Plan of characteristics of the natural zone of the West Siberian Plain. Landscape and ecological conditions of the West Siberian Plain

Foreign Asia is one of the largest regions in terms of territory and the largest region in the world in terms of population. It occupies the southern and southeastern parts of the Eurasian continent and adjacent islands, the largest of which are the Japanese, Taiwan, Philippine, Greater and Lesser Sunda, and Ceylon. The territory of Foreign Asia is 31.9 million km 2, which is about 3/5 of the area of ​​Eurasia and almost 1/4 of the area of ​​inhabited land. From north to south the region stretches for almost 7,000 km, and from west to east - more than 10,000 km. From the east and southeast it is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, from the south and southwest by the Indian Ocean, and from the west by the Atlantic. The land border of Overseas Asia runs along southern border Russia, along the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, the Suez Canal and in the middle of the island New Guinea. Accurate drawing of borders is hampered by the political situation. Some Asian countries are striving to become members of European integration associations and, above all, the European Union. In 2004, Cyprus joined it.

Currently, 54 states are located entirely or partially on the territory of Asia, of which five (Abkhazia, Republic of China(Taiwan), Palestine, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia) are only partially recognized. From unrecognized states- Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The inclusion of Russia in the list of Asian countries is based primarily on its partial location in this part of the world (the vast majority of the country's population is in Europe, but most of the territory is in Asia). Turkey and Kazakhstan are sometimes included in the list of European countries due to having a smaller share of territory and population in Europe. Sometimes Azerbaijan and Georgia are also considered European countries (when drawing the border between Europe and Asia along the Greater Caucasus, they have small territories in Europe), and Cyprus, which is geographically located entirely in Asia, is part of the EU and has close political and cultural ties with Europe.

The territory of Foreign Asia is usually divided into five subregions: Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, which differ from each other by a complex of natural historical, ethnolinguistic and religious factors (Table 7.2).

Distribution of countries by subregion in Asia

Table 7.2

Western	Central	South Asia	Eastern	Southeast Asia
Azerbaijan	Kazakhstan	Afghanistan
	Kyrgyzstan	Bangladesh	Republic	Oriental
	Tajikistan
	Turkmenistan		Mongolia	Indonesia
	Uzbekistan			Cambodia
Jordan		Maldives
				Malaysia
		Pakistan
		Sri Lanka		Singapore
				Philippines
Palestinian territories
Saudi

Geographic data indicate unconditional leadership in terms of territory, population and GDP production East Asia due to the presence of China and Japan in its composition. South Asia ranks second in terms of population and GDP production (at the expense of India). In terms of the number of countries, Western Asia leads, where countries that are small in area and population predominate.

Most of the modern states of Overseas Asia were formed after World War II as a result of the process of decolonization. The countries of Central Asia gained independence in 1991 as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the beginning of the 21st century. There were 48 sovereign states in the region, and there were no colonies left. The countries of Foreign Asia are extremely contrasting both in terms of territory and population, and in terms of the most important indicators of socio-economic development. Along with giant countries such as China and India, there are also microstates: the Maldives. Bahrain and Singapore. From 12 countries of the world with a population of more than 100 million people. 6 are located in Overseas Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan). On the other hand, the Maldives, Cyprus, Bahrain, East Timor and Qatar have populations below 1 million. Five countries in the region (Japan, Israel, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea) belong to the developed category. Among developing countries both the leaders (China, India, and to a certain extent Turkey) and the poorest (Yemen, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) stand out. A special place in the region’s economy is occupied by oil and natural gas exporting countries with a high standard of living: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Brunei. Another group of countries that plays an important role in the region's economy are the newly industrialized countries of the “second wave.” This group includes Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. The region exhibits the full range of government system options that exist in modern world, - from absolute theocratic monarchies (Saudi Arabia and Oman) to parliamentary republics with deep democratic traditions (for example, Israel and India). Of the 48 states of Overseas Asia, the majority adhere to a republican form of government, and only 13 are monarchies. Monarchies include one empire (Japan), 6 kingdoms (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Bhutan, Cambodia and Thailand), 4 emirates (Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the UAE) and 3 sultanates (Oman, Malaysia and Brunei). The region is dominated by unitary states, but there are also 5 federations (UAE, Pakistan, India, Myanmar and Malaysia).

The natural resources of Foreign Asia are rich, but they are extremely unevenly distributed throughout the region. Indeed, the glacial mountain landscapes of Tibet coexist here with the hot sands of Arabia, the impenetrable jungles of Indochina with the endless steppe expanses of Mongolia, and the highest peaks of the Himalayas, proud in their solitude, with the populous fertile plains of Hindustan and Java. The region is home to the highest peak in the world - Mount Chomolungma (8848 m), and the deepest Dead Sea depression on Earth (-95 m), a place with a record amount of precipitation (Cherrapunji up to 12,000 mm/year) and one of the driest deserts on globe- Arabian (less than 100 mm/year). The climatic conditions of Foreign Asia make it possible to engage in agriculture almost everywhere, and the main condition for its implementation is not the amount of heat (there is enough of it in most of the region), but moisture. Approximately 1/2 of the territory is characterized by increased aridity, and only in areas with a monsoon climate is there a deficiency water resources not visible. The area of ​​cultivated land in Foreign Asia is 4.7 million km 2 (this is only 17% of the region's land fund), so there is only 0.15 hectares per capita - less than anywhere else in the world. However, these are average data. India and China have huge tracts of arable land - 160 and 100 million hectares, occupying second and fourth places in the world according to this indicator, respectively (the first place belongs to the USA, the third to Russia). Pastures cover over 22% of the region's area, of which China has more than 400 million hectares, the second largest in the world (after Australia). In terms of the share of pastures in the structure of agricultural land, Turkmenistan is the world leader (97%). Forests occupy a relatively small area (about 20% of all land), so the region ranks last in the world in terms of forest coverage (0.2 ha/person). The forests belong to the Southern Forest Belt and are concentrated mainly in the humid tropical zone of Southeast Asia. Overseas Asia accounts for more than 1/2 of the world's hardwood production. Unproductive lands make up about 40% of the region's area, which is twice as much as in other regions of the world. Most of These lands are deserts and semi-deserts. They are responsible for the characteristic yellow-brown color that distinguishes Asia in photographs from space.

Given the general aridity of the region's climate, the role of water resources especially increases. The emergence of the most ancient civilizations of the East is associated with such great rivers as the Tigris and Euphrates, the Indus and the Ganges, the Yellow River and the Yangtze. Foreign Asia ranks first among the regions of the world in terms of river flow. However 2/3 surface waters falls in Southeast and East Asia, and the rest of the territory experiences acute water shortages. The rivers of Foreign Asia are also important transport arteries, as well as sources of irrigation, without which agriculture would be impossible in most of the region. India and China are the world leaders in terms of irrigated land area. The rivers of Foreign Asia account for over 40% of the Earth's potential hydropower resources. Among individual countries, China ranks first in the world in this indicator.

Foreign Asia is truly a treasure trove of diverse mineral resources. First of all, it is necessary to note the colossal energy resources. The region accounts for 70% of the world's proven oil reserves. The share of Saudi Arabia alone is 25%, with Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and the UAE accounting for 9-10% each. In terms of natural gas reserves (39% of the world's total), Foreign Asia shares first place with Russia. Iran, Qatar, the UAE and Saudi Arabia occupy, respectively, the second to fifth places in the world in terms of reserves of this valuable raw material. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have large reserves of natural gas. The region's coal reserves are very large - more than 1/3 of the world's. Its richest deposits are concentrated in China (first place in the world) and India. There are significant reserves of uranium and thorium ores (China, India, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). Ore resources are rich and varied. The region dominates in reserves of tin and tungsten ores - more than 2/3 of the world's (China, Malaysia and Indonesia), nickel - 1/3 of the world's (China and Indonesia), chromium (Turkey, India, the Philippines and Kazakhstan), manganese (India, China, Kazakhstan and Georgia). Large reserves of iron ore are concentrated in China and India, bauxite - in China, India and Indonesia, copper ores - in China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, gold - in China, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Among non-metallic raw materials, it is necessary to note the reserves of graphite (India, Sri Lanka and South Korea) and mica (India), for which the region occupies a leading position in the world. There are large reserves of potassium salts (Israel and Jordan), as well as phosphorus-containing raw materials (China, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Israel and Iraq).

