conscious and sensually perceived sets of repeated interactions, correlated in their meaning with each other and characterized by corresponding behavior.

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SOCIAL RELATIONS

English relationship, social; German Verhaltnisse, soziale. Relations between groups of people and individuals, who occupy a certain position in society, having the appropriate status and social status. roles. See POSITION SOCIAL.

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Social relationships

relatively stable connections between individuals and social groups as permanent carriers of qualitatively different types of activities, differing in social status and roles in social structures.

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Social relations

these are relations between members of social communities and these communities regarding their social status, way of life and way of life, and ultimately regarding the conditions for the formation and development of personality and social communities. They manifest themselves in the position of individual groups of workers in the labor process, communication connections between them, i.e. in the mutual exchange of information to influence the behavior and performance of others, as well as to assess their own position, which influences the formation of interests and behavior of these groups.

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SOCIAL RELATIONS

This is a specific, ordered system of relationships between individuals belonging to various social communities.

People do not interact with each other randomly. They are members of certain social groups and occupy certain status positions. Therefore, with other people they enter into relationships that correspond to these positions. These relations are more or less steadily reproduced in the process of functioning of society. A change in an individual's social status inevitably entails a change in the nature of his relationships with other people. Social change involves changing the entire system of relationships in this complex structure of social connections and interactions.

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Social relationships

a set of connections and interactions determined by “the economic, political, cultural and other interests of certain social groups and communities that unite people with common goals and actions to achieve them, including managerial ones. – relatively stable connections between individuals (as a result of which they are institutionalized into social groups) and social groups as permanent carriers of qualitatively different types of activities, differing in social status and roles in social structures. – relations between individuals and social groups as carriers of various types of activities, differing social positions and roles in the life of society.

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Social relationships

This is a specific, ordered system of relationships between individuals belonging to various social communities. People do not interact with each other randomly. They are members of certain social groups and occupy certain status positions. Therefore, with other people they enter into relationships that correspond to these positions. These relations are more or less steadily reproduced in the process of functioning of society. A change in an individual's social status inevitably entails a change in the nature of his relationships with other people. Social change involves changing the entire system of relationships in this complex structure of social connections and interactions.

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SOCIAL RELATIONS

a certain stable system of connections between individuals that has developed in the process of their interaction with each other in the conditions of a given society. O.S. by their nature objective, independent of the will and consciousness of people. O.S. are refracted through the internal content (or state) of a person and are expressed in his activities as his personal attitude to the surrounding reality. O.S. personality is a manifestation in social activities and behavior of a person and his social. qualities The needs of individuals, the nature and method of satisfying these needs make individuals dependent on each other, determine the objective need for their interaction with each other and give rise to O.S. Individuals interact with each other not as pure “I,” but as individuals who are at a certain stage of development of productive forces and needs. That is why their personal, individual attitude towards each other, their mutual attitude as individuals on the basis of the norms and values ​​of a given society that they share or do not share, created and daily recreates the OS. In the process of interaction between individuals, not only already established operating systems appear, but also new ones are formed, corresponding to new economic ones. relationships. Lit.: Osipov G.V. Nature and society//Sociology. Fundamentals of general theory (edited by Osipov G.V., Moskvichev L.N.). M., 1996. G.V. Osipov

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Social relations

relations between groups of people occupying different positions in society, taking unequal participation in its economic, political and spiritual life and differing in lifestyle, level and sources of income, and personal consumption structure. Subjects S.o. are different communities of people who enter into active interaction with each other, on the basis of which a certain way of their joint activity is formed. S.o. represent relations of equality and inequality of social groups by position and role in public life. On the one hand, S.o. - this is the relationship of groups with each other, capable of taking on the nature of friendly cooperation or conflict (based on the coincidence or clash of interests of these groups). Such relationships can take the form of direct contacts or an indirect form, for example, through relations with the state. The change in the nature of these relationships is determined by changes in the social status and social appearance of interacting communities. It is precisely such changes in a positive direction that contribute to the establishment of communicative relations in the state, giving it a social orientation. The concept of "S.o." also characterizes the mutual position of groups in society, i.e. the content that is embedded in the concept of social differences. The latter are associated with unequal, unequal opportunities and conditions for the existence and development of individuals, for example, employees of a state enterprise (plant, factory) and a successful commercial enterprise, depending on their belonging to a particular social community. The welfare state aims to minimize these differences.

