orig
December 26, 1921 Soviet units strike from Petrozavodsk, and after a week and a half they occupy Porosozero, Padany and Reboly, and on January 25, 1922 they occupy the village of Kestenga. On January 15, in Helsinki, Finnish workers hold a demonstration in protest against the “Karelian adventure” of the White Finns. On February 7, Red Army troops entered the village of Ukhta, the North Karelian state dissolved itself, and its leaders fled to Finland. By February 17, 1922, the Red Army finally drives the Finns beyond the state border, and military operations essentially stop there. On March 21, a truce was signed in Moscow.
After the spring of 1922, the Finns no longer crossed the Soviet border with weapons. However, the peace between neighboring states remained “cool”. Finland’s claims to Karelia and the Kola Peninsula not only did not disappear, but on the contrary, began to gain even greater popularity, and sometimes turn into more radical forms - some Finnish nationalist organizations sometimes promoted the ideas of creating a Greater Finland to the Polar Urals, which should also include Finno-Ugric peoples of the Urals and Volga region were included. Quite powerful propaganda was carried out in Finland, as a result of which the Finns formed an image of Russia as the eternal enemy of Finland.
Before World War II
In the 1930s The government of the USSR, observing such unfriendly political rhetoric from its northwestern neighbor, sometimes expressed concerns about the security of Leningrad, just 32 kilometers from which the Soviet-Finnish border passed (some Finnish irredentists even supported the idea of seizing the territories around Leningrad and its subsequent destruction). If Finland joined the anti-Soviet bloc, which happened in 1941, the security of Leningrad would be under serious threat.
Since 1936 the head of German military intelligence V. Canaris, his assistants - the head of the Abwehr-I department Hans Pickenbrock and the head of the Abwehr-III department Franz Eckart von Bentivegni repeatedly met in Finland and Germany with the head of Finnish intelligence Colonel Svenson and his successor Colonel Melander, during which the parties exchanged military information about the USSR (in particular, about the Leningrad Military District, the Baltic Fleet). Even before the outbreak of World War II, the exchange of information about the USSR and the armed forces of the USSR between Finland and the Third Reich was regular.
Declassified archival documents of the Finnish intelligence services confirm that in the period from 1918 to 1939 alone, 326 people were sent to the USSR on instructions from the Finnish intelligence services, many of whom acted for years, repeatedly moving across the Soviet-Finnish border line.
July 20, 1939 The Finnish government announced that it renounces all cooperation with the USSR in the event of aggression by Germany against Finland and will consider any assistance to the USSR as aggression.
Since September 19, 1939 Soviet border guards noted the strengthening of border security against the section of the Karelian border detachment (strengthening surveillance of the Finnish border guard over the territory of the USSR, supplying Finnish border posts with weapons and ammunition), the arrival in the Pitkäranta and Salmi area of up to a regiment of field troops and one scooter company of the Finnish army.
In order to prevent the rapid capture of Leningrad, the USSR government in October 1939 offered Finland an exchange of territories: Finland was proposed to cede half of the Karelian Isthmus and a number of islands in the Gulf of Finland, in exchange the Soviet Union undertakes to give Finland twice the territory in Karelia.
Negotiations begin, during which the USSR puts forward even more favorable conditions for Finland, but the Finnish side rejects all proposals, apparently already counting on getting much more together with the Nazis, the negotiations reach a dead end. It is known that during the negotiations, the German envoy to Finland Blücher, on behalf of the German government, demanded that the Finnish Foreign Minister Erkko not allow an agreement with the USSR. And due to the obvious impossibility of a peaceful resolution of the situation, on November 30, 1939, the Soviet-Finnish war began.
Despite the obvious failures of the Red Army in the first stage of the war, in early March 1940, Soviet troops reached Vyborg, and the Finnish government agreed to sign peace before the Red Army entered Helsinki. However, the peace conditions were much more difficult for Finland - the USSR no longer demanded half of the Karelian Isthmus, but all of southwestern Karelia, including Vyborg, Kexholm (Priozersk), Sortavala and Suoyarvi, as well as the eastern part of the Arctic volost of Salla, moreover, without compensation .
HISTORY OF THE KARELO-FINNISH SSR
The Finns signed peace on the terms of the Soviet Union, and as a result, 11% of the territory of Finland, including the second largest city - Vyborg, and almost half a million Finnish residents became part of the USSR, however, almost all of them moved to other regions of Finland, and a considerable part of them did this under duress from the Finnish authorities. This was the retribution of the Finnish people for essentially Nazi ideas.
Taking these features into account, the leadership of the USSR decided to create the Karelo-Finnish USSR. There were reasons for making such a decision, since a whole range of problems were being solved:
- socio-economic development of one of the regions of the Soviet state;
- creating an instrument of political pressure on a neighboring state that openly pursues an anti-Soviet policy;
- using the very fact of creating a new state entity for propaganda purposes.
And it should be noted that a number of serious problems were solved, moreover, in a very short time. The territories included in its composition were actively involved in the national economy of the new union republic, which, although they accounted for only one third of the former territory of Karelia, they produced approximately three-quarters of all industrial and agricultural products, almost 90% of electricity, and 277 enterprises were located , 178,000 hectares of well-maintained arable land (do not forget that until 1944 the republic included the Vyborg and Kexgolm (Priozersky) districts). The republic took first place in the country in cellulose production. Its population from January 1939 to the beginning of 1941 increased from 468,898 people to 696,997 people. As a result of the implementation of a set of socio-economic measures, the Karelo-Finnish Republic became the eighth largest union republic.