More than 60% of the world's population lives in Foreign Asia. However, at present it can be argued that the era of the “demographic explosion” is a thing of the past for this region. The population growth rate in the region is 1.4%, i.e. approximately equal to the world average. In China, as a result of an active demographic policy, population growth turned out to be half the regional average, and Japan is already moving to a narrowed population reproduction. The highest rates of population growth are characteristic of the countries of South-West Asia (Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and the UAE), where it is more than twice the world average. In East Asia, on the contrary, population growth is significantly lower than the world level. It is interesting to compare data on population growth rates and GDP for the subregions of Foreign Asia. High population growth rates offset a significant part of the economic growth of the countries of the region, giving rise to social problems such as poverty, unemployment and illiteracy. The most unfavorable situation in this regard has developed in the countries of South-West and South Asia.

Foreign Asia is a very densely populated region, with an average population density almost three times higher than the world level. However, the population is distributed extremely unevenly across the territory. Highest density population is typical for the Indo-Gangetic Lowland, some Sunda Islands, as well as the coastal regions of China and Japan. More than 1 million people live on the island of Java (Indonesia) in an area equal to the state of New York. The region is home to the country with the highest average population density in the world - Bangladesh. On the other side, inland regions China and Mongolia are practically uninhabited.

Foreign Asia is a region with a predominantly young population. In the countries of South-West and South Asia, over 40% of the population are children under 16 years of age. But Japan has the oldest society on Earth. In the countries of East and Southeast Asia, the bulk of the population is of working age. The gender structure of the region's population is characterized by a predominance of men, who are 75 million more than women. There are 1,049 men per 1,000 women in Foreign Asia.

Foreign Asia, along with Africa, is the least urbanized region of the world - only 1/3 of the population lives here in cities. However, given the overall colossal number rural population it is often called the “global village”. On the other hand, thanks to the role of countries such as China and India, almost half of the Earth’s citizens are concentrated in Overseas Asia.

The ethnic structure of the population is very complex and mosaic - nine language families and more than 800 different languages. The region is home to the most numerous peoples of the world - the Chinese (1/5 of the world's population), Hindustani, Bengalis, Japanese, Punjabis, Biharis and Javanese. Finally, Foreign Asia is the birthplace and main focus of the spread of the world's main religions - Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism. Ethnic and religious boundaries run here both between and within countries. Such stripes in the conditions of overpopulation in the region give rise to numerous ethno-religious conflicts, such as Palestinian, Kashmir and Tibetan.

In terms of GDP production, Foreign Asia is one of the world leaders, and in terms of economic growth rates, no other region in the world can compare with it. Economic leaders in the region itself are China, India, Japan, which occupy the first, third and fourth places in the world in terms of total GDP production, respectively. Of the 54 countries in the region, only Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Cyprus, Israel and Bahrain are at the post-industrial stage of economic development. India, China, the newly industrialized countries of the second wave, oil and natural gas exporting countries, and countries such as Turkey, Iran and Iraq are industrial. The least developed countries in the region have an agricultural economy.

The share of Overseas Asia in global industrial production is approximately 1/3. In terms of the scale of industrial development, as well as the range of industries represented in it, three countries stand out - Japan, China and India; in terms of the state of the industry structure - Japan and the newly industrialized countries of the “first wave” (South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore). The industrial countries of the “second wave” are gradually approaching them. A special industrial structure with a sharp predominance of fuel and energy sectors is characteristic of all Gulf countries. Currently, Foreign Asia ranks first in the world in terms of production of oil, coal, iron ore, chromite, tin and tungsten ores. In the manufacturing industry, the region excels in steel smelting, production of maritime merchant ships, robots, consumer electronics, computer components, cotton fabrics, clothing and footwear.

Despite the stormy industrial development, in the region still The role of agriculture is great. It employs more than 1/2 of its economically active population. At the beginning of this century, Asian countries produced over 50% of the world's agricultural output. China alone accounts for almost 1/4 of the world's agricultural production. The countries of the region are world leaders in both the production of basic food crops and livestock. True, it should be noted that most agricultural products are consumed within the region itself.

The transport network of Foreign Asia is unique, since despite the long length of transport routes of all types of transport, its density is significantly lower than the world average (the only exceptions are the developed countries of the region). In domestic transportation, railway transport plays a leading role, and the region's foreign trade is served by sea transport. The largest ports are Singapore, Shanghai and Hong Kong (China), Chiba and Nagoya (Japan), Ulsan and Gwangju (Republic of Korea). Cyprus, Singapore, China and Japan are among the world's ten largest countries merchant fleet. A unique transport system has developed in countries that export oil and natural gas; it plays a large role in cargo turnover here. pipeline transport, and in passenger turnover - automobile.

Recently, air transport has been rapidly developing. Today, the region accounts for more than 20% of global air traffic, twice as much as 10 years ago. The largest airports are in Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Bangkok and Delhi.

IN last years In the structure of the economy of Foreign Asia, the role of the service sector is increasing. In developed countries, the share of this sector in GDP ranges from 60% to 80%. In terms of production volume of various types of services, Japan is second only to the United States in the world. Tokyo has become the third most important financial center in the world after New York and London.

Singapore, Hong Kong and Manama (Bahrain) are also major regional financial centers. Offshore zones have been created in Cyprus, Bahrain, UAE, Singapore and Malaysia. Tourism plays a significant role in the economy. Overseas Asia accounts for about 20% of international tourist trips. The countries of East and Southeast Asia are the most popular among tourists.

Foreign trade has traditionally been of great importance. A significant part of the countries in the region are characterized by an average level of export quota (the ratio of export value to GDP). The highest indicators are distinguished by the newly industrialized countries of the “second wave” and countries exporting oil and natural gas. The absolute world leader in terms of export quota is Singapore, but the DPRK, on ​​the contrary, is a striking example of an outsider. The region's share in world trade turnover is approximately 1/3. IN commodity structure The exports of the countries of East, South and Southeast Asia are dominated by industrial goods and ore raw materials, and those of South-West Asia are dominated by energy resources.

Questions for self-control

• 1. What similarities and differences can be noted among Asian countries?
• 2. What natural resources is Asia richest in?
• 3. What are the current trends in economic development in Asian countries?
• 4. Why, in your opinion, did all the world’s religions originate in Asia?
• 5. What is the reason for the fact that Asia is home to a large number of hotbeds of international tension? What solutions to existing conflicts could you suggest?
• 6. What are “newly industrialized countries”?
• 7. What problems of global development may arise (or have already arisen) in connection with the economic “ascent” of countries such as China and India, in which a significant proportion of the world’s population is concentrated?

Tasks for independent work

• 1. Make a map “Natural Resources of Foreign Asia”. Highlight the resources in which European countries are world leaders.
• 2. On the outline map of Europe, mark its subregions, label the countries and their capitals. Check the countries that are members of APEC and ASEAN.
• 3. Using materials from the topic studied, mark the largest agglomerations of Foreign Asia on the contour map.
• 4. Prepare a report on one of the countries of Foreign Asia.

Which employs the vast majority of the population. the territory is not the same. It is greatest in, where about 70% of the total area is plowed and in India more than 50%. The lowest rates - 10-15% - are in Iran.

The bulk of Asian peasants have little land or are landless. The least arable land per capita is in Japan (0.02 hectares), Indonesia (0.1 hectares), and Bangladesh (0.12 hectares).

Extensive agriculture predominates in the drylands of Asia. Intensive farming is carried out on irrigated lands, mainly in the South and South, but a small proportion of cultivated lands (10-20%) is irrigated.

The countries of the region produce the vast majority of world production of tea, jute, and natural rubber. These are the main export crops of Asia. The plantings of industrial crops such as cotton (,), sugar cane (India, China), oilseeds: peanuts, rapeseed, castor beans, sesame (India, China), soybeans (China, DPRK), olive plantings (Turkey) are also widespread here. , ).

