The sacralization of power was reliably ensured by the thesis of the king as God's anointed. Therefore, the theoretical prerequisite for the emergence of imposture should have been mass doubt that the ruling monarch occupies his throne by right. Thus, the “imposture” of the king became the reason for the emergence of a real impostor as a contender for the crown. It was probably hesitations regarding the legitimacy of Boris Godunov's stay in power that gave birth to the figure of the first Russian impostor - False Dmitry I. Despite the fact that the new tsar was elected to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor and even twice refused such a high rank, however, the Godunov family was far from being so influential and noble (even despite his relationship with the previous Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich).
Probably False Dmitry II was of Jewish origin and False Dmitry I
Therefore, the Old Moscow Romanov family had significant advantages in the hierarchy of succession to the throne. Not to mention the strange death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich, when suspicions of murder inevitably fell on the closest boyar and the Tsar’s brother-in-law. The defrocked monk Grigory Otrepiev, the future False Dmitry I, with his identification with the tragically deceased prince, actually opened a “Pandora’s box” - after him a series of impostors is steadily growing.
Portrait of False Dmitry I
Those whom False Dmitry I trusted and brought closer to himself began to scold him more than anyone else after his death. Some of them even tried to gain the confidence of the newly elected Tsar Vasily Shuisky. Thus, the close associate of the first impostor, Prince Grigory Petrovich Shakhovskoy, received the post of governor in Putivl - precisely in the city whose residents were especially friendly towards the appearance of False Dmitry, where his supporters still remained. Knowing all the circumstances of Shuisky’s accession to the throne, Shakhovskoy convened a people’s meeting in Putivl, at which he announced that instead of Dmitry (False Dmitry), another person was killed in Moscow (“German”, that is, a certain foreigner, mute - in the sense that he did not speak in Russian). The real king is alive and hiding in a safe place, waiting for a favorable moment to regain his rightful power. This legend was believed first by the residents of Putivl, and then by the entire south of the country, which, it seemed, was just waiting for this: townspeople (townspeople), archers, Cossacks, peasants willingly joined the “army” of Shakhovsky and his comrade-in-arms, the Chernigov governor Prince Andrei Telyatevsky .
False Dmitry II declared himself tsar under pain of torture
Poland did not fail to take advantage of the rapidly spreading rumor about the miraculous “resurrection” of Dmitry, which was able to quickly materialize a new impostor - False Dmitry II. What is striking about this story is how quickly the Muscovites, who were present at the massacre of the corpse of the late Tsar, were able to forget these events and unconditionally believe in a fantastic rescue. According to N.M. Karamzin, the Russian people “had a love for the miraculous and a love for rebellion,” and the professional French mercenary of the Russian army, J. Margeret, wittily noted that “the Moscow mob was ready to change tsars weekly, in the hope of finding a better one.” .
Gabriel Nikitich Gorelov. "Bolotnikov's Rebellion"
Most of the questions and mysteries in the history of False Dmitry II are connected with the secret of his real name. The first news of the appearance of the surviving king dates back to the winter of 1607, when an impostor was discovered in Lithuania, one of many others who posed as a royal person. Among the Terek Cossacks, Tsarevich Peter Fedorovich (allegedly the son of Tsar Fyodor, that is, the grandson of Ivan the Terrible) and Tsarevich Ivan August (allegedly the son of Ivan the Terrible from his marriage to Anna Koltovskaya) appeared. The first of the above impostors marauded in the south of Russia, and then joined the ranks of the army of Ivan Bolotnikov, and the second contender for the throne successfully acted in the Lower Volga region, where he managed to capture Astrakhan. Following them, another “grandson” of Ivan IV appeared, the “son” of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich - Lavrenty. In May 1607, False Dmitry II crossed the Russian-Polish border and approached Starodub with his army, where he was recognized by the local residents. His army was gradually replenished with volunteers and mercenaries, and therefore in September he was able to move to the aid of False Peter and Bolotnikov.
The governor of False Dmitry II, Prince Dmitry Mosalsky Gorbaty, “said from torture” that the impostor “is from Moscow from the Arbatu from Zakonyushev priests’ son Mitka.” Another of his former comrades Afanasy Tsyplatev said during interrogation that “Tsarevich Dmitry is called Litvin, Ondrei Kurbsky’s son.” The “Moscow chronicler” and cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Abraham considered him to come from the family of Starodub boyars, the Verevkins (they were one of the first to recognize the legitimacy of the impostor). Polish chroniclers and contemporaries of those events believed that the name of the king killed in 1606 was adopted by the baptized Jew Bogdanko (or Bogdan Sutupov). He was a teacher in Shklov, and then moved to Mogilev, where he was in the service of a priest. For certain offenses, the Shklov teacher was threatened with prison - and just at that moment he was noticed by a participant in the campaign of False Dmitry I against Moscow, the Pole M. Mekhovsky. It seemed to him that he looked like the deceased impostor. The famous Russian historian of the Troubles, R. G. Skrynnikov, relying on foreign sources, believed that False Dmitry II “understood the Hebrew language, read the Talmud, the books of the Rabbis, it was Sigismund who sent him, calling him Dmitry Tsarevich.”