And we must assume that the positive development of the KFSSR would have continued, but the Great Patriotic War began and the territory of the republic became a theater of large-scale military operations.
In the summer and autumn of 1941, most of the republic was occupied by Finnish troops allied to the Germans (contrary to popular belief, the Finns crossed the old border, and how), German units also operated in the northern part of the republic. It was possible to completely liberate the KFSSR only in the summer of 1944. The republic contributed to the overall victory of the Soviet people in the war. In the first month of the war alone, the USSR Armed Forces received over 10 thousand volunteers from it, an underground movement was launched in the occupied territories, and combat partisan groups operated. In the unoccupied territories, the population of the Karelo-Finnish SSR ensured the operation of the most important communications routes, participated in the construction of the Belomorsk - Obozerskaya railway line, which connected the Kirov and Northern railways to ensure the delivery of goods from Central Russia to Murmansk and back, including those received from the allies by land -Liza.
After the war, the population of the KFSSR began to restore the national economy, however, it should be noted that the economic potential of the republic decreased significantly due to the transfer of the Vyborg, Kexgolm (Priozersky) and Yaskinsky districts to the Leningrad region in November 1944.
In the fifties, relations began to improve between Finland, led by Y.K. Paasikivi, and then Urho Kekkonenen and the USSR led by N.S. Khrushchev.
January 1, 1956 The USSR returned to Finland ahead of schedule the territory of Porkkala it had received under the peace treaty and approved Finland's neutrality. According to the plan of the Soviet leadership, the transformation of the KFSSR into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was supposed to consolidate positive trends in relations between states, show the Finns that the USSR did not have aggressive goals towards Finland, and at the same time put an end to the attempts of the Finnish side to once again raise the issue of revising borders and annexing Karelia .
Officially, the USSR Law of June 16, 1956 “On the transformation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and on the inclusion of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the RSFSR” interpreted the validity of the abolition of the KFSSR as follows:
Taking into account the wishes of the workers of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, taking into account the national composition of the population, the commonality of the economy, close economic and cultural ties of the Karelo-Finnish Republic with the RSFSR, the Supreme Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics decides:
Article 1. Satisfy the request of the Supreme Council of the Karelo-Finnish SSR to transform the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Finnish
7th in the USSR
16th in the USSR
Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic(fin. Karjalais-suomalainen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta) - a union republic within the USSR from March 31, 1940 to July 16, 1956, when the Karelo-Finnish SSR was returned to the status of an autonomous republic within the RSFSR and it was transformed into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Story
After the annexation of part of the border territories of Finland, received by the USSR under the Moscow Peace Treaty, which ended the Soviet-Finnish “winter” war (1939-1940), on March 31, 1940, the VI session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Supreme Council of the USSR of the 1st convocation) was held in Moscow.
At this session, a law was adopted on the transformation of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the RSFSR into the Union Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic and on the transfer of most of the territories transferred from Finland to the KFSSR.
The KFSSR included most of the Vyborg province (territories on the Karelian Isthmus and in the Northern Ladoga region), as well as the territory of Salla-Kuusamo (parts of the communities of Salla and Kuusamo).
In accordance with the decision of the VI session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, an extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Karelian Autonomous SSR, held on April 13-15, 1940, adopted a law on the transformation of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Karelo-Finnish SSR, on the elections of supreme authorities, and elected a constitutional commission to develop the project Constitution of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
In the summer of 1940, in the former Finnish territories transferred to the KFSSR, seven new districts were formed - Vyborgsky, Kegsholmsky, Kurkiyoksky, Pitkärantsky, Sortavalsky, Suoyarvsky and Yaskinsky districts, as well as three village councils - Alakurttinsky, Kairolsky and Kuolayarvsky, included in the Kestengsky district.
The Karelo-Finnish SSR at that time became the 13th federal republic of the USSR, in connection with which changes were made to the Constitution of the USSR.
The capital of the KFSSR remained the city of Petrozavodsk.
Post-war years (1944-1956)
In 1944, the Vyborg and Kexgolm (Priozersky) districts were transferred from the KFSSR to the RSFSR and became part of the Leningrad region.
In 1952, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was divided into 2 districts - Petrozavodsk and Segezha. However, already in 1953 the districts were abolished.
In 1953, the village of Alakurtti was transferred to the Murmansk region.
Abolition (1956)
On January 1, 1956, the USSR prematurely returned to Finland the territory of Porkkala it had received under the peace treaty, approved Finland’s neutrality and did not interfere with its accession to the UN. The transformation of the KFSSR into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was supposed to show the Finns that the USSR did not have aggressive goals towards Finland, and at the same time put an end to the attempts of the Finnish side to again raise the issue of revising borders and annexing Karelia (Karelian question).
The official basis for downgrading the status of the republic was the changes that had occurred in the national composition of its population (about 80% of the inhabitants were Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians), as well as the need to reduce the state apparatus, the cost of maintaining which in 1955 amounted to 19.6 million rubles.
