SIBERIAN TATARS(Khatan, Turali, Nogai, Tyn, Tsat; self-names – Sibirtar, Sibirtatarlar), group Tatars Western Siberia. Number of up to 500 thousand people. (2010, census). They speak Siberian-Tatar language, Tatar and Russian languages. Believers are Sunni Muslims.
Includes territorial groups: Tobol-Irtysh on the rivers Irtysh, Tobol, Iset, Tura, Pyshma, Tavda, Noska, Laima in the Tyumen and Omsk regions (Iskero-Tobol, Yaskolbin, Aremzyan-Nadtsin, Babasan, Ishtyak-Tokuz, Tyumen, Turin and Verkhneturinsky, Yalutorovsky, Koshuksky, Tabarinsky, Kurdaksky, Sargato-Utuzsky, Tara, etc.); Tomsk (Eushta, Chat, Temerchin) along the Ob and Tom rivers in the Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions and Barabintsy. There were tribes: among the Tar, Kurdak and Sargato-Utuz Tatars - Ayals, Turals, Kaurdak, Sart, Sargach, Tav, Otuz, Tav-Otuz, Ya-Irtysh, Tebendu, Tunus, Lunuy, Lyubay, etc.; among the Yaskolbinskys - yusha, konu, heron, kas, tsele, torna, etc.; among the Tomsk ones there are Yaushtalar, Kalmaklar, Tsattyr, Tsatskan, Az-Kyshtym, etc. They are settled interspersed with the Russians. The old-timers Siberian Tatars (Russian tsaldons, Volga-Tatar kurchaklar - “puppeteers”, i.e., worshiping images of ancestors) differ from the settlers of the 19th–20th centuries. from the Volga region and the Urals (kazanu, self-propelled vehicles) and Central Asia and Kazakhstan (buharlyk, Uzbeks, sarts). Volga-Ural Tatars form compact groups in Kemerovo (Mariinsky Siberian Tatars), Tomsk (Zyryansko-Krivosheinsky and Kolpashevo-Chainsky) and Tyumen (Sorokinsky) regions.
The Siberian Tatars included Ob Ugrians And Samoyed peoples, mixed with Turkic ones (in the 5th–8th centuries - Turks, body, Kyrgyz Yenisei, from 9th–10th centuries. – kimaki, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks, from the 16th century. - Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs) and from the 13th century. – with Mongolian groups. In the 15th century Tobolsk Tatars formed the core Khanate of Siberia, in the 2nd half. 16th century spread to the lands of the Yaskolbinsky, Tyumen, Tarsky, Kurdak and Sargato-Utuz Tatars in the lower reaches of the Tobol and along the Irtysh and its tributaries from Tobol to Om; during the reign of Khan Kuchuma The Barabins and Chats (Barabinskaya steppe, upper reaches of the Om, Kargat and Chulym) were also subordinated. Tomsk Tatars obeyed Kyrgyz Yenisei; in the 17th century they included groups Teleuts(Kalmaks). In the 17th–18th centuries. Tyumen-Turin Siberian Tatars moved to the south, forming the Yalutorovsk group. Along the Ob, below and above the Tom, lived the Ob Tatars (Shegar, Temerchin, Provsko-Sorgulin and Chernomyss groups), by the 20th century. assimilated.
Traditional occupations are nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding, arable farming, semi-sedentary hunting and fishing. The dwelling was heated by a stove or stove; There are bunks along the walls. Women's headdresses are typical: a headband embroidered with gold and galloon (sarautz, saraoch), a cap (kalfak), the Siberian Tomsk Tatars have a winter hat (tagiya) with a fur trim; shoes (shoes, boots-ichegi) with mosaic patterns. The main food is barley flour (talkan), flatbreads (kattama), noodles, pies with meat and fish (balish), open pies (paramech), dough fried in oil (baursak), dairy products (cream - kaymak, butter - mai, unleavened cheese - pashlak, sour cheese - kurut, etc.), fish, horse meat, sausages (kazy, tutyrma), pilaf, etc.; drinks - kumiss, ayran, vodka made from mare's milk (arak), oatmeal mash (buza). Musical creativity combines Siberian, Kazan, Mishar and Central Asian traditions. The epics (“Ak Kobek”, “Kara Kukel”, “Edige”, “Kuchum Khan”, “Kuzy Kurpe”, “Buz Eget”), and ritual songs are preserved; musical instruments – pipe (kuray), harp (kobyz), two-string bow, tambourine.
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Plan
- 1. Origin of the Siberian Tatars 3
- 2. Household 5
- 3. Traditions and beliefs 9
- 4. Clothing and jewelry 14
- 5. Food 16
- 6. Tatar settlements 17
- 7. Vehicles 22
- Conclusion 24
- Bibliography 25
- Introduction
Siberian Tatars are the Turkic population of Siberia, living mainly in rural areas of the present Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions, as well as in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tara, Barabinsk and other cities of Western Siberia.
According to the All-Russian Population Census of 1897, their total number was over 46 thousand people. Patkanov S.K. Statistical data showing the tribal composition of the population, language and clans of foreigners. vol.1, Tobolsk, Tomsk and Yenisei provinces. - St. Petersburg, 1911., and according to the All-Union Census of 1926 - over 70 thousand people. Shneider A.R. Dobrova-Yadrintseva L.N. Population of Sibkrai. Sibkraizdat, 1928. . In modern conditions, it is impossible to establish their exact number, since after the All-Union Population Census of the USSR in 1926, official state statistical documents stopped reporting data on the number of Siberian Tatars; they “disappeared” from these documents just like many other small national minorities. There are different opinions about the origin and ethnic development of the Siberian Tatars.
The purpose of the essay is to consider the historical development of the Siberian Tatars.
1. Origin of the Siberian Tatars
Some Siberian researchers connect the origin of the Siberian Tatars with the history of the Xiongnu tribes, who lived in Western Siberia already in the 2nd-3rd centuries. n. e.; from that period, a stage of two centuries of interaction between the Siberian Turks and local Ugric-speaking tribes began, as a result of which, by the 4th-5th centuries, one of the components of the Hunnic conglomerate was formed here - the Huns - a nomadic people that emerged in the 2nd-4th centuries. in the Urals from the Xiongnu, local Ugrians and Sarmatians. The mass migration of the latter to the west gave impetus to the so-called Great Migration of Peoples. According to this concept, among the Huns there were a number of Turkic-speaking tribes, among which were the Siberians, or “Syvyrs” / “Sybyrs”/. According to the legends of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, the Sybyrs once occupied the territory along the middle reaches of the Irtysh, but for some reason they left this territory, leaving their name to the ancestors of the current Siberian Tatars.
The various tribes that lived in the southern forest and forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia were overwhelmingly Turkic in language. They were formed from Ugric-speaking, Keto-speaking and Samoyed groups, which were subjected to interbreeding and Turkization. Their Turkization occurred from three sides: from the Altai side, where the Turks lived since ancient times, from the Yenisei side, where before the Mongol conquests there was an association of Turkic-speaking Yenisei Kyrgyz, and from the upper reaches of the Ob, where the Kipchak tribes lived. The Kipchaks, who took part in the formation of many Turkic peoples, are considered the closest historical ancestors of various ethnographic groups of Siberian Tatars. The “core” of the Siberian Tatars, who emerged from the environment of the medieval Kipchaks, in the process of their ethnic development encountered groups of Ugric origin, the Mongols, and the peoples of the Sayan-Altai Highlands. Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals, the Bashkirs and some other peoples. Of course, the degree of influence of these peoples on the ethnic development of the Siberian Tatars depended on specific historical conditions, the duration of these contacts, etc.
By the middle of the 19th century. The main components of the Siberian Tatars, in addition to their Kipchak core, were the descendants of Uzbeks, Tajiks, Karakalpaks, known under the general name Bukharians /sometimes Sarts/ and Volga Tatars, including Mishar Tatars, who moved to different regions of Western Siberia back in the 15th century. XVI centuries, assimilated by the Siberian Tatars. True, in the memory of the descendants of these peoples, the consciousness of the “Kazan” or “Bukhara” origin of their distant ancestors continued to be preserved. Thus, the concept of “Siberian Tatars” includes an ethnic community formed mainly from the above three components with such stable features and properties inherent to the ethnos as language, territory, ethnic identity, confessional community, and at the early stage of development of this ethnos it also acted as socio-political community - the Siberian Khanate, which was an independent feudal state Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars / problems of ethnocultural development in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries / // Abstract. diss. for the job application scientist Doctoral degrees ist. Sci. M.; 1987, p. 19--20. .
The Siberian Tatars, as one of the relatively large massifs among the Turkic peoples of Siberia, bearing the ethnonym “Tatars,” have a rich national culture and an independent Turkic language, preserving a solid common Turkic layer, enriched with borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Mongolian, Russian and other languages. It consists of actively functioning colloquial languages / dialects / of a single Siberian-Tatar language. Siberian Tatars can be considered as trilingual, since in addition to their colloquial / native / language, they speak the language of the Volga Tatars that serves them, which is the literary norm for them, as well as Russian Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars: culture and life. -- Kazan, 1992, p.5-43. .
In connection with the consideration of the problem of the ethnicity of the Siberian Tatars, we should dwell on the prevailing opinion in the literature about the consolidation of the Siberian Tatars around the Volga Tatar nation /ethnic group/, formed in the Volga region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, as a completed fact. Thus, according to linguist D. G. Tumasheva, the intensified resettlement of the Volga Tatars to Siberia in the second half of the 19th century and the growing influence of the language and culture of the latter on the Siberian Tatars leads to the consolidation of the West Siberian Tatars with the Volga Tatar nation. Moreover, this process finally ended after the October Revolution Tumasheva D. G. Dialects of the Siberian Tatars in relation to Tatar and other Turkic languages. //Author's abstract, dissertation. for the academic degree of Doctor of Science. philologist, science. - M., 1969, p.49. .
