The essence of the Civil War and its “culprits”
Leaders of political parties began a discussion on this issue. The Bolsheviks believed that the Civil War, a more acute form of class struggle, was imposed on workers and peasants by former exploiters who were trying to restore the monarchy. Opponents of the Bolsheviks argued that the Bolsheviks were the first to use violence and the opposition was forced to take part in the Civil War.
From a universal human point of view, the Civil War is a historical drama, a tragedy of the people. It brought suffering, sacrifices, destruction of the economy and culture. The culprits were both “red” and “white”. History justifies only those who made compromises without wanting to shed blood. This compromise position was occupied by the so-called “third force” - the parties of the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, and anarchists.
The civil war, due to its vast expanse, resulted in different forms: military operations of the fronts of regular armies, armed clashes of individual detachments, mutinies and uprisings behind enemy lines, partisan movement, banditry, terror, etc.
"White" movement
Heterogeneous in composition: Russian officers, the old bureaucracy, monarchist parties and groups, liberal cadet parties, Octobrists, a number of left-wing political movements that fluctuated between “whites” and “reds,” workers and peasants dissatisfied with surplus appropriation, the establishment of a dictatorship and the suppression of democracy .
The program of the white movement: the restoration of a united and indivisible Russia, the convening of a national assembly on the basis of universal suffrage, civil liberties, land reform, progressive land legislation.
However, in practice, the solution to many issues caused discontent among the overwhelming majority of the population: agrarian question- decided in favor of the landowner, canceling the Decree on Land. The peasantry wavered between two evils - surplus appropriation carried out by the Bolsheviks, and the actual restoration of landownership; national question- the slogan of a single indivisible Russia was associated among the national bourgeoisie with the bureaucratic oppression of the monarchical center. He clearly conceded to the Bolshevik idea of the right of nations to self-determination, even to the point of secession; work question~ trade unions and socialist parties were banned.
"Red" movement
The basis was the dictatorship of the Bolshevik Party, which relied on the most lumpen layers of the working class and the poorest peasantry. The Bolsheviks managed to create a strong Red Army, which in 1921 numbered 5.5 million people, of which 70 thousand were workers, more than 4 million peasants and 300 thousand members of the Bolshevik Party.
The Bolshevik leadership pursued sophisticated political tactics of attracting bourgeois specialists. Former officers and alliances with the middle peasants were attracted, relying on the poor peasants. However, for the Bolsheviks themselves it was not clear which of the peasants should be classified as the middle peasant, who as the poor peasant and the kulak - all this was a political situation.
Two dictatorships and petty-bourgeois democracy
The civil war resulted in a struggle between two dictatorships - “white” and “red”, between which, as between a rock and a hard place, petty-bourgeois democracy found itself. Petty-bourgeois democracy could not stand anywhere (in Siberia - the Committee of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) was overthrown by A.V. Kolchak; in the south - the Directory, liquidated by A.I. Denikin, did not last long; in the north - the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik government of N.V. Tchaikovsky was overthrown by Soviet power).
Results and lessons of the Civil War
* the country lost more than 8 million people as a result of the Red and White Terror, famine and disease; about 2 million people emigrated, and this is the political, financial, industrial, scientific and artistic elite of pre-revolutionary Russia;
the war undermined the country's genetic fund and became a tragedy for the Russian intelligentsia, which was looking for truth and truth in the revolution, but found terror;
economic damage amounted to 50 billion gold rubles. Industrial production in 1920 compared to 1913 decreased by 7 times, agricultural production by 38%;
The task of political parties is to seek a peaceful path of transformation and preserve civil peace.
Reasons for the Bolshevik victory
o thanks to the policy of “war communism” they were able to mobilize resources and create a strong army;
o the “white” movement made a number of mistakes: they canceled the Bolshevik Decree on Land; the Bolsheviks pursued more flexible tactics of negotiations and temporary alliances with anarchists, socialists (Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks); on the national question, the white movement put forward the slogan “Russia is united and indivisible,” and the Bolsheviks were more flexible - “the right of nations to self-determination, even to the point of secession”;
o created a powerful propaganda network (political literacy courses, propaganda trains, posters, films, leaflets);
o proclaimed patriotism - the defense of the socialist Fatherland from the White Guards as proteges of interventionists and foreign states;
o career prospects for growth opened up for workers and peasants: promoted workers and peasants who joined the party occupy administrative positions in the city and countryside.
In the civil war, a variety of forces opposed the Bolsheviks. These were Cossacks, nationalists, democrats, monarchists. All of them, despite their differences, served the White cause. Having been defeated, the leaders of the anti-Soviet forces either died or were able to emigrate.
Alexander Kolchak
Although the resistance to the Bolsheviks never became fully united, it was Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (1874-1920) that is considered by many historians to be the main figure of the White movement. He was a professional military man and served in the navy. In peacetime, Kolchak became famous as a polar explorer and oceanographer.
Like other career military men, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak gained a wealth of experience during the Japanese campaign and the First World War. With the coming to power of the Provisional Government, he emigrated to the United States for a short time. When news of the Bolshevik coup came from his homeland, Kolchak returned to Russia.
The admiral arrived in Siberian Omsk, where the Socialist Revolutionary government made him minister of war. In 1918, officers carried out a coup, and Kolchak was named Supreme Ruler of Russia. Other leaders of the White movement at that time did not have as large forces as Alexander Vasilyevich (he had an army of 150,000 at his disposal).
In the territory under his control, Kolchak restored the legislation of the Russian Empire. Moving from Siberia to the west, the army of the Supreme Ruler of Russia advanced to the Volga region. At the peak of their success, White was already approaching Kazan. Kolchak tried to attract as many Bolshevik forces as possible in order to clear Denikin’s road to Moscow.
In the second half of 1919, the Red Army launched a massive offensive. The Whites retreated further and further into Siberia. Foreign allies (Czechoslovak Corps) handed over Kolchak, who was traveling east on the train, to the Socialist Revolutionaries. The admiral was shot in Irkutsk in February 1920.
Anton Denikin
If in the east of Russia Kolchak was at the head of the White Army, then in the south the key military leader for a long time was Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947). Born in Poland, he went to study in the capital and became a staff officer.
Then Denikin served on the border with Austria. He spent the First World War in Brusilov's army, took part in the famous breakthrough and operation in Galicia. The Provisional Government briefly made Anton Ivanovich commander of the Southwestern Front. Denikin supported Kornilov's rebellion. After the failure of the coup, the lieutenant general was in prison for some time (Bykhovsky prison).
Having been released in November 1917, Denikin began to support the White Cause. Together with generals Kornilov and Alekseev, he created (and then single-handedly led) the Volunteer Army, which became the backbone of the resistance to the Bolsheviks in southern Russia. It was Denikin that the Entente countries relied on when they declared war on Soviet power after its separate peace with Germany.
For some time Denikin was in conflict with the Don Ataman Pyotr Krasnov. Under pressure from the allies, he submitted to Anton Ivanovich. In January 1919, Denikin became the commander-in-chief of the VSYUR - the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. His army cleared the Bolsheviks from Kuban, the Don Territory, Tsaritsyn, Donbass, and Kharkov. The Denikin offensive stalled in Central Russia.
The AFSR retreated to Novocherkassk. From there, Denikin moved to Crimea, where in April 1920, under pressure from opponents, he transferred his powers to Peter Wrangel. Then came the departure to Europe. While in exile, the general wrote his memoirs, “Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles,” in which he tried to answer the question of why the White movement was defeated. Anton Ivanovich blamed the Bolsheviks exclusively for the civil war. He refused to support Hitler and criticized collaborators. After the defeat of the Third Reich, Denikin changed his place of residence and moved to the USA, where he died in 1947.
Lavr Kornilov
The organizer of the unsuccessful coup, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918), was born into the family of a Cossack officer, which predetermined his military career. He served as a scout in Persia, Afghanistan and India. During the war, having been captured by the Austrians, the officer fled to his homeland.