After the change in the status of the republic, it was necessary to change the coat of arms of the USSR. During the existence of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, after the entry of the three Baltic republics and Moldova into the Union, the coat of arms of the USSR depicted 16 ribbons with the motto “Workers of all countries, unite.” After the abolition of the KFSSR, there were 15 ribbons; this was the last change to the Union's coat of arms before its dissolution in 1991.
One of the monuments of the Karelo-Finnish SSR is the fountain “Friendship of the Peoples of the USSR” at VDNKh in Moscow. The 16 female figures in the fountain ensemble symbolize the Union Republics of the USSR. One of them is the Karelo-Finnish SSR, which did not exist since, the rest became independent states in. On the facade of the Main Pavilion of VDNKh, among the medallions with the coats of arms of the Union republics, there is one empty one - it had the coat of arms of the KFSSR.
National composition
The Finnish and Karelian population of the western lands of Karelia annexed in 1940 (more than 400 thousand people) were evacuated in advance to the central regions of Finland and, returning in 1941-1942 during the Soviet-Finnish War, finally left Karelia in 1944, giving way mostly Russian immigrants from various places.
Territorial division
- Belomorsk district (Belomorsk)
- Vedlozero district (Vedlozero village)
- Vyborg district (Viipursky) (Vyborg (Viipuri)) - July 1940 - November 1944
- Zaonezhsky district (Shunga village)
- Kalevalsky district (Kalevaly) (Ukhta village)
- Kexgolm district (Käkisalmsky) (Keksgolm (Käkisalmi)) - July 1940 - November 1944
- Kemsky district (Kem city)
- Kestenga district (Kestenga village)
- Kondopoga district (Kondopoga city)
- Kurkiyoki district (Kurkiyoki village, Lakhdenpokhya city) - from July 1940
- Loukhi district (Loukhi village)
- Medvezhyegorsk district (Medvezhyegorsk)
- Olonetsky district (Olonets village)
- Petrovsky district (Spasskaya Guba village)
- Petrozavodsk district (Petrozavodsk) - August 1952 - April 1954
- Pitkyaranta district (Pitkyaranta city) - from July 1940
- Prionezhsky district (Ladva village)
- Pryazhinsky district (Pryazha village)
- Pudozhsky district (Pudozh village)
- Reboly district (Reboly village) - until 1948
- Rugozero district (Rugozero village)
- Segezha district (Segezha) - August 1952 - April 1954
- Segezha district (Segezha) - 1945 - August 1952; from April 1954
- Segozersky district (Padany village)
- Sortavala district (Serdobolsky) (Sortavala (Serdobol)) - from July 1940
- Suoyarvi district (Suoyarvi city) - from July 1940
- Tungudsky district (Lekhta village)
- Sheltozero district (Sheltozero village)
- Yaski district (village Yaski) - July 1940 - November 1944
Leaders of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (in 1940-1952 - CP(b) of the Karelo-Finnish SSR)- Kupriyanov, Gennady Nikolaevich (-)
- Kondakov, Alexander Andreevich ()
- Egorov, Alexander Nikolaevich (-)
- Lubennikov, Leonid Ignatievich (-)
- In 1947-1951, the 2nd secretary was Yu. V. Andropov
- Kuusinen, Otto Vilhelmovich ( -)
- Prokkonen, Pavel Stepanovich ( -)
- Virolainen, Voldemar Matveevich ( -)
- Prokkonen, Pavel Stepanovich ( -)
Main events
Main events in the history of the KFSSR:
- 31.3.1940 - the settlement of Suoyarvi received the status of a city.
- March 1940 - construction of the Petrozavodsk-Suoyarvi railway line was completed.
- 2.6.1940 - by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the KFSSR, the Karelo-Finnish State University was opened.
- 13.6.1940 - regular air service Petrozavodsk-Vyborg opened.
- 1.7.1940 - a resolution was issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the KFSSR on the formation of the White Sea-Onega Shipping Company.
- 6/7/1940 - the first issue of the literary and artistic magazine “At the Turnover” was published.
- 9.7.1940 - Pitkäranta, Suojärvi, Kurkiyok districts were formed.
- 11/21/1940 - the board of the People's Commissariat of Health of the KFSSR decided to declare the marcial spring in the village of Palace a state reserve.
- 12/22/25/1940 - the first congress of writers of the KFSSR was held.
- 15.2.1941 - the 2nd stage of the Kondopoga hydroelectric power station was put into operation.
- 22.6.1941 - The beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
- 5.7.1941 - The Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the KFSSR adopted a resolution “On the creation of militia units.”
- 10/1/1941 - after fierce fighting in the Petrozavodsk direction, units of the 7th Soviet Army left Petrozavodsk.
- 25.3.1943 - The village of Pudozh was transformed into a city.
- 21.6.1944 - 9.8.1944 - the Svir-Petrozavodsk offensive operation was carried out by troops of the Karelian Front, as a result of which most of the KFSSR was liberated:
- June 24, 1944 - Medvezhyegorsk was liberated.
- 25.6.1944 - Olonets was liberated.
- 28.6.1944 - the city of Kondopoga was liberated.
- 28.6.1944 - the capital of the KFSSR - Petrozavodsk - was liberated.
- 30.6.1944 - the village of Pryazha was liberated.
- 10.7.1944 - the city of Pitkyaranta was liberated.
- 11.7.1944 - the city of Suoyarvi was liberated.
- 23.9.1944 - the city of Sortavala was liberated.
