I was prompted to write this article by the incessant conversations that Ukrainians are Slavs, and Russians are not Slavs at all, but have long been Mongols.
Naturally, the initiators of such disputes are the so-called Ukrainian patriots. In this case, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theories of some newly-minted historians, hitherto unknown historical documents, etc. But besides history, and often pseudohistory, there is also such a science as genetics, and you can’t argue with genetics, my dears. So whether we like it or not, we have the same genotype.
What is a haplogroup?
Y-chromosomal haplogroups, which have become popular in biopolitical circles, are statistical markers for understanding the origins of human populations. But in most cases, such a marker does not say anything about the ethnicity or race of an individual (unlike other DNA analysis techniques). To see an ethnicity, subethnicity, race or other unity of a similar kind in the totality of carriers of a particular haplogroup, and to try to put together some kind of identity on this basis is nonsense. And, of course, the haplogroup is in no way “reflected in the spirit of a person.”
The peculiarity of the Y chromosome is that it is passed from father to son almost unchanged and is not “mixed” or “diluted” by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool for determining paternal ancestry. If the term “dynasty” has any biological meaning, it is precisely the inheritance of the Y chromosome. (Follow the link for a detailed but easy-to-understand explanation of the phenomenon)
The Y chromosome is another matter: it consists of genes directly responsible for the male reproductive system, and the slightest defect, as a rule, makes a man sterile. The “marriage” is not passed on further, and the Y chromosome “purifies itself” in each generation.
But in addition to harmful mutations, neutral mutations occur in the male chromosome from time to time, ignored by natural selection. They are concentrated in “junk” regions of the chromosome that are not genes. Some of these mutations, which occurred 50 to 10 thousand years ago, turned out to be convenient markers for identifying ancient ancestral populations that subsequently spread throughout the Earth and formed modern humanity.
The Y-chromosomal haplogroup determines the set of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e. descended from a common patriarchal ancestor, who many thousands of years ago had a specific mutation on the Y chromosome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup
ORIGIN OF HAPLOGROUP R1a1 - SOUTH OF RUSSIA!
Any modern ethnic group consists of representatives of several, at least two or three Y-chromosomal haplogroups.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_by_ethnic_group
The geographic distribution of haplogroups is associated with the history of migrations of ancient populations that became ancestral for ethnic groups or groups of ethnic groups. For example, haplogroup N3 can be called “Finno-Ugric”: if it is found among representatives of a certain area, it means that in the past the population there mixed with Finno-Ugric peoples. Or maybe “mixed” tribes came here.
The study of haplogroup statistics has allowed anthropologists to reconstruct the picture of migrations of human populations over the past tens of thousands of years, starting with the African ancestral home. But the data can also be used to debunk a variety of racist and xenophobic myths.
Ethnogeographical distribution of haplogroup R1a
Currently, high frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found in Poland (56% of the population), Ukraine (50 to 65%), European Russia (45 to 65%), Belarus (45%), Slovakia (40%), Latvia (40%), Lithuania (38%), Czech Republic (34%), Hungary (32%), Croatia (29%), Norway (28%), Austria (26%), Sweden (24%), northeast Germany (23%) and Romania (22%).
It is most widespread in Eastern Europe: among Lusatians (63%), Poles (approx. 56%), Ukrainians (approx. 54%), Belarusians (52%), Russians (48%), Tatars 34%, Bashkirs (26%) ) (among the Bashkirs of Saratov and Samara regions up to 48%); and in Central Asia: among the Khujand Tajiks (64%), Kyrgyz (63%), Ishkashimi (68%).