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Any relationship that arises between social groups, as well as members of these groups, is recognized as social. Social relationships refer to almost everything that surrounds a person. Wherever he works and wherever he carries out his activities, he will always be involved in certain social relations.

The concept of social relations in practice has a strong connection with social roles. As a rule, a person entering into certain social relationships appears in them in a certain social role, be it a professional, national or gender role.

In addition to the relationships themselves that arise between people, all the forms that these relationships take are also social. People are forced into these relationships not only due to the need for belonging, but also due to material and spiritual needs that they simply cannot satisfy alone.

Types of social relations

Social relations can be divided into types based on the areas of activity in which people express themselves. These are production, economic, political, aesthetic, psychological, interpersonal. The latter, for example, can include friendly, comradely, love, and family relationships. In interpersonal relationships, a person expresses himself most clearly as a person and is most involved in relationships.

Psychological relationships are more characterized by the individual's attitude towards himself and his reaction to external stimuli or objects. There is also a symbiosis of social and psychological relationships, which usually result in the interaction of members of society from the perspective of their individual psychological characteristics. For example, friendship-enmity, leadership-and more. We can talk about role relationships when certain roles of those involved are clearly defined in them, and there is also a certain functionally organized connection between them.

Communicative relationships allow members of society to exchange information and play an important role in the life of society. Emotional relationships between people are characterized on the basis of their mutual attractiveness or, conversely, alienation. Moreover, this attractiveness can be both psychological and physical. Moral relationships also play an important role in human relationships, that is, assessing each other’s behavior and actions from the perspective of understanding good and evil.

Tip 2: Distinctive features of the formal business style of the text

The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from the spoken language. For such spheres of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and the media, there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristic features, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. It has its own stylistic features and official business text.

Why do you need a formal business style when correspondence?

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, management and economic activities. In written form, its document can, in fact, be a letter, an order, and a normative act.

Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since, due to their specific nature, they have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance; its author, as a rule, acts not as a private individual, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, increased requirements are imposed on any official business text to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text must be communicatively accurate and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

Main features of official business style

The main feature of official business communication is the standardization of phraseological units used; it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, giving any document legal force. These standard phrases make it possible to eliminate ambiguity in interpretation, therefore, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable in such documents.

An official business document must have details - output data, and there are also specific requirements for their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It must be extremely informative, therefore thoughts are strictly formulated, and the presentation of the situation itself must be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional charge, expressions used in common parlance, and especially slang, is excluded.

To eliminate ambiguity, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he,” “she,” “they”) are not used in a business document, since in the context of two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may arise. As a consequence of the mandatory condition of logic and argumentation, when writing a business text, complex sentences with a large number of conjunctions are used, conveying the logic of relationships. For example, constructions that are not often used in everyday life are used, including conjunctions such as “due to the fact that”, “for the purpose of which”.

Video on the topic

The first signs of schizophrenia often appear in childhood. With careful attention from parents, it is quite easy to identify alarming preconditions in the child’s behavior in the early stages. Practice shows that in boys, signs of schizophrenia are expressed earlier and more clearly. Meanwhile, the developing disease in women is often “masked” and may not cause obvious signs until late adolescence. At the same time, there are cases when schizophrenia was first diagnosed in people in middle age - from 40 years and older.

