Figurative sense
Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism. From allegory to iambic. - M.: Flinta, Science. N.Yu. Rusova. 2004.
See what “figurative meaning” is in other dictionaries:
MEANING- MEANING, meaning, husband. 1. Internal, logical content (words, speeches, phenomena), comprehended by the mind, meaning. The direct meaning of the word. The figurative meaning of the word. Penetrate the meaning of events. The meaning of the law is completely clear. Give something some... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
The meaning that a word or phrase receives in a specific speech situation. The broadly holistic content of any statement, not reducible to the meanings of its constituent parts and elements, but itself determining these meanings... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
portable- I portable portable and portable (carrying device) II portable (not literal). Figurative sense … Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
meaning- Literal, important, great, inner, sublime, second, high, highest, main, deep, deep, formidable, sad, double, real, only, pathetic, living, vital, veiled, disguised, tempting, ... ... Dictionary of epithets
meaning- a (y); m. 1. General logical content, irreducible to the meanings of its constituent parts; main idea, essence, essence of something. S. articles. C. events. S. words. S. speech is clear. Direct and portable p. Understand p. what l. Explain p. what... encyclopedic Dictionary
direct meaning- Same as direct meaning. The meaning is figurative. Same as figurative meaning... Dictionary of linguistic terms
meaning- a (y); m. see also. in the sense that, semantic 1) General logical content, irreducible to the meanings of its constituent parts; main idea, essence, essence of something. Sym/sl of the article. Symbols/words of events... Dictionary of many expressions
inner meaning of speech- (foreign) hidden, figurative, allegorical... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary
Inner meaning of speech- The internal meaning of speech (foreign language) hidden, figurative, allegorical... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS- a branch of church biblical studies that studies the principles and methods of interpreting the text of the Holy Scriptures. The Scriptures of the OT and NT and the historical process of the formation of its theological foundations. G. b. sometimes perceived as the methodological basis of exegesis. Greek word ἡ… … Orthodox Encyclopedia
Books
- Why did you say that? Useful poems for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, Svetlana Pavlovna Zernes. In our speech there are many phrases that are familiar to the ear of an adult, but require explanation for a child. From this book, children will learn what this or that expression means, which has a figurative meaning - “to ride...
Subject “When a word is used figuratively.”
Target: achieve conscious assimilation of the figurative and expressive capabilities of the word.
Tasks :
- organize student activities to continue studying the lexical meaning and visual and expressive capabilities of a word: show how metaphors, personifications, and epithets are created based on the figurative meaning of words;
- promote the development of the ability to find words with a figurative meaning (tropes) in the text, give an interpretation of words used in a figurative meaning, establish the figurative and figurative function of words, thereby helping to enrich the vocabulary of students;
- create favorable conditions for cultivating a sense of respect for masters of words and the formation of cognitive interest in learning the Russian language.
Lesson type : combined.
Lesson Plan
I. Organizational moment.
Greetings
So the bell rang,
We are starting our lesson.
Don't yawn in class
And work and write.
Open your notebooks, write down the number and cool work.Slide 1
II. Checking homework.
Warm-up “Pick a daisy.”
(a chamomile is attached to the board; students, if desired, pluck the petals of the flower and answer the questions on the topic of the previous lesson).
What is vocabulary? (Vocabulary of the language)
In which branch of the science of language is the vocabulary of a language studied? (Lexicology)
What is the lexical meaning of a word? (The main meaning of the word)
How many lexical meanings does a word have? (One or more)
What are words called depending on the number of lexical meanings? (Single-valued and multi-valued) For example:
What meaning is called figurative? (which transfers the name of an item to another item) For example:
What is one of the secrets of the amazing imagery and expressiveness of the Russian language? (There are a lot of words in it that are used not only in a literal but also figurative meaning)
III. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson.
