Bottom topography (location of holes and “cool” fishing spots) is a key factor influencing the success of fishing. It has more weight compared to the quality of gear, fishing technique, choice of bait, bait and even experience. Full equipment and expensive ammunition will do nothing when casting in a remote, poor place where there are no fish or little biting. A map of depths, holes and fishing spots provides knowledge of the topography of the bottom of reservoirs. The depth map visualizes the features of the underwater landscape and its key characteristics. The tool helps predict promising fishing zones that promise a significant catch, read the underwater landscape, and helps calculate depth change lines and potentially catchy points. A fishing map will be useful when fishing from the shore and from a boat.
The map functionality provides great information for any fishing method. The map is useful for fishermen, regardless of their experience, thanks to a large list of parameters necessary for successful fishing. The system is multi-level, based on Yandex.Maps information. The database includes a compilation of three cartographic resources, which guarantees the accuracy of the calculation results with small errors. The program displays depth indicators in navigable rivers, seas and oceans, calculates potential holes where bites are more frequent, and the fishing spots of all site participants. You can leave personal “beacons” from successful places where the catch was impressive, so that if necessary, you can return to a familiar point next time.
Displayed data: depths, holes (including Navionics data), fishing spots added by users, exact coordinates of the desired location. Fishermen have access to zoom and search options, select the desired map layer, and calculate the current location. Full screen mode introduced. The card interface is intuitive - the functionality is balanced, all the necessary buttons are at hand, nothing superfluous. It’s easy to use, regardless of fishing experience – the data on the depths of rivers and reservoirs is comprehensive.
Identification of holes, international depths and fishing spots. When you click on the corresponding buttons, you will see the holes recorded by the program that are available in the body of interest. Natural depressions from 3 m are displayed, the starting value depends on the bottom topography of a given river, sea, ocean and can be reduced. Please note: fishing holes are located outside the fairway area. The service does not determine the length, extent, direction of depressions and other additional characteristics of the landscape. Its functionality is focused solely on calculating the depths of a certain zone and their location. Using the presented platform, you can find out the data of rivers, oceans and seas of any region or region.
Visually visualizes the landscape, showing the user the latitude and longitude of the location/point he has specified. After clicking on the desired location, the program provides a detailed geographical summary. The function will help you plot a route even without geographical names; the coordinates calculated on a fishing map are enough. The location determination option is universal - the information can be used in an echo sounder, GPS device, navigator, chartplotter. The program helps you navigate the terrain thanks to a convenient zoom function and accurate calculation of distances between any number of points.
Controversy about the benefits for National economy and the harm caused to nature by hydroelectric power plants that have already been built and those still under construction will never subside. State district power plants provide for the creation of reservoirs, which also cause a lot of criticism. Actually, the conflict that arises when trying to solve the problems of industrial and economic development of the country and preserving its historical and cultural heritage is eternal. The Kostroma Sea, which is a bay of the Gorky Reservoir, is no exception. The Gorky Reservoir itself is called the “mountain sea”. The expression clearly illustrates the fact that there are plenty of opponents at reservoirs.
Vast expanses of water
A huge lake-type reservoir located in the lower reaches belongs to both the Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions. It is shallow (the greatest depth is eight meters, the total is four), coastline has a complex shape. The Kostroma Sea itself has unique hydrological and physical-geographical features.
In what areas is the wide Kostroma reservoir located? These lowlands with large lakes and swamps were sung by N. A. Nekrasov. The area occupied by the Kostroma Sea approximately reaches dimensions of 40 x 20 km (according to some sources, the occupied area ranges from 176 to 250 sq. km), which is why it is called not a lake, but a sea, and its fame has long stepped beyond those named regions.
The finally flooded country of Grandfather Mazai
The rivers Kast (west), Sot (north), and Idolomka (east) flowed through the territory of the lost country of Mazai’s grandfather, flooded 60 years ago. All of them, merging, formed the Uzaksu River, which, before the construction of the reservoir, was a tributary of the Kostroma, which flowed to the east of all these rivers.
Now the Uzaksa, like the lower reaches of the Kostroma, are canals connecting the Kostroma Sea and the Volga channel section of the Gorky Reservoir. This bay is connected to the Gorky Reservoir by the former Sezeia River and the Sametskaya Ravine. Just between them is the large and beautiful Mokhovoy Island. Kostroma Bay arose on the site of dozens of lakes. The most notable of them were Bolshoye Lake, Swan Lake, Botvino Lake and others.
Flooded beauty
All areas now occupied by this reservoir, from the village of Glazova, located on the Sot River, in the Yaroslavl region, to the Ipatiev Monastery and from the village of Pribrezhny to the village of Bukhalov, were flooded with melt water from mid-March to mid-May.
In the surviving photographs you can see that all the houses, services and churches in the flooded villages were built on high wooden piles. Surrounded by trees, they look very picturesque. Kostroma land has always been a symbol of patriarchal Russia.
Kostroma Sloboda
In total, 20 settlements had to be evacuated, among which there were quite large ones, such as Miskovo with 500 households, Kunikovo and Zharki with 450 households each. It’s always a pity when something disappears from the face of the earth without a trace, but in fairness it should be noted that amazing exhibits of wooden architecture were preserved and moved to another place.
In 1955, behind the southern wall of the Ipatiev Monastery, an extraordinary museum was created under open air- Kostroma Sloboda. Churches were moved here, including the Transfiguration Church from the village of Spas-Vezhi, the Church of the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary from the village of Kholm, and the Church of the All-Merciful Savior from the village of Fominskoye. An ethnic village has been created in the museum from houses removed from areas subject to flooding. The village of Spas-Vezhi, flooded during the creation of the Kostroma Bay, as well as the city of Mologa, absorbed, became symbols of irretrievably lost Russia.
Idolom Dam
The history of the formation of the Kostroma Sea dates back to the 50s of the last century. In 1956, simultaneously with the launch of the Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) hydroelectric power station, which was the fourth stage of the Volga cascade of hydroelectric power stations, the Kostroma River was blocked. Its flow was stopped by the Idolomskaya dam, which starts from the shipyard in the city of Kostroma and ends at the village of Pribrezhny. The fifty-kilometer dam serves as a barrier against flooding in agricultural areas.
Functions of the Kostroma reservoir
What is the Kostroma Sea like (photos posted in the article) now? Its main purpose is to regulate the water level in the Gorky Reservoir, associated with the operation of the Rybinsk Hydroelectric Power Station.
In addition, the Kostroma Bay is famous for the fact that it is where fish reproduce and feed, which then ends up in the Gorky storage facility. Recently, tens of thousands of carp fry were released into the waters of the Kostroma Sea. They are also trying to reproduce sterlet, which is listed in the Red Book, on an industrial scale.
Holidays at sea
The nature surrounding the Kostroma Sea makes a holiday on its shores unforgettable. Moreover, along the shores of the storage facility itself and on its islands there are dozens of magnificent tourist centers and recreation centers for every taste and income - from the eco-hotel "Romanov Les" to various fishermen's huts, delighting with comfort and affordable prices. The recreation centers are surrounded by beautiful forests full of game, mushrooms and berries. There is comprehensive information in the media about such vacation spots as Familyhotel-RU, Astashevo, Belkina Griva (named after the island of the same name), Bely Yar, Vetluga and many, many others. And although the shores of the sea itself are swampy, there are quite decent beaches on the dam. The recreation center "Pribrezhny", located 20 km from Kostroma, is located right on the shore of the sea of the same name.
Fabulous fishing and reservoir location
Fishing on the Kostroma Sea deserves special mention. Some reviews have data that in a few hours you can catch up to 30-50 pike perch in the reservoir floods. Very often you come across pike weighing up to 15-18 kg, tench, bream and asp - up to 3 kg.
Winter fishing is excellent here, and the bases available in large quantities, comfortable and affordable. It is worth adding that the beauty of the numerous islands of the Kostroma Reservoir, as well as the shores, is extraordinary. One of them, put up for sale, was included in the list of the 10 best in the world in this category. For those who don’t know where the Kostroma Sea is, we’ll give you a hint. Kostroma itself, the cradle of the Romanov dynasty, is located 344.5 km from Moscow along the Yaroslavskoye Highway and the Kholmogory M8 highway. The Kostroma Sea, as noted above, overflowed 20 km from it.
: Central, Zavolzhsky, Factory
Kostroma- a city in the Russian Federation on the Volga River, the administrative center of the Kostroma region, a huge river port. The permanent population is 269,711 people (2010). The area of the city is 144.5 km. In 2011, the territorial and administrative division of the city into 3 districts was restored: Central, Fabrichny and Zavolzhsky.
Kostroma was founded in the 12th century, and in the 13th century it became the center of an appanage principality. The historical center of the city has primarily preserved an exemplary ensemble of its kind from the Classical era. late XVIII-XIX centuries Of the monuments of the pre-Petrine era, the most interesting are the complexes of the Ipatiev and Epiphany-Anastasia monasteries. The city is included in the list of settlements that have the official status of “historical”, and is usually included in the “ Golden ring Russian Federation".
City Day in Kostroma is usually celebrated on the last Saturday of August along with the celebration of the Day of Theodore Icon Mother of God, August 29.