Letter from False Dmitry II to the Sandomierz governor Yuri Mnishek from Orel about his imminent accession to the Russian throne with the help of the Polish king Sigismund III. Signature - autograph of False Dmitry II, January 1608
Having reached Moscow with his motley army, False Dmitry II sets up camp in the village of Tushino, where his “headquarters” will be located in the future (hence the entrenched nickname of the impostor - “Tushino thief”). An interesting fact in this regard is that in the formation of the legitimacy of the new contender for the throne, Patriarch Filaret, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, played a significant role, whose support was invaluable for the impostor: Bogdan Shklovsky pretended to be the son of Ivan the Terrible, and Filaret was the nephew of this king - "relatives" had to help each other. Judging by the descriptions of contemporaries of the events, the “thieves’” capital had a very unsightly appearance. The top of the hill was dotted with tents of Polish hussars. Among them stood a spacious log hut, which served as a “palace” for the impostor. Behind the “palace” were the dwellings of the Russian nobility. Ordinary people occupied vast suburbs located at the foot of the hill. Hastily knocked together, thatched “sheds” stood here very closely, adjoining one to another, and the dwellings were chock-full of Cossacks, archers, serfs and other “vile” people.
The impostor was on a walk when Prince Urusov killed him
This is how a situation of political dual power was formed, which inevitably appeared during the civil war. As Karamzin put it, “the people have already played with kings, having learned that they can be elected and overthrown by his power or daring willfulness.” Many of those who fled from Vasily Shuisky to the camp of his enemy, False Dmitry II, returned again, to the point that relatives agreed among themselves who should go to Tushino and who would stay in Moscow in order to benefit from both in one camp and in the other. . Having received a salary in Moscow, they went to Tushino to receive money.
Sergei Miloradovich. Defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra from the troops of False Dmitry II in 1608-1610.
A very important aspect in the history of False Dmitry II is his relationship with the Polish king Sigismund III, who at first saw in him a means to weaken Shuisky and distract his own citizens and nobility from the internal affairs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, in 1609, the position of the “Tushino thief” changed significantly: in his camp they feared the arrival of the Russian-Swedish detachments of J. P. Delagardi and M. V. Skopin-Shuisky, who defeated the Tushino colonel Alexander Zborovsky in the summer. Finding themselves virtually trapped, most of the Polish mercenaries prefer to come to an agreement with their king Sigismund, which certainly undermined the authority of False Dmitry. In the summer of 1610, the army of the Polish hetman Stanislav Zholkiewski occupied Moscow, and he himself, at the proposal of the Duma boyars, agreed to swear allegiance under the conditions of electing Sigismund’s son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne. The Moscow boyars, tired of the ruinous civil war, were interested in eliminating the impostor. They are the first to offer the generally indecisive Sigismund III a way out of the current ambiguous situation: the murder of False Dmitry II, to which the king, although not immediately, agrees.
“Tushinsky thief” - I remember this phrase from school. I, like most of my peers, learned that False Dmitry II was popularly called that way in Russian history lessons. In essence, that was the extent of the matter then. And later, when history became my passion along with poetry, little was added to the knowledge about the second impostor. I had certain hopes for the Internet... Something has become clear, but something, I’m afraid, will forever remain a secret behind seven seals...
Biography of False Dmitry II
Our famous classic - N.V. Gogol - has an amusing phrase: “complete incident” (by the way, this can be said about his own life). So - the biography of the “Tushino thief” is not only replete with “blank spots”, it is all one continuous “blank spot”. We know neither the true name nor the origin of this dark personality. According to very cautious and little-based assumptions, he could be either a priest’s son or even a Jewish offspring from a seedy province. One thing is beyond doubt - the spirit of adventurism inherent in the Russian man and susceptibility to outside influences played a detrimental role in his advancement. Having played on the fact that False Dmitry I allegedly managed to escape during the Moscow uprising, the “Tushino thief”, however, could not, like his more successful predecessor, reach Moscow and be crowned. His entire short adult life was spent in military skirmishes of a local nature. The ending of the impostor's biography was inglorious: he was killed by his former ally, Tatar Pyotr Urusov, during a hunt. It should not be surprising that the burial place of False Dmitry II is unknown. Most likely, he was also buried like a thief - secretly...