1. Teacher's word(Slide 2)
Notice the theme written on the screen: "When a word is used figuratively". Are you familiar with this topic? Why then do we return to it again? (We should probably learn something new on this topic)
That's right, we will continue to study the meaning and figurative and expressive capabilities of words. But first, I suggest you take a “short walk to the river” together with the poetess Irina Tokmakova to solve the riddle of one tree. The answer will be the key to the topic of our lesson.
2. Reading of Irina Tokmakova’s poem “Willow” by a student:
Near the river, at the cliff
The willow is crying, the willow is crying.
Maybe,she feels sorry for someone?
Maybeshe's hot in the sun?
Maybe,windplayful
He pulled the willow's pigtail?
Maybe,willow is thirsty?
Maybe we should go ask?
(Handout)
Did you like the poem?
What seemed unusual to you about this poem?
What words indicate that the willow is like a living tree? Name them.
Read these words carefully again. How do they draw the willow tree in the poem? (Crying like a girl)
3. Teacher's word
The poetess I. Tokmakova saw a similarity between a willow tree and a crying girl. However, seeing similarities between different objects is not an easy task. In our lesson, we will learn to observe from poets and writers who have a special gift for noticing what an ordinary person does not see. Writers and poets constantly use words with figurative meanings in their works.
This is how special means of expression appear in the language -trails (Slide 3) - a word or figure of speech in a figurative sense that can “come to life, grow stronger, and be filled with expressive power.”
Write it down in your dictionary.
IV. Mastering new material.
You will find out what trails there are by completing
Exercise 1
Open the textbooks on page 92, read the linguistic text expressively in ex. 259.
What words are you unfamiliar with?
Task 2
(Slide 4)
The Russian language has many means of figurativeness and expressiveness. Meaning of the wordwarm (look)isportable . Types of figurative use are: metaphor, personification, epithet.(Dictionary)
Explain their meaning using a dictionary entry.
(Slide 5 personification
Slide 6 metaphor
Slide 7 epithet)
V. Physical education minute.
Are you probably tired?
Well, then everyone stood up together,
They stomped their feet,
Hands patted.
Twirled, twirled
And everyone sat down at their desks.
We close our eyes tightly,
We count to 5 together.
Open - blink
And we continue to work. (Perform movements following the teacher)
VI. Primary consolidation of new material.
Exercise 1(Slide 8)
Write down the sentences and underline the means of expression in the proposed passages -trails - metaphors, epithets, personifications.
What pictures do you “see” behind these words?
1) You could hear howwas leavingfrom the forest at nightfreezing. Heknockedstickthe trees are getting quieter, getting further away.
2) For a long timethere was a thunderstorm, but on birch trees from leaf to leafjumpingnaughtyraindrops. Hanging on the tipshaking with fear, and, sparkling desperately,jumpinginto a puddle.
Task 2(Slide 9)
Guess the riddles
Riddle 1. Red maidenRiddle 2. For a curly tuft
Sitting in prisonI dragged the fox out of the hole.
And the braid is on the street. To the touch - very smooth,
Tastes like sugar, sweet.
(Folk riddle) (E. Blaginina)
What words indicate that you guessed the riddle correctly?
Find words used figuratively.
Based on what signs did the value transfer occur in the first (humanization) and in the second (comparison)riddles?
What is the name of the technique of “humanizing” the plant in the first riddle? (Personification).
Why is the carrot compared to a fox in the second riddle?
What common characteristics do foxes and carrots have?
What is this comparison technique called? (Metaphor).
In which riddle do you find the most poetic description of the carrot?
Task 3
Metaphors, epithets, personifications are found not only in riddles. They are also found in works of art. Listen to D. Zuev’s miniature “Melody of Spring”.
Each season has its own music. The snow has faded. In an explosive stream, silver balls hastily roll down from the roofs. Sings melodiously, the drops tick loudly. The beating icicles quietly chime and shatter into pieces, like dropped crystal. And in the bushes it’s as if a silver bell is ringing. This is filled with icicles. The violins of frost fell silent, and just yesterday they spoke in full voice.A ray of sunshine starts the music of spring, and the birds and water sing along with it.( Handout ).