The main food crop of Asia is rice (over 90% of world production). In many countries in the region, more than 50% of the total cultivated area is sown with rice. The first place in the world in rice production is occupied by China (190 million tons), the second place is by India (110 million tons). Rice production is quite large in Indonesia, Bangladesh, . Rice yields in most of these countries are low (20-25 c/ha), except for Japan and China (55.8 and 55.4 c/ha, respectively).

The second most important grain crop in Asia is wheat. The region produces approximately 20% of its global production. The largest producers of wheat are China, India, Türkiye, Pakistan,. Wheat is often grown as a winter crop on irrigated lands.

Among the important grain crops of the region, corn (India, Indonesia, Philippines), barley (India, Turkey, etc.) should also be highlighted. Millet and legumes are also important for food purposes.

The level of development in Asia is lower than in other parts of the world. In those areas where natural conditions make farming impossible (mountainous areas), the main occupation of the population has long been nomadic cattle breeding. These areas are characterized by a high proportion of sheep in the herd of productive livestock. Camels are also bred. Yaks, tso (a hybrid of a yak and a cow), and goats graze on pastures in high mountainous regions (for example, in). Pasture farming is extensive. Commercial and, in particular, exportable livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins.

In most densely populated countries in South and Southeast Asia, where agricultural areas are occupied by crops, the number of livestock is small. These areas are characterized by cattle (in particular water buffaloes), and in countries with a non-Muslim population - China, Korea - pigs are bred.

In India, which has the largest herd of cattle (about 200 million heads), it is used only as draft power. Tamed elephants are also used as working animals in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, and camels, donkeys and horses in South-West Asia.

Recently, it has become fashionable (and profitable) to breed ostriches on farms.

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF FOREIGN ASIA

Foreign(in relation to CIS countries) Asia occupies the south of the Asian continent and the islands adjacent to it in the south, east and southeast (Andaman, Nicobar, Maldives, Lakandiva, Sri Lanka, Japan, Ryukyu, Philippine, Greater and Lesser Sunda, Moluccas).

By territory size ( 27 million sq. km) Foreign Asia is second only to Africa, and in terms of the number of inhabitants ( 3.5 billion people) far exceeds all other major regions of the world.

On the political map of the world, the region is represented by 46 states, the vast majority of which are developing countries.

In the international division of labor, Foreign Asia acts primarily as a major supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the world market. Its share is especially large in the production and export of oil, natural gas, tin, tea, jute and natural rubber.

Physico-geographical location of Foreign Asia

Most countries of Foreign Asia have a coastal location, providing them with access to the Pacific, Indian and Indian seas. Atlantic Oceans. And only Mongolia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Laos are located in the interior of the continent.

The nature of the physical and geographical position of the region(its northern regions are located in temperate latitudes, the rest - within the subtropical, tropical and equatorial zones) determines the high supply of thermal resources, sufficient to allow two crops to be harvested throughout its entire territory, with the exception of the temperate zone, and three in the tropics in year.

Countries of Foreign Asia

Currently (2016) on the territory of Foreign Asia (CIS countries are not included) there are 46 states: Abkhazia (a partially recognized republic), Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Brunei, Bhutan, East Timor, Vietnam, Georgia (most of its territory) , Egypt (partially), Israel, India, Indonesia (most of the territory), Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Yemen (most of the territory), Cambodia, Qatar, Cyprus, PRC, Republic of China (partially recognized republic), DPRK, Republic of Korea , Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (unrecognized republic), Nepal, UAE, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Thailand, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (partially recognized republic) , Turkey (most of the territory), Philippines, Sri Lanka, South Ossetia (partially recognized republic), Japan.

Population of Overseas Asia

More than 50% of all humanity lives in the countries of Foreign Asia and most of the world's rural population is concentrated. The number of men exceeds the number of women. At the highest density (130 people per 1 sq. km), the population is distributed extremely unevenly. Less than 1/10 of the territory contains 3/4 of the region's population. Most of the population of Overseas Asia lives in four countries: China, India, Indonesia and Japan. The least populated countries are Mongolia and Saudi Arabia (the average population density is 1 and 3 people per 1 sq. km, respectively). The most densely populated coastal areas and valleys of large rivers (population density reaches 1500 - 2000 people per 1 sq. km).

Exceptionally complex ethnic And religious compound population Foreign Asia. More than 1 thousand peoples live here, belonging to a variety of language families and groups (Indo-European, Semitic, Turkic, etc.). Most countries are multinational states. Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all world religions; the peoples inhabiting it profess Islam (Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, etc.), Hinduism (India, etc.), Buddhism (China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, etc. ), Judaism (Israel), Christianity (Philippines, Lebanon, Indonesia, etc.), Confucianism (China), etc.

Classification of countries of Foreign Asia by level of socio-economic development

In terms of the level of socio-economic development, the countries of Foreign Asia differ significantly from each other. In some of them (Japan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait) the GDP per capita indicator is one of the highest (35 - 38 thousand dollars), in others (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Maldives, etc.) - the highest Lowest (less than $200) in the world.

There is also a group of states whose economies are currently developing particularly dynamically (at a higher rate than in industrialized countries) and which have a significantly higher level of economic development compared to the rest of the group of developing countries. These include states called " newly industrialized countries", - Republic of (South) Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Turkey and countries with economies in transition - socialist China and Vietnam.

Natural conditions, presenters industry rural farms

The leading sector of the economy of the vast majority of foreign Asian countries is rural farming.

The distribution of agriculture in the vast area of ​​Foreign Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors.

Most of the territory of Foreign Asia is occupied by mountain systems, hills and plateaus, which are poorly suitable for agriculture. Compared to the vast mountain ranges, the area of ​​the lowlands is small. The low-lying areas of Foreign Asia (all of them are located along its western, southern and eastern outskirts) are well provided with moisture, since they are located in the monsoon zone (eastern and South part region) and Mediterranean (western part of the region) climate. High thermal and moisture availability (the amount of precipitation reaches 1000 - 2000 mm per year) in combination with fertile soils of the alluvial plains allows the development of almost any direction of agriculture here. More than 90% of its arable land is concentrated in this part of the region.

In the rest of Foreign Asia, the climate is unfavorable for agriculture: too wet in the equatorial regions (the amount of precipitation reaches 3000 mm or more per year) and too dry in the desert, semi-desert and highland regions of South-West and Central Asia (the amount of precipitation barely reaches 50 mm in year). Successful farming here is possible only with land reclamation.

home food culture of foreign Asia - rice. Its countries (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, etc.) provide over 90% of world rice production. The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia is wheat. In coastal, well-moistened areas, winter wheat is grown, in the arid continental part - spring wheat. Among other grains, corn and millet are significant. Despite the fact that Foreign Asia produces the vast majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat, many of its countries import grain.

Main export crops Foreign Asia - tea, cotton, jute, sugar cane, natural rubber. Cotton and sugar cane are grown almost everywhere, and Hevea plantations are located in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The vast majority of world tea production comes from India, China and Sri Lanka, while jute production comes from India and Bangladesh.

Foreign Asia occupies a prominent place in the world in the production of soybeans, copra (dried coconut pulp), coffee, tobacco, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, and various spices (red and black pepper, ginger, vanilla, cloves), which are also exported.

State of the art livestock farming in Overseas Asia is lower than in other regions of the world. The main branches of livestock farming are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with a non-Muslim population (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding. Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and highland areas. Export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. In coastal countries, fishing is of great importance.

Industry of Foreign Asia

Presenters industry industry. In most developing countries of Foreign Asia, industry is represented predominantly mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply of mineral resources and general low level development of processing (end-of-line) industries.

The role of Foreign Asia is great in the global production of coal, iron and manganese ores (India and China stand out), tin (Malaysia, Indonesia, China and Thailand), bauxite (India), chromite (Turkey, Philippines), polymetallic, nickel and copper ores ( China, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.), potash (Jordan) and table (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) salt. However, the main thing that determines the importance of this region in international separation labor, - production and export of oil and natural gas. Oil and gas are produced by many countries in Foreign Asia, but the main production areas are the countries of Western (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, Iraq, UAE, etc.) and Southeast (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia) Asia.