A similar opinion is shared by ethnographer D. M. Iskhakov, according to whom the Tatar bourgeois nation was formed in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. as a result of the consolidation of the Middle Volga-Ural, Astrakhan and most of the Siberian Tatars. He considers the reasons for the consolidation of these local-territorial groups of Tatars into the nation to be the earlier entry of these groups of Tatars into the Russian state, the proximity of ethnic territories, ethnic mixing, linguistic and cultural-everyday rapprochement and the assimilation of a common “Tatar” identity Iskhakov D. M. Settlement and numbers Tatars in the Middle Volga and Urals in the 18th-19th centuries. /Ethnostatistical study/. //Author. diss. Ph.D. ist. Sci. -- M., 1980, p. 14. .
2. Farm
Before the arrival of the Russians, the Middle Irtysh region was inhabited mainly by the Tatar population. There was a lot of land in Siberia, and before the mass migrations of the second half of the 19th century. Tatar settlements owned a significant amount of land. “Each foreign society has since ancient times owned certain coastal areas and forests, which are distributed in equal parts among the families that make it up. If their number increases, they begin, with the general advice of the prince and society, to a new division” (Gagemeister, 1854). The newcomers of the Volga-Ural Tatars settled mainly in the places where Siberian Tatars lived: either they were separate streets in Siberian-Tatar settlements, which is most common, or, occasionally, they founded their villages not far from the Siberian-Tatar settlements. Russian migrant population at the end of the 19th century. founded a significant number of new villages in places where there was more or less free land. The fact is that the settlement of the Russian migrant population with old-timers was rare, although it had a number of advantages in the form of more convenient land and the opportunity, with the help of old-timers, to acquire their own farm. But not all visitors could afford this, since old-timer societies often demanded large monetary contributions to the secular treasury for settlement. That is why Russian settlers of the late 19th century. and founded their own villages. Thus, not far from the Tatar settlement of Inciss (mentions of which are found in archival documents dating back to the 16th century) at the end of the 19th century. Several settlements were founded by Russian settlers - the village of Porechye, whose residents celebrated the centenary of its founding in 1995, the villages of Alekseevka, Igorovka, Ryazapy and others. The settlement of Russians on lands that belonged to the indigenous Siberian Tatars caused some discontent among the latter.
There was quite a lot of land belonging to the village of Inciss. Agriculture at the end of the 19th century. Only a few were engaged, according to informants, about 10 families (according to the 1897 census, there were 67 households in Incissa). Since the Tatars did little farming, the Incis lands were leased to the Russian population of Porechye and Alekseevka. As rent for the use of land, the Russians gave bread to the Tatars. Basically, the Tatars bought bread or exchanged it for timber, tar, and resin.
Everyone kept cattle in Incissa. Hayfields were distributed per person. With the increase in population, the norm per person has decreased. The meadows and lands on which they sowed, along the road towards the village of Evgashchipo (on the other bank of the Tara) went 5 km from Intsis. Therefore, the Russian population rented from the Tatars not only arable land, but also hayfields. The Russians gave part of the harvested hay to the Tatars as rent. During collectivization and the creation of collective farms, land was cut off and divided among nearby villages.
In the past, commercial hunting and fishing played a significant role in the Tatar economy. In the middle of the 19th century. fishing lakes most often belonged to societies of foreign Tatars or individual members of these societies. From them the Russians took over the maintenance of the lake for several years for a significant fee. Foreigners also owned most of the hunting grounds, and therefore Russians who went fishing had to buy from them the right to catch animals.
Due to the abundance of fish, fishing was a profitable activity for many groups of Siberian Tatars. Most of the fish were sold frozen in winter at city bazaars and fairs. The residents of Eushta also sold fish in the summer in Tomsk, transporting it live in large boats with bars specially equipped for this purpose. The Tatars were engaged in fishing both on rivers and lakes. They caught pike, grayling, crucian carp, perch, tench, chebak, ide, burbot, muksun, taimen, nelma, sturgeon, sterlet, etc. Fishing was especially important among the Baraba and Tyumen Tatars in villages located in a strip of large lakes, where fish They were caught by large teams. At the same time, fishing dugouts were built in fishing areas.
The main fishing gear were nets (au), nets and seines (au, alym, elym), krivdas (kuru), which the Tatars sometimes wove from purchased threads. Seines were divided according to their purpose into ulcer seines (opta au), cheese seines (yesht au), crucian carp seines (yazy balyk au), and muksun seines (chryndy au). They also caught fish with fishing rods (karmak, lets), nets, and “paths.” Basket-type fishing gear was widespread: muzzles (sugan, sugen), tops and korchazhki. Wicks and nonsense were also used. Large fish were caught at night by torchlight with a spear of three to five teeth (sapak, tsak-tsy). Locking fishing was also widespread, using kotts (ese) and complex locking structures (tuan), the main element of which was an earthen dam (pieu, yer biyeu). The fish collected in the cauldron were scooped out with nets and scoops. The share of hunting in the structure of traditional crafts by the end of the 19th century. It decreased significantly and was no longer the main industry for all Siberian Tatars. In some villages they no longer engaged in hunting at all; in some villages there were several hunters and commercial hunters. In the taiga they caught fox, weasel, ermine, squirrel, and hare. They also hunted wolves, moose, roe deer, lynxes and bears. In the summer they hunted moles. The abundance of game contributed to the preservation of hunting for wild geese, ducks, partridges, hazel grouse, and wood grouse.
When hunting, guns and purchased iron traps and decoys were used. When hunting wolves, the Tatars used checkmers - clubs made of wood with a thickened end covered with an iron plate. Wolves were also caught with traps. Sometimes hunters used long knives (blades). There is evidence that some groups of Siberian Tatars used bows with blunt arrows to hunt waterfowl and small fur-bearing animals. Homemade wooden traps (kulemki) were placed on weasel, stoat and wood grouse, the bait in which was fish, meat, etc., pressure-type traps (pasmak). Cherkans (chirkans) and crossbows were also used in hunting, and various hair loops and snares were used (tozok, tosok, kyl). When setting traps in winter, the hunter covered his tracks with a broom. The hunt was on foot (in winter they used skis), while checking traps and traps in some places they rode horses. Almost all hunters had dogs. During the hunting season, hunters lived in hunting huts or dugouts, and dried the skin of the hunted animal, stretching it on the walls of dwellings or outbuildings.
3. Traditionsand beliefs
The cycle of rituals of the Siberian Tatars associated with birth and death has retained ancient features to this day. Until the beginning, and in some places until the middle of the twentieth century. Tatar women gave birth at home, usually on planks or on the floor. The birth was delivered by an experienced elderly woman or midwife (kentek ine), who cut the child’s umbilical cord. According to the custom of the Siberian Tatars, the umbilical cord was cut and placed on a silver coin. This custom, according to the Siberians, provided the newborn with strong, metal-like health and wealth. The umbilical cord along with the afterbirth was usually wrapped in a clean rag and buried in the ground, choosing a clean place in the yard for this. In some places there was a custom to preserve the umbilical cord of a newborn. The umbilical cord was wrapped in a rag or leather and stored in the gap between the motherboard and the ceiling boards. According to this belief, the umbilical cord protected the life and health of the child.
Until 40 days, the child lay on a pillow next to his mother, and after 40 days he was placed in a cradle (tsenkeltsek). The most common form of cradle is a light wooden frame on which canvas is stretched, straps are fastened at the four corners of the frame, their upper ends come together (sometimes intertwined) around an iron ring. Using this ring, the cradle was suspended from a strong iron hook driven into the mother. The festive cycle associated with the birth of a child and with certain phenomena in his life includes the following rituals: inviting the midwife, performing a sacred ablution, smearing the child’s lips with a mixture of honey and butter (pal avyslantyru), throwing his father’s shirt over him, the holiday of the room to the cradle (bala tue), the first shaving of hair (karyn tsats), naming, circumcision.
The birth of a child was usually seen as an important event. The birth of a son brought especially great joy to parents; the birth of twins was also considered a good omen.
Siberian Tatars view death as an inevitable event that completes a person’s life journey; it is also widely believed that the death of a person is a punishment for his sins during life. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Siberian Tatars, before the Kazan Tatars and Bukharians came here, buried their dead in birch bark cases or hollowed out tree trunks. Ground burials such as mounds and burials in peculiar crypts - log cabins with roofs - were also common; there is evidence that in some groups of Siberian Tatars there were methods of burying the dead directly on the ground or in a natural pit.
In the XIX-XX centuries. For burial, the Siberian Tatars set aside places not far from their settlements. A special feature of the ground graves of the Muslim Tatars was a side niche (lyakot, lyakhet), where the body of the deceased was placed. An inclined canopy was built over the deceased from boards, poles, and small logs, the lower ends of which rested against the bottom of the grave, and the upper ends against the opposite wall.
Sometimes a washed dead person without clothes was immediately wrapped in a piece of canvas or calico, but more often special clothes were sewn, which consisted of several layers. The deceased was also dressed in trousers and slippers made of white fabric, his head was tied with a scarf, sometimes another piece of fabric was wrapped around it, and caps were put on. The top of the body was wrapped in white cloth (savan-kafen): for a man in three layers, and for a woman in five layers. Usually 4-6 people lowered the body into the grave on ropes, placing it at the bottom of the grave in a niche. In most cases, the bottom of the grave was not covered with anything, but in various places information was collected that the bottom of the grave could have been covered with shavings, straw, birch branches or boards.
In the last century and earlier, all groups of Siberian Tatars had a widespread custom of leaving food and various objects (utensils, jewelry, tools) for the deceased. After the funeral, relatives distributed money (khair), and sometimes the clothes of the deceased, to those present. Trees were planted on the burial mounds and birch stakes were placed. A characteristic feature of the burial structures of the Tomsk and Barabinsk Tatars were steles made of stone and wood, some of them were designed in the form of a human figure or decorated with inscriptions in Arabic. For the groups of Kurdak-Sargat, Tobolsk, and Marsh Tatars, a characteristic detail of the grave structures are high wooden pillars (bagan), decorated with notches in the form of a ladder, tops in the form of a spear (song), a comb (torak), and a ball.