What sounds of spring did you hear?
How do you understand the meaning of the word melody?
Is it used in the title of the miniature in a literal or figurative sense?
Find metaphors, personifications, epithets in the text.
Epithets:“its own music” (intonation expressiveness), “explosive”, “silver”, “beating”, “dropped”, “full”, “quiet”.
Metaphors: “music... of the season”, “silver balls breaking into pieces”, “violins of frost”, “speaking in a full voice”.
Personifications: "the snow has faded,” “the drops are singing,” “the violins were talking,” “the icicles are pouring,” “the sunbeam starts the music.”
VII. Self-test of knowledge.
1. Solve the test
I. Determine which row it is inmetaphor . Slide 10
1. The bow of a ship, the wing of an airplane.
2. Sweet memories, sunny mood.
3. The wind howls, the frost heals.
II. Choose which row you are inpersonification. Slide 11
1. Emerald eyes, golden hands.
2. A mountain of gifts, a lot of wishes.
3 . Angry winter, the forest is dormant.
III. Think about what row they are inepithets . Slide 12
1. Crescent moon, river of time.
2 . Heated argument, heavy feeling, fiery hair.
3. Angry wind, cheerful sun.
(1,3,2) ( Handout).
2. Evaluate your work: 3b. - “5”, 2b. -“4”, 1b. - “3”.
VIII. Summarizing.
1. Determining the degree of implementation of the assigned tasks.
Let's see how well the lesson's objectives have been achieved.
2 Reflection.
1. Task cards
Complete the sentence:
1. Today in class I learned...
2. The best person in the lesson was ...
3. I can praise my classmates for...
4. I can say thank you (to whom?) for (what) ...
5. Today’s lesson was...
2. Find the balls on the desks.
(Slide 13)
If you haveeverything worked outin class, take a pink one,
something didn't work out- blue,
nothing succeeded- yellow.
IX. Homework paragraph 34, ex. 261. (Slide 14)
(Slide 15) Thanks for your work!
- to step on a rake, in a figurative sense - to get a negative experience.
- prick up your ears - become very attentive,
- reel in fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
- a heart of stone is an insensitive person,
- sour face - dissatisfied facial expression.
- work hard - work hard
- sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, accurate and even caustic information.
Examples of words and expressions with figurative meaning:
As we see, words acquire a figurative meaning when they are used together with certain words (which do not have such a quality in the literal sense). For example, nerves cannot literally be made of iron, so this is a figurative meaning, but iron ore is precisely made of iron (the phrase has a direct meaning).
Any word in Russian initially has one or more direct meanings. That is, the word Key can mean something like what we use to close the lock on the front door and can mean water gushing out from under the ground. In both cases, this is the direct meaning of a polysemantic word. But almost every word in the Russian language can also be given a figurative meaning. For example in the expression key to all doors, not a word key, not a word doors are not used in their direct meaning. The key here is the possibility of solving the problem, and the doors are this very problem. The figurative meaning of words is often used by poets, for example in Pushkin’s famous poem, every word has a figurative meaning:
Or here is the famous young man from Bryusov, who had a burning gaze, of course, burning in a figurative sense.
The direct meaning of the word strictly correlates with a certain thing, attribute, action, quality, etc. A word can have a figurative meaning based on points of contact, similarity with another object in form, function, color, purpose, etc.
Examples of the meaning of words:
table (furniture) - address table, table 9 (diet);
black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (dreary);
bright room - bright mind, bright head;
dirty rag - dirty thoughts;
cold wind - cold heart;
golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;
heavy burden - heavy look;
heart valve - heart valve;
gray mouse - gray man.
A large number of words and figures of speech in the Russian language can be used both in a literal and figurative (figurative) sense.
The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning; the narrator means exactly what he says.
We use words in a figurative meaning in order to give our speech figurativeness, to especially emphasize some quality or action.