The share of Overseas Asia in the world's manufacturing industry, especially heavy industry, is small. Its leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industries) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China and in a small group of developing countries that have recently achieved significant success in developing their economies (India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Turkey, Iran, Iraq). Large metallurgical plants have been created in India (in Bhilai and Bokaro) and China (Anshan plant, etc.), Japan and Turkey.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the smelting of tin (China, Malaysia, Thailand), copper (Japan, Indonesia, Philippines), aluminum (India, Japan, Iraq), lead and zinc (Japan, China).

The mechanical engineering complex is dominated by enterprises specializing in the production of household electrical appliances, radio electronics (production of radios, televisions, tape recorders, washing machines, calculators, vacuum cleaners, etc.), cars and ships. Special role in mechanical engineering region belongs Japan, which occupies a leading position in the world in the production of automobiles, and is a world leader in the field of electronics, robotics and other industries.

IN chemical complex The production of mineral fertilizers (primarily nitrogen), household chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and polymer materials (Japan, India, China, oil-producing countries) are highlighted.

The main branches of the textile industry are cotton and silk fabric production.

Transport of Overseas Asia

Transport. For intra-district and inter-district transportation, ground and car roads, river routes. The length and density of railway lines is small; some countries (Laos, Yemen, Oman, UAE, etc.) railways they don't have any at all. International transport is mainly carried out by sea transport. Japan has a large maritime fleet (ranks first in the world in terms of its tonnage) and oil-producing countries (Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, etc.).

Economic structure of Asian countries

The countries of Foreign Asia are developing countries, therefore, in most of these countries, industry is represented by mining and agriculture. The agricultural sector retains its leading position in the less developed countries of the region - Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bhutan. Its share here accounts for $50$-$60$% of GDP. The extractive industry is the main sphere of oil-producing countries - these are the UAE, Bahrain, Brunei, etc. International raw materials specialization and the development of the non-productive sector are characteristic of most countries in the region. There are only a few states here, which account for the bulk of world economic relations.

Note 1

It must be said that Asia's economic position in world relations has gradually strengthened. The region is becoming not only an exporter, but also a major importer of labor. Overseas Asia accounts for $1/4$ of the volume of world foreign trade and $1/6$ of the volume of international tourism. The Japanese or East Asian model of economic development is well known not only in the region, but also in the world.

Basic principles of this model:

1. Strict government regulation of the economy;
2. Mobilization of all resources to solve priority problems;
3. Export orientation of the economy;
4. Attracting foreign capital;
5. Creation of large national monopolies. Their goal is to improve product quality and compete in the foreign market.

These principles are not at all an invention of Asian countries; they have long been tested by countries with market economy, but they have Asian specifics. It consists in using the psychological characteristics of the population, which were formed in difficult natural conditions. In addition, it was of great importance historical conditions based on philosophical, religious, moral values.

Manufacturing industries have a generally low level of development and the region's share, especially in the heavy industry of the world, is small. Such industries as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industries are represented by their own enterprises. Enterprises are located in Japan, China, India, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Turkey, Iran, Iraq. This is a developed group of states in Foreign Asia and the world.

In India, for example, Bhilai and Bokaro have large steel plants. There are such enterprises in Japan and Turkey, and in China the famous Anshan Iron and Steel Works. China, Malaysia, Thailand produce tin, Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines smelt copper, India, Japan, and Iraq smelt aluminum. Lead and zinc are supplied by Japan and China.

Mechanical engineering The region produces household electrical appliances, radio electronics, cars and ships. In mechanical engineering, Japan occupies a leading role not only in the region, but also in the world. It is a leader in the production of automobiles, electronics, and robotics.

Chemical complex region is engaged in the production of mineral fertilizers, household chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. Chemical enterprises are located in Japan, India, China, as well as in countries involved in oil production.

Textile The industry produces traditional cotton and silk fabrics for the region.

For the bulk of the countries of Foreign Asia, agriculture is the basis of the economy. Despite significant changes, the level of development and specialization of individual countries is still pronounced.

In this regard, several groups of countries are distinguished:

1. Japan occupies a special position as a member of the G7. Among developed Western countries, Japan occupies a leading position in many indicators;
2. India and China are making great progress, but their per capita indicators are small;
3. NIS countries that have achieved success in a short time. The countries' economies are export-oriented;
4. Oil-producing countries in the region, where not only oil production is developing, but also petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries;
5. Less developed countries whose structure is dominated by extractive or light industry. These include Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Jordan.

NIS countries. general characteristics

The emergence of new industrial countries in Asia is an important and extraordinary phenomenon of our time. The role of these countries in the world economy and politics $60$-$70$ years ago was tertiary, but the implementation of the policy of “catch-up development” played a major role positive role. The Japanese development model has become a kind of standard for these countries. Japan, according to academician N.N. Moiseeva became the “trigger” of accelerated development for the entire Asia-Pacific region. Singapore and South Korea today already have the official status of economically developed countries. High level development of these countries is expressed in fast pace GDP growth. True, from the $60s to the $90s, the growth rate has noticeably decreased and, nevertheless, it is ahead of not only Asian, but also countries located in other parts of the world.

For example:

1. South Korea ahead of Iran;
2. Indonesia leads Australia;
3. Taiwan has overtaken Turkey, the Netherlands, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Argentina;
4. Thailand is ahead of Pakistan, Egypt, Belgium, South Africa;
5. Malaysia overtook Venezuela, Sweden, Greece, Ukraine, Colombia, Austria, Switzerland;
6. Hong Kong is ahead of Algeria, Norway, the Czech Republic, Romania, Chile, and Portugal;
7. Singapore - Peru, Bangladesh, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Finland, Israel, Kazakhstan, UAE.

The per capita GDP indicators of these countries are impressive. On a per capita basis, Singapore leads the region. Hong Kong and Singapore are ahead of the United States, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Belgium and other countries in terms of per capita GDP. The basis for these successes is the industrialization policy that began in the $50s of the $20th century in the textile industry. In the $60s, the emphasis shifts towards heavy industry, and later preference is given to labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries - electronics, electrical engineering, new construction materials. Asian Tigers in short time went the way of European countries, the USA, Japan. This is the meaning of the concept “new industrialization”.

Today, the “calling card” of the NIS countries is the electronics industry. Starting from the production of cheap mass products - electronic watches, microcalculators - to the production of personal computers.

Of the many factors that contributed to the restructuring of the economy on a high-tech basis, it is necessary to mention:

1. Labor resource factor;
2. The level of education;
3. Openness of the economy.

Note 2

The monetary and financial crisis, which developed into a general economic crisis, in 1997 affected the development of NIS. The consequences of the crisis were felt by many other countries outside Asia. Trying to find the causes of the crisis, a number of experts argued that the export-oriented NIS development model needs to be revised.

NIS development prospects

The countries of the Asia-Pacific region have entered the new $21st century quite confidently. In $1989, the APEC forum - Asia-Pacific Cooperation - was formed. This forum was formed by $18$ states, including the USA, Canada, Japan, China, New Zealand, South Korea, etc. The main task of this group was to eliminate trade barriers and the movement of capital. The APEC bloc is open, so those interested can apply for inclusion in the composition. At a conference in Malaysia in 1998, the organization included 3 more countries - Vietnam, Peru, Russia. According to the forecast of most experts, the 21st century will be the century of Asia-Pacific power, and the region will take a dominant position in the world economy.

The forecasts are based on facts:

1. Growing share of NIS in the world economy;
2. Use of high technologies;
3. Low production costs.

The $1997 crisis, on the one hand, brought to life the most different problems and difficulties, and on the other hand, adjusted the situation and created ways to overcome emerging problems. The prospects for the newly industrialized countries of Asia are connected with plans to deepen integration ties within ASEAN. The organization unites $10 $ states of the region and, in general terms, follows the path of the European Union - from a common market to a single economic and monetary space. Currently, the question is about creating a free trade zone. An important political direction for these countries is the expansion of economic cooperation with China and Japan, and in the future, cooperation with all APEC groups, which includes Russia.

