Dear Colleagues!
I am a mathematics teacher, but I really love history, in particular the history of Russia, as well as the history of mathematics.
During the subject week, which in our school takes place in the last week of January, we mathematics teachers conduct a historical and mathematical quiz.
I present to you a number of questions from this quiz. The proposed list of questions, of course, does not pretend to be complete and complete. Based on these questions, anyone can create many others if they have the appropriate literature.
№ question
Question
Answer
Name a Russian poetXIXV., author of the manuscript “Pleasure Arithmetic”
V.G. Benediktov (1807 – 1873)
What a great Russian mathematicianXIXV. was he a poet?
V.Ya. Bunyakovsky (1804 – 1889)
Which famous Russian writer graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the University?
A.S. Griboedov, having entered Moscow University, completed a course in three faculties in six and a half years: literature, law and physics and mathematics.
Which English mathematician wrote non-mathematical children's books?
Oxford University mathematics professor Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832 – 1898) published a number of children's books under the name Lewis Carroll. In Russian, “Alice in Wonderland” and “Alice Through the Looking Glass” were repeatedly published.
Which outstanding mathematician doesn't really exist and never existed?
OnIIIAt the All-Union Congress of Mathematicians in Moscow, the French mathematician Denjoy was asked the question: “Who is the leading mathematician in France?” “Nicolas Bourbaki,” the scientist answered. Who is N. Bourbaki? This is the pseudonym of a team of French mathematicians (Andre Weil, Diedonne, Chevalier, Cartan and a dozen others).
What science, closely related to mathematics, received its name more than a hundred years before its birth?
The French mathematician and physicist A. Ampere (1775 - 1836) tried to classify the sciences. At the same time, he introduced a number of sciences that did not exist in his time, in particular, he introduced cybernetics - the science of management. Only 115 years after the appearance of this classification, cybernetics truly emerged as a science.
Which great Russian mathematician did not receive a diploma, although he successfully passed it twice? final exams in the University?
M.V. Ostrogradsky (1801 - 1861), because he did not agree to listen to theology lectures.
How many people are there in the dynasty of mathematicians of the Bernoulli family?
Nine
J. Sylvester (1814 - 1897) - the famous English mathematician used to give expressive nicknames to the scientists he valued. Whom he called the “Winner of the number π”, “Winner prime numbers", "Copernicus of geometry"?
1) F. Lindeman (1852 - 1939);
2) P.L. Chebyshev (1821 – 1894);
3) N.I. Lobachevsky (1792 - 1856).
Which ancient mathematician was nicknamed "Beta"?
Friends gave this nickname to Eratosthenes of Cyrene (about 275 - 195). Literally this would mean “number two,” since Eratosthenes, although he was talented mathematician and astronomer, but could not compare with his brilliant contemporary - Archimedes.
Which mathematician was nicknamed "Epsilon"?
This nickname was given in Alexandria to Apollonius of Perga (IIIcentury BC) for the fact that he created the theory of the movement of the Moon, and the lunar crescent resembles the letter epsilon.
What is the real name of the Italian mathematician Nicolo Tartaglia?
Real name N. Tartaglia (1500 – 1557) –NicoloFontana
Who and how first discovered mathematical theory music?
Pythagoras
You see a picture of N.P. Bogdanov-Belsky “Oral calculation”. Who is the teacher depicted on it? What do you know about him?
The painting by Bogdanov-Belsky (who himself was a former student of Rachinsky) depicts a lesson in oral problem solving at a school in the village of Tatevo (formerly Smolensk province), which was founded and taught by prof. Sergei Alexandrovich Rachinsky (1833 – 1902) in the 70sXIX V.
On , depicted in the painting “Oral Calculus”, there is an example written that students need to solve:
What is the result of the calculation?
The result of the calculation is 2.
On the building of which academy there was an inscription: “Those who do not know geometry do not enter here”?
The ancient Greek idealist philosopher Plato (427 – 347) rightly believed that everyone who wants to engage in philosophy should know mathematics. It is said that at the entrance to his academy he made the above-mentioned inscription.