The examples below will help you feel the difference:
The language is in constant development, those words that a few decades ago were used only in a literal meaning can begin to be used in a figurative sense - birdhouse - starling house, birdhouse - traffic police post, zebra - animal, zebra - pedestrian crossing.
Direct is the primary meaning of a word, figurative is secondary. Let me give you examples:
Gold earrings - direct meaning.
My husband's gold hands - figurative meaning.
Rain worm- direct.
Book worm- portable.
Silver ring - straight.
Silver century - figurative.
The sky is burning star- direct.
Star screen - portable.
Icy sculpture - straight.
Icy smile - figurative.
Sugar buns - straight.
Mouth sugar- portable.
Woolen blanket- direct.
Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.
Mink fur coat- direct.
Herring under fur coat- portable.
Marble plate - straight.
Marble cupcake - portable.
Black suit - straight.
Leave on black day - portable.
Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.
Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).
Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.
Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.
Plastic bag - social package (vacation, sick leave).
Wolverine skin is a sellable skin.
Garden flowers are flowers of life (about children).
Green fruits - green generation.
Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).
To poison with pills is to poison with moral violence.
The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in its original sense. For example: sweet porridge.
The figurative meaning of a word is when the word is used in a non-literal sense, such as sweet deception.
In Russian, words can have both direct and figurative meanings. Under direct meaning understand words naming an object of reality or its property. Moreover, the meaning of such words does not depend on the context; we immediately imagine what they mean. For example:
Based on the direct meaning of a word, additional lexical meanings may arise, which are called portable. The figurative meaning is based on the similarity of objects or phenomena in appearance, properties or actions performed.
Compare: stone house and stone face. In the phrase stone house, the adjective stone is used in the literal meaning (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase stone face, the same adjective is used in a figurative meaning (insensitive, unfriendly, stern).
Here are some examples of the literal and figurative meaning of words:
Many stylistic figures or literary tropes are built on the basis of figurative meaning (metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).
There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meanings in the Russian language. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. It is very useful to look there from time to time.
Examples of words and phrases with figurative meaning:
Now, I remember.
But in fact, a very interesting fact is that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.
If we talk about the direct meaning, then in the text we mean exactly the lexical meaning of a specific word. But figurative meaning means transferring the meaning of the lexical original as a consequence of comparison
And here are some examples:
Summary of a Russian language lesson in 6th grade
(teacher: Nesvat L.N., teacher of Russian language and literature MKOU OOSH village.
Ershovka, Vyatskopolyansky district, Kirov region)
LESSON TOPIC:
Direct and figurative meaning of words.
Goals: 1)
To introduce students to the literal and figurative lexical meaning of a word
2)
To develop the ability to find words with a figurative meaning in the text,
4)
Develop skills in working with spelling and punctuation.
During the classes:
Motivation.
1) Teacher's word:
Friends, before announcing the topic of today's lesson, I want to ask you a question,
related to literature, do you know who Ilya Muromets is?
(People's hero, hero of many epics)
In one of the epics about Ilya Muromets there are the following words: “The word is like an apple: from one
green on one side, ruddy on the other, you know how to turn it, girl...”
Think about the meaning of this sentence: The word, if we consider it from different sides,
miscellaneous - “Green on one side”, “Ruddy on the other”. And most importantly: "You know how to do it, girl
turn over", i.e. know how to use your words, as a word can have more than one meaning
It turns out that a word, in addition to its direct meaning, can also have another meaning,
portable. This is the topic of the lesson: “Direct and figurative meaning of the word”
(write in notebooks).
2) Write on the board:
iron nails, iron health.
Teacher's explanation: In the phrase iron nails the adjective means
What is the meaning of the word green? (Unripe,
unripe)
11)
Information on the use of figurative words in fiction
works. (Information from the textbook).
Vocabulary work: personification, metaphor
13) Execute exercise 339
Teacher:
Words with a figurative meaning make it bright and expressive not only
poetic speech, but also prose.
15) Let's turn to exercise 342.
a) Reading the text.
b) Determination of speech style, type of speech.
c) Determining the title of the text.
d) Vocabulary work: azure, coral, sapphire.