Note 3

Thus, we can say that for further successful development The economies of the newly industrialized countries of Asia have fairly good prospects.

Topic 6.1. Geography of the population and economy of Foreign Europe

Topic 5.4. Geography of tertiary sectors of the world economy

Topic 5.3. Geography of secondary sectors of the world economy

Topic 5.2. Geography of industries in the primary sphere of the world economy

Topic 5.1 Modern features of the development of the world economy

Topic 4.1. Accommodation and resettlement of people

34. Stages of demographic transition.

35. Main features and indicators of the first and second types of population reproduction 36. Geographical differences in the sex composition of the world population.

37. Reasons influencing the distribution and density of the world's population.

38. Migration: types, causes.

39. Main common features global urbanization process.

Section 5. World economy

40. Stages of development of the world economy (brief description of the stages of development).

41. Development cycles of the world economy (brief description).

42. Ways of development of the world economy.

43. International geographical division of labor: its varieties and stages.

44. Agriculture and its economic features.

45. Intensive and extensive agricultural production.

46. ​​“Green Revolution” and its main directions.

47. Agro-industrial complex.

48. Geography of world crop and livestock production.

49. Forestry and logging.

50. Geographical aspects of the extraction of various types of minerals.

51. Geographical features world consumption of mineral fuels.

52. Geographical features of the development of the world electric power industry.

53. Geographical features of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

54. Geographical features of mechanical engineering.

55. Geographical features of the chemical industry.

56. Geographical features of forestry (processing industries) and light industry.

57. Transport complex and its modern structure.

58. Geographical features of the development of various types of global transport.

59. The world's largest sea trade ports and airports.

60. Communication and its modern types.

61. Differentiation of countries in the world according to the level of development of medical, educational, tourism, business and information services.

62. Modern features international trade goods.

Section 6. Regions of the World

63. The place and role of Foreign Europe in the world.

64. The place and role of Australia and Oceania in the world.

65. Germany and Great Britain as the leading countries of Foreign Europe.

66. The place and role of Foreign Asia in the world.

67. Japan, China and India as the leading countries of Foreign Asia.

68. Leading sectors of the Japanese economy and their territorial structure.

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All countries of Foreign Asia are quite large in area, two of them, China and India, have the status of giant countries. The borders that separate the states of Foreign Asia are established according to natural and historical boundaries.

The political structure of states is very diverse: in Japan, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia, Jordan, there are constitutional monarchies; in the UAE, Kuwait, Oman, absolute monarchical regimes have been preserved, all other states have a republican form of government.

Foreign Asia has a fairly uniform tectonic structure and topography.

The region has the largest range of altitudes on the planet: mountain ensembles are combined with vast plains.

The territory of Asia is located on the Precambrian platform, some areas on the Cenozoic folding.

Due to this geographical location, the states of Foreign Asia have many natural mineral resources. Rich reserves of coal, manganese and iron ores and other minerals are concentrated within the Hindustan and Chinese platforms.

The main wealth of the region is the gas and oil basins, which are located in most states of South-West Asia.

The agroclimatic characteristics of Asia hinder the establishment of agricultural activities.

Population

The population of Foreign Asia is more than 3 billion.

Human. Many states are experiencing a process of so-called “demographic explosion”. Public policy Many countries are aimed at reducing the birth rate; in China and Japan, large families are forced to pay special taxes.

The ethnic composition of Foreign Asia is diverse: representatives of more than 1 thousand people live here.

ethnic groups and nationalities, the most numerous peoples are the Chinese, Bengalis, Hindustanis and Japanese. Only Iran and Afghanistan are among the mononational countries.

The peoples of Asia belong to 15 language families; such linguistic diversity is not found in any region of the world. Foreign Asia is the cradle of all world religions; Christianity, Islam and Buddhism were born here. Leading place The region also features Shintoism, Confucianism and Taoism.

Economy of Foreign Asia

In the last decade, the role of the countries of Foreign Asia in the world economy has increased significantly.

The level of economic development here is more contrasting than in any other region of the world. Absolute leadership in industrial development belongs to Japan.

This is the only state in Foreign Asia that is part of the G7. Other industrialized countries include China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. The economy of the Gulf states is focused primarily on the oil industry.

Mining and metallurgy are well developed in Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam and Afghanistan.

Generalized characteristics of Foreign Asia

In most countries, the main share of EAN is engaged in agricultural production. The most popular plant crops are rice, tea, wheat and millet.

Livestock farming is quite well developed in the central regions.

Despite the significant growth of the agricultural sector, many countries are in a food crisis.

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Agriculture of Foreign Asia.

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The peculiarities of agriculture in Foreign Asia are the combination of commercial and consumer farming, landlord and peasant land use, as well as the predominance of food crops over industrial crops and livestock farming.

The main food crop of Foreign Asia is rice.

Its countries (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, etc.) provide over 90% of world rice production. The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia is wheat. In coastal, well-moistened areas, winter wheat is grown, and in the arid continental part - spring wheat. Among other grains, corn and millet are significant. Despite the fact that Foreign Asia produces the vast majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat, many of its countries are forced to buy grain, since their food problem has not been solved.

Foreign Asia occupies a prominent place in the world in the production of soybeans, copra (dried coconut pulp), coffee, tobacco, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, and various spices (red and black pepper, ginger, vanilla, cloves), which are also exported.

The level of development of livestock farming in Foreign Asia is lower than in other regions of the world.

The main branches of livestock farming are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with a non-Muslim population (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding.

Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and highland areas. Export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. In coastal countries, fishing is of great importance.

Accommodation Agriculture in the vast area of ​​​​Overseas Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors.

In general, several agricultural areas have formed in the region.

1. The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main rice growing area. Rice is sown in river valleys on flooded fields.

Economy of Foreign Asia

In the higher parts of the same sector there are tea plantations (China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand).

2. The region of subtropical agriculture is the Mediterranean coast.

Fruits, rubber, dates, and almonds are grown here.

3. Area of ​​pastoral livestock farming - Mongolia and South-West Asia (here livestock farming is combined with farming in oases).

In most developing countries of Overseas Asia industry represented predominantly by the mining industries.

The reason for this is their good supply of mineral resources and the general low level of development of processing (upstream) industries.

However, the differences in the level of economic development of various countries and regions of Foreign Asia are so significant that it is advisable to consider the region’s economy regionally.

If we proceed from the ten-member structure of the world economy, then within Foreign Asia there are five centers (among them, three centers are individual countries):

2. Japan;

4. New industrial countries;

5. Oil exporting countries.

China Since the 70s, he began an economic reform (“Gaige”), based on a combination of planned and market economies. As a result, there has been unprecedented growth in the country's economy. In 1990, China already ranked 3rd in terms of GDP after the United States and Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead of Japan. However, based on GDP per capita, China still lags significantly behind leading countries.

Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country that occupies important positions in the world economy (first place in the production of coal and iron ore, steel smelting, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, and gross grain harvest; second place in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials, etc.

The face of China is primarily determined by heavy industry.

Japan emerged from World War 2 with a completely destroyed economy.

But it not only managed to restore the economy, but also became the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the G7, and in many ways economic indicators come out on top. Japan's industry initially developed primarily along an evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were created almost anew.

After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary path of development began to prevail in Japanese industry. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest knowledge-intensive industries.

It has become a leader in the field of electronics, robotics, biotechnology, and began to use non-traditional energy sources. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the “Japanese economic miracle” has faded and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.

India is one of the key countries in the developing world.

She began economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of very great contrasts. For example:

- by total volume industrial production it ranks fifth in the world, but 102nd in terms of national income per capita;

- powerful enterprises equipped with the latest technology are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries (“industry at home”);

- in agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small ones peasant farms;

— India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;

— in terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but occupies a leading position in “brain drain”, which has affected almost all areas of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;

— in Indian cities, modern, well-appointed areas coexist with slums, home to millions of homeless and unemployed people.

Indian industry employs 20% of the economically active population.

From easy country and food industry, India has become a country with developed heavy industry. India produces machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, televisions, as well as the latest electronic equipment, equipment for nuclear power plants and space research. India ranks first in the developing world in terms of nuclear industry development.