Whose words: “And then mathematics should be taught, because it puts the mind in order”?
These words belong to M.V. Lomonosov.
It is known that S.V. Kovalevskaya was a wonderful fiction writer. Name the novels, stories, poems written by her.
For example, “Childhood Memories”, “Nihilist”, drama “The Struggle for Happiness”, etc.
One artist, interested in the biography of S.V. Kovalevskaya, decided to paint a picture depicting Weierstrass studying with S.V. Kovalevskaya and the writer complex formulas on a black board. “This could not have happened,” noted the mathematician, to whom the artist told about the planned painting. "Why?" - the artist was surprised. Would you please resolve the artist's bewilderment?
Weierstrass suffered from severe dizziness and therefore could not work in front of the black board: it seemed to him like an abyss into which he could fall.
Which female mathematician was the daughter of the famous English poet?
Daughter famous poet Byron, Ada Byron, married Countess Loveless (1815 - 1852) published a series mathematical works under the initialsA. L. L.
One of the currently common flowers is named after which female mathematician?
The hydrangea flower, which she brought from India, is named after the famous French computerist Hortense Lecote (1723 – 1788).
Which curve is named after a female mathematician?
The curved line is the “Agnesi curl”. The name comes from own name Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718 - 1799), Italian. She held the chair of mathematics in Bologna.
Which famous French mathematician participated in Napoleonic campaign to Russia in 1812 and was captured by the Russians?
In the battle of Krasny (formerly Smolensk province) in 1812, lieutenant of the sapper battalion Jean Victor Poncelet (1788 - 1867) was captured. Poncelet wrote the first work that formed the basis of projective geometry in Saratov.
Which brilliant mathematician was killed in a duel?
Evariste Galois (1811 – 1832)
What prominent mathematician died in St. Bartholomew's Night(1572)?
Pierre Ramus (born 1515)
What numbers are called Babylonian?
Integers, satisfying the equation
x 2 + y 2 = 2 y 2 , are called Babylonian. For example, 1, 5, 7; 7, 13, 17, etc.
What number is called the Ludolf number?
This is the number π calculated with 34 decimal places. The name comes from the name of the Dutch mathematician Ludolf van Zeijlen (1569 – 1610), who was the first to calculate π with such accuracy.
Which European city has the streets of Pythagoras, Archimedes, Newton and Copernicus?
These streets are located in the eastern part of Amsterdam.
Did they use Cartesian coordinates in ancient times?
Yes. For example, Apollonius of Perga (IIIV. BC e.) in his research on conic sections used Cartesian coordinates, choosing the position of the axes in a special way.
Who discovered Heron's formula?
In Arabiclegend ( Al - Biruni) formulaS = √ p( p - a )( p - b )( p - c ) discovered by Archimedes.
Who discovered the theorem on the sum of the angles of a triangle?
Many books indicate Pythagoras
Who first discovered the secant and tangent theorem?
Archytas of Tarentum (430 – 365 BC)
Who discovered the three perpendicular theorem?
Louis Bertrand (1731 - 1812)
When did Euclid's Elements first appear in Russian translation?
In 1739, under the title “Euclidean elements in eight books, through professor of mathematics Andrei Farvarson, abbreviated. From Latin to Russian language proposed by surgeon Ivan Satarov.” True, back in 1625 a book on geometry was translated from an English manuscript, apparently representing a reworking of the Elements.
What is the meaning of the symbol ːː in mathematics?
The English mathematician Oughtred (1574 – 1660) expressed the equality
a : b = c : d recordinga, bːː c, d. The use of the sign ːː in proportion remained untilXIXV.
Literature, used when composing quiz questions:
1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow. " Soviet encyclopedia", 1970.
2. Encyclopedia for children. "Avanta + " Volume 11 "Mathematics". Moscow. "Avanta + ", 2004.
3. Mathematical encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow. Scientific publishing house"Big Russian encyclopedia", 1995.