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Physiographic feature
Geographical position
Kostroma is located on the Kostroma Lowland, on both banks of the Volga, at the old mouth of the Kostroma River - 65 km from Yaroslavl, 105 km from Ivanovo and 301 km northeast of Moscow. Distance from MKAD by road ( M8"Kholmogory", subsequently that A113) - 306 km. The public area of the area within the city is 144.5 km.
Timezone
Kostroma and the Kostroma region, like neighboring regions, belong to the capital time zone (Moscow Time Zone, MSK/MSD). The offset from UTC is +4:00 (MSD).
Climate
The climate is moderate continental, with a strong moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual temperature is +4.2 C°, the average annual wind speed is 3.1 m/s, the average annual air humidity is 79%.
| Climate of Kostroma | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | But I | Dec | G. |
| Absolute maximum, °C | 6,6 | 6,5 | 17,9 | 27,6 | 31,9 | 32,6 | 37,1 | 37,3 | 30,2 | 22,9 | 12,4 | 9,4 | 37,3 |
| Average maximum, °C | 6,2 | 5,5 | 0,8 | 9,9 | 17,8 | 21,5 | 24,0 | 21,2 | 15,0 | 7,5 | 0,7 | 4,7 | 8,4 |
| Average temperature, °C | 9,4 | 9 | 3 | 4,9 | 12,0 | 16,2 | 18,7 | 16,0 | 10,4 | 4,2 | 3,1 | 7,5 | 4,2 |
| Average minimum, °C | 12,5 | 12,2 | 6,4 | 0,9 | 7,0 | 11,5 | 13,9 | 11,8 | 6,8 | 1,6 | 5,4 | 10,3 | 0,6 |
| Absolute minimum, °C | 46,4 | 39,3 | 31,1 | 19 | 5,5 | 2,7 | 3,7 | 1,4 | 5,8 | 18,5 | 28,8 | 44,4 | 46,4 |
| Precipitation rate, miles. | 42 | 30 | 29 | 33 | 46 | 77 | 73 | 75 | 61 | 64 | 49 | 46 | 625 |
| Source: Weather and Climate | |||||||||||||
Hydrology
Ipatiev Monastery (view from the opposite bank of the old bed of the Kostroma River)
The main rivers of Kostroma are the Volga (Gorky Reservoir) and its left tributary Kostroma, the level of which is raised by the backwater of the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric station. Kostroma is located on both banks at 597-603 km from the source of the Volga (Upper Volga), here the river changes its direction and turns to the southeast. The right bank of the Volga is high and steep, the left bank is low. The width of the Volga within the city is about 600 meters.
Within the city limits, near the Ipatiev Monastery, there is the old bed of the Kostroma River, at the moment it is an additional ship passage leading to the ship repair plant and the settling and repair station of the port of Kostroma. The bed of the Kostroma River was blocked by a dam within the city in 1955-1956, which led to the creation of the Kostroma Reservoir (expansion of the Gorky Reservoir). The new artificially made mouth of the Kostroma River is located 12 km upstream near the village of Samet.
In the area of the city, a certain number of rivers and streams flow into the Volga and Kostroma (the bulk of them are enclosed in pipes along important lengths): the most important of them are Zaprudnya, Sula (an underground channel in the city center) and the Black River.
The average water flow of the Volga near Kostroma is 1110 m/sec, the average long-term value of the level of the Gorky Reservoir near Kostroma is 84.28 m3.
The Volga River is the main source of water supply for the city. According to the chemical composition, the water in the Volga River is characterized as soft, low-mineralized, with a low content of chlorides and sulfates. Chloride content 26-30 mg/l (MPC 350 mg/l), sulfates 6.0-7.2 mg/l (MPC 500 mg/l), hardness 2.6-2.8 mol/l (MPC 7, 0 mol/l), public mineralization 137.0-164 mg/l (MPC 1000 mg/l). In general, Volga water is characterized by high color (color varies from 28 to 70 degrees, average 46 degrees), high organic content (permanganate oxidation 9-18 mg O 2 /l, COD - up to 60 mg O 2 /l), low turbidity (3-7 mg/l, during the spring flood, well, almost at the end of winter it can briefly increase to 20 mg/l). The main mass of features of anthropogenic pollution (content of pesticides, heavy metals, petroleum products, etc.) are within the limits accepted for drinking water standards. However, in terms of the content of phytoplankton in the summer months and, periodically, in terms of the level of microbiological pollution, the water quality becomes heavier, which requires additional stages of purification. Along with surface source underground deposits located in the north of the city (Bashutino) are used. The explored capacity of the deposit is, according to various sources, 24-33 thousand meters per day. The water in the source meets drinking standards in all respects, except for iron content (1-2 mg/l.)
City symbols
Main articles: Coat of arms of Kostroma,Flag of KostromaThe city of Kostroma, in accordance with federal legislation and heraldic rules, has official symbols - a coat of arms, a flag, an anthem, reflecting historical, cultural, national and other local traditions and originalities (Article 4 of the Charter of the city of Kostroma).
The historical coat of arms of Kostroma was approved on October 24, 1767, restored on July 5, 1878, restored for the second time on October 7, 1992. The coat of arms of Kostroma is the first city coat of arms in the history of the Russian Federation.
Depicts the galley "Tver", on which Empress Catherine II arrived in Kostroma.
In an azure field, sailing to the left on azure waves with silver crests is a golden galley with silver sails and 10 golden oarsmen; on the mast is the Imperial standard.
The flag of Kostroma was created on the basis of the symbols of the coat of arms. There is no officially approved Kostroma anthem.
Story
Main article: History of KostromaCentime.. more: History of the Kostroma region
Origin of the name
There is no single scientifically based view on the origin of the city's name. Undoubtedly, this is a hydronym: the name is derived from the river on which it stands. “Kostra” (or “kostrika”) in East Slavic dialects means straw for burning. In Vasmer's dictionary, this toponym is associated with an East Slavic ritual character, who was a straw doll, which was symbolically burned during the summer ritual cycle - on Semik or Peter's Day (“funeral of Kostroma”). There is also a version of the Finno-Ugric origin of the name: Finn. kosto - revenge, Finnish. maa - land, “Land of retribution”. However, formant extraction -ma in some cases it is controversial, and the base bonfire is atypical for the pre-Russian hydronymy of this region.
Foundation of the city
Archaeological excavations in the center modern city have revealed scattered finds of Fatyanovo axes - it is likely that they come from a destroyed burial ground Bronze Age. Molded ceramics from the mid-2nd half of the 1st millennium (that is, the period preceding Slavic colonization) were found, indicating a Finno-Ugric settlement.
Monument to the founder of the city, Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruky
The founding date of Kostroma is officially considered to be 1152. This date was proposed by the historian V.N. Tatishchev, linking this event with the activities of Yuri Dolgoruky in the northeast of Rus'. There are no reliable indications of this, just as other existing hypotheses do not have serious scientific support.
Available archaeological finds indicate the existence in the 11th-12th centuries. fortress and trade and craft settlement on the left bank of the Volga at the confluence of the Sula River.
Kostroma in the XIII-XVII centuries.
The first chronicle mention of the existence of Kostroma dates back to 1213, it is associated with strife between the offspring of the Grand Duke Vladimirsky Vsevolod Very Big Nest. This year, the Rostov prince Konstantin burned Kostroma, which supported his brother - Prince of Vladimir Yuri: “and I will burn everything, and the inhabitants of our planet will be taken away”. In the aftermath of the victory, Constantine in 1216 -1217 transferred Kostroma to his own young son Vasily.
The fate of Kostroma during Batu’s invasion in 1238 is not known for certain: the invaders “they captured everything on the Volga up to Galich Mersky” .
In the aftermath of 1239, Kostroma was restored by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who built a church made of wood in the city in honor of the patron saint Theodore Stratilates, whose name he bore in baptism. In 1246, the city came into the appanage ownership of Vasily’s young son. In the same year, Kostroma became the capital of the Kostroma appanage principality, which separated from Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'
In 1272, Vasily Yaroslavich became the Grand Duke of Vladimir - the head of all the appanage principalities of North-Eastern Rus'. He did not go to the capital Vladimir, but remained in the appanage Kostroma, thereby making the city the capital of North-Eastern Rus' until his death in 1276.
In the XIII-XIV centuries, fortified monasteries appeared around Kostroma, protecting the approaches to the city: Ipatievsky and Nikolo-Babaevsky.
In 1364, Kostroma became part of the Capital Principality, since then its history has been inseparable from the development and culture of the all-Russian country. The city made of Wood at the mouth of the Sula was often subjected to predatory attacks by the Ushkuiniki, as a result of which in 1419 it was moved to a new elevated place, which became clear as the Kostroma Kremlin. The first stone building in the city, the Assumption Cathedral, was built directly there.
Church of the Resurrection on Debra, photo 1910, S. Mtr. Prokudin-Gorsky
IN Time of Troubles Kostroma was twice taken by troops of the Polish lord Lisovsky and suffered terrible devastation; in 1609, the Kostroma militia played the right role in the fight against Polish intervention, expelling the supporters of False Dmitry II who had taken refuge there from the Ipatiev Monastery. Kostroma detachments joined the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky. In the Ipatiev Monastery in 1613, Misha Fedorovich Romanov was called to the throne, and thus Kostroma became the “cradle” of the royal and imperial Romanov dynasty.