Domestic and foreign policy of False Dmitry II
The local successes of False Dmitry II were short-lived. It is generally surprising how he was able to gather any significant forces under his banner. Apparently, the people still retained a naive belief in the miraculous salvation of the previous impostor. The “Tushinsky thief” decided to begin his ascent to power from the Belarusian cities of Propoisk and Starodub. It was here that he risked declaring himself “Tsar Dimitri Ioannovich.” The remnants of the Polish gentry, part of the Cossacks, and the rebels of Ataman Ivan Bolotnikov began to gather around him (how much we were told at one time about the first “peasant war” led by the latter...). All this, without exaggeration, motley rabble, led by a very dubious subject, undertook a campaign first on Bryansk, then on Tula. They even managed to defeat the army of Vasily Shuisky and set up a camp in Tushino, near Moscow. Significant territories north of Moscow were under the control of the impostor’s troops. Yaroslavl, Vologda, Rostov, Suzdal, and Vladimir submitted to False Dmitry II. Support for the impostor was provided by widespread popular discontent with the boyar government and personally with Vasily Shuisky. However, the Poles, in whose hands the “Tushino thief” was just a puppet, robbed the peasants themselves. In 1609, the Poles decided on open intervention and besieged Smolensk. The attempt to place the Polish prince Vladislav on the Russian throne also failed. The talented military leader and experienced strategist M.V. Skopin-Shuisky finally thwarted the plans of the impostor. There was nothing left for him but to flee to Kaluga, where he soon met an inglorious death.
- The official widow of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, arrived at the camp of the “Tushino thief” and publicly recognized him as her miraculously saved husband. What do you say to this? Only how strong both the instinct of self-preservation and the thirst for power at any cost are in people. Marina was ready to go to the end in this deadly game.
- The end of those who supported the impostor was also inglorious: he was first blinded, then killed with a blow to the head with a club and his lifeless body was thrown into an ice hole.
Surely many people remember the phrase “Tushinsky thief” from their school years. Most learned from lessons on Russian history that this nickname meant False Dmitry 2.
Biography of the impostor
Until now, neither the real name nor the origin of this mysterious person is known. There are only extremely cautious and practically unfounded assumptions about who False Dmitry 2 really was. The biography of the impostor is a “blank spot”. According to one version, he was the son of a priest. Another source tells us that False Dmitry 2 had Jewish roots going back to a seedy province, but there is no reliable information. Speaking briefly about such a person as False Dmitry 2, we can say with confidence: the adventurism that is inherent in any Russian person, as well as susceptibility to the influence of others, played a detrimental role in his fate.
The impostor appeared in the summer of 1607 in Starodub. His entire short life was spent in local skirmishes and wars. The strategy of False Dmitry 2 was based on the version that his predecessor survived the uprising in Moscow. Despite his cunning, he was less fortunate. The reign of False Dmitry 2 never took place, since he was unable to get to the capital to be crowned. His main hope was in the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov. The impostor believed that they would help capture Moscow, but Bolotnikov was unable to provide significant assistance.
Policy
The collection of victories of False Dmitry 2 included only local short-term triumphs. It is surprising that he was able to put even minor forces under his banner at all. He began his journey along his ladder to his goal with a campaign against the Belarusian cities of Propoisk and Starodub. Showing courage, the impostor introduced himself as Dimitri Ioannovich. In a short period of time, he managed to win the trust of a large number of people and gather soldiers from the treasury, as well as the rebels of Ivan Bolotnikov, into his circle. Under the leadership of this dubious individual, the resulting group moved towards Bryansk, and then to Tula. The first triumphs inspired the army. During the siege of the capital, half of the local nobility defected to False Dmitry 2, who laid claim to the Russian throne. Having defeated Vasily Shuisky, the impostor was defeated near Khimki on Presnya. Nevertheless, he managed to organize a camp in Tushino, near Moscow. Here a local community was formed and its own routines and orders began to operate. False Dmitry 2 controlled the territories north of Moscow; such large cities as Vladimir, Suzdal, and Rostov submitted to him. After the capture of the latter, the detachments brought the captive Metropolitan Filaret Romanov to Tushino, where they proclaimed him patriarch. Significant support was provided by popular unrest, reinforced by dissatisfaction with the power of the boyars and Vasily Shuisky.
Strengthening the position
Meanwhile, in pursuit of power and easy money, Marina Mnishek, who was the official widow of False Dmitry 1, arrived in Tushino in July 1608. Under the terms of the truce agreement with the Poles, she was released.
Taking advantage of the opportunity, the woman recognized the “Tushino thief” as her husband, who allegedly miraculously escaped. Of course, this fact once again confirmed the deceitful status of the impostor in the eyes of others. Subsequently, the couple secretly got married and had a son.
The power of the Polish interventionists
A regime of anarchy was finally established in the country. In the Tushino court, the Poles divided and conquered. It was in their hands that control was in place, they corrected the actions of their puppet: the policy of False Dmitry 2 was completely controlled by the Poles. Taking advantage of this, the Poles willingly robbed and ruined ordinary peasants. Endless robberies began to meet with armed responses from townspeople and peasants.
In the period from September 1608 to January 1610, detachments of Poland and Lithuania kept the Trinity-Sergius Monastery under siege. Despite the difficult situation, the defenders of the monastery managed to repel all enemy attacks and defend the shrine.
Polish invaders attempted to capture Smolensk in 1609, but it was unsuccessful. They also failed to place their prince, Vladislav, on the Russian throne.