Agriculture in India accounts for 60% of EAN.

In recent years, as a result of government investments and the use of the achievements of the “green revolution,” grain collection has increased significantly and the country has become largely self-sufficient in grain, although at a very low level of consumption (250 kg per person).

Natural conditions in India are favorable for the development of agriculture.

India has two main agricultural seasons and two main agricultural zones:

- main rice growing zone - south-eastern part Indo-Ghana lowland;

— the main wheat zone is the northwestern part of the Indo-Ghana lowland.

In addition to these zones, there are areas for the cultivation of fibrous, oilseed, sugar, and tonic crops.

India has developed a special territorial structure of the economy, which distinguishes it from other developing countries.

There is no single dominant center in the country. There are, as it were, four “economic capitals”

- in the west - Bombay (machine-building, petrochemical, cotton factories, nuclear energy, the largest port);

- in the east - Kolkata (the second industrial center and port after Bombay, distinguished by the processing and export of jute);

- in the north - Delhi (a large industrial, transport, administrative and cultural center);

- in the south - Madras.

Newly industrialized countries consist of two echelons:

- first echelon - Korea, Singapore, Taiwan (together with Hong Kong - “four Asian tigers”);

- second echelon - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

All these countries have achieved significant economic success in a short time, especially in the automotive industry, shipbuilding, oil refining industry, petrochemicals, electronics, electrical engineering, and light industry.

In their development, they were guided by the experience of Japan. However, decisive role their development was influenced by Transnational Corporations (TNCs), focusing on cheap labor. Therefore, almost all the high-tech products of these countries go to the West.

Oil exporting countries specialize in oil production and petrochemicals. These are the countries of the Persian Gulf, which received rapid development due to oil and very quickly entered from feudalism into capitalism.

Most of these countries' income comes from oil and gas exports (Saudi Arabia - 98%)

Among other countries of Foreign Asia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea stand out in terms of economic development.

The least developed countries in the region and the world as a whole include Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia.

Transport in Overseas Asia is one of the weak links in most countries (with the exception of Japan). The transport system of these countries has not yet been fully formed. There is a predominance of one or two types of transport, a high proportion of pack, horse-drawn and bicycle transport.

Rail transport is most developed in India and Pakistan, pipeline transport in the Middle East, road transport in India and China, sea transport in Japan, China, Singapore, and the Gulf countries.

Environmental problems in the region have recently worsened significantly. The most acute problems are the depletion of water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation (especially Nepal and India), etc. The main reasons for the exacerbation of environmental problems are the transfer to the region of " dirty production"and overpopulation in many countries.

Subregions of Foreign Asia

1. South-West Asia;

South Asia;

3. Southeast Asia;

4. East Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, Korea, Japan).

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

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Industry of Foreign Asia

1. Mining industries

In most developing countries of Foreign Asia, industry is represented primarily by mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply of mineral resources and the general low level of development of processing (upstream) industries.

— mining of coal, iron and manganese ores (India and China),

— tin (Malaysia, Indonesia, China and Thailand),

— bauxite (India),

— chromite ores (Türkiye, Philippines),

— polymetallic, nickel and copper ores (China, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.),

– potassium salt (Jordan)

— table salt (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)

However, the main thing that determines the importance of this region in the international division of labor is the production and export of oil and natural gas.

— oil and gas are produced by many countries in Foreign Asia, but the main production areas are the countries of Western (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, Iraq, UAE, etc.) and Southeast (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia) Asia.

Manufacturing industry

Share of Overseas Asia in manufacturing industry the world, especially the heavy one, is small.

Its leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and textile industries) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China and in a small group of developing countries that have recently achieved significant success in developing their economies (India, the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Turkey, Iran, Iraq). Large metallurgical plants have been created in India (in Bhilai and Bokaro) and China (Anshan plant, etc.), Japan and Turkey.

a) non-ferrous metallurgy

– tin smelting (China, Malaysia, Thailand)

— copper smelting (Japan, Indonesia, Philippines)

— aluminum smelting (India, Japan, Iraq)

— lead and zinc smelting (Japan, China)

B) mechanical engineering

- Japan is the leader in the production of household appliances and radio electronics

— automotive industry

- shipbuilding

B) chemical industry

- production of mineral fertilizers (primarily nitrogen) Japan, India,

— household chemicals and pharmaceuticals China, oil and gas

— polymer materials reworkable.

d) textile industry

- cotton

– production of silk fabrics

Agriculture Asia

The leading sector of the economy of the vast majority of countries in Foreign Asia is Agriculture.

— The main food crop of Foreign Asia - rice. Its countries (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, etc.) provide over 90% of world rice production.

— The second most important grain crop in Foreign Asia — wheat. In coastal, well-moistened areas, winter wheat is grown, in the arid continental part - spring wheat.

— Among other grains, crops are significant corn and millet.

Despite the fact that Foreign Asia produces the vast majority of rice and about 20% of the world's wheat, many of its countries import grain.

— Cotton and sugar cane grown almost everywhere

- plantations Hevea located in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

— The vast majority of world production tea given by India, China and Sri Lanka,

— jute- India and Bangladesh.

Export: soybean, copra (dried coconut pulp), coffee, tobacco, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, various spices (red and black pepper, ginger, vanilla, cloves), tea, cotton, jute, sugar cane, natural rubber.

State of the art livestock farming in Overseas Asia is lower than in other regions of the world.

— The main branches of livestock farming - cattle breeding and sheep breeding

— In countries with non-Muslim populations (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig farming.

— In desert and high mountain areas they breed horses, camels, yaks.

Export: wool, hides and skins.

In coastal countries it is of great importance fisheries.

Transport

Transport system Overseas Asia is underdeveloped.

The exception is Japan, which, despite its small territory, occupies one of the leading places in terms of the length of transport routes.

In other countries, road transport is most important, and in South-West Asia - pipeline transport.

For intra-district inter-district transportation, dirt roads, highways and river routes are of great importance.

The length and density of railway lines is small; some countries (Laos, Yemen, Oman, UAE, etc.) do not have railways at all. International transportation is mainly carried out by sea.

Topic 6.2 Geography of the population and economy of Foreign Asia

Japan has a large maritime fleet (ranks first in the world in terms of its tonnage) and oil-producing countries (Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, etc.).

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SUBTROPICAL AGRICULTURE

SUBTROPICAL AGRICULTURE, growing agricultural products. crops in the subtropical zone.

The climate is characterized by relatively warm, rainy winters (the temperature does not fall below -10, -12 °) and hot summers.

Areas with similar climates are also found in tropical zone(in the mountains).

Depending on the amount of precipitation, the wet subtropics (more than 1000 mm per year) and the dry subtropics (less than 500 mm per year) differ.

Characteristics of subtropical agriculture. 1. Continuity of field work throughout the year.

2. Obtaining several harvests per year of annual crops from one field, as well as the possibility of growing plants in winter.

3. Perennial saturation. In the extended areas of the West. Georgia (Makharadzevsky, Kobuleti) uses approx. 75% of the treated surface. In the 1950s, Makharadzev's collective farms accounted for 88% of the income from tea plantations.

4. The need to protect subtropical plants from frost.

Measures to protect regions from low temperatures consist of agricultural practices that promote frost resistance and direct protection methods.

The beginning of vegetation of young plantations and their fast growth achieved in autumn (not spring). Citrus planters, planted in the fall, begin to rotate between October and December, and in the spring they begin to grow within 1-2 months. earlier compared to seedlings planted in spring. To ensure strong growth in the first half of the frost-free period, a number of agricultural measures are used: early (in February and March) careful handling with full fertilization; Early (beginning of April) species containment; (May-June) with nitrogen.

This is especially important for creating a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil in the period from April to August, which is the speed (3 times a month, during the dry period in the wet and after each watering in the dry subtropics) of soil cultivation, especially heavy mulching and irrigation.

At the beginning of August, stop loosening, reduce watering, and sow grass on green manure (sidet). Autumn-winter cultivation of sidecats in intertropical species of subtropical crops (tunga, citrus), as well as autumn shoots, Ch.

arr. citrus fruits help to increase the frost resistance of plantations. To increase resistance to low temperatures abundant fruit trees, improve your diet by using organic and mineral fertilizers to a higher standard.