At first, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov supported the Provisional Government. He considered the leftists to be the main enemies of Russia. Being a supporter of strong power, he began to prepare an anti-government protest. His campaign against Petrograd failed. Kornilov, along with his supporters, was arrested.
With the onset of the October Revolution, the general was released. He became the first commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army in southern Russia. In February 1918, Kornilov organized the First Kuban to Ekaterinodar. This operation became legendary. All leaders of the White movement in the future tried to be equal to the pioneers. Kornilov died tragically during an artillery shelling of Yekaterinodar.
Nikolai Yudenich
General Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich (1862-1933) was one of Russia's most successful military leaders in the war against Germany and its allies. He led the headquarters of the Caucasian Army during its battles with the Ottoman Empire. Having come to power, Kerensky dismissed the military leader.
With the onset of the October Revolution, Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich lived illegally in Petrograd for some time. At the beginning of 1919, using forged documents, he moved to Finland. The Russian Committee, which met in Helsinki, proclaimed him commander-in-chief.
Yudenich established contact with Alexander Kolchak. Having coordinated his actions with the admiral, Nikolai Nikolaevich unsuccessfully tried to enlist the support of the Entente and Mannerheim. In the summer of 1919, he received the portfolio of Minister of War in the so-called North-Western government, formed in Revel.
In the fall, Yudenich organized a campaign against Petrograd. Basically, the White movement in the civil war operated on the outskirts of the country. Yudenich's army, on the contrary, tried to liberate the capital (as a result, the Bolshevik government moved to Moscow). She occupied Tsarskoe Selo, Gatchina and reached the Pulkovo Heights. Trotsky was able to transport reinforcements to Petrograd by rail, thereby nullifying all attempts by the Whites to gain the city.
By the end of 1919, Yudenich retreated to Estonia. A few months later he emigrated. The general spent some time in London, where Winston Churchill visited him. Having come to terms with defeat, Yudenich settled in France and retired from politics. He died in Cannes from pulmonary tuberculosis.
Alexey Kaledin
When the October Revolution broke out, Alexei Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) was the chieftain of the Don Army. He was elected to this post several months before the events in Petrograd. In the Cossack cities, primarily in Rostov, sympathy for the socialists was strong. Ataman, on the contrary, considered the Bolshevik coup to be criminal. Having received alarming news from Petrograd, he defeated the Soviets in the Donskoy Region.
Alexey Maksimovich Kaledin acted from Novocherkassk. In November, another white general, Mikhail Alekseev, arrived there. Meanwhile, the Cossacks for the most part hesitated. Many war-weary front-line soldiers eagerly responded to the slogans of the Bolsheviks. Others were neutral towards Lenin's government. Almost no one disliked the socialists.
Having lost hope of restoring contact with the overthrown Provisional Government, Kaledin took decisive steps. He declared independence. In response to this, the Rostov Bolsheviks rebelled. Ataman, enlisting the support of Alekseev, suppressed this uprising. The first blood was shed on the Don.
At the end of 1917, Kaledin gave the green light to the creation of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army. Two parallel forces appeared in Rostov. On the one hand, it was the Volunteer generals, on the other, the local Cossacks. The latter increasingly sympathized with the Bolsheviks. In December, the Red Army occupied Donbass and Taganrog. Meanwhile, the Cossack units had completely disintegrated. Realizing that his own subordinates did not want to fight Soviet power, the ataman committed suicide.
Ataman Krasnov
After Kaledin's death, the Cossacks did not sympathize with the Bolsheviks for long. When the Don was established, yesterday’s front-line soldiers quickly began to hate the Reds. Already in May 1918, an uprising broke out on the Don.
Pyotr Krasnov (1869-1947) became the new ataman of the Don Cossacks. During the war with Germany and Austria, he, like many other white generals, participated in the glorious The military always treated the Bolsheviks with disgust. It was he who, on the orders of Kerensky, tried to recapture Petrograd from Lenin’s supporters when the October Revolution had just taken place. Krasnov's small detachment occupied Tsarskoe Selo and Gatchina, but the Bolsheviks soon surrounded and disarmed it.
After the first failure, Pyotr Krasnov was able to move to the Don. Having become the ataman of the anti-Soviet Cossacks, he refused to obey Denikin and tried to pursue an independent policy. In particular, Krasnov established friendly relations with the Germans.
Only when capitulation was announced in Berlin did the isolated chieftain submit to Denikin. The commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army did not tolerate his dubious ally for long. In February 1919, Krasnov, under pressure from Denikin, left for Yudenich’s army in Estonia. From there he emigrated to Europe.
Like many leaders of the White movement who found themselves in exile, the former Cossack chieftain dreamed of revenge. Hatred of the Bolsheviks pushed him to support Hitler. The Germans made Krasnov the head of the Cossacks in the occupied Russian territories. After the defeat of the Third Reich, the British handed Pyotr Nikolaevich over to the USSR. In the Soviet Union he was tried and sentenced to capital punishment. Krasnov was executed.
Ivan Romanovsky
Military leader Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) during the tsarist era was a participant in the war with Japan and Germany. In 1917, he supported Kornilov’s speech and, together with Denikin, served an arrest in the city of Bykhov. Having moved to the Don, Romanovsky participated in the formation of the first organized anti-Bolshevik detachments.
The general was appointed Denikin's deputy and headed his headquarters. It is believed that Romanovsky had a great influence on his boss. In his will, Denikin even named Ivan Pavlovich as his successor in the event of an unexpected death.
Due to his directness, Romanovsky conflicted with many other military leaders in the Dobrarmiya, and then in the All-Soviet Union of Socialists. The white movement in Russia had an ambivalent attitude towards him. When Denikin was replaced by Wrangel, Romanovsky left all his posts and left for Istanbul. In the same city he was killed by lieutenant Mstislav Kharuzin. The shooter, who also served in the White Army, explained his action by saying that he blamed Romanovsky for the defeat of the AFSR in the civil war.
Sergey Markov
In the Volunteer Army, Sergei Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) became a cult hero. The regiment and colored military units were named after him. Markov became famous for his tactical talent and his own courage, which he demonstrated in every battle with the Red Army. Participants in the White movement treated the memory of this general with special reverence.
Markov's military biography in the tsarist era was typical for an officer of that time. He took part in the Japanese campaign. On the German front he commanded a rifle regiment, then became the chief of staff at several fronts. In the summer of 1917, Markov supported the Kornilov rebellion and, together with other future white generals, was under arrest in Bykhov.
At the beginning of the civil war, the military man moved to the south of Russia. He was one of the founders of the Volunteer Army. Markov made a great contribution to the White Cause in the First Kuban Campaign. On the night of April 16, 1918, he and a small detachment of volunteers captured Medvedovka, an important railway station, where volunteers destroyed a Soviet armored train, and then broke out of encirclement and escaped pursuit. The result of the battle was the salvation of Denikin’s army, which had just completed an unsuccessful assault on Ekaterinodar and was on the verge of defeat.
Markov's feat made him a hero for the whites and a sworn enemy for the reds. Two months later, the talented general took part in the Second Kuban Campaign. Near the town of Shablievka, his units encountered superior enemy forces. At a fateful moment for himself, Markov found himself in an open place where he had set up an observation post. Fire was opened on the position from a Red Army armored train. A grenade exploded near Sergei Leonidovich, fatally wounding him. A few hours later, on June 26, 1918, the soldier died.
Peter Wrangel
(1878-1928), also known as the Black Baron, came from a noble family and had roots associated with the Baltic Germans. Before becoming a military man, he received an engineering education. The craving for military service, however, prevailed, and Peter went to study to become a cavalryman.
Wrangel's debut campaign was the war with Japan. During the First World War he served in the Horse Guards. He distinguished himself by several exploits, for example by capturing a German battery. Once on the Southwestern Front, the officer took part in the famous Brusilov breakthrough.