An inglorious end
Thanks to the efforts of a remarkable military leader and an excellent strategist - Skopin-Shuisky M.V. the plans of False Dmitry 2 were upset. In 1609, the Tushino camp finally collapsed. The assembled rabble did not want to obey anyone, everyone just wanted easy money. False Dmitry 2 found no other way out but to flee to Kaluga. But even there he found no salvation: death found the impostor in the Kaluga region, where he was shot by his own serviceman, P. Urusov.
Meanwhile, the fate of Ivan Bolotnikov, who supported False Dmitry 2, was no less sad. He was first blinded and then killed by a blow to the head with a club. Bolotnikov's lifeless body was thrown into the hole.
Chronology
Thus, if we briefly analyze the path that False Dmitry 2 took, we can highlight several main stages:
1607 - the appearance of an impostor who introduced himself as the surviving False Dmitry 1;
1608 - formation of its own army from the remnants of troops of various stripes;
May 11, 1608 - the defeat of government troops under the leadership of Shuisky, the formation of the Tushino camp, the seizure of new lands;
1609 - the appearance of discord in the camp, the weakening of the position of False Dmitry 2;
1610 - dissolution of the Tushino camp, flight of False Dmitry 2 to Kaluga;
The location of the remains of False Dmitry 2 is not known, but there is an opinion that they are located in one of the Kaluga churches.
FALSE DMITRY II - “Tushinsky thief”, an impostor who sought to take the Russian throne under the name of the deceased Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in the crisis conditions of the Time of Troubles.
The real name is not known. According to the most ar-gu-men-ti-ro-van version, False Dmitry II was a baptized Jew, came from the Ok-re-st -no-stey of the city of Shklov (now not the Mo-gilev region, Belarus). He taught the children of the priests gra-mo-te, one-on-a-long before the sa-mo-zvonskaya avan-tu-ry li-shil - got to work and became a bro. The side of the False Dmitry I M. Me-kho-vets-kim and the old che-cher-sky N. Ze-no-vi-chem was kindly scolded at the end of 1606. At the end of 1606-1607, they, together with the Pos-po-li-tu from the Russian state, Iley-koi Mu-rom, who arrived in Rech, were subjected to torture. give False Dmitry II for the deceased Tsar Dmitry Ivan-no-vi-cha (False Dmitry I), however, False Dmitry II, fearing for his life, fled from them to the city of Pro-poisk (now Slav-gorod, Mogilev region, Belarus), where he was captured on the orders of Zenovich and sent to prison. Due to the expansion of the situation in Re-chi Po-spo-li-that and the desire of Sei-ma to ensure peace in the east (on- ru-shi-te-lyam gro-zi-la kon-fis-ka-tsiya imu-sche-st-va) way-ti-chi you-need-to-become more horny when preparing new self-proclaimed intrigues. Nevertheless, Me-kho-vets-kiy and Ze-no-vich for the captivity of False Dmitry II gave themselves away as a clan-st-ven-ni-ka tsa- re-vi-cha of Dmitry Iva-no-vi-cha - so-no-ka A.A. Na-go-go (from the Na-gikh family). 23.5 (2.6). 1607, by order of Ze-no-vi-cha, the Che-cher-sky sergeant Ra-go-za (Ra-go-zinsky) transferred False Dmitry II to border of Re-chi Po-spo-li-toy and the Russian state side-ni-kam I.M. For-ruts-ko-go and before-the-leader of the old-oak servants, son-of the bo-yar-go G. Verev-ki-na, to -then 12 (22).7.1607, or-ga-ni-zo-vali in the city of Staro-oak, the recognition of the self-invitation is now already as “chu-des-no” saved Tsar Dmitry Iva-no-vi-cha. An important part of this action was the arrival in Staro-oak of a large Polish-Lithuanian military detachment. yes Me-kho-vets-ko-go (on the same day the caller himself called him “get-man-nom”, entrusting the formation of his his vo-ys-ka). By the end of the summer of 1607, in Staro-du-be, Me-ho-vets-ko-mu and Za-ruts-ko-mu managed to collect about 3 thousand bad-ho-woo-ru-wives. new warriors (os-no-woo with the old oak servants and ka-za-ki-“bo-lot-ni-kov-tsy” Za-ruts-ko-go; about 1 thousand na-yom-ni-kov Me-ho-vets-ko-go and Polish way-ti-whose I. Bu-di-ly and P. Khar-lin-sko- go).