In the aftermath of the Time of Troubles, the defensive fortifications of the Kremlin were rebuilt in Kostroma, and a wide trade and craft settlement and settlements spread around. By the middle of the 17th century. Kostroma, in terms of its economic development and number of inhabitants, becomes the third after Moscow and Yaroslavl, a significant craft city of Capital Rus' with developed textile, leather, soap, silver and icon-painting production. Blacksmithing, pottery, and construction trades were developed. At the same time, a huge shopping center appeared in Kostroma, and an English trading post was established in the city. In the 2nd half of the 17th century, a outstanding school fresco and icon painting.
Provincial city
As a result of Peter's reforms, Kostroma in 1708 became a provincial city of the Capital Province. On July 16, 1744, the Kostroma diocese was established.
Galley "Tver", 1879
(painter A.K. Beggrov)
In 1767, Catherine II organized the coat of arms of Kostroma with the image of the Tver galley, on which she arrived in Kostroma. In the aftermath of the fire of 1773, the Kremlin and nearby neighborhoods were most likely rebuilt, and a new one was built Gostiny Dvor. By the end of the century, the cathedral bell tower was completed, which rose above the surrounding buildings, thereby organizing the spatial environment of the city. Since 1778, Kostroma became the center of the Kostroma governorate. In 1781, Catherine II approved the general plan for the construction of Kostroma, according to which defensive ditches were filled in, earthworks were torn down, and construction of the city with shopping arcades and civil buildings began.
C mid-18th century century, the development of Kostroma as a textile center began: in 1751, the merchant I. D. Uglechaninov built the first linen factory. In terms of the volume of linen fabrics produced, Kostroma quickly took first place in the Russian Federation. There were still 12 tanneries and 18 brick factories, 6 cloth factories, a bell foundry, a tile factory and other factories operating here. Kostroma became a huge trading port on the Volga transit route.
In December 1796, by decree of ruler Paul I, the city became the center of the established Kostroma province. In 1797, Paul I visited Kostroma.
The city owes the visit of Nicholas I to Kostroma in 1835 by renaming the central Yekaterinoslavskaya Square to Susaninskaya and by decree on the erection of a monument to Tsar Misha Fedorovich and the peasant Ivan Susanin (opened on March 14, 1851). Since 1838, the first edition began to be published once a week. periodical- newspaper “Kostroma Provincial Gazette”.
In 1858, Ruler Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna came to Kostroma, and in the summer of 1881 - Ruler Alexander III with Empress Maria Feodorovna and heir Nicholas.
General view of the provincial agricultural, handicraft and industrial exhibition with a social and cultural department, 1913. Photo by K. Bulla
In 1870, the first water supply system was built in Kostroma, and in 1891 the Museum of Antiquities was opened. In 1894, there were 36 churches in Kostroma. In 1895, the first five-story building was built in Kostroma (dormitory for workers and employees of the Novo-Kostroma Linen Manufactory Partnership).
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a revival of social and economic activity in the city. In 1905, the 2nd (subsequently Ivanovo-Voznesensk) Council of Workers' Deputies in the Russian Federation was created in Kostroma. In 1913, the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was widely celebrated in Kostroma: Ruler Nicholas II and his family visited the city. For this event, a power station was built, the 2nd stage of the water supply system was opened, the center was landscaped, the foundation monolith of the grandiose monument to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was laid, a number of civil structures were built, including the Romanov Museum and the Romanov Hospital.
Russian period
Sculpture of V. I. Lenin on the pedestal of the monument in honor of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov
On January 14, 1929, by resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the Kostroma province was abolished. Kostroma loses its status as a provincial city and is included in the composition of first the Ivanovo, and later the Yaroslavl region.
Industrialization was expressed in the accelerated development of companies in the textile, light and wood processing industries, as well as textile engineering. In 1932, the construction of the railway bridge across the Volga was completed. According to the design of engineer I.D. Zvorykin, a flax factory was being built, in which labor-intensive processes were mechanized. The construction of production buildings and residential buildings for workers was completed in 1935, and equipment installation work was carried out in 1936-1938. By the end of the 1930s, the population literally doubled due to the influx work force from farmers. In 1932, the Textile Institute was created, and in 1939, the Teachers' Institute.
In the 1930s, a huge number of churches were destroyed or rebuilt in the city. More clear is the destruction of the Kostroma Kremlin in 1934, churches and chapels in the center. Even earlier, in September 1918, Susaninskaya Square was renamed Revolution Square, and the destruction of the monument to the feat of Ivan Susanin began (almost completely dismantled by 1934).
During the Great Patriotic War, hospitals, military schools and civilian population. Near Kostroma in the fall of 1941, the Yaroslavl Communist Division was formed. Thousands of Kostroma residents were awarded orders and medals for their exploits at the front and rear, 29 of them were awarded the title of Hero Russian Union.
On August 13, 1944, the city of Kostroma became administrative center re-established the Kostroma region.
In the 1950-1980s. in Kostroma, in addition to the textile and woodworking industries, new promising industries are intensively developing: energy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, radio electronics and instrument making.
View of the Volga near the pedestrian bridge
At this time, intensive industrial and residential construction was carried out: industrial zones and residential neighborhoods were formed. New social infrastructure facilities are appearing and existing ones are being modernized (the medical building of the regional hospital (1981), the ambulance station (1982), the circus (1984), the archive building of the Kostroma region (1984), the Philharmonic (1988), etc.).
The tourist infrastructure was developed; in 1958, on the basis of the Ipatiev Monastery, a historical and construction museum-reserve was organized, behind the southern wall of the monastery along the left bank of the Igumenka River in the 1960s. a museum complex made of wood architecture is being formed. In 1970, traffic was opened on a pedestrian bridge across the Volga River; trolleybus service began in 1972; in 1986, a pedestrian bridge across the Kostroma River connected the area of Ipatievskaya Sloboda with the central part of the city. The Volga hotel complex was built on the left bank of the Volga (1977). In 1987, a holiday was held in Kostroma for the first time - City Day, which coincided with its 835th anniversary.
Dynamics of changes in the city's population:
Authorities
The Government Building is the seat of the city administration and Duma.
Centime.. more: Mayors of Kostroma and the Duma of the city of Kostroma
Working every day representative body The local government of the city since 1994 is the Duma of the city of Kostroma, elected for a term of 5 years. In October 2010, the Duma of the fifth convocation was elected, which included 35 deputies. Chairman of the Duma of the city of Kostroma - Yuri Valerievich Zhurin.
The highest official of the city is the head of the city of Kostroma. In 2008, changes were made to the Tired City of Kostroma, abolishing the popular election of the head of the city, establishing the procedure for electing the head of the city from among the members of the Duma of the city of Kostroma and introducing the position of head of the city administration (city manager), hired on a competitive basis. On February 24, 2011, Yuri Valerievich Zhurin was elected head of the city for the period of the Duma of the 5th convocation; the administration of Kostroma was headed by A. V. Shadrichev. On February 16, 2012, the city Duma accepted the resignation of Shadrichev, and B. A. Satuev was appointed acting head of the administration
Economy
General state
In 2010, goods of own production were shipped, works and services were performed in-house, manufacturing industries - 21.0 billion rubles.
City budget
Industry
Kostroma is an ancient center of the textile industry (mainly linen). More famous are the flax mill named after I. D. Zvorykin, the Bolshaya Kostroma Linen Manufactory, and the Belt Braid factory.
Mechanical engineering is represented by the following plants: "Motordetal", ship mechanical, ventilation, heating and energy-saving equipment "Concern Bear", heater, textile engineering, excavator, dyeing and finishing equipment, production of commercial refrigeration equipment Brandford and others. The creation of heat and electrical energy is carried out by Kostroma CHPP-1 and Kostroma CHPP-2.
10 rubles (2002) - commemorative coin from the series Ancient Cities of the Russian Federation
Developed wood processing (plywood mill "Fanplit", furniture factory "Kostromamebel", furniture factory "Takos"), polymer (plant "Remstroyplast"), printing (SI IPP "Kostroma"), food industry (FL FSUE "Kostroma Distillery ", a distillery, a food processing plant "Merengue", a plant for the production of frozen cutlets, the creation of bottled water "Holy Source", bakeries, dairy plants, bakeries and others), the creation of building materials (silicate plant, roofing materials plant) and consumer goods (plant "Kvarts", the enterprise "FEST" and others).
Kostroma is famous for its jewelry making; there are a number of jewelry manufacturing companies operating in the city: the Kostroma Jewelry Factory, as well as the jewelry companies Altmaster, Alkor, Topaz, Egret, and Delta.
Banking and trade
There are 12 financial and credit institutions in the city (primarily branches, but there are also local banks, for example, Aksonbank, Sovcombank).
The city has developed retail trade, there are supermarkets, shops and shopping centers, including those belonging to federal retail chains: AI, SPAR, Akson, Euroset, Magnit, M.Video, Svyaznoy, Tekhnosila, Eldorado.
Connection
The main operators of communication services (landline telephone communication and provision of Internet access) in the city are OJSC CenterTelecom (Verkhnevolzhsky branch) and OJSC KGTS (Kostroma city telephone network). Wired Internet access and IP telephony services are still provided by several providers: Beeline, PROSTOR Telecom (Kvantum CJSC), Logos, etc.