During the days of the February Revolution, Pyotr Nikolaevich called for troops to be sent to Petrograd. For this, the Provisional Government removed him from service. The black baron moved to a dacha in Crimea, where he was arrested by the Bolsheviks. The nobleman managed to escape only thanks to the pleas of his own wife.
As an aristocrat and supporter of the monarchy, for Wrangel the White Idea was the only position during the Civil War. He joined Denikin. The military leader served in the Caucasian Army and led the capture of Tsaritsyn. After the defeats of the White Army during the march to Moscow, Wrangel began to criticize his superior Denikin. The conflict led to the general's temporary departure to Istanbul.
Soon Pyotr Nikolaevich returned to Russia. In the spring of 1920, he was elected commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Crimea became its key base. The peninsula turned out to be the last white bastion of the civil war. Wrangel's army repulsed several Bolshevik attacks, but was ultimately defeated.
In exile, the Black Baron lived in Belgrade. He created and headed the EMRO - the Russian All-Military Union, then transferring these powers to one of the grand dukes, Nikolai Nikolaevich. Shortly before his death, while working as an engineer, Peter Wrangel moved to Brussels. There he died suddenly of tuberculosis in 1928.
Andrey Shkuro
Andrei Grigorievich Shkuro (1887-1947) was a born Kuban Cossack. In his youth he went on a gold-mining expedition to Siberia. During the war with the Kaiser’s Germany, Shkuro created a partisan detachment, nicknamed the “Wolf Hundred” for its daring.
In October 1917, the Cossack was elected as a deputy to the Kuban Regional Rada. Being a monarchist by conviction, he reacted negatively to the news about the Bolsheviks coming to power. Shkuro began to fight the Red commissars when many of the leaders of the White movement had not yet had time to loudly declare themselves. In July 1918, Andrei Grigorievich and his detachment expelled the Bolsheviks from Stavropol.
In the fall, the Cossack became the head of the 1st Officer Kislovodsk Regiment, then the Caucasian Cavalry Division. Shkuro's boss was Anton Ivanovich Denikin. In Ukraine, the military defeated the detachment of Nestor Makhno. Then he took part in the campaign against Moscow. Shkuro went through battles for Kharkov and Voronezh. In this city his campaign fizzled out.
Retreating from Budyonny's army, the lieutenant general reached Novorossiysk. From there he sailed to Crimea. Shkuro did not take root in Wrangel's army due to a conflict with the Black Baron. As a result, the white military leader ended up in exile even before the complete victory of the Red Army.
Shkuro lived in Paris and Yugoslavia. When World War II began, he, like Krasnov, supported the Nazis in their fight against the Bolsheviks. Shkuro was an SS Gruppenführer and in this capacity fought with the Yugoslav partisans. After the defeat of the Third Reich, he tried to break into the territory occupied by the British. In Linz, Austria, the British extradited Shkuro along with many other officers. The white military leader was tried together with Pyotr Krasnov and sentenced to death.
Personalities of the Civil War
Introduction
In the period from 1917 to 1922. On the territory of the former Russian Empire, one of the bloodiest events in its history took place - the civil war. Caused by a variety of reasons, it left a deep imprint in the memory of Russians, caused a huge shift in their psychology, set in motion huge masses of people and became a pivotal event that determined the path of Russia's development for many decades. Therefore, the topic of my test work is so relevant today.
Many outstanding commanders of that time took part in the civil war, and it was they who influenced the outcome of those military events. The main goal of my work is to show that the commanders I presented played an important role in military operations and the outcome of the civil war in Russia.
Objectives: 1. Show that during the Civil War the population was divided into 3 opposing forces. 2. Select material about the most famous representatives of each of the three camps 3. Show that the civil war was a tragedy for the Russian people
During the civil war, the population was divided into 3 opposing forces. For my work, I selected the most famous representatives of each of the three camps. White - Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich, Denikin Anton Ivanovich and Kornilov Lavr Georgievich, red - Frunze Mikhail Vasilyevich, Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich, Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich, as well as the representative of the “green” movement - Nestor Ivanovich Makhno. Their biographies make up the main part of my test; the work also contains an introduction, conclusion and list of references.
Most of the literature used refers to bibliographic reference books, since they most accurately reveal the personality of a particular commander. There are also publications from the military history library.
1. Representatives of the white movement
Slogans: “We will die for our Motherland”
"Fatherland or Death"
“Better death than the destruction of Russia”
Composition: representatives of the Cossack officers, bourgeoisie, nobility, bureaucrats, intelligentsia, wealthy peasantry.
General goals: - destruction of Bolshevism
convening of the Constituent Assembly
restoration of a powerful united Russia
Features: - lack of a single generally recognized leader
there is no unity in the future structure of the country
heterogeneity of composition in terms of views, party affiliation and origin.
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich (1874, Alexandrovskoye village, St. Petersburg, died - 1920, Irkutsk). Born into the family of a naval artillery officer. A good home education, a classical gymnasium and the Naval Cadet Corps, which Kolchak was among the first to graduate in 1894, gave him an excellent knowledge of three European languages, the history of the fleet and instilled an interest in the exact sciences. Since 1895, Kolchak has served in the navy. In 1896-1899, he served on a cruiser, sailing in the Pacific Ocean: “The main task was purely combat on the ship, but, in addition, I specifically worked on oceanography and hydrology. From that time on I began to engage in scientific work.” Promoted to lieutenant, Kolchak participated in the polar expedition of E.V. in 1900-1902. Toll and for “an outstanding geographical feat involving difficulty and danger” was nominated by the Russian Geographical Society for the large Constantine gold medal and was elected Fig. 1 Kolchak A.V. full member of the Society. One of the islands of the Kara Sea was named after Kolchak. During the Russo-Japanese War he commanded a destroyer; successfully engaged in laying a minefield; commanded a coastal artillery battery until the fall of Port Arthur. Wounded and suffering from rheumatism, Kolchak was released from Japanese captivity in 1905 and returned to St. Petersburg, where he was awarded orders and a golden saber “For Bravery.” In 1906, Kolchak was appointed head of the Naval General Staff Directorate. Anticipating the inevitability of war with Germany, he tried to obtain funds for the implementation of the shipbuilding program, for which he participated in the work of the Third State Duma as an expert on naval issues, but failed and returned to scientific work. Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking ships. In 1909, Kolchak’s largest work, Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. In 1909-1910, Kolchak took part in an expedition to the Bering Strait, and in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued for the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the autocracy of the commander. In 1912, Alexander Vasilyevich transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically directed the military operations of the fleet in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the amphibious landing tactics he developed and attacked convoys of German merchant ships. In 1916, he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral. Having learned about the February Revolution, he regarded it as an opportunity to bring the war to a victorious end, considering this “the most important and most important matter, standing above everything - both the form of government and political considerations.” Faced with a “new discipline” based on class consciousness, Kolchak defined it as “the disintegration and destruction of the Russian armed force.” In July 1917, having transferred his powers to Rear Admiral V.K. Lukin, Kolchak came to Petrograd to see A.F. Kerensky and was sent as head of the naval military mission to the United States. Having learned about the October Revolution in San Francisco, I did not consider it worthy of attention. In November 1917, in Japan, Kolchak learned of the Soviet government’s intention to sign peace with Germany and decided not to return to his homeland: “As an admiral of the Russian fleet, I considered that our allied obligations towards Germany remained in full force.” Kolchak was accepted into British service and in 1918 began forming armed forces to fight the “German-Bolsheviks.” In November 1918 he arrived in Omsk, where he was appointed Minister of War and Naval Affairs of the government of the Socialist Revolutionary Directory. In December 1918, Kolchak carried out a coup, declaring himself the “Supreme Ruler of Russia”, and set himself the goal of “victory over Bolshevism and the establishment of law and order.” Possessing half of Russia's gold reserves, having received military support from England, France, Japan, and the USA, he led a successful struggle in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. By the spring of 1919, there were up to 400 thousand people in Kolchak’s army. His power was recognized by A.I. Denikin, N.N. Yudenich, E.K. Miller. Restoring private ownership of enterprises and land, Kolchak gave the commanders of military districts the right to close press organs and impose death sentences, which caused resistance in Kolchak’s rear. Finnish General K. Mannerheim suggested that Kolchak move 100 thousand to Petrograd. army in exchange for Finnish independence, but Kolchak, who advocated for a “united and indivisible” Russia, refused. By the summer of 1919, the main group of Kolchak’s troops was defeated. Kolchak’s course towards the restoration of pre-revolutionary orders led to a massive partisan movement. Having been defeated, Kolchak transferred power to A.I. Denikin and Ataman G.M. Semenov, January 15. 