4. I.Ya Depman, N.Ya. Vilenkin. Behind the pages of a mathematics textbook. Moscow. "Enlightenment", 1989.
5. G.I. Glaser. History of mathematics in school,VII – VIIIclasses. Moscow. "Enlightenment", 1982.
6. G.I. Glaser. History of mathematics in school,IX – Xclasses. Moscow. "Enlightenment", 1983.
7. S.V. Kovalevskaya. Memories. Stories. Moscow. Pravda Publishing House, 1986.
8. Oral check. IN public school S. A. Rachinsky - Wikipedia
9. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron in 82 volumes. and 4 additional vol. - M.: Terra, 2001.
Explanations:
1. To question No. 15.
The terms written on the board have an interesting property:
Conclusion
The surname Bernoulli occurs very often, but until some time I did not know that it belongs to a number of scientific relatives. I think many have not even heard this name or do not realize that Bernoulli were the people who are said to have devoted themselves entirely to science.
What is noteworthy is not that this family did a number of significant discoveries V different areas science, but the fact that they, with the exception of only some family members, were somehow connected with science, in particular with mathematics. You cannot compare the “smart” representatives of this family with other great scientists, but they, perhaps, were the most brilliant scientists of their time. Many of their discoveries even now seem to us unrealistic, unprovable, but also, like everything ingenious, simple.
List of used literature
Bell E. T. Creators of mathematics: a manual for teachers / Bell E. T. - M.: Education, 1979. – 255 p.
Bernoulli D. Hydrodynamics or notes on the forces and movements of liquids / D. Bernoulli. -M. : USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959. - 552 p.
Nikiforovsky V. A. Great mathematicians of Bernoulli / V. A. Nikiforovsky. - M.: Nauka, 1984. – 177 p.
Tseyten G. G. History of mathematics in the XVI and XVII centuries/ G. G. Zeiten. - M. - L.: ONTI, 1938. - 470 p.
While the majority Western European countries were busy with internal feudal strife And external wars, The Netherlands has already come a long way capitalist development. Foreigners were amazed in the Netherlands by the flourishing state of the cities, the absence of feudal forms of relations between different segments of the population, high level life, the flourishing of science and culture. This relatively small country gave the treasury the lion's share income. The annual tax collection, for example, reached two million florins, while all of Spain contributed one million. Charles V called the Netherlands the jewel of his crown.
Protestantism appeared in the Netherlands shortly after famous performance Luther 1517, directed against the sale of indulgences. The struggle against the Spanish yoke was intertwined with the struggle for religious freedom. People's movement took on a religious overtones and spread wider and wider throughout the country.
In 1550, Charles V issued a decree against heretics, which outlawed virtually all Protestants and declared unlimited terror throughout the Netherlands.
The end of elementary legality has come. With boundless cynicism, entire families, and even clans, were destroyed without trial. Along with the executions of wealthy citizens, their property was torn away, money and valuables were confiscated. Emigration began. It reached such proportions that many towns became depopulated, and in cities the population decreased noticeably.
The Protestant merchant family of Bernoulli lived in Antwerp. She traced her family back to Flanders, where Bernoulli lived, in the 15th century. those who still bore the surname Bernuilla did not avoid military affairs. The family stuck to their homes as long as they could count on everything working out somehow. Hopes tied to success liberation movement: Despite the atrocities of Alba, the northern provinces of the Netherlands, united around William of Orange, forced Philip to recognize their right to self-determination. According to the treaty of 1579, the seven northern provinces that formed the core of the future Holland were freed from Spanish rule. However, the rest provinces-and-city Antwerp, including, remained under the Spanish crown.
Thus all hopes were dashed. Under threat of physical destruction they had to leave hometown. Most of the emigrants were sent to the Rhine provinces of Germany, because during the lifetime of Charles V Germany achieved freedom of religion ( Peace of Augsburg 1555). It seemed that the unrest there had subsided and it would be possible to take a break from decades of terror. The Bernoulli family decides to go to Frankfurt am Main. The Reformation in this city took place back in 1533, the dominant religion is Protestant. The choice seems good. In 1582 the family sets off. It was not easy to break away from my native place. The head of the family, Jacob Bernoulli, died in Frankfurt the following year.