Currently, the Siberian Tatars have three main types of grave structures made of wood and metal: wooden log houses and fences - picket fences and metal fences. In modern Siberian studies, the generally accepted point of view is that the most ancient and traditional form of such structures are wooden log houses. They can have the shape of a truncated prism with straight ends of the logs, with hewn ends, such log houses can be decorated with columns with inscriptions. Another interesting detail of such structures is that they are covered with matits, the number of which varies from one to two, three. There are also log houses in the shape of rectangles. Children's gravestones of this type differ in size. In some cases, the custom of leaving various objects used by the deceased on the grave has survived to this day.
Among the Siberian Tatars, there are log fences made of boards, imitating the shape of log houses, or rectangular log houses made of timber, very similar to dwellings. Wooden fences - picket fences are very diverse in shape, among them a group of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ones stands out. The most modern type of grave structures include metal fences. The appearance of crescents on the gravestones of the Siberian Tatars is associated with the influence of Islam. In addition to the described structures, Siberian Tatar cemeteries usually contain sheds for storing equipment and boxes (tabut) for carrying the dead.
Siberian Tatars held funeral services for the deceased on the 3rd, 7th, 40th, 100th day and every other year. In some groups of Siberian Tatars, funerals were organized, in addition, on the 14th, 52nd day, half a year. All Siberian Tatars in the 19th and early 20th centuries. in funeral rites, features were noted that were incompatible with Muslim dogmas. Frequently, funeral services were held on the day of the funeral, alcohol was consumed, roosters were sacrificed, and on memorial days they visited the grave and arranged a meal and drinks there. The Baraba Tatars immediately after the funeral slaughtered a ram or a bull (in the 17th century - a horse) in the cemetery; their funeral lasted for several days. And now the funeral rite of the Siberian Tatars largely retains the features that developed in the 17th-18th centuries. based on a synthesis of local pre-Muslim funeral elements introduced through the Bukharians and Volga Tatars, associated with the influence of Islam.
From the cycle of family rituals, along with rituals associated with birth and death, elements of wedding rituals are still very persistently preserved. In the past, the forms of marriage among the Siberian Tatars were marriages through matchmaking, through voluntary departure and forcible abduction of the bride. The main stages of the first form of marriage were matchmaking (kys suratu), conspiracy, advice (kingash), the wedding itself (tui), the groom's greeting of his parents (salom), transportation of the newlywed to the husband's house (kuch), the visit of the newlyweds to the house of the parents of the young (turgen). . As a rule, the parents themselves looked for a bride for their son from a circle of families equal to them in economic status. There were restrictions on marriages with relatives: such marriages were considered possible only in the third generation.
Another form of marriage was the departure of a girl secretly from her parents to the house of her lover. This happened when the parents did not agree to the marriage.
Much more often marriages occurred through bride kidnapping. The reasons for this could be different. Most often they were associated with differences in property between families. Usually, the inability to pay the bride price resulted in her abduction, which was carried out both with the consent of the bride and by force. Sometimes the parents of the bride and groom agreed to stage a kidnapping in order to avoid paying bride price, not to prepare a large dowry, and to replace an expensive wedding with a small party for close relatives. Often in such cases, a specially decorated horse was assigned to the bride.
Among the holidays related to calendar rituals, the Siberian Tatars celebrate religious holidays (Kurban Bayram, Eid al-Fitr, Maulet, etc.), all-Russian holidays, as well as such holidays of rural workers as the day of the first furrow, the day of livestock breeding, and the harvest festival. The Tatar folk festival Sabantuy is widely spread. Along with traditional types of competitions and entertainment such as wrestling, climbing a smooth pole for a prize, fighting on a log with tightly filled bags of straw, pulling each other by a stick, new sports games and attractions appeared (motorcycle and bicycle racing, throwing grenades, lifting weights, volleyball, football, etc.) in everyday life for leisure, along with such international instruments as the accordion, some groups of Siberian Tatars also had original musical instruments such as the komys. Playing the komys required a certain skill.
The religious beliefs of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by a combination of Islamic and pre-Muslim (pagan) phenomena. According to modern religion, Siberian Tatars are Muslims - Sunnis of the Hanafi madhhab; the adoption of Islam occurred from the 14th to the mid-18th century. (in separate groups of Baraba Tatars). In almost every more or less large settlement of the Tatars a mosque was built. A devout Muslim is obliged to perform daily prayer (namaz) on a special rug, while facing the shrines of Islam.
In everyday life to this day, Islamic canons of life coexist with the belief in the need to protect ourselves from various evil forces. Most groups of Siberian Tatars have a recorded belief that the home is protected from various adversities by a horseshoe nailed at the entrance, inside the home is protected by juniper branches, hot red peppers, outbuildings and vegetable gardens in some groups of Siberian Tatars are protected by a specific amulet - the carcass of a killed magpie (sauskan).
Pre-Islamic remnants in the religious worldview of the Tatars in some regions of Siberia are expressed in beliefs about the magical power of various objects - trees, stones, etc. To this day, the most diverse groups of Siberian Tatars have revered trees, usually birch or pine, which usually have striking features. The same can be said about sacred stones. The Tatars held prayers near such trees and stones. There was a belief that good spirits lived around these places, promoting successful hunting, getting rid of diseases, etc. On the branches of such sacred trees, the Tatars left pieces of multi-colored fabrics, coins, and sometimes even jewelry.
4. Clothing and jewelry
The ethnocultural ties of the Siberian Tatars with other peoples are clearly visible in their clothing and jewelry. Thus, the Bukhara component is clearly expressed in the presence of robes and turbans in men's clothing. Among the Siberian Tatars, such robes of Central Asian origin were called chapan. Sheepskin coats and fur hats, as well as sheepskin coats, were used as winter clothing for men. The Siberian Tatars girded their outerwear with woven “pilbau” belts and fabric “kur” belts. The main type of men's headdresses were various skullcaps. Such skullcaps were decorated with chain stitch embroidery, gold embroidery, or were made from fabrics with a pattern.
The complex of women's clothing of the Siberian Tatars consisted of dresses of various cuts, over which they wore sleeveless camisoles, decorated with sewn coins, jewelry-made plaques, and braids in various combinations. Camisoles were made of silk and velvet lined with printed fabrics. Beshmets, also decorated with coins and various plaques, were used as warm women's clothing. Embroidered decorations on outerwear were located mainly along the sides and armholes, but could also be located in the belt area on the back. In winter, Siberian Tatar women wore covered fur coats. As headdresses, the Siberian Tatars used round caps like skullcaps, kalvakis borrowed from the Volga Tatars, as well as a frame headdress in the form of a Sarauz headband. All these headdresses were made of silk and velvet in combination with embroidery with gold threads, beads and beads. Fragments of such hats could be purchased ready-made and used to make them at home.
The decorations of the Siberian Tatars in the period under review were basically the same as those of the Kazan Tatars. The materials for decoration were metal, stone, and fabric. Siberian-Tatar jewelry bore the general name “shai”, which comes from the Arabic-Persian word “shay” (thing, object). Metal jewelry included bracelets and earrings; metal jewelry in combination with fabric included bracelets and tushlek breast jewelry.
The shoes of the Siberian Tatars were divided into leather and felted. Leather shoes include soft homemade boots “charyk”, as well as leather boots decorated with leather mosaics, which were brought in large quantities from the Volga region or made in Siberia by Tatar shoemakers of Volga-Ural origin.
The traditional utensils of the Siberian Tatars were quite diverse. It was made of wood, birch bark, and metal. Wooden utensils included kobe butter churns, kul tirmen hand mills, scoops, mortars, sieves, flour troughs, bakery shovels, various tubs and barrels, buckets, blocks for chopping meat, and fliers for drying dishes. Household utensils made of birch bark (tuz, tus) were containers for berries, storage of butter, sour cream, etc., boxes for various purposes. Among the household utensils of the Siberian Tatars there were also metal products. These include frying pans, choppers, pokers and tongs for coals, as well as tall copper and bronze jugs of Central Asian origin for making tea - tankan and washing - kumgan, copper basins, etc. With the development of capitalism, utensils of the Russian peasant population of Siberia penetrate into the life of the Siberian Tatars and modern factory utensils - samovars, teapots, milk jugs, pepper shakers, etc.
5. Food
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Siberian Tatars consumed dairy, meat products, fish, cereals, bread and other types of flour foods, and, to a lesser extent, vegetables and fruits. A large place in the diet of the Siberian Tatars, especially in winter, was occupied by livestock meat (lamb, beef, horse meat), which was consumed both fresh and stored for future use.
Dried lamb meat "chilga" was used as road food, while hunting, and during field work. Small fish harvested for future use, such as crucian carp, were also dried in the sun, threaded through the gills onto a ring made of willow twig. Flour dishes were very diverse - they were made from both unleavened and sour dough. Baursaks were widespread - round pieces of butter dough fried in oil. From the end of the 19th century, some dishes of the Kazan Tatars and Mishar Tatars began to penetrate into the diet of flour products of the Siberian Tatars, for example, chakchak - a sweet pie made from pieces of butter dough, fried in oil and drizzled with honey.
6. Tatar settlements
Tatar villages in Western Siberia can be divided into the following types:
1. Coastal or riverside.
2. By-tract.
3. Priozerny.
Villages of coastal or riverine type were located along the banks of the Irtysh, Tobol, Tura and other rivers. They usually consisted of two parallel streets with alleys. Coastal villages often had an arc shape, going around the bend of the river. These are the villages of Rechapovo, Ebargul, Saurgachi, Seitova, Kirgap in the Omsk region, and Yurt-Ory in the Novosibirsk region, Laitamak in the Tyumen region. The coastal type sometimes had only one street with one-sided buildings. The villages near the tract had a linear shape. Usually they consisted of a street with two-sided buildings and were stretched along the road or stood perpendicular to it, near a potable reservoir. This is how the Kaskarinsky and Iskinsky yurts are located in the Tyumen region. The third type of Tatar villages included villages located near large and small lakes. In this type, elements of linear, radial, quarterly, and most of all cumulus planning were traced, as in the village of Tarmakul.