1920 Kolchak was arrested by the Czechoslovaks, who handed him over to the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik “Political Center”. After the transfer of power to the Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee at the secret proposal of V.I. Lenin, the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee decided to shoot Kolchak. Kolchak's body was lowered into the hole. With the outbreak of the First World War, he commanded a brigade and division. Denikin's valor demonstrated in battles and the highest awards (two St. George's crosses, the St. George's weapon decorated with diamonds) elevated him to the top of the military hierarchy. The February Revolution of 1917 stunned Denikin: “We were not at all prepared for such an unexpectedly rapid outcome, nor for the forms that it took.” Denikin was appointed assistant chief of staff to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and commanded the Western and then the Southwestern Front. In an effort to contain the collapse of the empire, he demanded the introduction of the death penalty not only at the front, but also in the rear. I saw a strong personality in L.G. Kornilov and supported his rebellion, for which he was arrested. Released N.N. Dukhonin, Denikin, like other generals, fled to the Don, where, along with M.V. Alekseev, L.G. Kornilov, A.M. Kaledin was involved in the formation of the Volunteer Army. Participated in the 1st Kuban (“Ice”) campaign. After the death of Kornilov in 1918, he took over the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Having an army of 85 thousand, material assistance from England, France, and the USA, Denikin hatched plans to capture Moscow. Taking advantage of the fact that the main forces of the Red Army fought against A.V. Kolchak, Denikin in the spring of 1919 launched the Volunteer Army on the offensive. In the summer of 1919, Denikin occupied Donbass and reached a strategically important line: Tsaritsyn, Kharkov, Poltava. In October, he took Orel and threatened Tula, but Denikin could not overcome the remaining 200 miles to Moscow. The mass mobilization of the population into Denikin's army, robberies, violence, the establishment of military discipline in militarized enterprises, and most importantly, the restoration of landowners' property rights to land doomed Denikin to failure. Denikin was personally honest, but his declarative and vague statements could not captivate the people. Denikin’s situation was aggravated by internal contradictions between him and the Cossack elite, who strived for separatism and did not want the restoration of a “united and indivisible Russia.” The power struggle between Kolchak and Denikin prevented coordinated military action. Denikin's army, suffering heavy losses, was forced to retreat. In 1920, Denikin evacuated the remnants of his army to the Crimea and on April 4. 1920 left Russia on an English destroyer. Lived in England. Having abandoned the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks, Denikin wrote a 5-volume memoir-research “Essays on the Russian Troubles,” an important source on the history of the civil war. Financial difficulties forced Denikin to wander around Europe. In 1931 he completed work on a major military-historical study, The Old Army. After Hitler came to power, Denikin stated that it was necessary to support the Red Army, which, after the defeat of the fascists, could be used to “overthrow communist power.” He denounced emigrant organizations that collaborated with Nazi Germany. In 1945, under the influence of rumors about the possibility of forced deportation to the USSR, the United States emigrated. Denikin worked on the book. “The Path of the Russian Officer” and “The Second World War. Russia and Abroad”, which he did not manage to complete. Died of a heart attack. Kornilov Lavr Georgievich(1870-1918) - General of the Infantry. The son of a retired Cossack officer. He graduated from the Siberian Cadet Corps, the Mikhailovsky Artillery School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1898). From the school he joined the Turkestan artillery brigade. After graduating from the academy, he served from 1889 to 1904 in the Turkestan Military District as an assistant to the senior adjutant of the district headquarters, and then as a staff officer for assignments at headquarters. While serving in the Turkestan district, he made a number of long-term research and reconnaissance expeditions in East Turkestan (Sinkiang), Afghanistan and Persia, during which he became proficient in local languages. Lieutenant Colonel Kornilov edited the secret publication of the district headquarters - “Information concerning countries adjacent to the Turkestan Military District” and published a number of works, including “Kashgaria, or Eastern Turkestan.” At the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War he was on a business trip to Balochistan, India. He obtained permission to transfer to the active army and from September 1904 to May 1, 1906, he served as a staff officer at the headquarters of the 1st Infantry Brigade, where he was actually the brigade's chief of staff. In February 1905, during the retreat from Mukden, he covered the army's retreat, being with the brigade in the rearguard. Surrounded by the Japanese in the village of Vazye, he broke through the encirclement with a bayonet attack and led the brigade with the units attached to it to join the army. He was awarded many orders, including the Order of St. George, 4th degree, the Arms of St. George and was promoted to the “rank of colonel for military distinction.” From May 1906 to April 1907 he served in the department of the 1st Chief Quartermaster of the Main Directorate of the General Staff. On April 1, 1907, he was appointed as an agent (military attache) in China, where he remained until February 24, 1911, after which he was appointed commander of the 8th Estonian Infantry Regiment. After a short stay as head of a detachment in the Zaamur border district in December He was promoted to major general and appointed brigade commander of the 9th Siberian Rifle Division in 1912. He went to the front of World War I as a brigade commander of the 48th Infantry Division and in August 1914, after the first battles, was appointed commander of this division, 48- I division under his command fought in all battles in Galicia and the Carpathians as part of the 8th Army of General Brusilov. Already for the battles in August 1914 he was promoted to lieutenant general. At the end of April 1915, during the general retreat of the Russian army after the breakthrough at Gorlitsa, the 48th division did not have time to retreat from the Duklinsky pass in the Carpathians, was surrounded and the wounded General Kornilov was captured.In July 1916, he changed into the uniform of an Austrian soldier and escaped from captivity to Romania. After his return, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree, for fighting in the Carpathians and appointed commander of the 25th Army Corps. Under the Provisional Government in March 1917, he was appointed commander of the troops of the Petrograd Military District, where he restored relative order. At his own request, he was returned to the front and on April 29, 1917, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army. Achieved temporary success during the July offensive of the Russian armies of the Southwestern Front. Back on May 19, 1917, by order of the 8th Army, General Kornilov authorized the formation of the “1st Shock Detachment of the 8th Army” - the future Kornilov Shock Regiment under the command of Captain Nezhentsev (the first volunteer unit in the Russian Army). Captain Nezhentsev brilliantly carried out the baptism of fire of his detachment on June 26, 1917, breaking through the Austrian positions near the village of Yamshitsy, thanks to which Kalushch was taken. After the Tarnopol breakthrough of the Germans and the general retreat of the Russian armies, General Kornilov, who held the front, was promoted to infantry general and on July 7, 1917 appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Southwestern Front, and on July 18, 1917 Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army. In an effort to restore discipline in the army and law and order in the country in order to bring the war to a victorious end, General Kornilov, by agreement with representatives of the head of government A.F. Kerensky at Headquarters and with the knowledge of A.F. Kerensky, sent the 3rd Cavalry Corps to Petrograd on August 25, 1917, in order to place reliable troops at the disposal of the Provisional Government in the event of an armed uprising of the Bolsheviks. During the advance of these troops to Petrograd, A.F. Kerensky changed his initial position under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet and on August 27 declared General