The emigrants' hopes that they would be able to settle in a new place did not come true: even in Germany, the enmity between Catholics and Protestants did not fade away. WITH early XVII V. the atmosphere continually thickened; began in 1618 Thirty Years' War, which brought with it unheard of disasters and disruption of economic ties. It was decided to look for a quiet refuge. The choice settled on Switzerland, namely Basel. The situation in Switzerland seemed relatively calm: the reformation took hold there in the 20s XVI century, religious unrest subsided over the past hundred years. In 1622, another Jacob, grandson of the first Jacob, moved to Basel and took citizenship of the Basel Republic. This time the emigration ends successfully. Jacob's son Nikolai is already a prominent person in the city, a respected merchant, the head of a family of eleven children. Among his children are those with whom the dynasty of outstanding mathematicians begins.
It is difficult to say what caused Bernoulli to move specifically to Basel. The only thing that can be said with complete confidence is that the presence of a university in the city did not play any role in the choice: the Bernoulli family, from generation to generation, tried to distract their youth from science and turn their talents to commercial activities or the Bar. Fortunately, young people chose their own paths, not really taking into account the wishes of their elders.
Among Bernoulli, some names are repeated from generation to generation, so they are distinguished like kings by adding the corresponding number to the name. Here is Bernoulli's pedigree:
Jacob (1598-1634). Native of Frankfurt am Maino. In 1622 he moved to permanent residence to Basel.
Nicholas (1623-1708). Jacob's son. Native of Basel. Trader of pharmaceutical goods and medicinal herbs. Member Great Council Basel and member of the court. Had 11 children.
Jacob I (1654-1705). Nikolai's son. A theologian by training. Since 1687, professor of mathematics at the University of Basel. Jacob I's students were: his younger brother Johann I, nephew Nicholas I, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, mechanic and mathematician J. Hermann, father of the great L. Euler - Paul Euler.
Nicholas (1662-1716). Brother of Jacob I. Painter. Member of the court.
Johann I (1667-1748). Brother of Jacob I. Tenth child in Nicholas's family. A doctor by training. Since 1695, professor of mathematics at the University of Groningen (Holland). Since 1705, professor of mathematics at the University of Basel. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Jerome (1669-1760). Brother of Johann I. Merchant of pharmaceutical goods.
Nikolai. The only son of Jacob I, who also had a daughter. Contrary to his father's wishes, he avoided scientific career and became a painter. According to contemporaries, very mediocre.
Nicholas I (1687-1759). Nikolai's son. A lawyer by training. Professor of mathematics in Padua, professor of logic and law in Basel.
Nicholas II (1695-1726), son of Johann I. A lawyer by training. Professor of Law in Bern, Professor of Mathematics in St. Petersburg.
Daniel I (1700-1782). Native of Groningen. Son of Johann I. A doctor by training. In 1725-1733 worked at the departments of physiology and mechanics at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1733, professor in the department of physiology, since 1750, professor in the department of mechanics in Basel. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Johann II (1710-1790), Son of Johann I. Lawyer by training. Professor of eloquence (eloquence), professor of mathematics in Basel.
Johann III (1744-1807). Eldest son of Johann II. A lawyer by training. Astronomer at the Berlin Academy of Sciences, director of the mathematics class there.
Daniel II (1751-1834). Second son of Johann II. A doctor by training, professor of eloquence in Basel.
Jacob II (1759-1789). Third son of Johann II. A lawyer by training. Mathematician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Drowned in the Neva.
Christophe (1782-1863). Son of Daniel II. Professor of Technology in Basel.
Johann Gustav (1811-1863). Son of Christophe. Professor of Technology in Basel.
Representatives of the Bernoulli family still live in Basel.