During the period under review, dugouts and semi-dugouts were quite widespread in the villages of the Siberian Tatars. The roofs of such dwellings were made of earth, the walls were mostly made of adobe or wicker and coated with clay. The source of light in such dwellings was a fiberglass window into which a frame was inserted, covered with a specially treated bull bladder.
The Siberian Tatars built adobe houses and houses made of raw bricks even before the fall of the Siberian Khanate, and the construction technology remained virtually unchanged until the middle of the 19th century. The roofs of such houses were covered with layers of turf and were most often gable. From the second half of the 19th century, the old traditional dwellings of the Siberian Tatars began to be replaced by dwellings that arose among them under the influence of the Russian population, i.e. plastered log houses.
Since the 1880s, the four-walled hut became the most common, which, however, retained the features of the traditional dwelling of the Siberian Tatars. The transitional form from adobe dwellings to log ones was daubed log houses with an earthen roof, both gable and hipped. Later, the roofs of such houses began to be covered with planks, and subsequently covered with slate and roofing felt.
The building materials for wooden log houses were pine and cedar. Tatars of forest-steppe, steppe and swampy areas usually bought log houses from neighboring villages for import. Timber was purchased less frequently. The Tatars’ method of cutting a log house, like the Russians, was “in a corner”, “in a round bowl”. Log houses were found with earthen, plank and slate roofs, and in both cases the roof could be either gable or hipped. Quite often in the villages of the Siberian Tatars there were two-story houses.
The Siberian Tatars surrounded the space of the estate with a fence made of various materials, depending on the degree of prosperity of the family. An indispensable attribute was a gate, and often the design was very simple and consisted of two vertically placed logs and a crossbar. The upper part of the gate was sometimes made of planks and decorated with applied sawn carvings. The upper part of the gates was decorated in the same way. Ornamentation of gates and gates with applied sawn carvings in Tatar villages appeared only at the end of the 19th century, mainly under the influence of the Russian population. The ornamentation on such gates was most often of a solar nature. Fences were made from poles, wicker and planks. The gates were locked with bolts of various designs.
The oldest residential buildings in the villages of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by an almost complete absence of ornamentation on the platbands and pediments of the houses. Since the end of the 19th century, frames decorated with carvings have appeared, but without shutters. The appearance of shutters dates back to a later time, and the majority of shutters were paneled, with virtually no carved decorations.
Since ancient times, ovens have been an indispensable attribute of the homes of the Siberian Tatars - both baking and heating. Recently, heating stoves combined with a stove for cooking have become the most common. Sometimes a temporary stove is placed next to such a stove for cooking in the summer. The chimney of such a stove is led into the chimney of the main stove. An integral part of the interior of Siberian dwellings were low round and rectangular dining tables. Such tables are still found in the homes of older Siberian Tatars today. Various benches and chairs were used for seating. Some of the clothes were stored in chests, small items in boxes. During the daytime, bedding, including blankets, were placed rolled up on chests in the front corner. The walls were decorated with carpets, the floors were covered with rugs.
The origins of the material culture of the Siberian Tatars, and the layout of estates in particular, have not yet been sufficiently studied. But, nevertheless, it should be noted that in the Middle Ages - the modern era, the estate in its modern form apparently did not exist among the Siberian Tatars. A European-style estate appeared among the natives of Siberia in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Currently, the courtyard of the Siberian Tatars consists of a group of outbuildings concentrated around the dwelling, the entire territory of the courtyard is surrounded by a fence made of boards, poles or wattle, and a vegetable garden in which various crops are grown. Among such buildings one can name various kinds of barns, stables, bathhouses, toilets, summer stoves, sheds, corrals, wells, dugouts and half-dugouts, etc.
Sheds on the farms of the Siberian Tatars were built for a variety of purposes - as barns (for storing food, hay, etc.), barns (oran, chicken) for the winter keeping of small and large livestock, chickens, etc. It is typical for Siberian Tatars to build such structures from wattle clay, poles and logs.
Sheds and corrals in the estates of the Siberian Tatars were used to keep large and small livestock in the summer, spring and autumn, under the sheds, in addition, various utensils and vehicles (carts and sleighs) were stored. Typically, pens are located at the very back of the estate, and sheds can be located near the home.
One of the specific elements of the Siberian Tatar estate is the outbuildings, wholly or partially immersed in the ground - kupka. Nowadays, the prevailing view in the scientific literature is that such buildings repeat the form of residential buildings used by the population of Siberia in the Middle Ages - modern times. Currently, some of these structures are used as barns for winter housing of small or small numbers of large livestock, or as chicken coops.
The appearance of bathhouses (muntsa, munch) among the Siberian Tatars is directly related to settlers from the European part of Russia. Apparently, black baths can be considered the earliest type of such structures. Based on the material used in construction, it is necessary to note daubed baths and baths made of logs.
The appearance of a toilet, like baths, on the estate is possibly associated with the adoption of Islam, one of the guidelines of which is the requirement of cleanliness, both during prayers and in everyday life. Based on the nature of the material used for their construction, toilets can be distinguished from wattle and logs.
Summer stoves were also built. The purpose of summer ovens is to cook food in warm weather and (or) bake bread. The traditional design of such a furnace is poles placed vertically in the shape of a square or circle, coated with clay. Modern summer stoves are usually made entirely of adobe or ordinary factory bricks, have an adobe firebox, above which a metal plate is placed for installing dishes, but previously a cast-iron boiler was installed directly into the stove firebox. Such a stove was called kazanlak (kasanlyk). Often the stove was installed on a wooden base; previously it could have been a wooden frame made of 2-3 crowns covered with boards; now platforms are made in a wide variety of ways.
The methods of construction of economic and residential structures among the Siberian Tatars are different for adobe, daub, wicker, structures made of poles and logs. For example, the construction of a barn made of wicker walls with an earthen roof involves the preparation of turf for the roof and the preparation of knots for the walls. During construction, the support pillars are first braided and then covered with a roof. To make adobe structures, a hammer was used to hammer the clay. The construction of structures from poles required completely different techniques.
7. Means of transport
The Tatars' means of transportation included: sleighs, carts, horse harnesses, skis, and boats.
In the foreground in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The system of movement of the Siberian Tatars included sled and cart transport (sleds - sledges, koshevy, four-wheeled carts and two-wheeled taratayki), in addition, sledges (tsanak, chaganak) and small sledges were widely used to move small loads in private households and during hunting in winter. Sleighs and carts of the modern type were borrowed from the Russians, although the wheeled cart of the arba type was known to the Siberian Tatars from ancient times. Traditionally, horse harness is divided into riding and cargo. Cargo horse harness is similar to that used by the Russian population and consists of shafts, a bow, a collar with a harness, reins, a saddle with a girth, and a bridle. Horse harness is undoubtedly more ancient, consisting of a bridle (sometimes with a rein - a chembur), a saddle and stirrups, etc. Until now, Siberian Tatars are excellent riders.
The traditional means of transportation for Siberian Tatars is skis. Previously (until the second half of the 18th century), they also made military campaigns on skis. The sliding skis of the Siberian Tatars (tsanga, changa) were divided into covers (lined with fur) - for moving in winter on deep loose snow and skis - for walking on hard crust in the spring. Hemmed skis were most often made from aspen and birch, as well as from pine, spruce, cedar and bird cherry trunk. The material for covering the sliding part was elk, horse and deer camus; sometimes skis were lined with dog skins. In the past, the Tomsk and Barabinsk Tatars used wide hemmed skis with a arch under the treadplate, a sharp toe and a less sharp back. A distinctive feature of such skis was a snow bag (often fabric) in place of the stepping platform, into which the foot was inserted, and the bag was tied around it at the top. The Siberian Tatars had different types of ski boots - straight ones with sides along the edges of the treading part, skis with a raised treading platform, etc. They helped themselves when skiing with special poles.
Among all groups of Siberian Tatars, pointed-type dugout boats (kama, keme, kima), made from aspen, and less often from poplar, were common. Often, to increase the load capacity, heels (side boards) were attached to the dugout. Many Tatar farms had wooden boats of the Russian type. Such boats are still actively used on the farms of the Siberian Tatars. To move around in boats, poles (in shallow water) and oars (in deep water) are used.
Conclusion
Completing the work on the abstract, we can come to the conclusion that at present, in the most general form, the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars is presented as a process of mixing Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic and partly Mongolian tribes and nationalities that were part of different groups of this ethnic community. However, the main core was made up of Turkic tribes.
For the first time, the ethnonym “Tatars” appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes that wandered in the 6th - 9th centuries. southeast of Baikal. In the XIII - XIV centuries it was extended to some peoples that were part of the Golden Horde. As a self-name, the ethnonym was established no earlier than the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, during the formation of the nation.
Siberian Tatars are settled mainly in the middle and southern parts of Western Siberia from the Urals and almost to the Yenisei. Their villages are scattered among Russian villages; some Russians live in the Tatar villages themselves and sometimes make up 15 - 30% of the total population. Significant groups of Tatars live in the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, etc. The former compactness of their placement in Tatar settlements has disappeared.
Bibliography
1. Alekseev N.A. Traditional beliefs of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia. - N., 1992.
2. Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars /problems of ethnocultural development in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries/ // Abstract. diss. for the job application scientist Doctoral degrees ist. Sci. - M., 1987.
3. Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars: culture and life. - Kazan, 1992.
4. Zakharova I.V., Sergeeva N.A. History of the Omsk region. - Omsk: West Siberian Book Publishing House, 1976.
5. Iskhakov D. M. Settlement and number of Tatars in the Middle Volga region and the Urals in the 18th-19th centuries. /Ethnostatistical study/. //Author. diss. Ph.D. ist. Sci. - M., 1980.