- 9/26/1944 - the city of Lakhdenpokhya was liberated.
- 30.9.1944 - Day of the liberation of Karelia from Nazi invaders
- 10/8/1944 - A parade of partisans and underground fighters of Karelia took place in Petrozavodsk.
- 1.11.1944 - the opening of the Petrozavodsk Architectural College took place.
- 20.1.1945 - By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the KFSSR, the workers' village of Lakhdenpokhya, Kurkiyek district, was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
- 30.3.1945 - By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the KFSSR, the Segezha district was formed with its center in the city of Segezha.
- 1.7.1945 - regular air service opened between Petrozavodsk and Moscow.
- 28.8.1945 - Petrozavodsk Knitting Factory released its first products.
- 10/2/1945 - by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the KFSSR, the territory of the Kizhi Pogost was declared a state reserve.
- 14.7.1946 - Lyaskelsky paper mill was restored and began to operate.
- 7/28/1946 - the White Sea-Baltic Canal was restored and put into operation.
- 14.2.1947 - Vyartsila hardware plant was restored.
- 29.6.1947 - Kondopoga hydroelectric power station was restored.
- 1.8.1947 - Petrozavodsk shipbuilding plant was restored and production of fishing vessels began.
- 1.4.1948 - Petrozavodsk house-building plant was put into operation.
- 8/20/1952 - created as part of the Karelian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
- 15.5.1954 - a republican commission was formed to review the criminal cases of persons who suffered from political repressions of 1930-1950.
- 25.9.1954 - the first stage of the Nadvoitsky aluminum smelter was put into operation.
- 11/5/1955 - the opening of the new building of the State Music and Drama Theater of the Karelo-Finnish SSR took place.
- 9.3.1956 - the first unit of the Onda hydroelectric power station was put into operation.
- 16.7.1956 - The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Law on the transformation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and its inclusion in the RSFSR
In philately
Stamp of USSR. Karelo-Finnish SSR 1947.jpg
USSR postage stamp, 1947
Stamp of USSR 1833.jpg
USSR postage stamp, 1955
Notes
Literature
- History of Karelia from ancient times to the present day / Scientific. ed. N. A. Korablev, V. G. Makurov, Yu. A. Savvateev, M. I. Shumilov - Petrozavodsk: Periodicals, 2001. - 944 pp.: ill. ISBN 5-88170-049-X
Links
“Did you notice,” said Pierre, “that it said: “for a meeting.”
- Well, whatever it is for...
At this time, Petya, to whom no one was paying attention, approached his father and, all red, in a breaking, sometimes rough, sometimes thin voice, said:
“Well, now, daddy, I will decisively say - and mummy too, whatever you want - I will decisively say that you will let me into military service, because I can’t ... that’s all ...
The Countess raised her eyes to the sky in horror, clasped her hands and angrily turned to her husband.
- So I agreed! - she said.
But the count immediately recovered from his excitement.
“Well, well,” he said. - Here’s another warrior! Stop the nonsense: you need to study.
- This is not nonsense, daddy. Fedya Obolensky is younger than me and is also coming, and most importantly, I still can’t learn anything now that ... - Petya stopped, blushed until he sweated and said: - when the fatherland is in danger.
- Complete, complete, nonsense...
- But you yourself said that we would sacrifice everything.
“Petya, I’m telling you, shut up,” the count shouted, looking back at his wife, who, turning pale, looked with fixed eyes at her youngest son.
- And I’m telling you. So Pyotr Kirillovich will say...
“I’m telling you, it’s nonsense, the milk hasn’t dried yet, but he wants to go into military service!” Well, well, I’m telling you,” and the count, taking the papers with him, probably to read them again in the office before resting, left the room.
- Pyotr Kirillovich, well, let’s go have a smoke...
Pierre was confused and indecisive. Natasha's unusually bright and animated eyes, constantly looking at him more than affectionately, brought him into this state.
- No, I think I’ll go home...
- It’s like going home, but you wanted to spend the evening with us... And then you rarely came. And this one of mine...” the count said good-naturedly, pointing at Natasha, “she’s only cheerful when she’s with you...”
“Yes, I forgot... I definitely need to go home... Things to do...” Pierre said hastily.
“Well, goodbye,” said the count, completely leaving the room.
- Why are you leaving? Why are you upset? Why?..” Natasha asked Pierre, looking defiantly into his eyes.
“Because I love you! - he wanted to say, but he didn’t say it, he blushed until he cried and lowered his eyes.
- Because it’s better for me to visit you less often... Because... no, I just have business.
- From what? no, tell me,” Natasha began decisively and suddenly fell silent. They both looked at each other in fear and confusion. He tried to grin, but could not: his smile expressed suffering, and he silently kissed her hand and left.
Pierre decided not to visit the Rostovs with himself anymore.
Petya, after receiving a decisive refusal, went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly. They did everything as if they had not noticed anything, when he came to tea, silent and gloomy, with tear-stained eyes.
The next day the sovereign arrived. Several of the Rostov courtyards asked to go and see the Tsar. That morning Petya took a long time to get dressed, comb his hair and arrange his collars like the big ones. He frowned in front of the mirror, made gestures, shrugged his shoulders and, finally, without telling anyone, put on his cap and left the house from the back porch, trying not to be noticed. Petya decided to go straight to the place where the sovereign was and directly explain to some chamberlain (it seemed to Petya that the sovereign was always surrounded by chamberlains) that he, Count Rostov, despite his youth, wanted to serve the fatherland, that youth could not be an obstacle for devotion and that he is ready... Petya, while he was getting ready, prepared many wonderful words that he would say to the chamberlain.