Picking fruit in a timely manner also prevents loss of frost resistance, especially in lemons. Pruning of tea bushes and citrus fruits is done after the end of the cold period.

The most effective methods are the most effective protection: an alkaline earth base of the body (on a standard shrub or crop), which allows the penguin to re-grow in the event of destruction of above-ground work; which covers all branches and trunks of leafy crops - figs and pomegranates, which are grown in moldy form.

PROTECTION of evergreen non-winter-resistant p-threads of fabric fabric (layer 3 eyes, investment mesh fabric No. 25, dismissal, etc.) extends over the frame of masts or wires. The p-lj cover is a denser lightweight fabric with additional heating from the stove or combustion of the surrounding briquette and heating of open space oil heaters.

Subtropical products- mostly durable, evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees and shrubs or herbaceous plants. They are characterized by relatively low winter strength and high requirements to warmth during the growing season.

Unlike tropical plants, which grow throughout the year, subtropical plants require b. or m. stable winter holiday. The degree of freeze resistance of individual crops varies greatly.

Lemon, less resistant to growth in winter rest, survives a short (1 - 2 hours) frost of -5, -6 °, but suffers -7, -8 °, immersed to varying degrees. The most resistant deciduous trees (rice, pomegranate, persimmon); with appropriate agricultural technology it is relatively easy to tolerate temperature changes of -15, -18 °.

Heat requirements during the growing season are not the same. For normal vegetation and ripening of citrus fruits - tangerines and oranges - GT Selyaninovu, the sum of active rates is at least 4200 - 4500 ° and breeding rates - only 2500 degrees.

Subtropical crops grown in the USSR include: a) fruits - avocado(Persea gratissima Gaertn.), orange(Citrus sinensis Osb.), pomegranate(Punica granatum L.), grapefruit(Citrus paradisi Macf.), figs(Ficus carica L.), lemon(Citrus Limon Burm.), mandarin(Citrus unshiu Marc), olive(Olea europaea L.), almond(Amygdalus communis L., Prunus amygdalus Stok.), loquat japanese(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl., Protinia japonica Gray), pecan(Carya olivae formis Nutt.), feijoa(Feijoa sellowiana Berg.), pistachio(Pistacia) hazelnut(Corylus L.), persimmon(Diospyros) (see); b) technical - agave(Agave L.), bamboo(Bamboo Schreb.), geranium(Pelargonium); jute(Corchorus L.) dracaena(southern cordyline), laurel camphor (camphor Nees), laurel (laurel nobilis L.), laurel (laurocerasus officinalis), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.), New Zealand flax (New Zealand flax Forsto.), cork oak (cork oak L. ), ramie (Boehmeria Nivea), sugar cane(Saccharum officinarum L.), tree tree(Aleuriti) tea(Thea L.), saffron(Crocus sativus), eucalyptus(Eucalyptus L.), eukomija(Eucommia ulmoides Obiv.), yucca(Iucca aloifolia L.) (see); c) decorative wood - Araucaria (Araucaria), cypress(Cupressus L.), kriptomeri(Cryptomeria japonica Don), magnolia(Magnolia L.), oleander(Nerium oleander L.), palm trees, sparkles(Sequoia), silver acacia, (Page 1).

Subtropical crops have valuable properties and are often used in the folk field. Young shoots and tea leaves are used to prepare a widely used tea drink after proper treatment. The fruits of citrus and other fruit plants are characterized by high taste, nutritional and medicinal properties. They contain large amounts of sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, flavorings and vitamins.

The fruits of lemons and oranges contain approximately 2 times more vitamin C than fresh apples or more. times more than in pears and grapes. Most carbohydrates are found in fig fruits. Olive fruits contain a lot of vegetable oil. The fruits of subtropical crops are often used not only for fresh consumption, but also for technical treatment.

From this, natural juices, concentrates, marmalades, marmalades, oils, citric acid, etc. are produced.

Wood products are also important. Eucalyptus trees have the ability to quickly produce wood.

Eucalyptus wood is very dense, strong, and has a high specific gravity. Much is used in the construction of various structures and in the production of furniture. Eucalyptus leaves contain up to 4% essential oils, used in medicine and the perfume industry. Bamboo wood is used to make furniture and various sports equipment.

Dana fruits produce high-tech oil, which serves as a raw material for the preparation of quick-drying varnishes and paints that are highly resistant.

The region of subtropical agriculture in the USSR. Colchis is a humid subtropical zone (Black Sea coast), which includes: Adjara, Georgia with the western plain of Kolhide, Abkhazia, Adler, Lazarevsky district of Sochi and Krasnodar region.

The wettest, with mild winters and long frost-free, subtropical region of the USSR. Minimum temperature -8° (Batumi), -10° (Gagra), -13° (Kutaisi). Average rate on January 6 °, July 23 °. The amount of precipitation per year is 1150 - 2465 mm. In this graduation area. Sizes to cultivate tea, lemon, orange, tangerine, dun, persimmon, bamboo, eucalyptus, bay leaf, loquat, guava, pineapple, olives, figs, hazelnuts, cork oak, geranium, camphor.

The main field of the Soviet subtropics.

The South Caspian (Talysh) humid subtropical region, including Astara, Lankaran, part of the Massali and Lerik regions in Azerbaijan. Arids in spring and summer. Total precipitation ranges from 1100 to 1300 mm, the lowest temperature is -12, -15 °, the average temperature in July is 24-25 °. Here in industry. vegetable tea, persimmon, dun, citrus, bamboo, fig, eucalyptus, etc.

Alazani humid subtropical zone (zone of Zagatala and Zaalazanskaya Kakheti) Zakatalsky, Belokansky, Kakheti, Vartashensky, Kutkashensky r HN and part of Ismailly remote Azerbaijan SSR and Lagodekhi, decomposes r HN and part of the problem with the remote Georgian SSR. The amount of precipitation per year is 900-1100 mm, but mainly in the spring-summer period. Freezing to -12°C to -18° slopes and valleys, averaging 23 to 24°C in July. Graduates. Size grown tea, persimmon, bamboo, Kazanlak roses, hazelnuts, figs, walnuts, geraniums.

Transcaucasian region of dry subtropics: dry subtropics of the Azerbaijan SSR, part of eastern Georgia, southern Armenia (Meghri). The climate is dry, mild, summers are warm and long, frosts drop to -16 ° (Kirovabad) and to -20 ° (Kurdamir).

Irritated agriculture. Notable crops include olives, almonds, figs, pomegranates, pistachios, jujube, cultivation of laurel and saffron.

Trans-Caspian region of dry subtropics (southwest).

Turkmenistan). Summers are hotter and drier in the summer. The average rate is 28-30°. In winter, frosts are -12, -14 ° and -19 ° (Kara-Kala). Irritated agriculture. Salts are common. Notable crops include olives, pomegranates, almonds, and rice. The date palm culture was tested.

Kherson region of dry subtropics - areas of Stalinabad and Kulyab. Tajik SSR, Surkhandarya region.

Uzbek SSR and s.o. part of the Chardzhou region. Turkmen SSR(Karlyuk). The climate is strongly continental, dry and hot in summer, with sharp cooling in January and February. Minimum level-PA -17° (Shirabad), -26° (Stalinabad), -12° (Barzov), -20° (Mykolayabad), -20° (Denova). average speed- PP July 21 (Khoj-Ob-Garm), 30 ° (Vakhsh Valley), 32 ° (Shirabad). Notable culture of geranium, rosewood Kazanluk, sugar cane, pomegranate, pistachio, almond, fig, dragon, lemon in the ditches.

The south coast of Crimea.

Summers are warm, winters are mild, only occasionally there are short-term frosts down to -15, -18 °. Irritated agriculture. Culture of olives, figs, almonds, pistachios, granules and citrus fruits (with cover). Most sessions. subtropical zone of the USSR.

Base. In Soviet subtropics, gender is heterogeneous. Wet tropical soil is distinguished: a) with acidic reaction(pH of water extract 3.5 to 6.0) - red soils, zheltozomy their difference cinder burozomy podzolic soil; b) with an alkaline reaction (pH = 7.1 to 8.0), humik carbonate, jam, aluvial carbonate.