6. Lindenau Ya.I. Description of the peoples of Siberia. - Magadan, 1983.
7. Patkanov S.K. Statistical data showing the tribal composition of the population, language and clans of foreigners. vol.1, Tobolsk, Tomsk and Yenisei provinces. - St. Petersburg, 1911.
8. Petrov I.F. My place near Irtysh. - Omsk, 1988.
9. Skrytnikov R.G. Expedition to Siberia of Ermak's detachment. - Leningrad, 1982.
10. Tomilov N.A. From the Urals to the Yenisei (peoples of Western and Central Siberia). - Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House, 1995.
11. Tumasheva D. G. Dialects of Siberian Tatars in relation to Tatar and other Turkic languages. //Author's abstract, dissertation. for the academic degree of Doctor of Science. philologist, science. - M., 1969.
12. Shneider A. R. Dobrova-Yadrintseva L. N. Population of Sibkrai. - Sibkraizdat, 1928.
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In the most general form, the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars is currently presented as a process of mixing Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic and partly Mongolian tribes and nationalities that became part of different groups of this ethnic community. The penetration of the Turks occurred mainly in 2 ways - from the east, from the Minusinsk Basin, and from the south - from Central Asia and Altai. Apparently, the original territories of settlement of the Siberian Tatars were occupied by other Turks Turkic Khaganates. In the Tomsk Ob region, the Kyrgyz and Teles tribes played a certain role in the formation of the Turkic-speaking population. The autochthonous Turkic tribes of the Siberian Tatars are considered to be the Ayals, Kurdak, Tural, Tukuz, Sargat, etc. Perhaps it was the ancient Turkic tribes, and not the Kipchaks, who appeared later (in the 11th-12th centuries), who formed the main ethnic component at the first stage of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars Siberian In the IX-X centuries. on the territory of the Tomsk Ob region, the Kimaks - carriers of Srostkino culture. From their midst came the Kipchak tribes and nationalities. Tribes and clans of Khatans, Karakypchaks, and Nugais were recorded as part of the Siberian Tatars. The presence of the Mrassa and Kondoma tribes in the Tobol-Irtysh group indicates their ethnogenic connection with the Shor tribes. Later, the Yellow Uighurs, Bukharan-Uzbeks, etc. joined the Siberian Tatars. Eleuts(in the Tara, Barabinsk and Tomsk groups), Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs. They, with the exception of the Yellow Uyghurs, strengthened the Kipchak component within the Tatars of Western Siberia.
The overwhelming mass Bukharians of Siberia were Uzbeks and Tajiks, in addition, there were Uighurs, Kazakhs, Turkmen and, apparently, Karakalpaks, and in Siberia, in some cases, Siberian and Kazan Tatars.
After the Mongol campaigns of the 13th century. The territory of the Siberian Tatars was part of the Golden Horde state of Khan Batu. The earliest state formations of the Siberian Tatars were the Tyumen Khanate (in the 14th century with its center in Chimge-Tur, on the site of the modern Tyumen), at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. - Khanate of Siberia(after the name of the settlement Siberia or Kashlyk). The growth of economic and cultural ties, relatedness of languages and other factors led to the emergence of new supra-tribal ethnic communities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. The main groups of Siberian Tatars formed.
The ethnic history of the Siberian Tatars within the Russian state was complex, which is due to the vast territory of their settlement in Western Siberia, a certain disunity, contacts with many peoples, complex social composition and other factors. The ethnic territories of the Siberian Tatars gradually stabilized, although some of their movements were observed at the end of the 19th-20th centuries. Despite the territorial disunity within the Russian state, connections between the Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, Tomsk-Ob Turkic-speaking groups of Siberian Tatars created the opportunity for the development of consolidation processes.
During the years of the USSR, the ethnic structure of consolidation processes changed little. U Barabintsy The division into groups and tribes has disappeared; only in certain villages is knowledge about the Tugums - genealogical groups - preserved. Among the Tobol-Irtysh and Tomsk Tatars, the idea of division into subethnic groups weakened, but did not completely disappear. According to some scientists, the Siberian Tatars are an independent people, others point to the incompleteness of their consolidation into a single ethnic group, believing that they most likely represent an incompletely formed ethnic community. The Siberian Bukharans finally became part of the Siberian Tatars by the middle of the twentieth century. In the 1960-80s. There were active processes of rapprochement and partial mixing of the Siberian Tatars with the Volga-Ural Tatars. In all censuses of the USSR, Siberian Tatars were included in the Tatars.
Siberian Tatars are settled mainly in the middle and southern parts of Western Siberia - from the Urals and almost to the Yenisei. Their villages are scattered among Russian villages; Russians also live in the Tatar villages themselves, sometimes making up 15-30% of the total population. Significant groups of Siberian Tatars live in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and other cities where the former compactness of their settlement in the Tatar settlements disappeared. Many Volga-Ural Tatars also settled in the cities of Western Siberia. All Turkic groups belonging to the Siberian Tatars at the end of the 17th century. numbered 16 thousand people at the end of the 18th century. - over 29 thousand, at the end of the 19th century. - 11.5 thousand people. The number of Siberian Bukharans at the beginning of the 17th century was. 1.2 thousand people, at the end of the 19th century. - 11.5 thousand people. The number of Volga-Ural Tatars migrated to Siberia until the 1860s. grew slowly: in 1858 there were only 700 people on the West Siberian Plain. By 1897 their number increased to 14.4 thousand people. According to the 1926 census, the Siberian Tatars numbered 90 thousand people, and all Tatars (including the Volga-Ural) - 118.3 thousand.
Traditional occupations are agriculture (for some groups it existed before the Russians came to Siberia) and cattle breeding. Among the Baraba Tatars, lake fishing played a large role, and among the northern groups of Tobol-Irtysh and Baraba Tatars, river fishing and hunting played a major role. They raised cattle and horses. In the southern part of the region, wheat, rye, oats, and millet were grown.
Crafts - leatherworking, making ropes from linden bast (Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), knitting nets, weaving boxes from willow twigs, making birch bark and wooden utensils, carts, boats, sleighs, skis. The Siberian Tatars were also engaged in trade, waste trades (hired work in agriculture, at state-owned forest dachas, sawmills and other factories), and carriage.
The social structure has changed significantly over the centuries. During the period of the Siberian Khanate, there was a neighboring territorial community, while the Barabins, Yaskolbins and other tribal relations disappeared with the annexation of Siberia to Russia. The bulk of the Tatar population of Western Siberia before the reform of M.M. Speransky, carried out at the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, consisted of yasaks - ordinary community members. In addition to them, among the Siberian Tatars there were groups of serving Tatar-Cossacks, backbone (dependent) Tatars, quitrent Chuvalshiks (they paid taxes from the chuval - stove), as well as nobles, merchants, Muslim clergy and others. According to the Charter on the Management of Foreigners (1822), almost all Siberian Tatars and Siberian Bukharians were transferred to the category of settled “foreigners”. In the USSR, the social composition of the Siberian Tatars has changed significantly. Managers, specialists, employees, machine operators, qualified. workers accounted for more than 50% of the Baraba residents, and 60% of the total rural population among the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars.
The main form of family among the Siberian Tatars in the 18th - early 20th centuries. there was a small family (on average 5-6 people). In recent decades, the family has consisted of 2, less often 3 generations and has 3-5 people.
The Siberian Tatars called their villages auls, or yurts; among the Tomsk Tatars, the terms “ulus” and “aimak” were preserved before the revolution.
The villages of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by riverine and lakeside types of settlements. With the construction of roads, villages along the tracts appeared. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. For most Tatar settlements, the correct rectilinear street layout was typical. In some settlements, other features were also noted - curvature of streets, turns, nooks and crannies, some dispersion of dwellings, etc. Houses were placed on both sides of the street; in coastal villages one-sided buildings were rarely found.
In the 17th century dugouts and half-dugouts were used as dwellings. However, for a long time the Siberian Tatars were known for above-ground log buildings, as well as adobe, turf and brick dwellings. Log yurts in the 17th-18th centuries. They were low, had small doors (one had to squat through them), there were no windows, and daylight came through a hole in the flat earthen roof. Later, houses were built according to the Russian model. Some Tatars had 2-story log houses, and in the cities, wealthy merchants and industrialists had stone houses. The interior of the houses of each group of Siberian Tatars had its own characteristics, but the central place in the decor of most dwellings was occupied by bunks, covered with carpets, felt, lined with chests and bedding along the edges. The bunks replaced almost all the necessary furniture. The houses also had tables with very low legs and shelves for dishes. Only the rich Tatars had other furniture - cabinets, chairs, etc. The houses were heated by chuval stoves with an open hearth, but some Tatars also used Russian stoves. Only a few houses were decorated with patterns on window frames, cornices, and estate gates. Basically it was a geometric pattern, but sometimes the patterns contained images of animals, birds and people, which was prohibited Islam.
More often, patterns were used to decorate clothes, hats and shoes. Shirts and trousers served as underwear. Both men and women wore bishmets on top - long open kaftans with sleeves, camisoles - sleeveless or with short sleeves, tight-fitting open kaftans, robes (chapan) made of homespun fabric or Central Asian silk fabrics, and in winter - coats and fur coats (ton, tun) . In the XIX - early XX centuries. Among some of the Siberian Tatars, Russian dokhas, sheepskin coats, sheepskin coats, army jackets, men's shirts, trousers, and women's dresses became widespread.
Of the women's headdresses, the specifically local one was the headband (saraoch, sarautz) with a solid front part made of cardboard covered with fabric, decorated with braids and beadwork. The festive headdress was the kalfak (cap). In addition, women wore cylindrical summer and winter hats, with scarves and shawls on top. Men wore skullcaps, felt hats, and winter headdresses of various types, including those with a spade-shaped protrusion at the back. As for footwear, soft leather boots (ichigi), leather shoes, winter felt boots (pimas), as well as short teal boots, hunting boots, etc. were widely used. Women's jewelry was numerous - bracelets, rings, signet rings, earrings, beads, laces, ribbons . Girls wore braids decorated with coins, and townswomen wore silver and gold medallions.