Jacob (1598-1634)
Nicholas (1623-1708)
Jacob I (1654-1705) Jerome (1669-1760)
Nicholas (1662-1716) Johann I (1667-1748)
Nicholas I (1687-1759)
Nicholas II (1695-1726) Daniil I (1700-1782)
Johann II (1710-1790)
Jacob II (1759-1789) Johann III (1744-1807) Daniel II (1751-1834)
Christophe(1782-1863)
Johann Gustav(1811-1863)
Jacob I. Born on December 27, 1654. At the request of his father, he was preparing for the rank of Protestant priest. He graduated from the University of Basel, where he studied philosophy, theology and languages. Fluent in German, French, English, Italian, Latin and Greek languages. Feeling an irresistible attraction to mathematics, he studied it secretly from his father. In 1671 he received a master's degree in philosophy. With great success I preached sermons in German and French. At the same time, he continued to expand his knowledge of mathematics without a teacher, almost without textbooks.
In October 1686, the position of professor of mathematics at the University of Basel became vacant. Jacob's achievements in mathematics are well known, and the University Senate unanimously nominated Jacob Bernoulli to fill the vacant position. The assumption of office took place on February 15, 1687. It is unlikely that those present at this modest act imagined that they were witnessing the beginning of an event unprecedented in the history of mathematics: from now on, the department would be occupied by Bernoulli for a hundred years. Members of this family will be professors at their native university for a quarter of a millennium, until the second half of the 20th century.
The father of the future great Swiss physicists Jacob (1654–1705) and Johann (1667–1748) Bernoulli first forced them to study theology. However, the older brother was only interested in the exact sciences, and the younger brother, as he grew up, followed him in order to compose unique lectures on differential and integral calculus; thanks to his research, comprehensive use will begin to develop mathematical analysis.
The boys hid books on physics under theological ones, and, left without adults, eagerly engaged in experiments on mechanics, electricity and magnets. Their idol was the philosopher and physicist Gottfried Leibniz, whose research on the isochronic curve formed the basis for some of the achievements of Jacob Bernoulli. He was only twenty-seven when he founded a seminary in Basel to study experimental physics; At the age of 32 he received the title of professor.
In 1687, Jacob headed the department of mathematics at the University of Basel. But the brilliant scientist did not have time to do everything he had planned: in 1705 he died from a severe form of fever. His university post passed to 38-year-old Johann, no less famous.
Voltaire wrote about Johann Bernoulli:
His mind saw the truth
His heart knew justice.
He is the pride of Switzerland
And all of humanity.
Johann's sons grew up: Nicholas (1695-1726), Daniel (1700-1782) and Johann (1710-1790). The most striking talent seemed to be the eldest, Nikolai, who at the age of eight already spoke four languages, but Daniel was also drawn to science. Unexpectedly for everyone, Johann Bernoulli demanded that Daniel study not mathematics, but commerce, and sent 
l him to Neuchâtel for training. Perhaps this was dictated by the financial situation of the family.
But a few months later, Daniel returned to Basel and, abandoning his career as a clerk, began studying philosophy and medicine; brother Nikolai helped him master mathematics. Daniel studied in Basel, then in Heidelberg and Strasbourg. In 1720, he returned to Switzerland, passed the medical exam, and wrote a dissertation on breathing that interested the scientific world, where he reflected on his attempts to solve physiological issues mathematically(now - mathematical biology and bioinformatics). Continuing to study practical medicine, Daniel published the first treatise on mathematics in 1724: “Exercitationes quaedam mathematicae,” which brought him quick and honorable fame. He also discovered the Bernoulli Effect, explaining the phenomenon that allows birds and airplanes to fly.
The elder brother, Nikolai, with whom they were very friendly, received a Doctor of Philosophy degree at the age of 16, and a Doctor of Law at the age of 20. He worked in Italy, but, missing Daniel, he returned to his hometown, where he was a university professor; He also taught in Bern.
Young scientists were invited to many European universities. The achievements of Daniel and Nikolai Bernoulli were also interested in St. Petersburg, at the newly opened Academy of Sciences, where the brothers were invited on the very flattering recommendation of the great Leibniz and Wolf. 