Mobile telephone communications are represented by 4 GSM operators: MegaFon, MTS, Beeline, TELE2 and one CDMA operator - SkyLink.
Tourism
Tourism is considered as a necessary direction for the development of the city's economy. Kostroma is usually included in the tourist route “Golden Ring of the Russian Federation” and cruises on the Volga. The role of business tourism is gradually growing, a number of socio-political forums and cultural events of an all-Russian and international nature are being held.
The number of tourists and excursionists visiting the city every year does not exceed 400 thousand people. The hospitality infrastructure is generally underdeveloped. The bulk of tourists visit the city as part of a day excursion.
At the end of 2010, there were 15 hotels in the city, including: hotel complexes "Volga" and "Snegurochka", hotels "Business Hotel", "Azimut Kostroma", "Golden Ring", "Aristocrat", "ShelestoFF", "Premier" ", "Comfort", hotel and health complex "Troy" and others.
Local and regional authorities are developing a number of tourism brands, such as “Kostroma - the pearl of the Golden Ring”, “Kostroma God-protected”, “Kostroma - the cheese capital of Central Russia”, “Kostroma - the flax capital of Russia”, “Kostroma and the Berendeevo kingdom - the birthplace of the Snow Maiden " and others .
Logo of the program “Kostroma - the soul of Russia” (2010)
In July 2010, a comprehensive program to increase the tourist and investment attractiveness of the city of Kostroma and the Kostroma region “Kostroma - the soul of Russia” was presented. The long-term program provides for the creation in Kostroma " National Center history, culture and spirituality" based on the principles of public-private partnership and assigning the corresponding official status to the city of Kostroma.
Within the framework of the program, it is planned to carry out the reconstruction and construction of cultural and historical objects, reconstruction of churches and monasteries, modernization of housing, communal and transport infrastructure (including the construction of a river station), improvement of the city, development of the hospitality sector (training, adaptation of the urban environment for people with disabilities, development and promotion of the city brand, etc.), holding events aimed at preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the country and spiritual and moral education of society. These activities will be implemented in preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the restoration Russian statehood and the accession of the Romanov dynasty in 2013.
Transport
Intracity public transport
City traffic along Rossiyskaya Street
City transport is represented by bus, trolleybus and minibus. There are 58 operating city routes in Kostroma with a length of more than 600 km.
At the end of 2010, 89 units of urban transport were involved in the transportation process every day - large-capacity buses and trolleybuses, as well as about 540 transport units of private carriers.
Currently, public transport in Kostroma is in deep decline, associated, in particular, with ineffective management and with a reduction in the number of city buses of enormous capacity. At the end of the 1990s, there were 2 urban transport companies operating in the city: PATP-1 (about 150 Ikarus and LiAZ buses) and PATP-4 (91 Mercedes buses). In 2004, PATP-1 was liquidated, 14 Ikarus buses were transferred to PATP-4. In March 2011, PATP-4 was recognized as zero, and some of the Mercedes were written off.
In August 2011, the largest renewal of the vehicle fleet in recent years took place: into a new city transport company Kostromagortrans, through leasing, purchased 33 PAZ and LiAZ buses equipped with the GLONASS system. It is planned to equip the new buses with external and interior electronic displays, a video recording system and a validator. At the same time, the price for travel in Kostroma public transport remains the same - 10 rubles.
Automatic transport
Kostroma is connected to the cities of Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and Vladimir by a federal highway A113. The federal highway “St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg” (via Vologda - Kirov - Perm) that is under construction passes through the city. Important congestion of transit and urban traffic flows falls on the only automobile and pedestrian bridge across the Volga, located near the city center. Long-term plan development of Kostroma includes the construction of a bypass road and a second automatic bridge downstream outside the city limits.
Aqua transport
Kostroma has a river port, but systematic passenger service is of a limited nature: the movement of high-speed vessels was stopped at the end of the 1990s, local transportation is carried out by a motor ship of the "Moscow" type. During the summer, the port receives a certain number of cruise ships every day.
Air Transport
Sokerkino Airport serves a small number of local flights. Between their flights:
- Kostroma - Sharya - Bogovarovo on An-2 planes
- Kostroma - Kineshma - Yuryevets by Mi-2 helicopters (from April to September on Friday and Sunday).
On April 14, 2009, air traffic with Moscow was resumed, and since 2010 - with Yuryevets, Anapa and St. Petersburg.
Railway transport
Kostroma station, 1st decade of the 20th century
In 1887, a connection was made to Kostroma Railway from Yaroslavl. The Kostroma station, built on the right bank of the Volga (currently not used for passenger transportation), did not have a bridge connection with the central left bank part of the city. In 1932, the construction of the railway bridge and Kostroma-Novaya station with a station in the constructivist style was completed.
Kostroma-Novaya station station
The city has access to the main railways: an electrified single-track section Kostroma - Yaroslavl and a single-track diesel locomotive section Kostroma - Galich (Northern Trans-Siberian). Because of various systems electrification (3 kV, D.C. in Yaroslavl and Kostroma and 25 kV, alternating current, in Galich) and the unprofitability of constructing an additional connecting station, the movement of transit trains through Kostroma is limited. The bulk of trains go around the regional center through Danilov and Bui.
Kostroma is connected by daily direct communication with Moscow (branded train “Kostroma”) and St. Petersburg (trailer direct carriages). Passenger trains run from Moscow to Khabarovsk every year, and summer time- Moscow - Vladivostok, Kostroma - Anapa (via Ryazan) and Kostroma - Adler (via Lipetsk).
Suburban communication is carried out by electric trains to Nerekhta and Yaroslavl: electric trains run every day with all stops (travel time to Yaroslavl is about 3 hours) and additional express trains (travel time about 2 hours). There is also a daily suburban train Kostroma - Galich (travel time 3.5 hours).
Until 1985, there was a suburban service between Kostroma (5 km junction) and Miskovo along a narrow-gauge metal road. Currently, the railway of the Miskovsky peat enterprise is dismantled.
In the mid-1970s, a commuter train Kostroma - Ivanovo ran every day, as well as a local train Kostroma - Kirov with direct carriages Kostroma - Vologda and Kostroma - Malekhankoe Ramenye, providing convenient and reliable communication between Kostroma and the largest regional centers and neighboring regional centers. The Kostroma - Gorky carriage ran with the Kostroma - Moscow train. In 2010, the route of the local train Kostroma - Svecha (a shortened version of the Kostroma - Kirov train) was eliminated.
Social sphere
Education
Main article: Education in KostromaThe building of the men's classical gymnasium on Vsekhsvyatskaya Street. Beginning of the 20th century ()
The first educational institution in Kostroma - the “Digital School” - was opened in 1722, in 1747 the Kostroma Theological Seminary was created, in 1786 - the Basic Public School, in 1805 a district school was opened in Kostroma, and in 1814 - a parish school .
In 1804, in the provincial Kostroma, the Basic Public School was transformed into a four-class men's gymnasium, located at the beginning of Vsekhsvyatskaya Street. In the fall of 1834, Nicholas I, during his stay in Kostroma, ordered the governor’s house nearby (currently the main building of KSTU) to be transferred to the gymnasium. Later the gymnasium was transformed into an eight-grade school with a preparatory class. In 1840, graduates of the Kostroma gymnasium received the right to enter the Imperial Universities without entrance exams. In 1896, due to an increase in the number of students, a 3rd floor was added to the building. In all sorts of years in Kostroma men's gymnasium studied with the familiar writers A.F. Pisemsky, ethnographer S.V. Maksimov, philosopher V.V. Rozanov, critic and publicist N.K. Mikhailovsky, economist N.D. Kondratyev, historians F.I. Uspensky and E.E. Golubinsky, sinologist S. Mtr. Georgievsky, metallurgist K. P. Polenov, polar explorer A. N. Zhokhov, church figures: Archimandrite Macarius (Glukharev), Bishop Porfiry (Uspensky), Metropolitan Arseny (Moskvin) and almost all other figures of science and culture.
Regional administration building (formerly Kostroma Diocesan Women's School)
The history of women's education in the Russian Federation is connected with Kostroma: on August 25, 1857, the “Grigorov School of the 1st category for girls of all classes” was opened, funded by the real state councilor A. N. Grigorov. In 1859, he acquired a plot of land for the school with an L-shaped house and other buildings on Pyatnitskaya Street. In the aftermath of Grigorov's death on May 24, 1870, the school was transformed into the Grigorov Women's Gymnasium, the first in the Russian Federation.
Diocesan girls' school It was built in 1899-1904 to train teachers of parochial schools. thanks to a lucky chance: an employee of the men's gymnasium P.I. Sergeev won a very huge amount of money in the lottery and donated it to the city (currently the administration building of the Kostroma region).
Kostroma owes the development of vocational education to F.V. Chizhov, according to whose will 2 vocational schools were opened in Kostroma. Chizhov schools had first-class equipment, and teachers were recruited from graduates of the capital's higher educational institutions; the best students were sent for internships abroad.