In September - October 1607, False Dmitry II led his army to help (ve-ro-yat-but, according to the pre-go-vo-ren-no-sti) osa-zh-den -nym in Tu-le I.I. Bo-lot-ni-ko-wu and Iley-ke Mu-rom-tsu. M. Me-ho-vets-co-managed to capture Po-chep, Bryansk, Kar-achev, defeat the government detachment of Prince V.F. Lit-vi-no-va-Mo-sal-sko-go at Ko-zel-ska and go out to the nearest approaches to Tu-la. Ka-pi-tu-la-tsia Bo-lot-ni-ko-va and Iley-ki Mu-rom-tsa you caused a rebellion among the soldiers and the collapse of the army sa- mo-zvan-tsa. False Dmitry II fled to Oryol. From there he planned to go to Pu-tivl, along the road to the Ko-ma-ritsa volost in the vicinity of st-no-tyh Se-vs-ka was detained in October/November 1607 by V. Va-lev-skogo and S. Tysh- ke-vi-cha, which came to the Russian state from Re-chi Pos-po-li-toy after the window of my-the-zha N. Zeb-zhi-dov-sko th. Under the pressure of la-kov, False Dmitry II so-gla-sil-sya continue to live avant-tyu-ru. After an unsuccessful march to Bryansk in November - December 1607, the invitee set off for Oryol. Here False Dmitry II strengthened his army from a number of “Kazats-kih tsa-re-vi-whose”. Participation in the movement of False Dmitry II once caused terror against the nobles who had changed “Tsar Dmitry” (False Dmitry -Riya I), and began to form a new “vo-rov” nobility from the former nobles, and from the self-called kings re-vi-whose (False-fe-dor, etc.), dinner-of-the-never-nobles and auto-ri-tet-nyh ka-zach-their ata-man-nov (I.M. Za -ruts-kiy, etc.) - “serving princes and bo-yars,” copying the Moscow government structures. Servant people of the southern districts, who taught back in the avant-tyur of False Dmitry I and in Bo-lot-ni-ko-va re-sta- research of 1606-1607, the actions of False Dmitry II were perceived as their direct continuation, providing support for the new self-mo- zvan-tsu. The White-Russian, Lithuanian, Polish and Ukrainian nobles are active, but you-stood on the side of False Dmitry II, because they -va-la participation in his campaigns as an opportunity to receive money.
In the spring of 1608, Prince R. Ruzhinsky, who arrived in the Russian state from Re-chi Pos-ly at the head of a large detachment -ni-kov for the service of False Dmitry II, removed M. Me-kho-vets-ko-go from the “get-man-st-va” and at the-ka-hall of the kaz-thread “Kazats-kih tsa- re-vi-whose.” With the con-fi-ska-tion of the place and the execution of the nobles, it was all over. In 1608, a detachment of the same-mo-zvan-tsa carried on the ra-zhe-niya of Tsar Va-si-lia Iva-no-vi-cha Shui-sko-go in Bol-khov-sky, Kho-dyn-sky, Rakh-man-tsev-sky and Ros-tov-sky districts and osa-di-li Mo-sk-vu, Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Smolensk, Ko-lom-nu, Io-si-fo-Vo-lo-ko-lam-sky and Troi-tse-Ser-gi-ev mo -na-sta-ri. Practically the entire European part of the country found itself under the control of the inviter himself. The failures of the government troops and their inability to defend the estates and the number of city nobles, according to -dy and the Christian-Yan-worlds from the raz-re-re-niy you-called a massive transition of the nobles, the Sad-people and the Cres -st-yan on the side of False Dmitry II. The large army of the self-called now consisted of the na-nyh regiments of R. Ruzhinsky, Ya.P. Sa-pe-gi, A. Zbo-rov-sko-go, V. Va-lev-sko-go, M. Ve-leg-lov-sko-go and others, Don Cossacks Za -ruts-ko-go, Li-sov-sko-go and for-rozh-skih ka-za-kov Gr-tsa, Po-vid-zi-ev-sko-go, Li-sa, Ros-tets -whom.
The invitee took his “hundred-face” from the Tu-shin camp. In the summer - autumn of 1608, several members of the Go-su-da-re-va court and Bo-yar-skaya duma moved from Moscow to False Dmitry II , including representatives of ancient and noble families (Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Prince V.M. Mo-salsky Ru -bets, M.G. Sal-ty-kov, princes R.F. Tro-e-ku-rov, A.Yu. Sits-kiy, etc.). In Tu-shi-no at the beginning of September 1608, together with the detachments of A. Zborovsky and Sa-pe-gi, the “tsar” arrived -tsa" M. Mni-shek. On September 6(16), she “recognized” her husband in False Dmitry II, and on September 10(20), she publicly entered the camp of False Dmitry II and - to live with him as his legal wife (before this they allegedly secretly got married). In the case of captivity in Tu-shi-no, the Ros-Tov Metropolitan Fi-la-ret was appointed, soon declared a stalemate -ri-ar-hom. About-of-my pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi Tu-shin-sko-go la-ge-rya im-measurable bo-ry in the count-ta-ta didn't they ra-zo-ri-li-zhi-te-ley of the districts they captured. On-sea and overseas districts of the or-ga-ni-zo-va-lo zem-skoe movement against False Dmitry II, which then the caller himself tried to show strength. The movement was used by Prince M.V. Sko-pi-nym-Shui-sky for the re-creation of the government army. In addition, on the basis of Vyborg in 1609, he attracted the Swedish expeditionary corps to the royal service under command of Ya.P. De la garde. The Russian-Swedish army attacked the Tu-shin-tsam near Torzh-ka, Tve-ri, near the Pod-mo-na-Styr-skaya village of Tro-its -ko-go Ma-kar-e-va Ka-lya-zi-on the monastery, near the village of Karin-sko-go near Alek-san-d-rovskaya village (end of approx. tyab-rya).