Kornilov a rebel, removed him from the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief and declared himself Commander-in-Chief. Not wanting to start a civil war, General Kornilov refused to use the troops loyal to him, including the Kornilovsky and Tekinsky regiments, and was arrested on September 2, 1918. Together with many of his supporters, he was sent to the Bykhov prison, where the internal security was carried out by the Tekinsky regiment loyal to him . On November 19, 1917, the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Dukhonin, sent Colonel Kusonsky to Bykhov with an order for the release of General Kornilov and his supporters and a message about the approach of Bolshevik detachments to Mogilev. At the same time, General Kornilov, accompanied by the Tekin convoy, went to the Don and arrived in Novocherkassk on December 6, 1917, where, together with General M.V. Alekseev began forming the Volunteer Army. On December 25, 1917, General Kornilov became its first commander. Convinced of the collapse on the Don, after General Kaledin shot himself, on February 14 (28), 1918, he set out on the 1st Kuban (“Ice”) campaign to create a base in the Kuban for further struggle against the Bolsheviks. Despite the enormous superiority of the Bolshevik troops, he victoriously led his small army to join the Kuban Volunteer Army and, taking overall command, approached the Kuban capital. Killed by a shell during the assault on Ekaterinodar on March 31 (April 13), 1918. . Representatives of the red movement
Slogans: “Long live the world revolution” "Death to global capital" "Peace to the huts, war to the palaces" "The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger" Composition: proletariat, poor peasantry, soldiers, part of the intelligentsia and officers Goals: - world revolution creation of a republic of councils and dictatorship of the proletariat Features: 1. Single leader - Lenin The presence of a clearer program focused on the interests of Bolshevism More homogeneous composition Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich The father of the future Red Marshal Vasily Mikhailovich Frunze was a Moldavian by nationality and came from the peasants of the Tiraspol district of the Kherson province. After graduating from paramedic school in Moscow, he was drafted into the army and sent to serve in Turkestan. At the end of his service, he remained in Pishpek (later the city of Frunze, now the capital of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek), where he got a job as a paramedic and married the daughter of peasant migrants from the Voronezh province. On January 21, 1885, a son, Mikhail, was born into his family. The boy turned out to be extremely capable. In 1895, due to the death of the breadwinner, the family found itself in a difficult financial situation, but little Mikhail was able to receive a state scholarship to the gymnasium in the city of Verny (now Alma-Ata), from which he graduated with a gold medal. In 1904, young Frunze went to the capital, where he entered the economics department of the Polytechnic Institute and soon became a member of the Social Democratic Party. Frunze (underground nickname - Comrade Arseny) won his first victories as a professional revolutionary in 1905 in Shuya and Ivanovo-Voznesensk as one of the leaders of the local Council of Workers' Representatives. In December of the same year, a detachment of militants put together by Frunze went to Moscow, where they took part in the battles of workers’ squads with government troops on Krasnaya Presnya. After the suppression of the Moscow uprising, this detachment managed to safely get out of the Mother See and return back to Ivanovo-Voznesensk. In 1907, in Shuya, Comrade Arseny was arrested and sentenced to death on charges of attempting to assassinate police officer Perlov. Through the efforts of lawyers, the death sentence was replaced by six years of hard labor. After the end of his term of hard labor, Frunze was sent to settle in the village of Manzurka, Verkholensky district, Irkutsk province. In 1915, the indomitable Bolshevik was again arrested for anti-government agitation, but managed to escape on the way to prison. Frunze showed up in Chita, where, using false documents, he managed to get a job as an agent at the statistical department of the resettlement department. However, his personality attracted the attention of local gendarmes. Arseny had to take off again and move to European Russia. After the February Revolution, he became one of the leaders of the Minsk Council of Workers' Deputies, then again headed to Shuya and Ivanovo-Voznesensk, which he knew well. During the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in Moscow, at the head of a detachment of Ivanovo workers, Frunze again fought on the streets of the Mother See. His finest hour came in the spring of 1919, at the moment when Kolchak’s troops launched a general offensive along the entire Eastern Front. In the southern sector, General Khanzhin’s army won a series of victories, but at the same time got so carried away that it exposed its right flank to the attack of the Red group. Frunze was not slow to take advantage of this... During three successive operations - Buguruslan, Belebey and Ufa - Mikhail Vasilyevich inflicted a major defeat on the enemy. Frunze was transferred to the post of commander of the newly formed Turkestan Front. By the end of the year, he managed to suppress the resistance of the Ural Cossacks and come to grips with the problems of Central Asia. He managed to lure two influential Basmachi leaders Madamin-bek and Akhunjan to the side of the Soviet government, whose detachments turned into the Uzbek, Margilan and Turkic cavalry regiments (so that none of the Kurbashi would be offended, both regiments received the serial number 1st) . In August-September 1920, under the pretext of helping the rebellious masses, Frunze carried out a successful campaign that ended with the liquidation of the Bukhara Emirate. September Frunze took command of the Southern Front, operating against Wrangel. Here the “black baron” made another attempt to escape from Crimea to the vastness of Ukraine. Having brought up reserves, the “red marshal” bled the enemy troops dry with stubborn defensive battles and then launched a counter-offensive. The enemy rolled back to Crimea. Not allowing the enemy to gain a foothold, on the night of November 8, Frunze launched a combined strike - head-on along the Turkish Wall and through Sivash to the Lithuanian Peninsula. The impregnable fortress of Crimea fell... After the Battle of Crimea, the “Red Marshal” led operations against his former ally Makhno. In the person of the legendary father, he found a worthy opponent, who managed to oppose the actions of the regular army to the tactics of flying partisan detachments. One of the skirmishes with the Makhnovists even almost ended in the death or capture of Frunze himself. In the end, Mikhail Vasilyevich began to beat the father with his own weapon, creating a special flying corps that was constantly hanging on Makhno’s tail. At the same time, the number of troops in the combat zone was increased and coordination was established between individual garrisons and special purpose units (CHON). In the end, besieged like a wolf, the old man chose to stop fighting and go to Romania. This campaign turned out to be the last in Frunze’s military biography. Even before the final liquidation of the Makhnovshchina, he headed the Extraordinary Diplomatic Mission to Turkey. Upon his return, Mikhail Vasilyevich noticeably increased his own status, both in the party and military hierarchy, becoming a candidate member of the Politburo and chief of staff of the Red Army. In January 1925, Frunze reached the pinnacle of his career, replacing L.D. Trotsky in the posts of People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Keeping his distance from party squabbles, Frunze actively carried out the reorganization of the Red Army, placing in key posts people with whom he had worked together during the Civil War. October 1925 Frunze died. According to official reports, Mikhail Vasilyevich died after an unsuccessful operation for an ulcer. It was rumored that the operation was by no means necessary and that Fruze lay down on the operating table almost on the direct orders of the Politburo, after which he was actually stabbed to death by the doctors. Although this version may well correspond to reality, it is hardly possible to talk about it as something obvious. The mystery of Frunze's death will forever remain a mystery. Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich (1893, Aleksandrovskoye estate, Smolensk province - 1937) - Soviet military leader. Born into the family of an impoverished nobleman. He studied at the gymnasium, after moving to Moscow he graduated from the last class of the Moscow Cadet Corps and the Alexander Military School, from which he was released as a second lieutenant in 1914 and sent to the front. In 6 months During the First World War, Tukhachevsky was awarded 6 orders, demonstrating extraordinary leadership skills. In Feb. 1915, together with the remnants of the 7th company of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, Tukhachevsky was captured by the Germans. During two and a half years of imprisonment, Tukhachevsky tried to escape five times, walking up to 1,500 km, but only in October. 