Emotional disorder

They separate the internal and external functions of the state. Among the internal functions are:

Political (ensuring order and functioning of institutions of state power);

Economic (regulation of economic relations in the state - market mechanisms, development strategies, etc.);

Social (implementation of health, education and cultural support programs);

Ideological (formation of the value system of society).

Among the most important external functions are defense (ensuring national security), as well as the function of defending national interests and establishing international cooperation.

States are heterogeneous in their form of government; they include monarchies (constitutional and absolute) and republics (presidential and mixed). Based on the form of government, one can distinguish unitary states, and.

The state is often perceived as an identical concept to such meanings as country, society, government, although this is incorrect. A country is a cultural-geographical concept, while a state is a political one. Society is a broader concept than the state. For example, we can speak on a global scale, while states are localized and represent individual societies. Government is just a part of the state, the exercise of political power.

The attributes of a state are territory, population, and state apparatus. The territory of a state is limited by the boundaries that separate the sovereignty of different states. It is impossible to imagine a state without a population that consists of its subjects. The state apparatus ensures the functioning and development of the state.

Distinctive features of the state

The state has its own characteristics that have no analogues.

Firstly, this is the territorial organization of power. It is the territorial boundaries that limit the jurisdiction of the state.

Another sign of the state is universality; it acts on behalf of the entire society (and not individual ones) and extends power to its entire territory. State power has a public character, i.e. ensures the protection of general interests and benefits, not private ones.

The state has a “monopoly on legal violence” and has the attribute of coercion. It can use force to enforce laws. State coercion is primary and has priority over the right to coerce others within a given state.

State power also has a sovereign character. It has the sign of supremacy in relation to all institutions and organizations within the country and independence in interstate relations.

The state concentrates the main power resources to exercise its powers (economic, social, etc.). It has the exclusive right to collect taxes from the population and issue money.

Finally, the state has its own symbols (the coat of arms, flag, anthem) and organizational documents (doctrine, legislation).

Man is a social being, therefore it is necessary to evaluate personality traits in the system of social relations, since here important traits of human character will appear. And if so, then it’s worth understanding what socio-psychological relationships are and what they are like.

Signs of social relationships

Public (social) relations are various forms of interdependencies that arise when people interact with each other. A feature of social relationships that distinguishes them from interpersonal and other types of relationships is that people appear in them only as a social “I”, which is not a complete reflection of the essence of a particular person.

Thus, the main feature of social relations is the establishment of stable relationships between people (groups of people), which allow members of society to realize their social roles and statuses. Examples of social relationships include interactions with family members and work colleagues, interactions with friends and teachers.

Types of social relations in society

There are various classifications of social relations, and therefore there are many types of them. Let's look at the main ways to classify relationships of this kind and characterize some of their types.

Social relations are classified according to the following criteria:

• by the amount of power (relations horizontally or vertically);
• on ownership and disposal of property (estate, class);
• by spheres of manifestation (economic, religious, moral, political, aesthetic, legal, mass, interpersonal, intergroup);
• by regulation (official and unofficial);
• by internal socio-psychological structure (cognitive, communicative, conative).

Some of the types of social relations include groups of subtypes. For example, formal and informal relationships could be:

• long-term (friends or colleagues);
• short-term (casual acquaintances);
• functional (performer and customer);
• permanent (family);
• educational;
• subordinate (superiors and subordinates);
• cause-and-effect (victim and perpetrator).

The use of a specific classification depends on the goals and objectives of the study, and in order to characterize a particular phenomenon, one or several classifications can be used. For example, to characterize social relations in a team, it would be logical to use a classification based on regulation and internal socio-psychological structure.

Personality in the system of social relations

As mentioned above, a specific type of social relationship considers only one aspect of a person’s personality, therefore, when it is necessary to obtain a more complete description, it is necessary to take into account the system of social relations. Since this system is the basis of all personal properties of a person, it determines his goals, motivation, and direction of his personality. And this gives us an idea of ​​a person’s attitude to the people with whom he communicates, to the organization in which he works, to the political and civil system of his country, to forms of property, etc. All this gives us a “sociological portrait” of an individual, but we should not consider these attitudes as some kind of labels that society sticks on an individual. These traits are manifested in the actions of a person, in his intellectual, emotional and volitional properties. Psychology here is inextricably linked with psychology, which is why the analysis of the psychological properties of a person should be carried out taking into account the person’s position in the system of social relations. ut.