Petya counted on the success of his presentation to the sovereign precisely because he was a child (Petya even thought how everyone would be surprised at his youth), and at the same time, in the design of his collars, in his hairstyle and in his sedate, slow gait, he wanted to present himself as an old man. But the further he went, the more he was amused by the people coming and going at the Kremlin, the more he forgot to observe the sedateness and slowness characteristic of adult people. Approaching the Kremlin, he already began to take care that he would not be pushed in, and resolutely, with a threatening look, put his elbows out to his sides. But at the Trinity Gate, despite all his determination, people who probably did not know for what patriotic purpose he was going to the Kremlin, pressed him so hard against the wall that he had to submit and stop until the gate with a buzzing sound under the arches the sound of carriages passing by. Near Petya stood a woman with a footman, two merchants and a retired soldier. After standing at the gate for some time, Petya, without waiting for all the carriages to pass, wanted to move on ahead of the others and began to decisively work with his elbows; but the woman standing opposite him, at whom he first pointed his elbows, angrily shouted at him:
- What, barchuk, you are pushing, you see - everyone is standing. Why climb then!
“So everyone will climb in,” said the footman and, also starting to work with his elbows, he squeezed Petya into the stinking corner of the gate.
Petya wiped the sweat that covered his face with his hands and straightened his sweat-soaked collars, which he had arranged so well at home, like the big ones.
Petya felt that he had an unpresentable appearance, and was afraid that if he presented himself like that to the chamberlains, he would not be allowed to see the sovereign. But there was no way to recover and move to another place due to the cramped conditions. One of the passing generals was an acquaintance of the Rostovs. Petya wanted to ask for his help, but thought that it would be contrary to courage. When all the carriages had passed, the crowd surged and carried Petya out to the square, which was completely occupied by people. Not only in the area, but on the slopes, on the roofs, there were people everywhere. As soon as Petya found himself in the square, he clearly heard the sounds of bells and joyful folk talk filling the entire Kremlin.
At one time the square was more spacious, but suddenly all their heads opened, everything rushed forward somewhere else. Petya was squeezed so that he could not breathe, and everyone shouted: “Hurray! Hurray! hurray! Petya stood on tiptoes, pushed, pinched, but could not see anything except the people around him.
There was one common expression of tenderness and delight on all faces. One merchant's wife, standing next to Petya, was sobbing, and tears flowed from her eyes.
- Father, angel, father! – she said, wiping away tears with her finger.
- Hooray! - they shouted from all sides. For a minute the crowd stood in one place; but then she rushed forward again.
Petya, not remembering himself, clenched his teeth and brutally rolled his eyes, rushed forward, working with his elbows and shouting “Hurray!”, as if he was ready to kill himself and everyone at that moment, but exactly the same brutal faces climbed from his sides with the same shouts of “Hurray!”
“So this is what a sovereign is! - thought Petya. “No, I can’t submit a petition to him myself, it’s too bold!” Despite this, he still desperately made his way forward, and from behind the backs of those in front he glimpsed an empty space with a passage covered with red cloth; but at that time the crowd wavered back (in front the police were pushing away those who were advancing too close to the procession; the sovereign was passing from the palace to the Assumption Cathedral), and Petya unexpectedly received such a blow to the side in the ribs and was so crushed that suddenly everything in his eyes became blurred and he lost consciousness. When he came to his senses, some kind of clergyman, with a bun of graying hair back, in a worn blue cassock, probably a sexton, held him under his arm with one hand, and with the other protected him from the pressing crowd.
- The youngster was run over! - said the sexton. - Well, so!.. easier... crushed, crushed!
The Emperor went to the Assumption Cathedral. The crowd smoothed out again, and the sexton led Petya, pale and not breathing, to the Tsar’s cannon. Several people took pity on Petya, and suddenly the whole crowd turned to him, and a stampede began around him. Those who stood closer served him, unbuttoned his frock coat, placed a gun on the dais and reproached someone - those who crushed him.
“You can crush him to death this way.” What is this! To do murder! “Look, cordial, he’s become white as a tablecloth,” said the voices.
Petya soon came to his senses, the color returned to his face, the pain went away, and for this temporary trouble he received a place on the cannon, from which he hoped to see the sovereign who was about to return. Petya no longer thought about submitting a petition. If only he could see him, he would consider himself happy!
During the service in the Assumption Cathedral - a combined prayer service on the occasion of the arrival of the sovereign and a prayer of thanks for the conclusion of peace with the Turks - the crowd spread out; Shouting sellers of kvass, gingerbread, and poppy seeds appeared, which Petya was especially fond of, and ordinary conversations were heard. One merchant's wife showed her torn shawl and said how expensive it was bought; another said that nowadays all silk fabrics have become expensive. The sexton, Petya’s savior, was talking with the official about who and who was serving with the Reverend today. The sexton repeated the word soborne several times, which Petya did not understand. Two young tradesmen joked with the courtyard girls gnawing nuts. All these conversations, especially jokes with girls, which had a special attraction for Petya at his age, all these conversations did not interest Petya now; ou sat on his gun dais, still worried at the thought of the sovereign and his love for him. The coincidence of the feeling of pain and fear when he was squeezed with a feeling of delight further strengthened in him the awareness of the importance of this moment.