The food was dominated by meat and dairy products. Dairy products - cream (kaymak), butter (may), varieties of cottage cheese and cheese, a special type of sour milk (katyk), ayran drink, etc. Meat - lamb, beef, horse meat, poultry; did not eat pork; from wild animal meat - hare, elk. Soups: meat (shurpa), millet (tarik ure), rice (korets ure), fish, flour - from noodles (onash, salma, umats), batter (tsumara) and flour fried in oil (plamyk). They ate talkan porridge - a dish of ground barley and oats diluted in water or milk; from flour dishes they ate flatbread (peter), wheat and rye bread, baursaks - large pieces of butter dough fried in oil, sansu (a type of baursak) - fried in in butter, long ribbons of dough (“brushwood”), pies with different fillings (peremets, balish, sumsa), dishes like pancakes (koymak), halva (alyuva) and others. Drinks: tea, ayran, partially kumiss, some types of sherbet, etc.
Among the national holidays, Sabantuy is celebrated annually. Of the Muslim holidays, the most widespread are Eid al-Adha and Kurban Bayram. In some villages of the Siberian Tatars back in the 2nd half of the 19th century. there were ministers of other pagan cults. Among some of the Baraba and Tomsk Tatars until the 1920s. There were shamans (kamas) who treated the sick and performed rituals during sacrifices. Among the pre-Muslim beliefs, the cult of ancestors, the cult of animals, totemism, belief in spirits - masters of natural phenomena, dwellings, estates, astral-mythological ideas, belief in spirit-idols (patrons of the family, community, personal patrons) were preserved.
Lit.: Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; It's him. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 20th century. Novosibirsk, 1992; Valeev F.T., Tomilov N.A. Tatars of Western Siberia: history and culture. Novosibirsk, 1996.
SIBERIAN TATARS(self-called Sibirtatar, Sibirtatarlar), people in the Russian Federation (approx. 190 thousand people in Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen regions). They also live in Kazakhstan and some countries Wed. Asia and Turkey (total about 20 thousand people). Ethnic groups - Tobol-Irtysh (Kurdak-Sargat, Tar, Tobol, Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), Barabinsk (Barabinsk-Turazh, Lyubey-Tunus and Terenin-Choy Tatars), Tomsk (Kalmaks, Chats and Eushta).
Language – Siberian-Tatar. Dialects: Tobol-Irtysh (Tar, Tevriz, Tobol, Tyumen, Zabolotny dialects), Barabinsk and Tomsk (Kalmak and Eushta-Chat dialects). The majority of believers are Sunni Muslims. Part T.s. sticks to tradition. beliefs. At T.s. The features of the Urals predominate. anthropopol. a type that developed as a result of other crossbreeding between Caucasians and Mongoloids.
In the most general form, the ethnogenesis of T.s. seems to be present time as a process of mixing Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic. and partly Mongolian. tribes and nationalities included in different groups of this ethnicity. community. The penetration of the Turks took place mainly. 2 ways - from the east, from the Minusinsk Basin, and from the south - from Sr. Asia and Altai. Apparently, the original settlement territories of T.s. occupied by other Turks of the Turkic Khaganates. In the Tomsk Ob region, def. role in the formation of the Turkic language. the population was played by the Kyrgyz. and body tribes. Autochthon. Turkic tribes within the T.s. Ayals, Kurdak, Tural, Tukuz, Sargat, etc. are considered. Perhaps it is the ancient Turk. tribes, and not the Kipchaks, who appeared later (in the 11th–12th centuries), formed the main. ethnic component at the 1st stage of ethnogenesis T.s. In the 9th–10th centuries. on ter. The Kimaks, carriers of the Srostkino culture, advanced in the Tomsk Ob region. From their midst came the Kipchak. tribes and nationalities. As part of T.s. Tribes and clans of Khatans, Kara-Kypchaks, and Nugais were recorded. Availability in Tobol-Irtysh. group of tribes of the Mrassa and Condoms indicates their ethnogene. connection with the Shor tribes. Later, as part of the T.s. Yellow Uighurs, Bukharan-Uzbeks, Teleuts (into the Tarsk, Barabin and Tomsk groups), Kazan joined. Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs. They, excl. yellow Uighurs, strengthened the Kipchak. component of the Tatars of the West. Siberia.
The overwhelming majority of Siberian Bukharians were Uzbeks and Tajiks; in addition, there were Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Turkmens and, apparently, Karakalpaks, and in Siberia in the department. cases sib. and a cauldron. Tatars.
After Mong. campaigns of the 13th century territory T.s. was part of the Golden Horde state of Khan Batu. The earliest state education T.s. – Tyumen Khanate (in the 14th century with its center in Chimge-Tur, on the site of modern Tyumen), in the end. XV – beginning 16th century – Siberian Khanate (after the name of the settlement Siberia or Kashlyk). Growth of households and cultures. connections, related languages, and other factors led to the emergence of new supra-tribal ethnicities. communities. In the XIV–XVI centuries. the foundations were formed groups T.s.
Ethnic history of T.s. within the framework of Rus. state was not easy, which is due to the huge territory of their settlement in the West. Siberia, defined disunity, contacts with many people. peoples, complex social composition and other factors. They gradually stabilized ethnically. territory of T.S., although dep. their movements were observed back in the end. XIX–XX centuries Despite the territory. disunity within the Russian Federation. state-va, connections between Tobol-Irtysh., Barabin. and Tomsk-Ob Turkic languages. groups T.s. created an opportunity for the development of consolidation. processes.
During the existence of the USSR, ethnic. structure of T.s. little has changed. Among the Barabinians, the division into groups and tribes disappeared, only in the department. knowledge about the Tugums is preserved in the villages - genealogist. groups. Tobol-Irtysh. and the Tomsk Tatars weakened, but did not completely disappear, the idea of division into subethnics. groups. According to some scientists, T.s. – are independent. people, others point to the incompleteness of their consolidation into a single ethnic group, believing that they most likely represent an incompletely formed ethnic group. community. Sib. the Bukharans finally became part of the Ts. to mid. XX century In the 1960s–80s. assets took place. processes of convergence and partial mixing T.s. from Volga-Ural. Tatars. In all censuses of the USSR, T.s. were included in the Tatars.
T.s. settled in the main on Wednesday. and south parts of Western Siberia - from the Urals and almost to the Yenisei. Their villages are scattered among the Russians. villages, Russians also live in the Tatars themselves. villages, sometimes accounting for 15–30% of the total population. Means. groups T.s. They live in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and other cities, where their settlement in the Tatars was compact. the settlements disappeared. In Western cities Siberia settled and many others. Volgo-Ural Tatars. All Turkic. groups belonging to T.s., in the end. XVII century numbered 16 thousand people, at the end. XVIII century – St. 29 thousand, in con. XIX century – 11.5 thousand people. Number Sib. Bukharians were in the beginning. XVII century 1.2 thousand people, in the end. XIX century – 11.5 thousand people. Volga-Ural number. Tatars - migrants to Siberia until the 1860s. grew slowly: in 1858 there were them in West Sib. the plain has only 700 people. By 1897 their number increased to 14.4 thousand people. According to the 1926 census, T.s. there were 90 thousand people, and all Tatars (including the Volga-Urals) - 118.3 thousand.
Traditional occupations - agriculture (for some groups it existed before the Russians came to Siberia) and cattle. At the reels. Lake fishing played an important role among the Tatars, and among the northern. Tobol-Irtysh groups. and drum. Tatar - speech. fishing and hunting. They bred croup. horn. cattle and horses. To the south parts of the region grew wheat, rye, oats, and millet.
Crafts - leatherworking. business, making ropes from linden bast (Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), knitting nets, weaving boxes from willow twigs, making birch bark. and wooden dishes, carts, boats, sleighs, skis. T.s. They were also engaged in trade, waste trades (hired work in agriculture, at state forest dachas, sawmills and other factories), and carting.
Society way of life for centuries. changed. During the Sib. Khanate there was a neighboring territory. community, if the Barabinsky, Yaskolbinsky and other clans are present. relations that disappeared with the annexation of Siberia to Russia. Basic mass of Tatars. population of the West Siberia before the reform of M.M. Speransky, carried out in the end. 1st quarter XIX century, were made up of yasak people - ordinary community members. Besides them, among T.s. There were groups of serving Tatar-Cossacks, backbone (dependent) Tatars, quit-rent Chuvalshiks (they paid taxes from the chuval - stove), as well as nobles, merchants, and Muslims. clergy, etc. According to the Charter on the management of foreigners (1822), almost all T.s. and Sib. Bukharians were transferred to the category of settled “foreigners”. In the USSR social prof. composition of T.s. creatures changed. Managers, specialists, employees, machine operators, qualified. workers accounted for more than 50% among the Baraba residents, and among the Tobol-Irtysh. Tatars – 60% of all villages. population.
Basic family form in T.s. in the XVIII - early XX century there was a small family (average 5–6 people). Lastly decades, the family consists of 2, less often 3 generations and numbers 3–5 people.
Their villages T.s. were called auls, or yurts; among the Tomsk Tatars, the terms “ulus” and “aimak” were preserved before the revolution.
For villages T.s. riverine and lakeside types of settlements are typical. With the construction of roads, villages along the tracts appeared. In con. XIX - early XX century for most Tatars. In settlements, a regular rectilinear street layout was typical. In some of us. At points, other features were noted - curvature of streets, turns, nooks and crannies, some dispersion of dwellings, etc. Houses were placed on both sides of the street, and one-sided buildings were rarely found in coastal villages.