To denote a system of relations, various concepts are used: “social relations”, “public relations”, “human relations”, etc. In one case they are used as synonyms, in another they are sharply opposed to each other. In fact, despite the semantic similarity, these concepts differ from each other.

Social relations are relationships between or their members. A slightly different layer of relations is characterized by the concept of “social relations”, which is understood as the diverse connections that arise between these communities, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity. Relations are classified on the following basis: - from the point of view of ownership and disposal of property (class, estate);
- by volume of power (relations vertically and horizontally);
- by spheres of manifestation (legal, economic, political, moral, religious, aesthetic, intergroup, mass, interpersonal);
- from the position of regulation (official, unofficial);
- based on the internal socio-psychological structure (communicative, cognitive, conative, etc.).

In addition to the concept of “social relations,” the concept of “human relations” is also widely used in science. As a rule, it is used to designate all kinds of subjective manifestations of a person in the process of his interaction with various objects of the external world, not excluding his attitude towards himself. Social relations are expressed in the form of production, economic, legal, moral, political, religious, ethnic, aesthetic, etc.

Relations of production concentrated in a variety of professional and labor roles-functions of a person (for example, engineer or worker, manager or performer, etc.). This set is predetermined by the variety of functional and production connections of a person, which are set by the standards of professional and labor activity and at the same time arise spontaneously as it becomes necessary to solve new problems.

Economic relations are implemented in the sphere of production, ownership and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here a person plays two interrelated roles - seller and buyer. Economic relations are woven into production through (labor) and the creation of consumer goods. In this context, a person is characterized by the roles of master and owner of the means of production and the products produced, as well as the role of the labor force that is hired.

Economic relations can be planned-distributive and market. The former arise as a result of excessive government intervention in the economy. The latter are formed through liberalization and freedom of economic relations. However, the degree of their freedom varies - from complete to partially regulated. The main feature of normal economic relations is self-regulation due to correlation. But this does not mean that the state is completely removed from control over economic relations. It collects taxes, controls sources of income, etc.

Legal relations in society are enshrined in legislation. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of production, economic, political and other social relations. Ultimately, legal relations provide or do not ensure the effective fulfillment of the role of a socially active person. Legislative imperfections are compensated by unwritten rules of human behavior in real communities of people. These rules carry a huge moral burden.

Moral relations are enshrined in relevant rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of ethnocultural organization of people’s lives. These forms contain the moral norm of behavior at the level of existing interpersonal relationships, which stems from the moral self-awareness of a particular community of people. In the manifestation of moral relations there are many cultural and historical conventions that come from the way of life of society. At the center of this relationship is a person who is seen as his own value. According to the manifestation of moral relations, a person is defined as “good-bad”, “good-evil”, “fair-unfair”, etc.

Religious relations reflect the interaction of people, which develops under the influence of ideas about man’s place in the universal processes of life and death, about the mysteries of his soul, the ideal properties of the psyche, the spiritual and moral foundations of existence. These relationships grow out of a person’s need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the highest meaning of existence, comprehension of one’s connections with the cosmos, and explanation of mysterious phenomena that are not amenable to natural scientific analysis. In these relationships, the irrational principles of the mental reflection of reality, based on feelings, intuition and faith, predominate.

The idea of ​​God makes it possible to combine scattered and vague premonitions of random and natural events in human life into a holistic image of man’s earthly and heavenly existence. Differences in religions are, first of all, differences in ethnocultural concepts of deity as the guardian of the human soul. These differences are manifested in everyday, cult and temple religious behavior (rituals, rites, customs, etc.). If all believers are united in accepting the idea of ​​God, then in the ritual part of worship and approaching God they can become fanatically irreconcilable with each other. Religious relationships are embodied in the roles of believer or non-believer. Depending on religion, a person can be Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, etc.