Suddenly, cannon shots were heard from the embankment (they were firing to commemorate peace with the Turks), and the crowd quickly rushed to the embankment to watch them shoot. Petya also wanted to run there, but the sexton, who had taken the little bark under his protection, did not let him in. The shots still continued when officers, generals, and chamberlains ran out of the Assumption Cathedral, then others came out not so hastily, the caps were taken off their heads again, and those who had run away to look at the cannons ran back. Finally, four more men in uniforms and ribbons emerged from the cathedral doors. "Hooray! Hooray! – the crowd shouted again.
- Which? Which? - Petya asked around him in a crying voice, but no one answered him; everyone was too carried away, and Petya, choosing one of these four faces, whom he could not clearly see because of the tears that had come into his eyes with joy, concentrated all his delight on him, although it was not the sovereign, shouted “Hurray! in a frantic voice and decided that tomorrow, no matter what it cost him, he would be a military man.
The crowd ran after the sovereign, accompanied him to the palace and began to disperse. It was already late, and Petya had not eaten anything, and sweat poured from him like hail; but he did not go home and, together with a diminished, but still quite large crowd, stood in front of the palace, during the sovereign’s dinner, looking out the palace windows, expecting something else and equally envying the dignitaries who were driving up to the porch - for the sovereign’s dinner, and the chamber lackeys who served at the table and flashed through the windows.
At the sovereign’s dinner, Valuev said, looking out the window:
“The people still hope to see your Majesty.”
Lunch was already over, the sovereign got up and, finishing his biscuit, went out onto the balcony. The people, with Petya in the middle, rushed to the balcony.
-Angel, father! Hurray, father!.. - the people and Petya shouted, and again the women and some weaker men, including Petya, began to cry with happiness. A rather large piece of the biscuit, which the sovereign was holding in his hand, broke off and fell onto the railing of the balcony, from the railing to the ground. The driver standing closest to him in his undershirt rushed to this piece of biscuit and grabbed it. Some of the crowd rushed to the coachman. Noticing this, the sovereign ordered a plate of biscuits to be served and began throwing biscuits from the balcony. Petya's eyes became bloodshot, the danger of being crushed excited him even more, he threw himself on the biscuits. He didn’t know why, but he had to take one biscuit from the king’s hands, and he had to not give in. He rushed and knocked down an old woman who was catching a biscuit. But the old woman did not consider herself defeated, although she was lying on the ground (the old woman was catching the biscuits and did not get them with her hands). Petya knocked her hand away with his knee, grabbed the biscuit and, as if afraid of being late, again shouted “Hurray!”, in a hoarse voice.
The Emperor left, and after that most of the people began to disperse.
“I said that we would have to wait a little longer, and so it happened,” people said joyfully from different sides.
No matter how happy Petya was, he was still sad to go home and know that all the pleasure of that day was over. From the Kremlin, Petya did not go home, but to his comrade Obolensky, who was fifteen years old and who also joined the regiment. Returning home, he resolutely and firmly announced that if they didn’t let him in, he would run away. And the next day, although he had not yet completely given up, Count Ilya Andreich went to find out how to settle Petya somewhere safer.
On the morning of the 15th, the third day after this, countless carriages stood at the Slobodsky Palace.
The halls were full. In the first there were noblemen in uniforms, in the second there were merchants with medals, beards and blue caftans. There was a hum and movement throughout the hall of the Noble Assembly. At one large table, under the portrait of the sovereign, the most important nobles sat on chairs with high backs; but most of the nobles walked around the hall.
All the nobles, the same ones whom Pierre saw every day, either in the club or in their houses, were all in uniforms, some in Catherine’s, some in Pavlov’s, some in the new Alexander, some in the general noble, and this general character of the uniform gave something strange and fantastic to these old and young, the most diverse and familiar faces. Particularly striking were the old people, low-sighted, toothless, bald, covered in yellow fat or wrinkled and thin. For the most part, they sat in their seats and were silent, and if they walked and talked, they joined someone younger. Just like on the faces of the crowd that Petya saw in the square, on all these faces there was a striking feature of the opposite: a general expectation of something solemn and ordinary, yesterday - the Boston party, Petrushka the cook, Zinaida Dmitrievna’s health, etc.
Pierre, who had been wearing an awkward nobleman's uniform that had become too tight for him since early morning, was in the halls. He was excited: the extraordinary gathering of not only the nobility, but also the merchants - the estates, etats generaux - evoked in him a whole series of thoughts that had long been abandoned, but were deeply etched in his soul about the Contrat social [Social Contract] and the French Revolution. The words he noticed in the appeal that the sovereign would arrive in the capital to confer with his people confirmed him in this view. And he, believing that in this sense something important was approaching, something that he had been waiting for a long time, walked around, looked closely, listened to the conversation, but nowhere did he find the expression of the thoughts that occupied him.
The sovereign's manifesto was read, which caused delight, and then everyone scattered, talking. In addition to the usual interests, Pierre heard talk about where the leaders would stand when the sovereign entered, when to give a ball to the sovereign, whether to divide into districts or the entire province... etc.; but as soon as it came to the war and what the nobility was assembled for, the talk was indecisive and uncertain. Everyone was more willing to listen than to talk.