In 1913, during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, a decision was made to establish the first higher educational institution in Kostroma - the Teachers' Institute. However, the true history of Kostroma higher education began with the opening on November 7, 1918 of the “Kostroma City Workers’ and Peasants’ University in memory of the October Revolution of 1917.”
Reading room of the Scientific Library of KSU named after N. A. Nekrasov (formerly Assembly Hall of the Grigorov Women's Gymnasium)
Currently, there are 4 city universities in the city - Kostroma City University named after N. A. Nekrasov, Kostroma City technological university, Kostroma City Agricultural Academy and Military Academy of Radiation, Chemical and Bioprotection and engineering troops named after Marshal of the Russian Union S.K. Timoshenko.
There are branches and representative offices of city and non-state universities, secondary vocational educational institutions (music school, medical university named after Hero of the Russian Union S.A. Bogomolov, school of culture, highway university, consumer service university, forestry engineering university, mechanical engineering college, technological college, polytechnic university , construction technical school, trade and economic university, energy technical school named after F.V. Chizhov), institutions of primary vocational education (colleges and schools), planetarium.
In the city administration there are institutions of general education (lyceums, gymnasiums, schools, boarding schools, evening shift schools), institutions of additional education for children and preschool educational institutions(kindergartens). 6 children's music schools and two art schools provide initial music and art education.
Culture
Romanov Museum building
The building of the Drama Theater named after. A. N. Ostrovsky
Theaters and concert and entertainment institutions: one of the oldest in the Russian Federation, the Kostroma City Drama Theater named after A. N. Ostrovsky (since 1808), the Kostroma Regional Puppet Theater (since 1936), the Kostroma Chamber Drama Theater (1998), the concert and exhibition center " Gubernsky", city philharmonic of the Kostroma region. There are 2 cinemas in the city that keep up with the times: “Friendship XXI Century” (2 halls) and “Five Stars” (6 halls).
The main museum institutions of Kostroma: historical, construction and art museum-reserve, museum-reserve of wooden architecture "Kostroma Sloboda", literary museum, nature museum, theater costume museum, art Gallery. There are private museums: the museum-estate of flax and birch bark, the art gallery “Perpetuum Art” and others.
The centralized library system of Kostroma unites 20 libraries with a total collection of about 1.5 million volumes, including the Kostroma Regional Universal science Library and the Kostroma Regional Children's Library named after Arkady Gaidar, university libraries.
At the beginning of the 21st century, there are 4 city creative groups operating in the city (city symphony orchestra; city choral academic capella; music, song and dance ensemble “Volga-Volga”; city harmonica ensemble “Makhonya”). The Russian Municipal Ballet “Kostroma” is widely known. Since 1998, an open city festival-competition for children, youth and youth has been held in Kostroma. creative societies and performers “Spring Kostroma” (originally “Autumn Kostroma”), in which more than 3 thousand participants take part every year. Kostroma hosts the annual regional festival of children's and youth creativity "Freestyle". The winners take part in the big gala concert “Freestyle”, which takes place at the end of January.
In 2008-2011, a number of important cultural and entertainment events were implemented in Kostroma, including the “Constellation” festival, an exhibition of Faberge products, an outdoor stage performance of the operas “Boris Godunov” and “Khovanshchina” and others.
In preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the Romanov Festival has been held since 2010 in January-March. The purpose of the festival is the revival of spiritual and moral traditions and values of Russian society and the development of tourism in the region, in particular the popularization of the tourist brand “Royal Kostroma”. The program of the Romanov Festival 2011 included exhibitions, concerts, scientific readings, forums, competitions and theatrical performances. Among them are the festival "Star of Bethlehem", the exhibition "Watercolors of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna", the youth educational forum "Patriot-2011", the sled dog race "Northern Hope", Romanov readings, the theatrical performance "Historical Day", the exhibition "The Time of Faberge" ", trophy-raid "Susanin-trophy".
Healthcare
The city has a developed system of regional and city medical institutions, including an ambulance station, a network of hospitals and clinics (including children's). There are a number of specialized institutions - medical dispensaries, a blood transfusion station, a certain number of dental clinics, a psychotherapy center and practical psychology, ladies' consultations, maternity hospitals. Private medicine has developed extensively.
Media
Kostroma presents central and local (city and regional) printed and electronic media information.
Print mass-media
- Official media: “Kostroma Vedomosti” - a body of the city administration, a weekly newspaper; " Northern truth" - organ of the administration of the Kostroma region (published 3 times a week).
- Independent publication: newspaper “My City - Kostroma” (since June 2011).
- Local publications: “Youth Line”, “New Kostroma Vedomosti”, “Kostroma Fair”, “Kostroma Courier” and others.
- Regional issues of online publications: “Expert”, “Chronometer-Kostroma”, “ TVNZ", "From hand to hand", "Apartment" and others.
The media holding "People's Media Group" publishes 6 printed publications, including: "Kostroma People's Newspaper", "Voice of the People - Kostroma", "MK in Kostroma", "Middle Class - Kostroma".
Electronic media
The transmission of television and radio broadcasting signals in the city is provided by the Kostroma branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise RTRS. On Myasnitskaya Street there is a regional radio and television transmission center (ORTPC) with a tower 100 meters high (put into operation in 1958)
Throughout the city, on-air reception of 11 television programs is provided: Channel 1, Nasha Otchizna 1, Nasha Otchizna-K (“Culture”), NTV, Channel 5, TVC, etc.
Kostroma television broadcasts began in 1992. Currently, programs are being broadcast by local television studios: State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Kostroma", OTRK "Rus", "Kostroma Information Channel", "Logos". A certain number of operators provide coverage of city districts with cable television, broadcasting dozens of Russian and foreign channels.
At the beginning of 2011, the city provided broadcasting of 12 all-Russian and local radio stations in the VHF OIRT (since 1960) and VHF CCIR bands.
Religion
Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God
The most representative religious association was and remains the Kostroma diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Capital Patriarchate, founded on July 16, 1744. Within the city there are about 2-10 Orthodox churches, as well as the men's Holy Trinity Ipatievsky, ladies' Epiphany-Anastasiin and Znamensky monasteries. Since 1747 (with a break from 1918-1990), the Kostroma Theological Seminary has been operating in the city.
In Bogoyavlensky cathedral The Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God is located - the miraculous icon of the Mother of God revered by the Russian Orthodox Church. The icon is known as one of the shrines of the Romanov dynasty, since tradition connects it with the calling of the founder of the dynasty, Tsar Misha Fedorovich, to the kingdom in 1613 in the Ipatiev Monastery.
Kostroma is a familiar center of the Old Believers, the first cathedral city of the Kostroma and Yaroslavl diocese of the Russian Orthodox Old Believers Church. In the Trans-Volga part of the city there is the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Old Believers.
Other branches of Christianity are represented primarily by areas of Protestantism: religious communities of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Christians of the Evangelical faith - Pentecostals, a group of Lutherans and some others.
As in almost all cities of the Upper Volga, Muslims professing Sunni Islam, primarily the Volga Tatars, have lived in Kostroma since ancient times.
The first information about the Jewish religious community of Kostroma dates back to 1858. In 1903-1907, at the expense of the community, a two-story wooden synagogue building was built in Senny Lane. In 1930, the building was requisitioned; later it housed a kindergarten and any organizations. The building was preserved, and in April 1998, by decision of the city administration, it was almost completely transferred to the ownership of the Jewish community. Currently there are a religious community, community, charity and educational centers.
Urban planning and architecture
“Plan for the provincial city of Kostroma” (1781)
The city of Kostroma is an ordinary and unique monument Russian town planning of the 16th-19th centuries with valuable monuments of architecture and history, one of the Russian cities that have preserved, in general, a unique and ordinary building appearance.
Planning, urban planning
The city historically developed on the rugged terrain of the left bank of the Volga. In the old part of the city, the planning structure given by the general plan of 1781 has been preserved. The basis of the radial semi-circular layout is a slender and developed grid of streets, fanning out from central square. The three-ray system of Eleninskaya (Lenin St.), Pavlovskaya (Mira Ave.) and Maryinskaya (Shagova St.) streets was supplemented by several more streets connecting the city center with its outskirts. The entire system of radial highways was crossed by 3 semi-rings of streets with a broken layout.
Fire tower on Susaninskaya Square - a symbol of Kostroma
In the process of bringing the construction plan to fruition. XVIII - 1st half. XIX century The building ensemble of the center of Kostroma was formed, which still determines the artistic identity of the city.
In the middle of the 19th century, an industrial zone was formed in the area adjacent to the Kostroma River and its tributary Zaprudna, opposite the Ipatiev Monastery. Its base consisted, primarily, of complexes of huge textile factories (A.V. Bryukhanov (1853), Zotov brothers (1859), Tretyakov brothers and V.D. Konshin (1866)). Brick two- and three-story production buildings with elegantly decorated technological towers and high chimneys formed a system of courtyards and intra-factory streets. At the same time, workers’ settlements began to form around factories, in which, along with residential buildings included any charitable, educational, medical, cultural and educational institutions.