In December 1609, the forces of the sa-mo-zvan-tsa con-tro-li-ro-va-li the southern districts of the Russian state from Nov-go-ro-da-Sever-skogo to Astra-kha- neither, but also Pskov-shchi-well. One-on-the-military failures, Re-chi-spo-po-t-inter-ven-tion of the 17th century in the Russian state (re-established) Xia in September 1609) brought to the race of Tu-shin-skogo la-ge-rya. On December 27, 1609 (January 6, 1610), in fear for his life, False Dmitry II fled to Ka-lu-gu, abandoning his wife and the courtyard to fate. Most of the “thieves’ boyars” and the most combat-capable part of the na-yom-ni-kovs (including M.G. Sal-ty-kov, prince V.M. Mo-sal-sky Rubets, etc.) from the right-of-sol-st-vom to Si-giz-mun-du III, under-pi-sa-li to-go -thief about the election of the ko-ro-le-vi-cha Vla-di-sla-va (the future Polish ko-ro-l Vla-di-slav IV) to the Russian throne and on- I went to the royal service. Some “battle-res” and “nobles” of Tu-shin-sko-la-ge-rya came with guilt to Tsar Va-siliy Shui-sko-mu. In February 1610, the “thieves’ battles, servants and kazaks led by Prince D.T. Tru-bets-kim, and in the early summer of 1610 - part of the hirelings under the leadership of Ya.P. Sa-pe-gi arrived at the sa-mo-invitation in Ka-lu-gu, which became the new “capital” of False Dmitry II for a year. Political in-sti-tu-tu-you, layers-living-sya here, from the or-ga-novs of Tu-shin-skogo la-ge-rya: in Ka -lu-ge, False Dmitry II did not have a pat-ri-ar-ha and an Os-vya-shchen-no-go so-bo-ra, in the Bo-Yar-skaya Duma and Go-su-da- re-ve dvor-re the key role of the game is not the side of Ro-ma-new, but the pre-sta-vi-te-of the birth, you-moved -shih-sya in op-rich-no-well. The army of False Dmitry II, led by Sa-pe-ga, began to play an auxiliary role in Ka-lu-ge and did not control-ro-va- lo ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion sa-mo-zvan-tsa.
After the destruction of the troops of Tsar Vasiliy Shui-sky in the Battle of Klushin in 1610 and the attack of the troops of Re-chi Po -spo-li-toy on Mo-sk-vu in the position of False Dmitry II is again ok-re-p-li. At the same time, by the summer of 1610, under the control of False Dmitry II, only “Polish” remained (i.e., those residing in the territory). to-rii of the former Di-ko-go-la), part of the Ukrainian, overseas and lower cities, as well as Astra-khan. Relying mainly on the serving people of the territories under his control, as well as for what reason, False Dmitry II formed the world-share of a new army, strengthened by the Sa-pe-gi, returned to the service of False Dmitry II in after the bez-re-zul-tat-noy on-e-d-ki to la-ger Si-giz-mun-da III near Smo-lensk. In June - July 1610, False Dmitry II made a new campaign against Moscow. One day, torturing the side of False Dmitry II - “Bo-Yar” Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go, Prince G.P. Shakhov-skogo, Prince S.G. Zve-ni-go-rod-sko-go, M.M. Bu-tur-li-na and others about-man or forcefully to tie up False Dmitry II in Moscow turned out to be unsuccessful. At the meeting in Moscow for the Bo-Yar-skaya Duma with the presence of a hundred words (to -that-swar-men-ni-ki ras-smat-ri-va-li as the Zem-sky Council) the co-ro-le-vich Vla-di was elected to the kingdom -glory, and against the ranks of False Dmitry II were the Polish-Lithuanian troops on the right. At the end of August - in September 1610, the self-invitee fled from the Niko-lo-Ug-resh-go monastery to Ka- lu-gu, abandoning his army. Soon, separate battles, ka-za-ki and about 1 thousand na-yom-niks, led by V. Va-lev, arrived at him in Ka-lu-gu. skim. Torturing the “Bo-Yar” of False Dmitry II ter-ro-rum to re-or-ga-nize and increase the army brought to the side-against-le -in the village near Moscow, as well as in the northern and Ukrainian districts, which appeared not long ago The main base of False Dmitry II. He was killed while hunting by Prince P.A. Uru-so-vym (from the family of Uru-so-vym), who previously inflicted a public-personal os-ko-rb-le-nie.
Soon after the death of False Dmitry II M. Mni-shek gave birth to a son, who was named by Ivan Dmit-rie-vi-ch and announced -len near the side of False Dmitry II on the next Russian throne; in the country he received the nickname Vo-ryo-nok.