One middle-aged man, courageous, handsome, in a retired naval uniform, spoke in one of the halls, and people crowded around him. Pierre walked up to the circle that had formed around the talker and began to listen. Count Ilya Andreich in his Catherine, voivode's caftan, walking with a pleasant smile among the crowd, familiar with everyone, also approached this group and began to listen with his kind smile, as he always listened, nodding his head approvingly in agreement with the speaker. The retired sailor spoke very boldly; this was evident from the expressions of the faces listening to him, and from the fact that those known to Pierre as the most submissive and quiet people moved away from him disapprovingly or contradicted him. Pierre pushed his way into the middle of the circle, listened and became convinced that the speaker was indeed a liberal, but in a completely different sense than Pierre thought. The sailor spoke in that especially sonorous, melodious, noble baritone, with a pleasant grazing and reduction of consonants, in that voice with which one shouts: “Pipe, pipe!”, and the like. He spoke with a habit of revelry and authority in his voice.
- Well, the Smolensk people offered the militia to the gosuai. Is it a decree for us from Smolensk? If the bouard nobility of the Moscow province finds it necessary, they can show their devotion to the Emperor by other means. Have we forgotten the militia in the seventh year! The revelers and thieves have just made a profit...
Count Ilya Andreich, smiling sweetly, nodded his head approvingly.
– So, did our militias really benefit the state? No! They just ruined our farms. It’s better to have another set... otherwise neither a soldier nor a man will return to you, and only one debauchery. The nobles do not spare their belly, we ourselves will all go, take another recruit, and all of us just call the goose call (that’s how the sovereign pronounced it), we will all die for him,” the speaker added with animation.
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1. History
- 1.1 Creation (1940)
- 1.2 War years (1941-1944)
- 1.3 Post-war years (1944-1956)
- 1.4 Abolition (1956)
- 2 National composition
- 3 Territorial division
- 4
Leaders of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
- 4.1 First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (in 1940-1952 - CP(b) of the Karelo-Finnish SSR)
- 4.2 Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
- 4.3 Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (in 1940-1946 - the Council of People's Commissars of the Karelo-Finnish SSR)
- 5 In philately
- 6 Interesting Facts Notes
Introduction
Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic(fin. Karjalais-suomalainen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta listen)) - the sixteenth republic of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1956. In 1956, it became part of the RSFSR, becoming the Karelian Autonomous SSR.
1. History
On March 12, 1940, a peace treaty was signed between Finland and the USSR in Moscow, ending the Soviet-Finnish “winter” war (1939-1940). In accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty, Finland transferred part of its border territories to the USSR.
1.1. Creation (1940)
Map of the Karelo-Finnish SSR in 1940-1944
On March 31, 1940, the VI session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Supreme Council of the USSR of the 1st convocation) took place in Moscow. At this session, a law was adopted on the transfer to the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of most of the territories transferred from Finland. The KASSR included most of the Vyborg province (territories on the Karelian Isthmus and in the Northern Ladoga region), as well as the territory of Salla-Kuusamo (parts of the communities of Salla and Kuusamo). At the same time, a decision was made to transform the KASSR into the Karelo-Finnish SSR. The capital of the KFSSR remained the city of Petrozavodsk.
According to some historians, the Karelo-Finnish SSR could be the “groundwork” for the annexation of Finland to the USSR, just as the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the basis for the annexation of Bessarabia, and the presence of the BSSR and the Ukrainian SSR served as the reason for the division of Poland between Stalin and Hitler. On December 1, 1939, the government of the Finnish Democratic Republic of Communists was proclaimed on the territory of the USSR, headed by O. Kuusinen, who later headed the KFSSR.
After this, the Murmansk region became a semi-enclave of the RSFSR, not connected with the rest of its territory, and the RSFSR became part of 2 semi-enclaves - the Murmansk region and the Crimea, just as before 1938 the Murmansk district was an exclave of the Leningrad region, not connected by land with its territory.
1.2. War years (1941-1944)
During the Soviet-Finnish War of 1941-1944, a significant part of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (including territories that did not previously belong to Finland) was occupied by the Finnish army and units of the German Wehrmacht. At this time, the capital of the republic was Belomorsk, which the Finns could not take. Finnish troops were defeated in Karelia in the summer of 1944 as a result of the Vyborg-Petrozavodsk operation.
1.3. Post-war years (1944-1956)
In 1944, the Vyborg and Kexgolm (Priozersky) districts were transferred from the KFSSR to the RSFSR and became part of the Leningrad region.
In 1952, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was divided into 2 districts - Petrozavodsk and Segezha. However, already in 1953 the districts were abolished.
In 1953, the village of Alakurtti was transferred to the Murmansk region.
In 1955, the Kestengsky district was abolished.
On February 24, 1955, the village of Kuolayarvi was transferred to the Kandalaksha district of the Murmansk region.
1.4. Abolition (1956)
On July 16, 1956, the KFSSR was again demoted in status to the ASSR and returned to the RSFSR. At the same time, the word “Finnish” (Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) was removed from its name.
During the existence of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, after the Baltic republics and Moldova joined the Union, the coat of arms of the USSR depicted 16 ribbons with the motto “Workers of all countries, unite.” After the abolition of the KFSSR in 1956, there were 15 ribbons; this was the last change to the coat of arms of the Union before its collapse.