Political relations center around the problem. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it and the subordination of those who lack it. The power intended to organize social relations is realized in the form of leadership functions in communities of people. Its absolutization, as well as its complete absence, is harmful to the livelihoods of communities. Harmony of power relations can be achieved through the separation of powers - legislative, executive and judicial. Political relations in this case should acquire the character of a democratic process, in which the task of power structures and leaders is to maintain a balance of the rights to freedom of each member of society. Ethnic relations arise from differences in the similarity of lifestyle of local population groups that have a common anthropological (tribal) and geographical origin. The differences between ethnic groups are natural and psychological, since the way of life of an ethnic group enshrines the structure of social relations that contribute to the optimal adaptation of a person to a specific natural (geographical and social) environment. This way of life naturally follows from the characteristics of the reproduction of life in specific conditions. The corresponding way of life of an ethnic group is fixed in stereotypes of behavior and activity, in language, rituals, traditions, customs, holidays and other cultural forms of social life.

Aesthetic relations arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people to each other and the aesthetic reflection of material objects of the outside world. These relationships are characterized by great subjective variability. What may be attractive to one person may not be to another. Standards of aesthetic attractiveness have a psychobiological basis, which is associated with the subjective side of human consciousness. They acquire constancy in ethno-psychological forms of behavior, undergoing cultural processing through various types of art and becoming entrenched in socio-historical stereotypes of human relations.

In psychology, for many decades now the category of relationships has been being developed in a manner specific to this science. But for the sake of objectivity, it should be noted that other psychological schools were wary of attempts to create a theory of human relations. However, this approach is clearly unjustified, since this theory contains a very strong humanistic principle. E. Mayo is considered the founder of the theory of human relations in the West, although in Russia, simultaneously with him, V.M. wrote about the need to develop a theory of relations in psychology. , A. F. Lazursky, V. N. Myasishchev.

The concept of “human relations” is broader than all others that denote certain relationships. What content should be included in the category of relationships?

Let us abstract from the many aspects of existence with which each person is connected and to which he has his own attitude, and let us dwell only on his relations with the various communities of which he is a member, as well as on his relations with certain people. In this case, it can be revealed that the attitude, firstly, involves the actualization of knowledge in figurative and conceptual form about the community or personality of those who interact; secondly, it always carries within itself one or another emotional response of interacting individuals (communities) to the community or personality; thirdly, at the same time it actualizes a certain treatment with them. Then, if you further objectify the “psychological underside” of each of the relationships in the system of which a person is included, you can see the goal that the individual pursues when interacting with communities and individuals, necessarily the needs that directly affect the nature of his relationships. Each individual usually has different relationships with some community and even with an individual who is part of his immediate or more distant environment. In the relationship of one person with another, a characteristic sign is revealed - the presence of a positive or negative emotional reaction to the other person. This reaction can be neutral, indifferent or contradictory. Naturally, some relationships, due to their nature, can be constructive and “work” for the mental, moral, aesthetic, labor and physical development of the individual, while the action of other relationships can have a destructive result for him. In this sense, relationships with subjectively significant people are especially important for an individual. They are the ones who most strongly influence a person’s perception of the environment and push him to non-standard actions.

A special problem in studying the interdependencies of communication and attitude is to establish the degree of correspondence between the nature of the attitude and the form of its expression in human behavior, or, as V.N. Myasishchev, in the treatment of man with man. Forming as a personality in a specific social environment, a person also learns the “language” of expressing relationships characteristic of this environment. Without dwelling on the peculiarities of the expression of relationships noted among representatives of various ethnic communities, it should be noted that even within the boundaries of one ethnic community, but in its different social groups, this “language” can have its own very specific specifics.