In the 17th century Dugouts and half-dugouts were used as dwellings. However, since ancient times T.s. Above-ground log buildings were known, as well as adobe, turf, and brick. dwellings. Log yurts in the 17th–18th centuries. They were low, had small doors (one had to squat through them), there were no windows, and daylight came through a hole in the flat earthen roof. Later, houses were built in Russian. sample. Some Tatars had 2-story log houses, and the cities were prosperous. merchants and industrialists - stone. Houses. In the interior of the houses of each group of T.s. had its own characteristics, but the center. The place in the furnishings of most dwellings was occupied by bunks, covered with carpets, felt, lined with chests and bedding along the edges. The bunks replaced almost all the necessary furniture. The houses also had tables with very low legs and shelves for dishes. Only the rich Tatars had other furniture - cabinets, chairs, etc. The houses were heated by stoves with an open hearth, but some Tatars also used Russian. stoves. Only a few houses were decorated with patterns on window frames, cornices, and estate gates. In the main it was a geometer. ornament, but sometimes the patterns contained images of animals, birds and people, which was prohibited by Islam.
More often, patterns were used to decorate clothes and heads. clothes and shoes. Shirts and trousers served as underwear. Both men and women wore bishmets on top - long open caftans with sleeves, camisoles - sleeveless or with short sleeves, tight-fitting open caftans, robes (chapan) made of homespun fabric or Central Asian. silk. fabrics, and in winter - coats and fur coats (tone, tun). In the XIX - early XX century among part of T.s. Russian spread dokhas, sheepskin coats, sheepskin coats, army jackets, husband. shirts, trousers, and for women - dresses.
From wives heads The specifically local headdress was the forehead. headband (saraoch, sarautz) with a solid front part made of fabric-covered cardboard, decorated with braiding and beadwork. Holiday heads The dress was a kalfak (cap). In addition, women wore summer and winter cylindrical hats. shapes, and on top are scarves and shawls. Men wore skullcaps and felt. hats, winter heads. different types of headdresses, including those with a spade-shaped protrusion at the back. Soft leathers were widely used for footwear. boots (ichigi), leather shoes, winter felt boots (pimas), as well as short teal boots, hunting boots, etc. There are numerous women. jewelry - bracelets, rings, signet rings, earrings, beads, beads, laces, ribbons. Girls wore braids decorated with coins, and townswomen wore silver. and angry medallions.
The food was dominated by meat and dairy. products. Milk products - cream (kaymak), butter (may), varieties of cottage cheese and cheese, a special type of sour milk (katyk), ayran drink, etc. Meat - lamb, beef, horse meat, homemade. bird; did not eat pork; from wild animal meat - hare, elk. Soups: meat (shurpa), millet (tarik ure), rice (korets ure), fish, flour - from noodles (onash, salma, umats), batter (tsumara) and flour fried in oil (plamyk). They ate talkan porridge - a dish of ground barley and oats diluted in water or milk; from flour dishes they ate flatbread (peter), wheat and rye bread, baursaks - cereals. pieces of butter dough fried in oil, sansu (a type of baursak) - long ribbons of dough fried in oil (“brushwood”), pies with various fillings (peremets, balish, sumsa), dishes like pancakes (koymak), halva (alyuva), etc. Drinks: tea, ayran, partially kumiss, certain types of sherbet, etc.
From the people. Sabantuy is celebrated annually on holidays. From Muslims. The most widespread holidays are Uraza (Ramadan) and Kurban Bayram. In some villages T.s. back in the 2nd half. XIX century there were ministers of other languages. cults Among the parts are drums. and Tomsk Tatars until the 1920s. There were shamans (kamas), who treated the sick and performed rituals during sacrifices. From pre-Muslims. beliefs preserved the cult of ancestors, the cult of animals, totemism, belief in spirits - the masters of natural phenomena, dwellings, estates, astral mythology. ideas, belief in spirit-idols (patrons of the family, community, personal patrons).
Lit.: Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; It's him. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 20th century. Novosibirsk, 1992; Valeev F.T., Tomilov N.A. Tatars of Western Siberia: history and culture. Novosibirsk, 1996.
A number of non-Muslim peoples of Siberia (Khakas, Shors, Teleuts) to this day use the term “Tadar” as a self-designation, although they are not considered as part of the Tatar nation and do not recognize themselves as such.
- Tobol-Irtysh (includes swamp (Yaskolbinsky), Tobol-Babasan, Kurdak-Sargat, Tara, Tobolsk and Tyumen-Turin Yaskolbinsky Tatars);
- Barabinskaya (includes Barabinsk-Turazh, Lyubey-Tunus and Terenin-Choy Tatars);
- Tomsk (includes Kalmaks, Chats and Eushtins).
Territory of residence and number
Siberian Tatars historically lived on the vast plains east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River in steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones. The original villages of the Siberian Tatars are located interspersed with villages of other ethnic groups, mainly in the Aromashevsky, Zavodoukovsky, Vagaisky, Isetsky, Nizhnetavdinsky, Tobolsk, Tyumensky, Uvatsky, Yalutorovsky, Yarkovsky districts of the Tyumen region; Bolsherechensky, Znamensky, Kolosovsky, Muromtsevo, Tarsky, Tevrizsky, Ust-Ishimsky districts of the Omsk region; Chanovsky district (auls Tebiss, Koshkul, Maly Tebiss, Tarmakul, Belechta), Kyshtovsky, Vengerovsky, Kuibyshevsky Kolyvansky district of the Novosibirsk region, Tomsk district of the Tomsk region, there are several villages in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Kemerovo regions. There is a significant Siberian Tatar population in the cities of these regions, and outside the Russian Federation there are communities of Siberian Tatars in Central Asia and Turkey (the village of Bogrudelik in Konya province).
According to the ambassadors of the Siberian Khan Ediger, who arrived in Moscow in 1555, the number of “black people” without nobility in the khanate was 30,700 people. In the charter of Ivan the Terrible regarding their tribute, the figure of 40,000 people is given: According to the results of the First All-Russian Census in the Tobolsk province in 1897, there were 56,957 Siberian Tatars. This is the latest news about the true number of Siberian Tatars, since further censuses took place taking into account the number of Tatar migrants from other regions of Russia. It should also be mentioned that many Siberian Tatars avoided the census in every possible way, believing that this was another attempt by the tsarist government to force them to pay yasak (tax). However, in 1926 there were 70,000 Tatars in the territory of the present Tyumen region, in 1959 - 72,306, in 1970 - 102,859, in 1979 - 136,749, in 1989 - 227,423 , in 2002 - 242,325 (of which 125,000 people were born in the Tyumen region). In total, according to the results of the All-Russian Population Census, in 2002, 358,949 Tatars lived in the above-mentioned regions (their territory corresponds to the main territory of the historical Siberian Khanate), of which 9,289 identified themselves as Siberian Tatars. The largest number of respondents identified themselves as Siberian Tatars in the Tyumen and Kurgan regions - 7890 and 1081 people, respectively. In total, according to the 2002 census, 9,611 Siberian Tatars lived in Russia. At the same time, a number of publications estimate the number of indigenous Siberian Tatars from 190 to 210 thousand people. Such a significant discrepancy in the data can be explained by the fact that the issue of self-identification is a subject of debate among Siberian Tatars. Some of them share the official point of view that they are part of a single Tatar nation and consider their native language to be an eastern dialect of literary Tatar, others consider themselves representatives of a separate people with an original language and culture.
Ethnogenesis and ethnic history
Some of the Siberian Tatars came from medieval backgrounds Kipchaks who took part in the formation of many Turkic peoples. In the process of their long and complex ethnic development, the Siberian Tatars came into contact with groups of Ugric origin, Samoyeds, Kets, peoples of Sayan-Altai, Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
Those closest to the Siberian Tatars ethnogenetically are the Kazakhs and Bashkirs, the Turks of Sayan-Altai. This is due to the close ethnogenetic contacts of these ethnic groups in the foreseeable past.
Relatively reliable data on ethnogenesis, as is believed in science, can be obtained from the Neolithic era (6-4 thousand years BC), when tribes began to take shape. This era is characterized by the presence of tribes of Ugric-Ural origin in the territory of Western Siberia, who were in contact with the tribes of the Caspian Central Asia. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Iranian-speaking tribes penetrate into Siberia. The turn and beginning of a new era are characterized by the formation of the ancient Turkic ethnos in Siberia. The Turkic Xiongnu tribes lived in Western Siberia already in the 3rd century. n. e. B - centuries The Western Siberian forest-steppe is inhabited by significant masses of Turks who came from the regions of Altai and Central Kazakhstan. In the 13th century. Kipchaks appear in the Irtysh region, driven out of the southern steppes by the troops of Genghis Khan. During this period, the active departure of the Ugric population to the north began, part of which remained and joined the Turkic population. All this time, contacts between the local Siberian-Turkic population and the ethnic groups of Central Asia were not interrupted, since the borders of the possessions of Central Asian state associations reached the territory of the Irtysh region. So by the 16th century. the ethnic core of the Siberian Tatars is taking shape. In the 13th century. The territory inhabited by the Siberian Tatars was part of the Golden Horde. In the XIV century. The Tyumen Khanate arises with its capital Chimgi-Tura (modern Tyumen), at the end of the 16th centuries. - Siberian Khanate with its capital in Iskera (near modern Tobolsk).
Despite many common cultural similarities between the Siberian, Volga-Ural and Astrakhan Tatars, anthropologists still distinguish the Siberian type as a separate ethnic group. Since Tatarstan became the center and focus of Tatar culture, the influence of the Volga Tatars on all other groups of Tatars has led to the intensification of the process of cultural consolidation of all subgroups of the Tatars. Books, films, newspapers published in Tatarstan and available throughout Russia, concerts of creative groups from Tatarstan in the Tatar diaspora inevitably led to the leveling of local differences. However, among the Siberian Tatars there is a strong feeling of closeness with the Kazakhs and difference from the (Astrakhan and Volga) Tatars. They, however, have mostly friendly relations with other Tatars.