16) Recording text, explaining spelling.
: I hope you will be able to determine the literal and figurative meaning of a word. A
When you were very little, you probably didn’t understand a lot. Famous
children's writer K.I. Chukovsky recorded several statements of children who did not know
Reading the following statements by role and explaining the words used in
figurative meaning:
“I won’t go to school,” said fifth-grader Seryozha. - There on exams
cutting.
b) - Here In winter it will snow and frost will hit
-And then I won’t go outside.
- Why?
- So that the frost doesn’t hit me.
V) The boy is asked about his sister
- What does your sister Irinka lie down with the roosters?
She doesn’t lie down with the roosters - they peck: she goes to bed alone in her crib.
Mom washed the shirt and asked Petya to hang it to dry in the sun.
Petya left, but soon returned with the shirt.
- Why didn't you hang it up to dry?
- I don't “reached the sun,” answered Petya.
19)
Teacher:
Children, you have heard funny stories. No less fun, I think
will seem to you ex. 340.
20) Exercise: In each pair of sentences, indicate the words used directly
figurative meaning.
The wind howls and whistles in the chimney. The dog howls.
The tired day turned to night. The tired boy bowed his head to
mother's shoulder.
Dad came home from work. The long-awaited day of departure has finally arrived.
The hostess warmed the water. A cheerful song warmed us on the way.
21) Let's summarize the lesson.
a) How does a figurative meaning differ from a direct one?
b) Why are words with figurative meanings used in speech?
) Homework:
Theoretical information on pp. 132-133, exercise 338
The plurality of meanings of a word is an aspect of linguistics and linguistics that attracts the close attention of researchers, since every language is a mobile and constantly changing system. Every day new words appear in it, as well as new meanings of words already known. For their correct use in speech, it is necessary to monitor the processes of formation of new semantic shades in the Russian language.
Ambiguous words
These are lexical units that have two or more meanings. One of them is direct, and all the others are portable.
It is important to note what place ambiguous words occupy in the Russian language. Direct and figurative meanings are one of the main aspects of the study of linguistics, since the phenomenon of polysemy covers more than 40% of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This happens because not a single language in the world is capable of giving its specific designation to each specific object and concept. In this regard, there is a divergence in the meanings of one word into several others. This is a natural process that occurs under the influence of factors such as people’s associative thinking, metaphor and metonymy.
Aspects of polysemy: relationships of meaning
Polysemy implies a certain system of meanings of a word. How does this system arise? How do such two components as the literal and figurative meaning of a word appear? First of all, any lexical unit is formed in a language with the formation of a new concept or phenomenon. Then, as a result of certain linguistic processes, additional meanings appear, which are called figurative. The main influence on the formation of new meanings is exerted by the specific context in which the word is located. Many researchers note that polysemy is often impossible outside the linguistic context.
Words with direct and figurative meanings become so by reference to context, and their use depends on the choice of meaning in each specific situation.
Aspects of polysemy: semantic relations
It is very important to distinguish between concepts such as polysemy and homonymy. Polysemy is polysemy, a system of meanings put into the same word and connected with each other. Homonymy is a linguistic phenomenon that covers words that are identical in form (spelling) and sound design (pronunciation). Moreover, such lexical units are not related in meaning and do not have a common origin from one concept or phenomenon.
The direct and figurative meaning of a word in the light of semantic relationships between the various meanings invested in a particular word are the object of study by many scientists. The difficulty in studying this group of lexical units is that it is often difficult to find a common original meaning for polysemantic words. It is also difficult to separate completely unrelated meanings that have many common features, but are only examples of homonymy.
Aspects of polysemy: categorical connection
Of particular importance for scientists in the aspect of researching the topic “Direct and figurative meaning of a word” is the explanation of polysemy from the point of view of cognitive categoricality. This theory suggests that the language system is an extremely flexible structure that can change in connection with the acquisition of new concepts about a phenomenon or object in the human mind.