In Russian times, the Trans-Volga side of Kostroma became part of the city: the villages of Gorodishche and Selishche, which were dacha areas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were included in the city in 1932. Their layout still retains medieval features and makes them one of the colorful areas of Kostroma. In 1940, the Trans-Volga village of Malyshkovo became part of the city. Located across the Kostroma River, the Bogoslovskaya and Andreevskaya settlements, familiar from the 16th-17th centuries, were included in the number of urban areas in 1931. They have very well preserved their layout and construction, which makes up historical environment for the ensemble of the Ipatiev Monastery.
Formation of the Kostroma area in the XII-XVIII centuries.
During the years of industrialization of the country, intensive industrial construction began in Kostroma, which entailed the construction of residential buildings and workers' settlements, buildings for cultural and social purposes. These buildings, built in the style of constructivism and similar stylistic trends, largely changed the appearance of the city, giving it a new scale. More ideas for new architecture were embodied in the construction of a flax mill under I. D. Zvorykin’s system and a factory village in the mid-1930s. IN post-war years The volume of construction work on housing and public buildings has increased. Comprehensive construction of the territories has been carried out since the late 1950s. The construction of residential buildings according to standard series began to develop. In the 1970-1980s. Intensive construction of new industrial zones and residential neighborhoods took place around the outer border of the old city: Davydovskie, Panovo, Yubileiny, Yakimanikha, Malyshkovo, Pervomaisky.
In 2003-2010 A large-scale campaign to improve the city was carried out. Among other things, a pedestrian zone was organized along the Volga embankment, Susaninskaya Square, Mira Square and the boulevard part of Mira Avenue were reconstructed, monuments and sculptures were installed.
In 2008-2009 The City Duma approved the General Plan of the city of Kostroma.
Build styles
Trinity Cathedral of the Ipatiev Monastery
The architectural heritage is very diverse: monuments of ancient Russian architecture (primarily religious buildings); samples of folk architecture made of wood; monuments of the Baroque and Classical eras (including Empire style). A large group of architectural monuments represents the so-called. "Russian style late XIX- beginning of the 20th century The architecture of Russian times is represented by individual buildings in the style of constructivism and neoclassicism of the 1950s. and stylistic trends close to them.
Between the architectural monuments there are a number of huge historical and architectural complexes, monasteries, churches, chapels, monuments of civil and industrial architecture (administrative buildings, educational institutions, theaters, factory buildings, retail premises, hospitals, etc.), landscape art , there are more numerous monuments of residential architecture (residential buildings with outbuildings, estates). Monumental art in the city is represented by sculptural compositions, monuments and busts, as well as a significant number of wall paintings and iconostases.
In the post-revolutionary decades, Kostroma's construction landscape suffered great losses; most of the churches were destroyed, the cathedral ensemble was blown up, and the city lost its high-rise dominant features. At the same time, all the main structures of civil architecture survived, an important part residential construction.
Churches and monasteries
Santim.. more: Kostroma Kremlin, List of temples in Kostroma, Ipatiev Monastery and Epiphany-Anastasia MonasteryOf greater excitement are the ensembles of the Ipatiev and Epiphany-Anastasia Monasteries (XVI-XIX centuries), as well as the churches of the 17th century: the Resurrection on Debra, the Ascension on Debra (reconstructed), the Nativity of Christ on the Settlement, St. John the Evangelist in the Ipatievskaya Sloboda, the Transfiguration beyond the Volga.
Kostroma suffered almost more than other cities of the Golden Ring during Russian times. With the exception of the Church of St. John Chrysostom and the Church of the Resurrection on Debra, all the parish churches of pre-Petrine times were demolished in the city center, including the Assumption Cathedral and such a pearl of ornamentation as the two-pillar Trinity Church (1650). As in Yaroslavl, the Kremlin territory was transformed into wasteland. For this reason, the historical and construction museum-reserve in Russian times was occupied by the Ipatiev Monastery, located away from the city center.
In addition to Ipatievsky, another huge monastery survived in the city (albeit with significant losses) - Epiphany-Anastasiin, where, along with buildings of unsightly architecture, stands the Epiphany Cathedral, which was common for Grozny times. The remains of the cathedral's 17th-century frescoes were destroyed by fire in 1982.
Building ensemble of the historical center
Centime.. more: Susaninskaya Square and Trading Rows (Kostroma)Petty shopping arcades and the Church of the Savior in the Red Trading Rows
The central part of the city is a complete, exemplary building ensemble of the late 18th-19th centuries. Monuments of provincial classicism constitute the main pride of Kostroma. Between the buildings of the time of Alexander I, the ensemble of Susaninskaya Square is noteworthy: the buildings of the guardhouse and fire tower (designer P.I. Fursov) and the Public Places (architects A.D. Zakharov, N.I. Metlin), the house of S.S. Borshchov (designer N. I. Metlin).
In the center are symmetrically located: Very Large Flour (1789-1793) and Red Trading Rows (1789-1800) (designer S. A. Vorotilov, the initial project belongs to the provincial designer K. von Kler). The buildings are surrounded by open vaulted galleries. Each arch had a separate merchant's shop with its own entrance and display window, an office on the second floor and a warehouse in the basement. On the southern side of the Red Rows, the Church of the Savior in Rows with a bell tower was built, in the courtyard there are Melochny Rows (1831-1832). Also built around are the elegant Vegetable (Tobacco) rows (1819-1822) (designer V.P. Stasov), Butter rows - a two-story house with adjacent arcade galleries (1809, designer N.I. Metlin), and Gingerbread rows with 2 chapels (late XVIII - early XIX century), and down the slope along Molochnaya Gora Street - Fish Rows (1840-1850) and the parade entrance from the Volga - Stolichnaya Zastava (1823, designer P.I. Fursov).
At the beginning of Pavlovskaya Street (currently Mira Avenue), the building in the neo-Russian style of the Romanov Museum (1909-1911, designer N.I. Gorlitsyn) presents excitement. Next are magnificent examples of civil architecture: the three-story building of the Noble Assembly (1837-1838, designer Mtr. Mtr. Prave) with 2 halls: Big White and Small Golden (Ekaterininsky) and the building of the Drama Theater (1863).
Sights of the Russian period
"Ostrovsky's gazebo" on the Volga embankment (1956)
Among the buildings of the Russian period, the best known are the new monument to Ivan Susanin (1967) (the previous one was destroyed in 1918-1928), the buildings of the communication house (1934), the factory-kitchen and the Kostroma Novaya station built in the constructivist style (rebuilt in the late 1990s). XX years), Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy.
In 1955-1958. In the Ipatievskaya Sloboda, behind the southern wall of the monastery, a museum of architecture made of wood was created from samples of residential and religious architecture of the 16th-19th centuries. from the area of the Kostroma region. A more valuable exhibit of this open-air museum - the church from the village of Vyruchil-Vezhi (built in 1713) - burned down in September 2002.
Monuments of monumental art
Santim.. more: Monuments of KostromaOn the streets and squares of Kostroma there are monuments dedicated to personalities and historical events, among which: monuments to Ivan Susanin (1967) on Susaninskaya Square, Yuri Dolgoruky (2003) on Rossiyskaya (Voskresenskaya) Square, V.I. Lenin on the site of the former Kostroma Kremlin, A.A. Zinoviev (2009) in the park of KSU named after N A. Nekrasova, St. Theodore Stratilates in the Epiphany-Anastasia Monastery, the Monument of Glory on Peace Square, the monument to home front workers (“Tear”) (2006) in front of the Gubernsky concert and exhibition center, “Alley of Recognition” (2009) on Mira Avenue and others.
Like the residents of Yaroslavl, and of course I mean our entire region, the residents of Kostroma also have their own sea. Kostroma Reservoir or spill (bay) of the Gorky Reservoir. Kostroma residents call it the sea. Lake-type reservoir with complex shape coasts and many islands. If you are interested in seeing the map, click here.
Despite the fact that the pond is a neighbor’s, the shore is ours! Therefore, I am including these places in a series of small reviews of Nekrasov’s places. By the way, dobriy_vasya
, you once asked people in one of your posts to show local reservoirs :) Here you go.
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The history of the spill is just as ambiguous as the Rybinsk spill. Well, maybe not on such a large scale, but still a vast lowland rich in lakes and rivers was flooded. More than 20 rural settlements were resettled. Some of them numbered from 250 to 500 households! According to various data, the spill area ranged from 176 to 260 km2.
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Perhaps due to the population and abundance of lakes and rivers, the reservoir islands were not left without names. Read and listen to how the names of islands, rivers, former villages and lakes are sung: Kast, Sot, Vopsha, Idolomka and Idolomskoye, Forgiveness, Vonga, Glushitsa, Meza, Zharki, Vederki, Vezhi, Shoda, Baran, Belkina Griva, Zayachiy :) Finno -The Ugrians did their best in our region, leaving such a legacy.
On the northwestern shores (on our Yaroslavl shores) of the reservoir lies the Yaroslavsky federal zoological reserve, which now belongs to the Pleshcheyevo Lake national park.
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But let's get back to the photographs. Indian summer last fall was a success and in my free time I tried to visit the Nekrasov lakes more often in order to photograph them and find places for photo hunting various types for subsequent seasons. And then, on one of the warm September evenings, the gently sloping shore led right down to the water. And while the evening light was already quite low, it was necessary to have time to fly.
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The Volga itself flows near the horizon, and I was on the shore of a small bay.