At the end of October 1725, Daniil and Nikolai arrived in the capital of Russia; they settled on Vasilyevsky Island. Daniil headed the department of physiology, Nikolai taught at the department of mathematics; both published their work in Academy collections.
Alas, Nikolai Bernoulli did not even have time to work in Russia for a year: on July 26, 1726, he died from inflammation of a stomach ulcer, provoked by traditional drinking bouts at the Academy. In the “Memoirs” of Nikolai and Daniel Bernoulli’s nephew, Jean Bernoulli, these “...academic drinking bouts, from which... the life of the uncle of academician Nikolai Bernoulli and his other comrades were shortened... It was not possible to find his uncle’s grave” (“Russian Archive” 1902 Book 1. Issue 1. P. 12). Peter's widow, Empress Catherine I, organized the funeral at the expense of the treasury, realizing the loss she had suffered Russian science in the person of a brilliant young scientist.
During all the years of his life in the Russian capital, Daniil Bernoulli was engaged, in addition to physiology and mathematics, also in medical practice. Legends about his tirelessness and healing miracles were actively spread by residents of the capital. After lectures at the Academy, the doctor visited patients or saw them at home. He restored crippled limbs that had to be amputated, treated stomach and heart problems. 
diseases, colds, saved more than one woman in labor from puerperal fever.
In the summer of 1730, Daniil Bernoulli moved to the department of mathematics at the Academy, but three years later he left Russia, missing his homeland. He was enthusiastically received by the scientists of Paris, and by Christmas he returned to his native Basel, becoming a professor of anatomy, botany, then philosophy and physics. He continued Scientific research, published many works on mathematics and hydrodynamics, and was an honorary member of the Berlin, Paris, London and St. Petersburg academies. And in Switzerland he was called the “Russian doctor” for a long time.
The great-nephew of the Bernoulli brothers, Jacques (Jacob), who lived in 1759–1789, was also born in Basel, and in his youth he studied in Neuchâtel. He improved himself in jurisprudence, but his hobbies were reflected by a hereditary craving for exact sciences. When his uncle Daniel grew old, 21-year-old Jacob was invited to take over his post as chairman of the Society of Experimental Physics.
Following in the footsteps of his uncles, Jacob Bernoulli Jr. also came as a professor of mathematics at Petersburg Academy Sciences (in 1788), but his life here was tragically cut short: he drowned in the Neva, leaving his young wife as a widow, who was the granddaughter of a long-term family friend, the famous scientist Leonhard Euler.
The last of Bernoulli's mathematicians, the astronomer Ivan, or Jean, lived in 1744-1807 and also worked in St. Petersburg. In the summer of 1777, he wrote: “...Arrived at the “royal residence.” I immediately found on Vasilyevsky Island Euler's house. With what tenderness I was received by his entire family and especially by the great man himself...” (“Russian Archives” 1902. Book 1. Issue 1. P. 7. We remind you that Euler Leonard (1707-1783) - Swiss and Russian mathematician, student of Daniel Bernoulli).
In his memoirs, Jean Bernoulli left colorful notes about the capital and its suburbs, about meetings with the Empress, Prince Potemkin, Grigory Orlov, Ivan Shuvalov and others. He visited libraries, the French opera in Winter Palace; visited the Land Noble Naval Corps, and, out of curiosity, even tried to get into Smolny Institute noble maidens, but a stern, classy lady blocked his entrance. Jean replaced the unfulfilled adventure with a description of the celebration in Peterhof, published in the magazine “Russian Archives”, 1902, book 1, issue 1).
Representatives of this amazing family left a mark not only on earth (her name is various organizations, from the Interfaculty Center of Lausanne polytechnic school http://bernoulli.epfl.ch/new/index.php to a mathematical circle in Krasnodar, far from Switzerland), but also in the sky - a crater on the Moon is named in honor of Jacob and Johann Bernoulli.