1917 managed to cross the Swiss border. After returning to Russia, Tukhachevsky was elected company commander and promoted to captain, demobilized with the same rank. In 1918 he was enrolled in the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and joined the RCP (b). He said about himself: “My real life began with the October Revolution and joining the Red Army.” In May 1918 he was appointed commissar of the Moscow Defense District of the Western Curtain. He took part in the formation and training of regular units of the Red Army, giving preference to command cadres from the “proletariat” rather than military specialists of the pre-revolutionary period, whom Tukhachevsky, contrary to the facts, characterized as persons who “received a limited military education, were completely downtrodden and deprived of any initiative.” During the Civil War, he commanded the 1st and 5th armies on the Eastern Front; was awarded the Golden Arms “for personal courage, broad initiative, energy, stewardship and knowledge of the matter.” Successfully carried out a number of operations in the Urals and Siberia against the troops of A.V. Kolchak, commanded the troops of the Caucasian Front in the fight against A.I. Denikin. In May 1920 he was assigned to the General Staff; commanded the Western Front, led the attack on Warsaw and suffered defeat, the reasons for which he explained in a course of lectures published in a separate book (see the book: Pilsudski vs. Tukhachevsky. Two views on the Soviet-Polish war of 1920. M., 1991). In 1921 he suppressed the sailors' mutiny in Kronstadt, the peasant uprising of A.S. Antonov and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Since Aug. 1921 headed the Military Academy of the Red Army, commanded the Western troops. and Leningr. military districts. In 1924-1925 he took an active part in the technical reconstruction of the Armed Forces; worked on the development of operational art, military construction, compilation of military encyclopedias, etc. In 1931 he was appointed deputy. Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, chief of armaments of the Red Army. In 1934 he became deputy, and in 1936 first deputy. People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. Unlike K.E. Voroshilov and S.M. Budyonny, Tukhachevsky argued for the need to create strong aviation and armored forces, rearmament of infantry and artillery, and development of new means of communication. In 1935, he was the first in the history of the Red Army to conduct tactical exercises using airborne assault, marking the beginning of the airborne troops. Tukhachevsky supported S.P.’s proposal. Korolev about the creation of the Jet Institute to conduct research in the field of rocketry. Tukhachevsky's creative thought enriched all branches of the Soviet Union. military science. G.K. Zhukov assessed him as follows: “A giant of military thought, a star of the first magnitude in the galaxy of military men of our Motherland.” In 1933 he was awarded the Order of Lenin, in 1935 Tukhachevsky was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1937, Tukhachevsky was accused of creating a Trotskyist military organization, condemned as an “enemy of the people” and executed. Rehabilitated in 1957. Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev (1887-1919) -one of the most mythologized figures by Soviet propaganda. Entire generations have been raised by his example for decades. In the public consciousness, he is the hero of a film that glorified his life and death, as well as hundreds of anecdotes in which his orderly Petka Isaev and the no less mythologized Anka the machine gunner act. According to the official version, Chapaev is the son of a poor peasant from Chuvashia. According to his closest associate, Commissar Furmanov, there is no exact information about his origin, and Chapaev himself called himself either the illegitimate son of the Kazan governor or the son of traveling artists. In his youth he was a wanderer and worked at a factory. During World War I he fought bravely (he had the Cross of St. George) and received the rank of lieutenant ensign. There, at the front, Chapaev in 1917 joined the organization of anarchist-communists. In December 1917, he became the commander of the 138th reserve infantry regiment, and in January 1918, he became the commissar of internal affairs of the Nikolaev district of the Saratov province. He actively helped establish Bolshevik power in these places and formed a Red Guard detachment. From that time on, his war “for people’s power” with his own people began: at the beginning of 1918, Chapaev suppressed peasant unrest in the Nikolaev district, generated by surplus appropriation. Since May 1918, Chapaev was the commander of the Pugachev brigade. In September-November 1918, Chapaev was the head of the 2nd Nikolaev Division of the 4th Red Army. In December 1918, he was sent to study at the Academy of the General Staff. But Vasily Ivanovich did not want to study, insulted the teachers, and already in January 1919 he returned to the front. He didn’t embarrass himself in any way there either. Furmanov writes how, when building a bridge across the Urals, Chapaev beat an engineer for what he considered to be slow work. “...In 1918, he beat one high-ranking official with a whip, and answered another with obscenities via telegraph... An original figure!” - the commissioner admires. At first, Chapaev’s opponents were parts of the Komuch People’s Army - the Committee of the Constituent Assembly (it was dispersed by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd and recreated on the Volga) and Czechoslovaks who did not want to rot in Soviet concentration camps, where Trotsky wanted to send them. Later, in April-June 1919, Chapaev acted with his division against the Western Army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak; captured Ufa, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. But his main and fatal enemy were the Ural Cossacks. They overwhelmingly did not recognize the power of the communists, but Chapaev faithfully served this power. De-Cossackization in the Urals was merciless and after the capture of Uralsk by the Red (including Chapaev’s) troops in January 1919, it turned into real genocide. The instructions from Moscow, sent to the councils of the Urals, read: “§ 1. All those remaining in the ranks of the Cossack army after March 1 (1919) are declared outlaws and subject to merciless extermination. § 2. All defectors who defected to the Red Army after March 1 are subject to unconditional arrest. § 3. All families remaining in the ranks of the Cossack army after March 1 are declared arrested and hostages. § 4. In the event of the unauthorized departure of one of the families declared hostages, all families registered with this Council are subject to execution...” Zealous implementation of this instruction became the main task of Vasily Ivanovich. According to the Ural Cossack colonel Faddeev, in some areas Chapaev’s troops exterminated up to 98% of the Cossacks. “Chapay”’s special hatred of the Cossacks is evidenced by the commissar of his division, Furmanov, who is difficult to suspect of slander. According to him, Chapaev “rushed across the steppe like a plague man, and ordered not to take any prisoners. “All of them,” he says, “put an end to the scoundrels.” Furmanov also paints a picture of the mass robbery of the village of Slamikhinskaya: Chapaev’s men even took women’s underwear and children’s toys from civilians who did not have time to escape. Chapaev did not stop these robberies, but only sent them to the “general cauldron": “Don’t drag it, but collect it in a heap, and give it to your commander, what you took from the bourgeois.” The writer-commissar also captured Chapaev’s attitude towards educated people: “You are all bastards! Intellectuals...” Such was the commander, on example of whose “exploits” some still want to raise a new generation of defenders of the Fatherland. Naturally, the Cossacks offered unusually fierce resistance to the Chapaevites: retreating, they burned their villages, poisoned the water, and entire families fled to the steppe. In the end, they took revenge on Chapaev for the death of his relatives and the devastation of his native land, defeating his headquarters during the Lbischensky raid of the Ural Army. Chapaev was mortally wounded. Cities bear the name of Chapaev (the former village of Lbischenskaya and the former Ivashchenkovsky plant in the Samara region), villages in Turkmenistan and the Kharkov region of Ukraine, and many streets, avenues, and squares throughout Russia. In Moscow, in the Sokol municipality, there is Chapaevsky Lane. The three hundred kilometer left tributary of the Volga was named the Chapaevka River. . Green representatives