A deeply intelligent person expresses his dissatisfaction with another person in a correct, non-degrading form. For a poorly educated, rude person, the form of expression of such dissatisfaction is completely different. Even the manifestation of joy among representatives of the same social subgroup differs depending on their inherent differences. Naturally, in order to adequately perceive and understand his attitude when communicating with another person, one must show very subtle observation, including to the form of expression of this attitude. Of course, what has been said does not mean that the attitude is conveyed only through speech and voice. Both facial expressions and pantomimes are involved in live, direct communication. And finally, the form of expression of attitude can be action and deed.

At the same time, there are not only individual forms of expression of the same relationship. There are cases in life when a person in communication skillfully imitates some other attitude that he actually does not have. And such a person is not necessarily a hypocrite. Most often, when communicating, the true attitude is hidden, and another attitude is imitated if a person wants to appear better than he really is in the eyes of those whose opinion he values. We envy a more successful colleague, but pretend to rejoice at his success. We don’t like the boss’s leadership style, and we not only don’t contradict him, but also out loudly approve of his actions. There is a common phrase in life: “Don’t ruin relationships!”, the meaning of which is exactly what the given examples correspond to. Of course, in such cases people make a deal with their conscience. The moral price of this transaction is higher, the more serious the social consequences of our duplicity. What has been said does not mean at all that you should never, under any circumstances in life, hide your true attitude towards something or someone. Thus, in the work of a doctor, investigator, intelligence officer, trainer, situations sometimes arise when it is impossible to solve one’s professional problems without masking the experienced attitude.

A detailed description of other types of social relations, which were not the subject of consideration in this textbook, is contained in the book by D. Myers “Social Psychology”.

When discussing the problem of the relationship between communication and attitude, as well as the dependence between the content of the attitude and the form of its expression, it should be emphasized that a person’s choice of the most psychologically appropriate form of expressing his attitude in communication occurs without tension and conspicuous deliberateness, if he has formed the mental properties of his personality, which are required for successful interpersonal communication: the ability to identify and decenter, empathy and self-reflection. The hostility or sympathy experienced by the participants in communication affects its ease and sincerity, the degree of ease of developing a common opinion, and the psychological consequences with which each of the participants “leaves” the communication that took place. The psychological mechanism of the effect of attitude on the unfolding process of communication is clear: a hostile attitude makes a person blind to the merits of a communication partner and pushes her to underestimate positive steps on his part aimed at a successful outcome of communication. In the same way, a hostile attitude provokes a person to behavior that does not lead to a deepening of mutual understanding between those communicating or to the establishment of genuine cooperation between them.

If the relationships of the participants in communication are, so to speak, asymmetrical, for example, one of the communicators shows ardent love for the other, and the latter experiences hostility and even, perhaps, hatred towards him - normal interpersonal communication will not happen. Most often, on the part of one of the communicators there will be a desire for genuine interpersonal interaction, and on the part of the other - either communication at a formal level, or attempts to “put the communication partner in his place,” or outright avoidance of communication.

So, we examined, the subjects of which were individuals. However, in everyday life, in addition to a person’s communication with real partners, there is communication with himself. Such communication “in the mind” is called prolonged. An individual may mentally continue a conversation with a person with whom he recently communicated, especially if they were arguing and some arguments came to his mind later.

On the internal, mental level, a person’s pre-communication also occurs: he can think about the upcoming conversation in advance, assume possible arguments and counter-arguments of the participants in communication. As a rule, conversation tactics are thought out, which involves orientation in the content of communication, possible types of contacts, spatio-temporal organization of communication (placement of participants, start time of communication, etc.).