False Dmitry II
Sketch of a portrait of False Dmitry II
False Dmitry II, also the Tushinsky or Kaluga thief (date and place of birth unknown - died December 11 (21), 1610, Kaluga) - an impostor who posed as the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dimitri and, accordingly, as the survivor on May 17, 1606. False Dmitry I. The real name and origin have not been established, although there are many versions. During the reign of False Dmitry I, he was also an impostor, posing as his uncle Nagogo, who never existed. Despite the fact that he controlled a significant territory of the Russian state, in Russian historiography (unlike False Dmitry I) he is usually not considered a tsar.
S.V. Ivanov. "In Time of Troubles"
Hopes and rumors
Rumors about the “miraculous salvation” and the imminent return of the tsar began to circulate immediately after the death of False Dmitry I. The basis for this was the fact that the body of the impostor was brutally mutilated, and soon after being exposed to shame, it was covered with dirt and sewage. Muscovites were essentially divided into two camps - those who rejoiced at the fall of the impostor recalled, among other things, his marriage to a “filthy Pole” and behavior that was little in keeping with the status of the Russian Tsar. In the depths of this group, rumors were born that a cross was found in the boot of the murdered man, on which the “undressed” man blasphemously stepped with every step, that animals and birds abhor the body, the earth does not accept it and rejects fire. Such views corresponded to the interests of the boyar elite who overthrew the impostor, and therefore, among other things, to please the adherents of ancient splendor, the corpse of False Dmitry was taken to the village of Kotly and burned there; the ashes of the former king were shot towards Poland, where he came from. On the same day, “hell” was burned to the ground - an amusing fortress built by an impostor.
But there were more than enough adherents of the deposed tsar in Moscow, and stories immediately began to circulate among them that he had managed to escape from the “dashing boyars.” A certain nobleman, looking at the body, shouted that it was not Dmitry in front of him, and, whipping his horse, immediately rushed away. They recalled that the mask did not allow one to see the face, and the hair and nails of the corpse turned out to be too long, despite the fact that the king cut his hair short shortly before the wedding. They assured that instead of the tsar, his double was killed; later even the name was named - Pyotr Borkovsky. Konrad Bussow believed that these rumors were partly spread by the Poles, in particular, the former tsar's secretary Buchinsky openly claimed that there was no noticeable sign on the body under the left breast, which he allegedly saw clearly when he washed with the tsar in the bathhouse.
A week after the death of the “defrocked” man, “letters of honor” appeared at night in Moscow, allegedly written by the tsar who had escaped. Many leaflets were even nailed to the gates of boyar houses, in which “Tsar Dmitry” announced that he “escaped murder and God himself saved him from traitors.”
Circumstances of appearance
Konrad Bussow describes the origins of the appearance of False Dmitry II:
The commander at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Ivan-Peter-Pavel Sapieha, once sitting at the table with his officers, extolled the courage of the Poles, quod Romanis non essent minores, imo maiores (that they are not lower, but even higher than the Romans) and among many other things he said also the following: “We, the Poles, three years ago placed on the Moscow throne a sovereign who was to be called Demetrius, the son of a tyrant, despite the fact that he was not one. Now we have brought the sovereign here for the second time and conquered almost half the country, and he must and will be called Demetrius, even if the Russians go crazy from it: Nostris viribus, nostraque armata manu id facimus (With our strength and our armed hand we will do this).” .
Immediately after the death of False Dmitry I, Mikhail Molchanov (one of the murderers of Fyodor Godunov), who fled from Moscow towards the western border, began to spread rumors that instead of “Dmitry” another person was killed, and the tsar himself escaped. Many social forces, both those associated with the old one and those simply dissatisfied with the power of Vasily Shuisky, were interested in the emergence of a new impostor.
False Dmitry first appeared in 1607 in the Belarusian town of Propoisk, where he was captured as a spy. In prison, he called himself Andrei Andreevich Nagim, a relative of the murdered Tsar Dmitry, hiding from Shuisky, and asked to be sent to. Soon, from Starodub, he began to spread rumors that Dmitry was alive and was there. When they began to ask who Dmitry was, friends pointed to “Nagogo”. At first he denied it, but when the townspeople threatened him with torture, he called himself Dmitry himself.
Speculation about origin
Sources disagree about the origins of False Dmitry II. According to some sources, this is the priest’s son Matvey Verevkin, originally from the Severskaya side, according to others, he is the son of the Starodub archer. Some even claimed that he was the son of Prince Kurbsky. There is also a version that False Dmitry II was the son of a Jew from the city of Shklov.
“I understood, if you believe one foreign historian, the Hebrew language, read the Talmud, the books of the Rabbis,” “Sigismund sent Jew, who called himself Demetrius Tsarevich.”
According to the KEE: “The Jews were part of the impostor’s retinue and suffered during his deposition. According to some reports... False Dmitry II was a cross from the Jews and served in the retinue of False Dmitry I.”