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These aerial photos show just a tiny portion of the spill. On the left, near the horizon, you can see Lake Sogozhskoye, which is about 5 km away in a straight line from the shooting location.
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Having dropped off the battery at Vova’s, I walked along the shore.
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The flatness of the grass along the edges of the islands is interesting. Why did it happen? Storm or tide? In aerial photographs it looks especially unusual.
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Church in one of the Kostroma villages.
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The sun set on one side, and on the other the moon climbed into the sky.
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The evening dawn flashed for a moment and it became completely twilight. It was necessary to get ready for the return journey.
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The fishermen's camp quietly waited for their owners.
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Well, we will come back here again, I have no doubt.
- 25.09.2015.
To make vetels (traps), 5 rings and an arc were required for each. They were made from bird cherry and rowan - it was flexible and did not break. For hems, a large number of floats were required, and for weights, pebbles with a hole the size of a chicken egg; 40 pieces were required for each hem; the first ones were made from birch bark, they cut out blanks, dipped them in boiling water, and then wound them on a stick so that there was a hole in the middle for the bowstring. Sinker stones were made by potters from waste clay during pottery production, they were covered with glaze paint and fired.
By the beginning of the 30s, net knitting factories appeared and the need for most hand-knitted net materials disappeared. However, some species have survived to the present day.
Weaving baskets and other products from twigs
As I wrote above, willow bushes grew in large numbers along the banks of rivers and lakes. It was the starting material for weaving baskets, wicker sleds and other household utensils. In the old days, when weaving by hand, bags as containers were considered a luxury; they were used on the farm for flour, cereals and some other products. And all other products (potatoes, vegetables, fish) were transported in baskets. It should be noted that these products were preserved better during transportation than in bags.
Many residents of our area knew how to weave baskets, as well as bast shoes. The baskets had different purposes: linen, round with a sparse bottom - for digging potatoes, hop - for pinching hops, hunting - with windows and partitions for decoy ducks, with which they went and went hunting. Large two-handed ones for transporting potatoes and vegetables. Boxes-chests where various household utensils were stored. Large hay baskets from which hay was distributed to cattle, sheep, and horses in the yards. Linen bags with a lid, in which breakfasts were carried to haymaking. Small children - to go pick mushrooms and berries. And many others.
Baskets were also woven for sale, taken to bazaars and fairs, and purchased locally upon request. In 1935–38, a weaving training workshop was organized in Vezhi, where many of our children studied. It was led by a master named Skupnov.
The creation of collective farms occupied a special place in the need for baskets; each collective farm required 1,000 or more baskets annually. They came to buy them from other places where there was no possibility of weaving them. With the creation of the reservoir, the growth sites of the rod disappeared under water, and some weaving professionals from the village of Tepra went to Lake Rostov in the Yaroslavl region.
What a person has learned to do since childhood is not forgotten until old age. One summer in 1992, I came to visit my daughter in Kologriv, went with my grandchildren to swim in Unzha, looked, and there were huge thickets of twigs on the shore near the beach, and there were no baskets in the house. The next day I went and cut a bunch and, although I hadn’t braided it for 50 years, I tried it and it worked, and I braided about 10 pieces for everyone.
Everyday life
The working day in a village family began early in the morning. First to rise older generation. Grandmothers and mothers lit a lamp at the icon-case shrine and performed a small prayer called nacha\l (it was said: “she laid the beginning”). Then the mother lit a small kerosene lamp and went into the yard to milk the cow.
At this time, the grandfather or father got up, went into the yard to get firewood and lit the Russian stove. After milking the cow and straining the milk, the kitchen owner began to prepare simple everyday food.
Then the mother woke up her daughter and said: “Get up, Manya, peel the potatoes for soup” - or: “Go to the river for water.” Manya the daughter got up, also made a beginning - prayed - and got down to business.
The grandfather-father went into the yard to distribute hay and feed to the cattle. At this time, the rest of the family members also rose. Each one, following the instructions of his mother or grandmother, did his work before breakfast.
Having heated the stove and boiled the samovar, one of the women of the family scalded a breeze broom with boiling water and swept out the hut*. After which they sat down to have breakfast.
By this time everyone should be gathered at the table; if someone was not there (he was delayed somewhere), they waited. The whole family ate from one dish, from one large frying pan. They sat quietly at the table, talking quietly, a little. If any of the children were naughty, they laughed and received a spoon on the forehead from their parents. And some of them had a strap or three-tailed hook hanging on the wall, and it was enough for the father and mother to look at it, and silence reigned at the table. The tables were wooden, large, depending on the family.
The main attribute on the table was the samovar; it was always steaming - the degree of boiling was regulated with a lid on the pipe so that the coals in it smoldered slightly. The tea was poured by grandfather or father in turn - according to seniority. They drank from tea saucers, deftly holding them on their fingers near their mouths. The sugar was finely pinched into pieces and lay in a common sugar bowl; each saucer was supposed to take one piece. Those who drank quickly waited for everyone to drink, especially those who poured. Then they poured it in a second round; whoever didn’t want to, had to turn the glass-cup upside down on the saucer. For tea they baked koloboshki-kulichki, sochni, and less often (on weekdays) pies with potatoes, carrots, and rye pies with steamed viburnum.
Whoever came at that moment, a stranger or a neighbor, came close to the table, said a short prayer (no one reacted to this from behind the table), and sat down not far from the table on a bench or on a chair near the stove, and sat silently until he asked owner: “Well, what do you want, Kostya?” After which he began to state his request and carry on a conversation. After breakfast, everyone, according to his abilities, went about his business, work.
Lunch also took place at a certain time; those who worked somewhere away from home - in a barn, a barn - were sent to do so by children. Before sitting down at the table, everyone should pray a little in front of the icons - cross themselves.
In the households (most of them) the strictest economy and order were observed, everything was monitored by the keen eye of the mistress and owner of the house, and if any malfunction was discovered, it was immediately tied up, nailed down, and caulked.
Everything had its place. For example, meat bones and old rags were not thrown away, but taken to the attic and saved; in winter, collectors of these products traveled through the villages and exchanged them for threads, needles, whistles for children, and more. Even the fish peels (when the fish were cleaned for eating and drying) were not thrown away, but washed, dried and handed over to fish traders, who handed them over to restaurants for preparing jellied dishes: the jelly turned out good. If there was a piece of hay or a log lying on the road, they would definitely pick it up and bring it home. Horse harnesses, sleighs, carts were constantly checked, prepared ahead of time for the season, as well as haymaking equipment: scythes, rakes, pitchforks, etc.
Saturday was a bath day; dirtier, dustier work was scheduled for this day*. We worked until lunch, and after lunch we went to the bathhouse. Men first, then women and children.
Sunday was a non-working day, even during haymaking. In the morning, the majority of the village population, dressed in smart clothes, went to the church in the village of Spasa, the ringing of the bell and the expectation of meeting someone there added to the mood. The old people wanted to wink at someone, find out news about a friend, comrade. And, of course, pray. At that time, many young guys sang in the choir. It was considered honorable.
On Sunday, better food was prepared, white pies were baked, fish, game, and meat were fried.
After breakfast, the peasant boys (many) went to someone’s house, and in the summer they went to the barns to play cards. And the girls went to their friends. In the summer there was a small party on the street, and in the winter there were gazebos (in the evening). In the spring, when there was a flood, we went out on large boats between the villages. Both boys and girls came there from Vezha, Vederok, Spas: several boats (3-5) would join together - they would hang out, they called it - and have fun, sing songs to the accordion and even dance, play, and fall in love.
About flowers
Flowers were not grown in gardens as they are now, and it was not customary to give gifts as they are now; on holidays, birthdays, and funerals there were no flowers. But in every house, in winter and summer, all the window sills were lined with pots and tubs of flowers - all kinds of them! All the women looked after them jealously, exchanged them, passing in other villages, looking at who had which flowers on the windows.
About the church
Our church was called Transfiguration of the Savior. The patronal feast day in our three villages was August 19th - Transfiguration Day.
Kletskaya Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Spas. Mid 50's
The history of its construction is unknown (by whom it was built, in what year), but there is a legend about the place of its construction. Initially they wanted to build it in the village of Vezhi; it was said that they transport a forest of logs to the construction site, and after a week or two this forest disappears in one night. And there were no traces of his disappearance, they said: he flew away through the air. And he found himself in Spas - in the place where the church later stood; the timber was taken back to Vezhi. They brought something new from the forest, and again after a week or two everything disappeared and again ended up in the place where the church was later built. This happened three times, and the Vezhans backed down, saying: “This is God’s command, so be it,” but when the church was built, they asked that it be called “the Church of the Transfiguration in Spas-Vezhi.” This is where the ambiguity in the title comes from. “Where are you going?” - “In Spas-Vezhi.” “Where did you buy the hay?” - “In Spas-Vezhi.” And even the guide, having brought a group of tourists to the Ipatiev Monastery, where the church now stands, explains: “This church was cut down with an ax without a single nail, transported from the places of flooding by the Kostroma Reservoir - from the village of Spas-Vezhi.” But administratively in all, even old documents, it is written: the village is Spas, and Vezhi is a village. So, for example, it is written in my father’s birth certificate: “Place of birth - the village of Vezhi, 1895, Miskovsky volost, Kostroma province.”