Language and writing
Siberian Tatar literature
Religion
Spiritual culture
The value orientations of the Siberian Tatars are based on religious (Islamic) canons, non-religious ideas and their manifestations in customs and rituals. Religious rites include the following (carried out with the participation of a mullah) - naming rite (pala atatiu), marriage (nege), funeral (kumeu), memorial rite (katym), vow (teleu) - carried out on significant life events with the slaughter of a sacrificial animal , Islamic calendar holidays - the fast of Ramadan (Uras), Kurban (Kormannyk), etc. All religious rituals are carried out practically according to the same scenario - the only difference is in the mullah’s reading of various prayers. A table is set with a traditional set of dishes (noodles, pies, flatbreads, baursaks, apricots, raisins, tea), respected people and relatives gather, the mullah reads the necessary prayers, alms (keyer) are distributed to everyone, and a meal is served.
Folk holidays and customs include elements of the pre-Islamic beliefs of the Siberian Turks. National holidays include Amal (Eastern New Year on the day of the spring equinox). A collective meal is held in the village, gifts are distributed (items are thrown from a high building), and participants play games. Today, the ancient holiday of hag putka (“crow (rook) porridge”) is almost forgotten. Among the Siberian Tatars in the pre-Islamic period, the crow was considered a sacred bird. It was carried out during the arrival of the rooks, that is, before the start of sowing. Village residents collected cereals and other products from their farmsteads, cooked porridge in a large cauldron for all participants, had fun, and left the remains of the meal in the field.
Also traditionally, in dry summers, Siberian Tatars perform the Muslim ritual “Prayer for the sending of rain”, where villagers led by the Muslim clergy perform this ritual of slaughtering a sacrificial animal in dry weather with a request to the Almighty for rain or, conversely, in rainy weather for the cessation of precipitation for the possibility of continuing agricultural work (mainly hay making).
Due to the fact that Islam came to the Siberian Tatars through the Bukhara Sufi sheikhs, a respectful attitude towards these sheikhs remained among the Siberian Tatars. The so-called “Astana” - burial places of sheikhs, are revered by the Siberian Tatars, and moreover, each “Astana” has its own “guardian” who monitors the condition of “Astana”, and the local population, driving near “Astana”, will always stop at the grave of the sheikh and read prayer conveys the reward from what was read to the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), his family, companions, auliya (friends of Allah), all sheikhs, Muslims and himself.
The spiritual heritage of the Siberian Tatars includes folklore. In terms of genre, it is diverse. Among the lyric-epic works, dastans (folk poems) (“Idegei”) are known, and prose works include fairy tales (yomak), proverbs (lagap), and sayings (eytem). Music (except dance music) is based on pentatonic scale, so Siberian Tatars sing songs (yyr) that are common to Tatar and Bashkir ones. Music accompanies such genres of folklore as baits (payet) - poems dedicated to tragic incidents of life, munajats (monachat) - religious chants, ditties (takmak). Folk dances are characterized by loud foot tapping (like Spanish flamenco). Among the traditional musical instruments, the following are known: kurai (more precisely kourai) (a type of pipe), kubyz (more precisely komyz) (a reed musical instrument), tumra (a type of dombra), tum (drum).
Material culture
In cut and color, ancient Siberian outerwear is akin to Central Asian and Sayan-Altai (with a Uighur-Chinese lapel), women's dresses are Bashkir (with several rows of frills along the hem), costumes of the early 20th century and later are subject to Tatar influence.
The cuisine of the Siberian Tatars is varied and is based on flour, fish, meat and dairy dishes. They ate the meat of all domestic animals and birds, except pork, and wild animals - hare and elk. Sausages (kazy), including smoked ones, were made from horse meat. In addition, the meat was dried. Favorite first courses are soups and broths: meat soup - ash, meat broth - shurba, ukha - palyk shurba, different types of noodles - onash, salma, soups with dumplings - umats and yore, millet - taryk ure, pearl barley - kutse ure, rice - korets ure. As second courses, people eat pishparmak - meat stewed in the oven with broth, potatoes, onions and pieces of thinly rolled dough, as well as various dough products: a large closed meat pie - palets (from various types of meat), a large closed fish pie - ertnek. A large number of baked goods are known: unleavened flatbreads - kabartma, peter and yoga, wheat and rye bread, a large closed or open pie with a sweet filling of viburnum (palan pelets), cranberries and lingonberries (tseya pelets), pies with various fillings - kapshyrma, samsa , peremets, many types of paursaks - pieces of dough cooked in boiling oil or fat (sur paursak, sansu, etc.), dishes like pancakes - koimok, halva - aluva, brushwood (koshtel). They ate porridge, talkan - a dish of ground barley and oats, diluted in water or milk.
Since the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars is swampy and lake areas, one of the popular types of raw materials for cooking is fish (except for scaleless species and pike, which are prohibited by Islam). The fish is boiled in the form of fish soup, baked in the oven, fried in a frying pan either separately in oil or in broth with potatoes, and also dried, dried, and salted. In addition, waterfowl meat is popular. A large amount of onion is used as a seasoning in all types of meat and fish dishes. In addition to meat dishes, as one of the main types of livestock products, dairy products are popular: may - butter, (eremtsek, etsegey) - cottage cheese, katyk - a special type of curdled milk (kefir), kaymak - sour cream, cream, kurt - cheese. The most common drinks were tea, some types of sherbet, and the use of kumis and ayran is known.
Pastille was prepared from wild berries for sweets (how)
From the second half of the twentieth century. Vegetables began to appear in the diet of the Siberian Tatars.
Traditional farming, crafts
It is known that the Siberian Tatars were engaged in hoe farming even before Siberia became part of Russia. Traditional crops - barley, oats, millet, later - wheat, rye, buckwheat, flax (yeten) was grown; gardening was not typical until the beginning of the twentieth century. Vegetables were bought.
Cattle breeding is the main occupation of the Siberian Tatars in the past, in the countryside and now. Horses, large and small cattle were raised on the farm, and camels were bred on rare farms for trade in southern countries. After spring field work, herds of horses were released to free grazing. Sheep were sheared 2 times a year. Hay is harvested in the summer in individual and community hay fields. Fishing and hunting are still popular. The main fish is crucian carp (herd), and waterfowl, elk, roe deer, and fur-bearing animals are shot. It is known to catch medicinal leeches.
Trade had and still has a certain importance, and in the past, carriage - the transportation of merchant goods on their horses, waste trades (hired work in agriculture, at state-owned forest dachas, sawmills and other factories). Livestock and agricultural products were processed both for domestic consumption and for trade. Grain was ground into flour and cereals in windmills (yel tirmen), as well as with the help of hand tools (kul tirmen). The butter was churned in a special butter churn - a kobo. It is known about squeezing hemp oil.
Crafts were mainly related to domestic consumption. Livestock and game skins were tanned by hand. The skins were used to make sheepskin coats and shoes. Pillows and feather beds were stuffed from bird feathers. They spun goat down and sheep wool, knitted shawls from the down for themselves and for sale, and mostly socks from wool. Flax was processed for making clothes. Craftsmen (osta) knitted nets (au), seines (yylym) and produced other devices for catching fish, as well as traps for animals. There is information about the manufacture of ropes from linden bast, the weaving of boxes from willow twigs, the manufacture of birch bark and wooden utensils, boats, carts, sleighs, and skis. In the northern regions, pine cones were collected.
Modern Siberian Tatars living in cities work in all spheres of production, service and education, and in the countryside they retain traditional activities such as animal husbandry (with the production of dairy products for domestic consumption and for sale, processing of down and wool), hunting, fishing, collecting wild plants (berries, mushrooms, pine cones for sale).
Social organization
During the period of the Siberian Khanate and earlier, the Siberian Tatars had tribal relations with elements of the territorial community. In the XVIII - early XX centuries. The Siberian Tatars had two forms of community: community-volost and community-village. The functions of the community-volost were reduced mainly to fiscal ones and represented an ethnic and class community. The community-settlement was a land unit with its inherent regulation of land use, economic functions, and management functions. Management was carried out by democratic gatherings. A manifestation of the community tradition is the custom of mutual assistance.
The role of tugum was also important among the Siberian Tatars. Tugum is a group of related families originating from one ancestor. The role of tugum was to regulate family, economic and everyday relations, and perform religious and folk rituals. The role of the religious community was also important, regulating certain relationships in the community as a whole.
Famous Siberian Tatars
see also
Notes
- http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php Census 2010
- Official website of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census - National composition of the population
- Official website of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census - List of options for self-determination of nationality with numbers
- Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982.
- Siberian Tatars Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan 2002, 2002
- D.M. Iskhakov. Tatars. Brief ethnic history of Kazan: Magarif, 2002.
- Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; Peoples of Siberia, M.-L., 1956 (bib. on p. 1002);
- Boyarshinova Z. Ya., Population of Western Siberia before the beginning of Russian colonization, Tomsk, 1960.
- Bagashev A.I. Taxonomic position of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars in the system of racial types of Western Siberia // Problems of anthropology and historical ethnography of Western Siberia. Omsk, 1991.
- Khit G.L., Tomilov N.A. Formation of the Tatars of Siberia according to anthropology and ethnography // methodological aspects of archaeological research in Western Siberia. Tomsk, 1981
- Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars. Kazan, 1993.
- National composition of the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- SIBERIAN TATARS Historical background
- http://www.islam.ru/pressclub/vslux/narodedin/
- Writers of the Siberian Tatars decided to become a separate ethnic group | In Russia and the CIS | News | Islam and Muslims in Russia and in the world
- Iskhakova, Valeev - Problems of reviving the national language of the Siberian Tatars
- Sagidullin M.A. Turkic ethnotoponymy of the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars. M., 2006.
- Tumasheva D. G. Dialects of the Siberian Tatars: experience of comparative research. Kazan, 1977.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Dialects of West Siberian Tatars. Author's abstract. dis. for the job application scientist Doctoral degrees philologist. Sci. Tashkent, 1965.
- Tomilov N. A. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1992.
- Creativity of the peoples of the Tyumen region. M., 1999.
- Bakieva G. T. Rural community of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars (XVIII - early XX centuries). Tyumen-Moscow, 2003.
Literature
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