Moscow campaign
On June 12, 1607, Starodub swore allegiance to False Dmitry. Here the rebel army began to gather, which attracted both Polish rebels and South Russian nobles, Cossacks and the remnants of Bolotnikov’s defeated army.
On September 10, the rebel army led by Pan Mechowiecki left Starodub. Her first stop was Pochep. The goal of the campaign was Tula, where the tsarist troops besieged the remnants of Bolotnikov’s army. On September 20, the rebel army of False Dmitry entered Bryansk. Having gathered up to 3,000 soldiers, False Dmitry defeated the tsarist troops of governor Litvin-Mosalsky near Kozelsk on October 8. However, the fall of Tula on October 10 confused the cards of False Dmitry and on October 17 he retreated to Karachev to unite with the Cossacks. On November 9, the army of False Dmitry again approached Bryansk, which was occupied by the tsarist troops, and on November 15, a battle took place between the two armies. The rebels failed to take Bryansk.
January 1608 met False Dmitry in Orel. The military leadership of the rebel army passed from Pan Mechowiecki to Roman Rozhinsky. The appearance under his banner of princes Adam Vishnevetsky, Alexander Lisovsky, Roman Rozhinsky with their people supported the impostor, who, however, became a puppet in their hands. Large armies of Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks were led by Ivan Zarutsky. The overall military command of the rebel troops (of which there were already 27 thousand by the end of spring 1608) was exercised by Hetman Rozhinsky. The rebel army moved towards Moscow. In the Battle of Zaraisk, the detachment of Alexander Lisovsky defeated the tsarist army.
In a two-day battle near Bolkhov on April 30 - May 1, 1608, he defeated Shuisky’s army (led by the Tsar’s brothers, Dmitry and Ivan), and in early June approached Moscow. On June 25, a clash between the troops of False Dmitry and the tsar’s troops took place on Khodynka, the rebels won the battle, but they failed to take Moscow.
Tushino camp
In the summer of 1608, Tushino became the residence of False Dmitry.
On July 25, Vasily Shuisky concluded an agreement with the ambassadors of King Sigismund III, according to which Poland was to recall all Poles supporting False Dmitry, and oblige Marina Mnishek not to recognize False Dmitry 2 as her husband, and not to call herself the Russian empress. However, Rozhinsky and others refused to leave the work they had begun; moreover, the army of False Dmitry continued to be replenished with Poles, and in the fall Jan Sapieha came with his people.
Having learned that the Mnisheks were released from Yaroslavl to Poland in fulfillment of the agreement, False Dmitry decided to recapture them from the accompanying royal army. This was done, but Marina for a long time did not want to join the camp of False Dmitry, remaining with Sapieha, and Yuri Mnishek agreed to recognize him as her son-in-law only after receiving a note that False Dmitry, having received power, would give Yuri 30 thousand rubles. and the Seversk Principality with 14 cities. Finally, the Mnisheks recognized False Dmitry. In September 1608, the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery began. Moscow, however, did not give up, and an entire city with a “royal” tower had to be built in Tushino. At the same time, the impostor increasingly lost real power; in December 1608, 10 elected representatives of Polish mercenaries stood at the head of the camp.
False Dmitry is recognized by many cities: Velikiye Luki, Pskov, Suzdal, Uglich, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and many others. In Rostov, Romanov was captured and made patriarch.
On February 28, 1609, in the hope of turning the situation in his favor, Vasily Shuisky concludes the Vyborg Treaty with Sweden, according to which, in exchange for the territory of the modern Leningrad region, he receives the help of the 15 thousand-strong expeditionary force of Delagardie. On May 15, 1609, a Russian-Swedish army near Toropets defeated a rebel detachment led by the nobleman Kernozitsky. However, the entry of regular Swedish troops into the conflict aroused the indignation of the Polish crown, which in the summer of 1609 openly declared war on Vasily Shuisky. The unexpected ally, however, did not help False Dmitry 2, since the Polish rebel officers began to swear allegiance to the Polish king. The Tushino camp collapsed, and False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga in December 1609.
End
In the fall of 1610, there was a conflict between False Dmitry and him. His relative, the head of the guard of False Dmitry, baptized Tatar Pyotr Urusov, stood up for the Kasimov ruler. Khan was killed, and Urusov was sent to prison for 6 weeks, upon release from which, however, he was reinstated.
During one of False Dmitry’s walks outside Kaluga, taking advantage of the fact that False Dmitry was with Tatar guards and only a few boyars, Peter Urusov took revenge on False Dmitry - “having galloped up to the sleigh on horseback, he cut the king with a saber, and his younger brother cut off the king’s hand.”
The burial place of False Dmitry is unknown. There is a version that his remains are in the Kaluga church. May 19, 1606 - July 19, 1610 - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.
False Dmitry II.
- son of Marina Mnishek
1610 - 1612
.
Vladislav Zhigimontovich.
February 21 (March 3), 1613 - July 13, 1645 - Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.
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