Church in the village Spasya was built 100–150 meters from the settlement, below. By which we can judge that it was built much later than the village of Spas itself, since the latter stood on an elevated place - partly, like Vezhi, on imported, accreted soil.
Originally the church stood on oak pillars. Nearby stood a wooden bell tower. At the beginning of the 20th century, brick pillars-dead ends were placed under the church, and in 1910-11 the wooden bell tower was broken, as it was rotten, leaning and posed a danger. In 1910–14, a massive brick bell tower was built next to it, which still stands today.
I have no information about how the church was furnished inside. Between the village and the church there was an Orthodox cemetery, where burials took place until 1949–50.
The furthest house from the church was the so-called priest's house, it was large, one-story, with 4 large windows across the face. As my mother told me, the longest-serving priest was Father Sosipater, who served, apparently, from the beginning of the century until the revolution; died and was buried near the altar of the church.
The church and cemetery were flooded with water during spring floods. During the flood, people from villages traveled to church by boat. Along the wall of the church there was a large terrace-gallery to which boats were tied.
About faiths and prayers
In our area there were several beliefs and groups of believers. The largest is Orthodox, with a church in the village of Spas.
There was an Old Believer faith, with its center in the village of Ovintsy. This settlement apparently arose during the schism. The settlement is very old, it was transformed into a village, apparently from a monastery founded by those who fled to the forests during the schism. There, even before the resettlement, there was an Old Believer cemetery, where our grandfather Fyodor Ivanovich Piskunov was buried in 1930. There was no church there, but a so-called chapel-house. Before 1930–36 all Old Believers from our villages were buried in Ovintsy. At our Orthodox Church in Spas, Old Believers were not supposed to be buried.
There was also Cherepenin’s faith, it, too, apparently, was Old Believer, but with a different bias-rule, with a center in the village of Vederki, there was also a prayer house, the priest there was a long-time resident of the village of Vederki, Sergei Cherepenin, and this prayer house was financed by a native the villages of Yomutovo or Mokhonkovo near the village. Sereda, Yaroslavl province, merchant Yudin, a major entrepreneur, builder in St. Petersburg.
Smaller groups appeared and ceased to exist, but they were insignificant.
In the village of Kunikovo there were two brick churches, and for some reason the Old Believer church stood in the center of the village, and the Orthodox Church (St. Nicholas the Wonderworker) stood in the so-called settlement (I must say that the outside of the church was beautiful, surrounded by a wrought-iron fence with brick pillars).
In the village Miskovo was a large brick Orthodox Church of the Intercession, where (the old people said) the main bell weighed 1000 pounds. The ringing of the Miskov bell was distinguished from others by its powerful sound.
But about the church in the village. Zharki is a legend story: they say it was built by the Kostroma merchant Tretyakov. I don’t know what faith she had. It was small, made of brick, very beautiful and cozy; the Tretyakov family came here on holidays for prayers.
It should be noted that there was a constant struggle between faiths to involve believers of each in their faith. There were even tragedies and disagreements during matchmaking and marriage. How many loving couples have been separated due to different faiths. During matchmaking, each matchmaker tried to win him over to his faith, they argued, fought, bargained financially in order to sacrifice their faith, they left, came again. Who will convince whom? Parents said: in this way, some of their lives were crippled. They married not for love, but as the parents or matchmakers wanted.
The Old Believers had stricter discipline both in life and in prayer services. Most, if not all, of the Old Believers did not smoke tobacco, were reserved, or even did not drink vodka at all. They were honest and fair towards others. Their prayers were conducted according to the old order. I remember in 1975, the month of May, we buried our uncle in the village. Chernopenye - he was an Old Believer by faith. So, when he was buried, in one of the prayers “Lord, have mercy” was mentioned forty or more times. When we, while still working on the collective farm in Vezhi, in 1945–47. When they took the forest out of the pine forests, in order to give them something to drink, the Old Believers of the vine did not allow them to scoop up water in a bucket and drink it, but they poured it from the bucket into a glass mug and then served it to them to drink. Or this is the story of one love in our Vezhi, it was in 1921-22. The groom was an Old Believer, the bride was Orthodox. After several attempts at matchmaking, no one agreed to convert to another faith, and the bride decided to leave without permission, without a wedding, without a dowry. And only a year later, when the child was born, the bride’s mother had mercy and blessed her daughter with an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. Their son - my friend - now lives in Kostroma, and sometimes when I come to see him, I pay attention to that icon in an expensive frame, standing on their sideboard, like a relic of those ancient events.
The Orthodox discipline was weaker; it was not necessary to go to church every Sunday and even on a holiday in bad weather or in the spring when it was windy, go by boat to Spas, in rain or frost. You could pray at home instead. At birth, baptism and registration in the church, the name of the child was given to the saint who was listed in the calendar for that week. But some parents, being with the priest in good relations, they could give the name of the saint they liked to their son or daughter a month or two in advance or back.
In the old days, birthdays were not celebrated, but the day of the angel, i.e. the saint in whose honor the child is named. When congratulating the family, the mother said the following words:
Dear son Sasha,
Happy angel day.
Your angel has a golden crown,
And to you - good health and happiness.
And kissed.
Parishioners helped the priest's family with haymaking and harvesting work. For example, along with sermons during the service, the priest asked for help in mowing his harvest. The population responded, and from almost every family a person was allocated for this help.
During the holidays of Easter and Christmas, the priest, deacon and chanter (woman) walked through the villages during the holiday week with glory, that is, they entered the house, performed a short prayer with a chant, the priest at this time waved the censer, filling the house with the smell of incense. The owners of the house gave some kind of food for this - eggs, a piece of meat, fish or pie, a circle of quick butter. The deacon walked with a large basket.
About transport connections and communication routes
The most important and stable road connections were winter roads, toboggan run. They were laid along rivers, lakes, swamps; In winter you could go anywhere on a sleigh. At this time, the bulk of cargo was transported:
1. Transporting timber to hollows from forest plots for rafting on water in the spring.
2. Removing hay from meadows that were impossible to access in the summer.
3. Traveling with goods for trade to distant villages and cities.
All winter roads - both long-distance and local - were suspended; They placed milestones on both sides of the road at a distance of 30–40 meters. These are mostly large spruce paws, less often - branches and undergrowth of other trees and shrubs. This was done for this purpose: when the road was swept up in a blizzard, so that the landmarks of the road were visible, so as not to go astray, not to get lost. This was strictly monitored by both local and higher authorities. As soon as winter roads were installed, this work was immediately carried out within the boundaries of the village, volost, and county.
The second, no less important, was water communication. It was probably the oldest. Since we had large spring floods and many rivers, this type of transport was responsible for a large volume of cargo transportation and communications, and the most important thing was timber rafting.
When shipping companies emerged (from about 1870–80) along the river. From Kostroma, steamships went to Bui with a stop at Ostroy Kolen - two kilometers from the village. Spas - for the residents of our villages. There were also stops in Kunikov and Miskov. We went to nearby villages and the city of Kostroma by boat in the spring and summer. In summer, travel on wheels was mostly difficult due to the lack of good roads, and in wet, rainy weather it was only possible to travel on horseback. The exception was the road to Kostroma, where it was slightly corrected, ditches were filled up, bridges were made, etc.
The old people considered water transport to be the most pleasant transport, they said: “The boat doesn’t crack, and the goods don’t wrinkle, don’t crack, and the road doesn’t get dusty.”
About military service
Our old-timers treated their service in the tsarist army with dignity; apparently, certain work was carried out by the authorities, society and the church. Serving in the army was considered a sacred duty for everyone peasant son. There were no malicious evasions from service.
True, single soldiers with elderly parents and for medical and physical reasons were not accepted into the army. A guy who served in the army was considered a full-fledged man. Those who were not accepted into the army due to physical disabilities were called “Brakovka” (white ticket). The girls did not like such guys, they avoided seeing them off and got married reluctantly, out of necessity. The girl who married such a guy said: “It’s all a man, not a bundle of straw.”
The men who served each spoke with dignity about their service: some about the Brusilov army, some about the Uhlan regiment, some about the battleship Gromoboy, some about the naval crew of Kronstadt. It should be noted that many of our guys were called up for naval service - both in the tsarist and in Soviet time. Many received nicknames for their service in the village: Varyaga, Stestel, Mikada, Ermak, Feldwebel, Ulan, Hussar, Sailor Eliseev.
Conscription into the royal army in Peaceful time Apparently, it took place once a year - in the fall, on the holiday of Kozma and Demyan. The conscripts were immediately shaved bald. From that time on, they were called recruits, until they were sent to the unit. They walked and recruited, did not work, visited each other in villages and relatives. Here are the recruit songs they sang:
Brother, shaved, brother, shaved
Our heads are with you
Brother looked at brother,
They shook their heads.
How Kozma-Demyan will come -
Moskovets* will take us.
Will take you on a black ride,
You won't return home.
You'll be lucky on the blue one -
Break up with your darling.
Farewell, Spas, Buckets, Vezhi,
Kostroma - bigger houses,
Goodbye, dear girls,
I'll leave you.
The whole village followed Spas to the city road with tears and songs accompanied by an accordion.
Village of Vezhi. Customs, superstitions, signs... Kostroma land: Russian province local history journal