Many researchers are inclined to believe that polysemy appears and develops according to certain laws, and is not caused by spontaneous and unsystematic processes in language. All meanings of a word are initially in the human mind, and are also a priori embedded in the structure of language. This theory already affects not only aspects of linguistics, but also psycholinguistics.
Characteristics of direct value
All people have an intuitive idea of what the literal and figurative meaning of a word is. If we speak in the language of ordinary people, the direct meaning is the most common meaning that is put into a word; it can be used in any context, directly pointing to a specific concept. In dictionaries, the direct meaning always comes first. Below the numbers are figurative meanings.
All lexical units, as mentioned above, can be divided into single-valued and polysemous. Unambiguous words are those that have only a direct meaning. This group includes terms, words with a narrow subject-matter, new, not yet very common words, proper names. Perhaps, under the influence of the development processes of the language system, words of these categories may acquire additional meanings. In other words, lexical units representing these groups will not necessarily always be unambiguous.
Characteristics of figurative meaning
This topic will definitely be chosen by any Russian language teacher at school for certification. “The direct and figurative meaning of a word” is a section that occupies a very important place in the structure of the study of Russian speech, so it is worth talking about it in more detail.
Let's consider the figurative meaning of lexical units. The additional meaning of a word that appears as a result of indirect or direct nomination is called figurative. All additional meanings are related to the main meaning metonymically, metaphorically or associatively. The figurative meanings are characterized by blurred meanings and boundaries of use. It all depends on the context and style of speech in which the additional meaning is used.
Particularly interesting are cases when a figurative meaning takes the place of the main one, displacing it from use. An example is the word “bulda”, which originally meant a heavy hammer, and now a stupid, narrow-minded person.
Metaphor as a way of transferring meaning
Scientists distinguish different types of figurative meanings of words depending on the method of their formation. The first of these is metaphor. The main meaning can be transferred by similarity of features.
Thus, they distinguish similarities in shape, color, size, actions, feelings and emotional state. Naturally, this classification is conditional, since similar concepts can be metaphorically divided into the previously listed categories.
This classification is not the only possible one. Other researchers distinguish metaphorical transfer by similarity depending on the animation of the object. Thus, the transfer of the properties of an animate object to an inanimate one, and vice versa, is described; animate - to animate, inanimate - to inanimate.
There are also certain patterns in which metaphorical transfer occurs. Most often, this phenomenon refers to household objects (a rag as a tool for cleaning the floor and a rag as a weak-willed, weak-willed person), professions (a clown as a circus performer and a clown as someone who behaves stupidly, trying to seem like the life of the party), sounds characteristic of animals (mooing like the sound a cow makes, and like the slurred speech of a person), diseases (an ulcer as a disease and as satire and evil irony in human behavior).
Metonymy as a way of transferring meaning
Another aspect important for studying the topic “Direct and figurative meaning of a word” is metonymic transfer by contiguity. It represents a kind of substitution of concepts depending on the meanings inherent in them. For example, documents are often called papers, a group of children at school is called a class, etc.
The reasons for such a transfer of value may be as follows. Firstly, this is done for the convenience of the speaker, who seeks to shorten his speech as much as possible. Secondly, the use of such metonymic constructions in speech may be unconscious, because in Russian the expression “eat a bowl of soup” implies a figurative meaning, which is realized with the help of metonymy.
Using words figuratively
During practical classes in Russian, any teacher will certainly require examples to be given for the section being studied. “Polysemantic words: direct and figurative meanings” is a topic that is replete with visual illustrations.
Let's take the word "burdock". The direct meaning of this concept is a plant with large leaves. This word can also be used in relation to a person in the meaning of “narrow-minded”, “stupid”, “simp”. This example is a classic use of metaphor to convey meaning. Adjacency transfer can also be easily illustrated with the phrase “drink a glass of water.” Naturally, we drink not the glass itself, but its contents.
So, the topic of figurative meanings is intuitively clear to everyone. It is only important to understand how the transformation of the direct meaning of the word occurs.