One of the monuments of the Karelo-Finnish SSR is the “Friendship of Peoples” fountain at VDNKh in Moscow. The 16 female figures in the fountain ensemble symbolize the Union Republics of the USSR. One of them is the Karelo-Finnish SSR, which has not existed since 1956, the rest became independent states in 1991. Also on the facade of the Main Pavilion of VDNKh, among the medallions with the coats of arms of the union republics, there is one empty one - it had the coat of arms of the KFSSR.
2. National composition
Singer Lyusya Tepponen, kantele players Toivo Vainonen and Maxim Gavrilov represent the KFSSR at the II World Festival of Youth and Students in Budapest (1949)
The “titular” Karelian and Finnish population, unlike other Soviet republics, constituted a national minority throughout the existence of the republic. In 1939, even before the Soviet-Finnish War and the annexation of the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga region, the share of the Finno-Ugric population (Karelians, Finns and Vepsians) in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was 27%, and according to the 1959 census, conducted after the abolition of the republic, it decreased up to 18.3%.
The Finnish and Karelian population of the western lands of Karelia annexed in 1940 (more than 400 thousand people) were evacuated in advance to the central regions of Finland and, returning in 1941-42 during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1941-1944, finally left Karelia in 1944, losing place mainly for Russian immigrants from various places.
3. Territorial division
- Belomorsk district (Belomorsk)
- Vedlozero district (Vedlozero village)
- Vyborg district (Viipursky) (Vyborg (Viipuri)) - July 1940-November 1944
- Zaonezhsky district (Shunga village)
- Kalevalsky district (Kalevaly) (Ukhta village)
- Kexgolm district (Käkisalmsky) (Keksgolm (Käkisalmi)) - July 1940-November 1944
- Kemsky district (Kem city)
- Kestenga district (Kestenga village)
- Kondopoga district (Kondopoga city)
- Kurkiyoki district (Kurkiyoki village, Lakhdenpokhya city) - from July 1940
- Loukhi district (Loukhi village)
- Medvezhyegorsk district (Medvezhyegorsk)
- Olonetsky district (Olonets village)
- Petrovsky district (Spasskaya Guba village)
- Petrozavodsk district (Petrozavodsk) - August 1952-April 1954
- Pitkyaranta district (Pitkyaranta city) - from July 1940
- Prionezhsky district (Ladva village)
- Pryazhinsky district (Pryazha village)
- Pudozhsky district (Pudozh village)
- Reboly district (Reboly village) - until 1948
- Rugozero district (Rugozero village)
- Segezha district (Segezha) - August 1952-April 1954
- Segezha district (Segezha) - 1945-August 1952; from April 1954
- Segozersky district (Padany village)
- Sortavala district (Serdobolsky) (Sortavala (Serdobol)) - from July 1940
- Suoyarvi district (Suoyarvi city) - from July 1940
- Tungudsky district (Lekhta village)
- Sheltozero district (Sheltozero village)
- Yaski district (village Yaski) - July 1940-November 1944
4. Leaders of the Karelo-Finnish SSR
4.1. First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (in 1940-1952 - CP(b) of the Karelo-Finnish SSR)
- Kupriyanov, Gennady Nikolaevich (1940-1950)
- Kondakov, Alexander Andreevich (1950)
- Egorov, Alexander Nikolaevich (1950-1955)
- Lubennikov, Leonid Ignatievich (1955-1956)
- Kuusinen, Otto Wilhelmovich (1940-1956)
4.3. Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Karelo-Finnish SSR (in 1940-1946 - the Council of People's Commissars of the Karelo-Finnish SSR)
- Prokkonen, Pavel Stepanovich (1940-1947)
- Virolainen, Voldemar Matveevich (1947-1950)
- Prokkonen, Pavel Stepanovich (1950-1956)
5. In philately
6. Interesting facts
After the reform of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the following anecdote appeared:
Why was the Karelo-Finnish Republic abolished?
- Because during the population census they found only two Finns there: the financial inspector and Finkelstein
Notes
- Ronald Arthur Helin Economic-geographical reorientation in Finnish western Karelia: the result of the demarcation of the Finnish-Soviet border in 1940 and 1944. - books.google.com.au/books?id=gy4rAAAAYAAJ = Economic-geographic Reorientation in Western Finnish Karelia: A Result of the Finno-Soviet Boundary Demarcations of 1940 and 1944. - National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1961. - P. 101.
- Rein Taagepera Finno-Ugric Republics and Russia - books.google.com.au/books?id=m-bF5dKgML4C = The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. - C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999. - P. 109. - ISBN 1850652937
- The Soviet Union and the struggle for the Scandinavian bridgehead - militera.lib.ru/research/meltyukhov/04.html
- Alakurtti. Story. - www.russia.alakurtti.ru/history.php
- Tourist portal of the Murmansk region:: Cities and areas:: Kuoloyarvi / village - murmantourism.ru/kolskiy_kray/goroda_i_rayony_/kuoloyarvi__poselok/
- 1939 census data for the KASSR - www.soros.karelia.ru/projects/1998/atlas/1939/1939.htm
- 1959 census data for the KASSR - www.soros.karelia.ru/projects/1998/atlas/1959/1959.htm
- The name of the batch is given according to Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, T. 20, P. 179
- Finno-Ugric humor - finugor.ru/node/14884