Social revolutionary movement in Ukraine. Party affiliation - Social Revolutionaries. Goals and slogans: “Soviets without communists” "Democracy" “Against food appropriation!” Features: - There is no clear attachment to either white or red lack of a clear action program terror, riots, robberies Major performances: “Antonovschina” - 1920 Tambov province “Kronstadt mutiny” - sailors in Kronstadt in 1921 Requirements: - re-election of councils liquidation of surplus appropriation system freedom of speech and press "Makhnovshchina" Makhno Nestor Ivanovich (1888, village of Gulyaypole, Ekaterinoslav province - 1934, Paris) - participant in the civil war. Genus. in a peasant family. The early death of his father and poverty forced Makhno to leave primary school. He worked as a laborer for wealthy farmers, and in 1903 he became a laborer at an iron foundry. In 1906 he joined the anarchist-communist organization “Union of Poor Grain Growers,” participating in terrorist attacks and “expropriations” of the rich. He was arrested twice but was released. For the murder of a military official in 1908, Makhno was sentenced to death in 1910, but since at the time of the crime he was six months shy of coming of age (21 years old), P.A. Stolypin signed a pardon. Makhno served indefinite hard labor in the Butyrka prison in Moscow. Here Makhno sat with the anarchist P.A. Arshinov, who first introduced him to the theory of anarchism. Due to constant clashes with the prison administration, Makhno often sat in a punishment cell, where he suffered from consumption; In the prison hospital, one of his lungs was removed. Makhno used his time in prison for self-education. He was liberated by the February Revolution of 1917. Returning to Gulyai-Polye, he formed the “Black Guard” detachment, with which he carried out expropriations, and proclaimed “landowners, monasteries and state lands as public property.” During the rebellion of L.G. Kornilov Makhno was elected head of the Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution. and opposed the Provisional Government and the Constituent Assembly, solving the agrarian question through land seizures. October roar accepted favorably, like most of the peasants he protected. Makhno fought against the Central Rada of Ukraine and the German occupiers. In the spring of 1918 I was in Moscow and met with P.A. Kropotkin, Ya.M. Sverdlov, V.I. Lenin. Lenin made a great impression on Makhno, but Makhno also blamed him for the defeat of the anarchist organizations in Moscow. Having left for Gulyai Pole, Makhno led a detachment with which he successfully fought with the hetmanate, carrying out more than 120 raids. He became famous for his personal courage (he was wounded 14 times during the Civil War) and luck. In the army formed by Makhno, which by November 1918 numbered about 80 thousand people, representatives of almost all nationalities inhabiting southern Ukraine fought. After the defeat of the hetmanate and the Germans, Makhno fought with S.V. Petliura, uniting in the 1st Trans-Dnieper division with detachments of P.E. Dybenko. When the Bolsheviks began to introduce surplus appropriation in the territories liberated from the Whites, and to use the confiscated lands to organize collective farms, Makhno said in February 1919: “If the Bolshevik comrades are coming from Great Russia to Ukraine to help us in the difficult fight against the counter-revolution, we must tell them: “Welcome.” , Dear friends! “If they come here with the goal of monopolizing Ukraine, we will tell them: “Hands off.” In April At the III Gulyai-Polye Congress, Makhno declared that Sov. the government changed the revolution, and the Communist Party usurped power and “protected itself with emergency measures.” In June, Makhno was declared Sov. power outside the law. In the fall, he again concluded an alliance with the Bolsheviks and, during the offensive of A.I. Denikin carried out a raid on the rear of the White Army, approaching Denikin’s headquarters in Taganrog. Was again declared an outlaw after refusing to obey I.V.'s orders. Stalin to oppose Poland. Believing that it was his task to protect the countryside from the city, to eliminate the exploitation of the peasants by anyone and to establish “true people’s power,” Makhno fought against all authorities and regimes that arose during the war. He took part in the fight against P.N. Wrangel, but hoped that the Red Army would fight with him for the “free Soviets.” The struggle against the “Bolshevik dictatorship” ended in the summer of 1921, when Makhno fled with the remnants of his people to Romania, and from there to Poland. Sov. the government demanded the extradition of Makhno. After Makhno's trial in Poland, he was acquitted and in 1924 he left Germany, then to France. Being seriously ill, he lived mainly on donations from anarchists. He left three-volume memoirs. Conclusion
The civil war was generated by a complex set of social contradictions, economic, political, psychological and other reasons and became the greatest disaster for Russia and the Russian people. The deep, systemic crisis of the Russian Empire ended with its collapse and the victory of the Bolsheviks, who, with the support of the masses, defeated their opponents in the civil war and were given the opportunity to put into practice their ideas about socialism and communism. The main struggle during the “great” civil war took place between the “reds” and the “whites”. But a third force was also very significant, acting under the slogan: “Beat the Reds until they turn white, beat the Whites until they turn red.” It went down in the history of the civil war under the name “greens” Each of these three camps had its own outstanding personalities, who, through their policies, determined the outcome of this war, who clearly knew their goal and went towards it, despite all the obstacles, who instilled confidence in the hearts of people and led them along. Among the whites, the “Supreme Ruler of Russia” Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich, who led a successful fight against the Bolsheviks in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East, stands out; Denikin Anton Ivanovich, who participated in the creation of the Volunteer Army, fought on the Don with the Bolsheviks and almost occupied Moscow; Kornilov Lavr Georgievich - the first commander of the Volunteer Army, participant in the “Ice” campaign. Despite the superiority of the Red army and their popularity among the people, the White representatives fought to the end and led like-minded people. In the Red Army, many senior military posts were filled with experienced, major tsarist military specialists and military leaders from the worker-peasant environment. Some of them turned out to be talented commanders: M.V. Frunze, M.N. Tukhachevsky, who won victories over Kolchak, Wrangel, and commanded the “red cavalry” S.M. Budyonny; IN AND. Chapaev, who acted with his division against the Western Army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak and captured Ufa. All were led by L.D. Trotsky is the People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet government. All of them made considerable efforts for the victory of Bolshevism and achieved their goal. “The main thing that the Bolsheviks managed to do was to ignite hope... even under existing conditions in Russia one can still feel the influence of the life-giving spirit of communism, the spirit of creative hope, the search for means to destroy injustice, tyranny, greed of everything that hinders the growth of the human spirit...” (B Russell). The commanders I have presented are outstanding representatives of their camps, they have incredible charisma and the will to win, they force people to follow them. Their activities influenced not only the outcome of military operations, but also the entire society as a whole, determined the subsequent political structure of the country, which speaks of the enormous role of the individual in history. Bibliography war white Denikin red 1.Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical reference book. Moscow, 1997 .Valery Klaving, Russian Civil War: White Armies. Military-historical library. M., 2003. .Nikolai Rutych Biographical reference book of the highest ranks of the Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Materials on the history of the White movement M., 2002 .Mityurin D.V. Civil War: Whites and Reds. - SPb.: LLC "Publishing house "Polygon", 2004. - 282, p.: 16 p. ill. .The black book of names that have no place on the map of Russia. Comp. S.V. Volkov. M., “Posev”, 2004.
"White" and "Red" movements in the Civil War 27.10.2017 09:49
Every Russian knows that the Civil War of 1917-1922 was opposed by two movements - “red” and “white”. But among historians there is still no consensus on where it began. Some believe that the reason was Krasnov's March on the Russian capital (October 25); others believe that the war began when, in the near future, the commander of the Volunteer Army Alekseev arrived on the Don (November 2); There is also an opinion that the war began with Miliukov proclaiming the “Declaration of the Volunteer Army”, delivering a speech at the ceremony called the Don (December 27).
Another popular opinion, which is far from unfounded, is the opinion that the Civil War began immediately after the February Revolution, when the entire society was split into supporters and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.
"White" movement in Russia
Everyone knows that “whites” are adherents of the monarchy and the old order. Its beginnings were visible back in February 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown in Russia and a total restructuring of society began. The development of the “white” movement took place during the period when the Bolsheviks came to power and the formation of Soviet power. They represented a circle of people dissatisfied with the Soviet government, who disagreed with its policies and principles of its conduct.
The “Whites” were fans of the old monarchical system, refused to accept the new socialist order, and adhered to the principles of traditional society. It is important to note that the “whites” were often radicals; they did not believe that it was possible to agree on anything with the “reds”; on the contrary, they had the opinion that no negotiations or concessions were acceptable.
The “Whites” chose the Romanov tricolor as their banner. The white movement was commanded by Admiral Denikin and Quiver, one in the South, the other in the harsh regions of Siberia.
The historical event that became the impetus for the activation of the “whites” and the transition of most of the former army of the Romanov Empire to their side was the rebellion of General Kornilov, which, although suppressed, helped the “whites” strengthen their ranks, especially in the southern regions, where, under the leadership of the general Alekseev began to gather enormous resources and a powerful, disciplined army. Every day the army was replenished with new arrivals, it grew rapidly, developed, hardened, and trained.