Thinking through communication tactics “in the mind” presupposes that a person has an image of a partner (partners) in interaction and, above all, an anticipation of who will strive to dominate in communication or occupy a subordinate position, and who is disposed to equal communication, cooperation and mutual understanding. Based on what has been said about prolonged communication and pre-communication, we can talk about communication with an imagined partner, an imaginary interlocutor. Unlike communication that occurs in the imagination of writers, here there is a representation of the image of a really existing person who is currently absent. This type of communication is extremely important for the development of personality and the formation of its self-awareness. This can be communication with one’s second “I” or inner speech, which is retroreflection, i.e. an analysis of completed actions, deeds, and a critical assessment of them in the present period.

A type of communication with oneself can be an extreme version of egocentric speech. In this case, communication can take place with a real person or specific people, but the person is so carried away by making a speech, by his own statements, that he forgets about his partners and continues to talk “endlessly,” although the listeners are clearly tired of it and have stopped listening.

Here communication is clearly one-sided. This paragraph provides the most general characteristics of communication and relationships, which will be further covered from a new perspective and more specifically.

Social relations are relationships between social groups or their members.

Social relationships are divided into one-way and reciprocal. One-sided social relationships are characterized by the fact that their participants attach different meanings to them

For example, love on the part of an individual may be met with contempt or hatred on the part of the object of his love.

Types of social relations: industrial, economic, legal, moral, religious, political, aesthetic, interpersonal

Industrial relations are concentrated in a variety of professional and labor roles-functions of a person (for example, engineer or worker, manager or performer, etc.).

Economic relations are realized in the sphere of production, ownership and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here a person plays two interrelated roles - seller and buyer. Economic relations can be planning-distributive and market.

Legal relations in society are secured by legislation. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of production, economic, political and other social relations.

Moral relations are consolidated in appropriate rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of ethnocultural organization of people's lives. These forms contain the moral norm of behavior

Religious relations reflect the interaction of people, which develops under the influence of ideas about the place of man in the universal processes of life and death, etc. These relationships grow from a person’s need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the highest meaning of existence

Political relations are centered around the problem of power. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it and the subordination of those who lack it.

Aesthetic relationships arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people to each other and the aesthetic reflection of material objects in the outside world. These relationships are characterized by great subjective variability.

Among interpersonal relationships, there are relationships of acquaintance, friendship, comradeship, friendship and relationships that turn into intimate-personal ones: love, marital, family.

18. Social group

Social a group, according to Merton, is a collection of people who interact with each other in a certain way, are aware of their belonging to a given group and are considered members of this group from the point of view of others.

Signs of a social group:

Membership awareness

Ways of interaction

Awareness of unity

KulI divided social groups into primary and secondary:

Family, peer group, because they provide the individual with the earliest and most complete experience of social unity

Formed from people between whom there are almost no emotional connections (determined by the achievement of certain goals)

Social groups are divided into real and quasi-groups, large and small, conditional, experimental and referential

Real groups- a community of people limited in size, united by real relationships or activities

Quasigroups characterized by randomness and spontaneity of formation, instability of relationships, and short-term interaction. As a rule, they exist for a short time, after which they either disintegrate or turn into a stable social group - a crowd (for example, fans) - a community of interests, an object of attention

Small group - a relatively small number of individuals directly interacting with each other and united by common goals, interests, and value orientations. Small groups can be formal or informal

Formal groups - the positions of group members are clearly reflected, interactions between group members are defined vertically - department at the university.

Informal the group arises and develops spontaneously, there are no positions, no statuses, no roles in it. There is no structure of power relations. Family, group of friends, peers

Big a group is a real, significant in size and complexly organized community of people involved in social activities and a system of corresponding relationships and interactions. University staff, enterprises, schools, firms. Group norms of behavior, etc.

Reference group - a group in which individuals are not actually included, but with which they relate themselves as a standard and orient their behavior towards the norms and values ​​of this group.

Conditional group - a group united according to certain characteristics (gender, age, level of education, profession) - they are created by sociologists to conduct sociological analysis (students of Altai).

Variety conditional group is experimental, which is created to conduct socio-psychological experiments.