Acidic soil is suitable for growing tea, oak, chestnut, eucalyptus, giant Moso bamboo; Limestone soils are favorable for growing olives, bay leaves, avocados, walnuts, almonds, and pistachios. Citrus, persimmon, fig, pomegranate, pineapple guava, loquat, golden bamboo, eucalyptus viminalis turf. The species grows in both acidic and alkaline soils, but plantings of citrus soil. Soaking tart cherries greatly increases fruit yield.

Typically, 8 tons of limestone, marl or mud (waste from sugar production containing lime) are used per hectare.

Soils of dry subtropics - Ch. arr. Sierra, light and dark, lime-rich (CaCO3 up to 10% or more), uninhabited, slightly to moderately salty. More salt-tolerant crops - olives, date palm, pomegranate, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E.

albens, E. concolor, E. polianemus); less salt tolerant figs, almonds, sugar cane; Avoid salty triphosphate, tea and pistachios.

Subtropical soil is generally low in humus, structured and heavy in texture. Only magnificent and humus-lime floors have a good structure.

In humid subtropical soil, decisive control of soil erosion on slopes through terraces, as well as ditch collection, mulching and green manure cultivation during the rainy season.

Subtropical agriculture in our country. At the end of the 18th century. The culture of lemons, oranges, oranges and olives is already known in Georgia. Azerbaijan, Baku near olive crops, pomegranate, saffron, pistachio and almond. There are already some in Fergana and Bukara. Over the centuries, almonds, pistachios, excellent varieties of pomegranate apples and fig grass have been grown.

Report: General characteristics of the population and economy of foreign Asia.

Olives, laurel, figs and almonds were cultivated for a long time on the Crimean coast. However, by 1917, these crops in our country did not receive sufficient attention. The richest natural opportunities of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea and others.

the southern province of the country could hardly be used. In 1913, the area used by subtropical crops did not exceed 1,100 hectares.

Industrial development S. z. in our country this began only after the great October Socialist Revolution. More than five-year plans in the agricultural sector of the USSR created a new branch - subtropical agriculture. Compared to the pre-revolutionary period, the area under tea plantations increases by 50 times, while citrus plantations increase by 150 times; it first began to grow in industry. The extent of these valuable crops such as figs, pomegranates, olives, eucalyptus, tuna, bamboo, laurel and others.

Present. time in the USSR, the area of ​​subtropical plants exceeds 140 thousand hectares. They are located, ch. in the Georgian and Azerbaijan SSR, in Krasnodar region, Crimea and republics, Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmen SSR). The cultivation of these products occupies more than 80 specialized states and more than 1000 farms.

The XIX Congress of the KPZ on the economic development of the Fifth Five-Year Plan of the USSR ensured a significant expansion of the area under subtropical crops: for tea plantations - 60% for citrus fruits and 4.5 times.

The Soviet government equipped farmers. production of subtropical zones with powerful modern equipment, organized training, wide agricultural activities of specialized farms. He created a network of kindergartens, producers of planting materials, allocating more funds for filing complaints about work, building roads, developing new lands and providing more loans to collective farms for a multi-year foundation.

To study agricultural technologies in subtropical regions and introduce new varieties, a large network of specialized niches has been organized. Institutions: All-Union tea and subtropical products (Makharadze, Georgian SSR) with branches in Abkhazia and Adjara; All-Union N.I.

Institute of Dry Subtropics (Stalinabad) with a network of experimental stations; Azerbaijan n. Institute of Perennial Plantations (Baku); Pan-European election station for humid subtropical crops (Sukhumi city); Sochi Experimental Station of Subtropical and Southern Fruit Plants (st.

In addition, they also participate in the study of subtropical plants in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, named after V.M. Molotov (Yalta, Crimea), Batumi Botanical Garden (Batumi).

Batumi) and numerous research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In the context of the development of agricultural technology for subtropical crops, new people - especially for agriculture - have broken the old technical standards, which show exceptional examples of productivity and high yields.

Twice the hero of the socialist part T. A. Kupuniya (farming village Lenin Akhalsopeli, Zugdidi region of the Georgian SSR) received in 1953 7225 kg for tea leaves per 1 hectare on an area of ​​12 m and a member of the socialist part of the collective farm village Lenin Okumi (Gali district, Gruzinskaya SSR) N.

On average, in 1952-53, N. Buliskriya received a record harvest of tea leaves - 19 hectares per hectare.

Leading citrus producers are also enjoying bountiful harvests. N. Upenek received 1000 - 3500 fruits from mature lemon trees in the period from 1937 to 49. Citrus agricultural worker of Kotor (Gal district, Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) A. Shabunin with a freely portable tangerine 656, obtained in 1947-1760 in an average fruit.

1. Agricultural Encyclopedia. T. 4 (II-C) / Ed. Course: P. P. Lobanov (chapters from.) [And others]. Third edition, revised - M., State Agricultural Agricultural Publishing House, M. 1955, p. six hundred seventieth

List of Asian countries:

Asia in the future: the main producer will become the main consumer

With the coming crisis situation In economics, many developed countries find themselves in the place of developing ones.

Thus, Asian residents not only stopped working in underground workshops, but also became the main consumers.
On this moment, East Asia is already a global producer. In the countries of this region, where industry is well developed, spare parts and various components, whereas in less developed countries, assembly is carried out. Next, the finished products are sent to the European Union, the USA and other countries with developed economies.
According to most experts, the changes taking place in East Asia have only just begun.

The next step is to turn this region into a major consumer.
This is exactly the conclusion that was made after a thorough analysis of the export structure. As of 2012, over 50% of exported products were components used to assemble final products.

Among other things, over 60% of exported goods were sold to other East Asian countries.
Experts found that the structure of exports underwent significant changes as a result of the crisis situation in 2008–2009.

Residents of America and Europe began to consume significantly less goods, while the financial situation of residents of East Asia, contrary to expectations, improved significantly, and they became the main consumers. It is for this reason that exports of consumer goods within the East Asian region have increased.
Based on the results of the comparative analysis, it became clear that in 1999–2000, the US and EU were the consumers of 60% of the products produced in East Asian countries.

In 2011–2012, the situation changed radically, reducing the share of foreign exports to 40%. At the moment, only 30% of goods are sent to other countries and another 30% are consumed by countries in the region itself.
Asia becomes a big trade pavilion
Unfortunately, even detailed export statistics will not allow us to see a full picture of changes in the economic structure of East Asia.

That is why experts have identified the most relevant and reliable indicator. It turned out to be the distance to which each export element is transported. Based on this indicator, the average annual value was calculated.
East Asian countries have remained the main manufacturing factories, but the distances over which raw materials and intermediate components are transported have decreased significantly.

Now they are being transported from one East Asian country to another.
Before the crisis, the average distance over which goods were transported was 8 thousand km. Later, this figure decreased by 4.4%.
It should be noted that the same parameter for products from the European Union, as well as the free trade zone in North America, increased by 26% and 14%, respectively. Currently, some of the products produced in these regions are exported to Asia.
The financial situation of Asians is improving and they are ready to buy more goods
Most experts suggest that changes in the economic situation are due to two main reasons.

First of all, the United States and EU countries were unable to neutralize the impact of the crisis situation of 2008–2009 and continue their development. At the same time, Asia was able to overcome the crisis and began active economic growth.
The second reason is rather internal in nature.

"Geography and population of Overseas Asia"

It lies in the fact that the improvement in the economic situation in East Asian countries has caused an increase in income for the residents of the region, thanks to which they have the opportunity to buy much more of their own goods. If in East Asian countries there is no conflict situation, and also the next stage of the crisis does not begin, then the trend active development will continue in the future.
Among other things, if domestic exports of goods grow, the costs of transport and storage will decrease, which means that commodity producers will be able to reduce prices while receiving higher profits.

Also, additional factories will be opened in East Asian countries to assemble finished products, which will be sold directly in the region. As a result, the financial condition of Asian residents will become even better and their purchasing power will increase even more.