Separately, it is necessary to say about the commanders of the White Guards (that was the name of the army created by the “white” movement). They were unusually talented commanders, prudent politicians, strategists, tacticians, subtle psychologists, and skillful speakers. The most famous were Lavr Kornilov, Anton Denikin, Alexander Kolchak, Pyotr Krasnov, Pyotr Wrangel, Nikolai Yudenich, Mikhail Alekseev. We can talk about each of them for a long time; their talent and services to the “white” movement can hardly be overestimated.
The White Guards won the war for a long time, and even let down their troops in Moscow. But the Bolshevik army grew stronger, and they were supported by a significant part of the Russian population, especially the poorest and most numerous layers - workers and peasants. In the end, the forces of the White Guards were smashed to smithereens. For some time they continued to operate abroad, but without success, the “white” movement ceased.
"Red" movement
Like the “Whites,” the “Reds” had many talented commanders and politicians in their ranks. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Leon Trotsky, Brusilov, Novitsky, Frunze. These military leaders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards. Trotsky was the main founder of the Red Army, which acted as the decisive force in the confrontation between the “whites” and the “reds” in the Civil War. The ideological leader of the “red” movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person. Lenin and his government were actively supported by the most massive sections of the population of the Russian State, namely the proletariat, the poor, land-poor and landless peasants, and the working intelligentsia. It was these classes that most quickly believed the tempting promises of the Bolsheviks, supported them and brought the “Reds” to power.
The main party in the country became the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was later turned into a communist party. In essence, it was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes.
It was not easy for the Bolsheviks to win the Civil War - they had not yet completely strengthened their power throughout the country, the forces of their fans were dispersed throughout the vast country, plus the national outskirts began a national liberation struggle. A lot of effort went into the war with the Ukrainian People's Republic, so the Red Army soldiers had to fight on several fronts during the Civil War.
Attacks by the White Guards could come from any direction on the horizon, because the White Guards surrounded the Red Army from all sides with four separate military formations. And despite all the difficulties, it was the “Reds” who won the war, mainly thanks to the broad social base of the Communist Party.
All representatives of the national outskirts united against the White Guards, and therefore they became forced allies of the Red Army in the Civil War. To attract residents of the national outskirts to their side, the Bolsheviks used loud slogans, such as the idea of a “united and indivisible Russia.”
The Bolshevik victory in the war was brought about by the support of the masses. The Soviet government played on the sense of duty and patriotism of Russian citizens. The White Guards themselves also added fuel to the fire, since their invasions were most often accompanied by mass robbery, looting, and violence in other forms, which could not in any way encourage people to support the “white” movement.
Results of the Civil War
As has already been said several times, victory in this fratricidal war went to the “reds”. The fratricidal civil war became a real tragedy for the Russian people. The material damage caused to the country by the war was estimated to be about 50 billion rubles - unimaginable money at that time, several times greater than the amount of Russia's external debt. Because of this, the level of industry decreased by 14%, and agriculture by 50%. According to various sources, human losses ranged from 12 to 15 million.
Most of these people died from hunger, repression, and disease. During the hostilities, more than 800 thousand soldiers on both sides gave their lives. Also during the Civil War, the balance of migration fell sharply - about 2 million Russians left the country and went abroad.
Russian Civil War(1917-1922/1923) - a series of armed conflicts between various political, ethnic, social groups and state entities on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which followed the transfer of power to the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917.
The Civil War was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War and led to the fall of the monarchy, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war throughout the country between the armed forces of the Soviet government and the anti-Bolshevik authorities.
White movement- a military-political movement of politically heterogeneous forces formed during the Civil War of 1917-1923 in Russia with the goal of overthrowing Soviet power. It included representatives of both moderate socialists and republicans, as well as monarchists, united against the Bolshevik ideology and acting on the basis of the principle of “Great, United and Indivisible Russia” (ideological movement of whites). The White movement was the largest anti-Bolshevik military-political force during the Russian Civil War and existed alongside other democratic anti-Bolshevik governments, nationalist separatist movements in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, Crimea, and the Basmachi movement in Central Asia.
A number of features distinguish the White movement from the rest of the anti-Bolshevik forces of the Civil War:
The White movement was an organized military-political movement against Soviet power and its allied political structures; its intransigence towards Soviet power excluded any peaceful, compromise outcome of the Civil War.
The White movement was distinguished by its emphasis on the priority in wartime of individual power over collegial power, and military power over civilian power. White governments were characterized by the absence of a clear separation of powers; representative bodies either did not play any role or had only advisory functions.
The White movement tried to legalize itself on a national scale, proclaiming its continuity from pre-February and pre-October Russia.
Recognition by all regional white governments of the all-Russian power of Admiral A.V. Kolchak led to the desire to achieve commonality of political programs and coordination of military actions. The solution to agrarian, labor, national and other basic issues was fundamentally similar.
The white movement had common symbols: a tricolor white-blue-red flag, the official anthem “How Glorious is Our Lord in Zion.”
Publicists and historians who sympathize with whites cite the following reasons for the defeat of the white cause:
The Reds controlled the densely populated central regions. There were more people in these territories than in the white-controlled territories.
Regions that began to support whites (for example, Don and Kuban), as a rule, suffered more than others from the Red Terror.
The inexperience of white leaders in politics and diplomacy.
Conflicts between whites and national separatist governments over the slogan “One and Indivisible.” Therefore, whites repeatedly had to fight on two fronts.
Workers' and Peasants' Red Army- the official name of the types of armed forces: ground forces and air fleet, which, together with the Red Army MS, the NKVD troops of the USSR (Border Troops, Internal Security Troops of the Republic and State Convoy Guards) constituted the Armed Forces of the RSFSR/USSR from February 15 (23), 1918 years to February 25, 1946.
The day of the creation of the Red Army is considered to be February 23, 1918 (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). It was on this day that mass enrollment of volunteers began in the Red Army detachments, created in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army,” signed on January 15 (28).
L. D. Trotsky actively participated in the creation of the Red Army.
The supreme governing body of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (since the formation of the USSR - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR). The leadership and management of the army was concentrated in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, in the special All-Russian Collegium created under it, since 1923, the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR, and since 1937, the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1919-1934, direct leadership of the troops was carried out by the Revolutionary Military Council. In 1934, to replace it, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR was formed.
Detachments and squads of the Red Guard - armed detachments and squads of sailors, soldiers and workers, in Russia in 1917 - supporters (not necessarily members) of left parties - Social Democrats (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and “Mezhraiontsev”), Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists, as well as detachments Red partisans became the basis of the Red Army units.
Initially, the main unit of formation of the Red Army, on a voluntary basis, was a separate detachment, which was a military unit with an independent economy. The detachment was headed by a Council consisting of a military leader and two military commissars. He had a small headquarters and an inspectorate.
With the accumulation of experience and after attracting military experts to the ranks of the Red Army, the formation of full-fledged units, units, formations (brigade, division, corps), institutions and establishments began.
The organization of the Red Army was in accordance with its class character and military requirements of the early 20th century. The combined arms formations of the Red Army were structured as follows:
The rifle corps consisted of two to four divisions;
The division consists of three rifle regiments, an artillery regiment (artillery regiment) and technical units;
The regiment consists of three battalions, an artillery division and technical units;
Cavalry Corps - two cavalry divisions;
Cavalry division - four to six regiments, artillery, armored units (armored units), technical units.
The technical equipment of the military formations of the Red Army with fire weapons) and military equipment was mainly at the level of modern advanced armed forces of that time
The USSR Law “On Compulsory Military Service”, adopted on September 18, 1925 by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, determined the organizational structure of the Armed Forces, which included rifle troops, cavalry, artillery, armored forces, engineering troops, signal troops, air and naval forces, troops United State Political Administration and Convoy Guard of the USSR. Their number in 1927 was 586,000 personnel.