Halogroup R1a is most characteristic of the Slavs. For example, the following haplogroups are common among Russians:
R1a - 51% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
N3 - 22% (Finno-Ugrians, Finns, Balts)
I1b - 12% (Normans - Germans)
R1b - 7% (Celts and Italics)
11a - 5% (also Scandinavians)
E3b1 - 3% (Mediterraneans)
The most common haplogroup among Ukrainians:
R1a1 - about 54% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
I2a - 16.1% (Balkan peoples, Fracians, Illyrians, Romanians, Albanians, Greeks)
N3 - 7% (Finno-Ugrians)
E1b1b1 - 6% (African peoples, Egyptians, Berbers, Kushnirs)
N1c1 - 6% (Siberian peoples, Yakuts, Buryats, Chukchi)
As studies show, according to Y-chromosome markers, the tested Ukrainians are most genetically close to their neighboring southwestern Russians, Belarusians and eastern Poles. Three Slavic-speaking peoples (Ukrainians, Poles and Russians) form a separate cluster according to Y haplogroups, which indicates the common origin of the listed ethnic groups.
Myths.
Everyone knows the myth that Russians are largely descendants of the Mongols who enslaved Rus' in ancient times. Haplogroup statistics leave no stone unturned for this myth, since typical “Mongoloid” haplogroups C and Q are not found among Russians at all. This means that if Mongol warriors once came to Rus' with raids, then all the women they caught were killed or taken away with them (like the Crimean Tatars in later times).
Another common myth is that Russians in Central and Northern Russia are for the most part not Slavs, but descendants of Finno-Ugric aborigines, in whose sea the few Slavs supposedly disappeared. From here they derive “Russian drunkenness”, “Russian laziness”, etc. Meanwhile, the share of the “Finnish” haplogroup N3 among Russians in Central Russia is approximately 16% (in sparsely populated regions north of Moscow in some places it reaches 35%, and in densely populated regions south and west of Ryazan it decreases to 10%). Those. out of every six fathers, only one was Finnish. It can be assumed that the ratio in the maternal gene pool is approximately the same, since the Slavs and Finno-Ugrians, as a rule, coexisted peacefully.
By the way, Among the Finns of Finland, haplogroup N3 is represented in approximately 60% of the population. This means that out of every five fathers, two were not “original Finns”, but “passing fellows”, perhaps tribute collectors from Novgorod. Among ethnic Estonians and Latvians, the “share of Finnish fathers” is even smaller – approximately 40%. The “passing fellows” of German and Slavic origin clearly dominated the hot Estonian guys. But Lithuanian girls fell in love with them: Lithuanians, despite the Indo-European language, are the same 40% descendants of Finno-Ugric peoples.
Among ethnic Ukrainians, the “share of Finnish fathers” is also present, although three times less than among Russians. However, Finno-Ugric tribes did not live in Ukraine, and this share was brought from Central Russia. But if the “share of Finnish blood” among ethnic Ukrainians is only three times less than among Russians, then at least a third of them are descendants of Russian fathers. Apparently, in the past, “irresponsible” southern Russian girls loved to fool around with the “Muscovite occupiers.” While the Ukrainian boys were having fun in the Zaporozhye Sich in an all-male company, their sisters and daughters found understanding with the friendly Suvorov miracle heroes with weighty Finnish Y-chromosomes.
Helping to understand the inconsistency of certain myths, haplogroups, in turn, can give rise to new myth-making. There are people who give them a racial meaning. It is important to understand that haplogroups themselves cannot serve as a criterion for racial, ethnic or subethnic identity. When applied to a specific person, they don’t say anything at all. For example, no adequate community uniting people from the “Aryan” haplogroup R1a1 can be formed. And vice versa, there is no objective difference between Russians living in the same region, carriers of the “Finnish” haplogroup N, and Russians, carriers of the “Aryan” haplogroup R1a. The entire rest of the gene pool of the descendants of the “ancestral Finnish men” and the “ancestral Aryan men” has long been mixed.
Of the more than 20,000 genes in the human genome, only about 100 are included in the Y chromosome. They encode mainly the structure and functioning of the male genital organs. There is no other information there. Facial features, skin color, mental and thinking characteristics are registered in other chromosomes, which during inheritance go through recombination (the paternal and maternal sections of the chromosomes are mixed randomly).
If representatives of a certain ethnic group belong to several haplogroups, this does not mean that this ethnic group is a mechanical combination of populations with different gene pools. The rest of their gene pool, except for the Y chromosomes, will be mixed. Subtle differences between representatives of different Russian haplogroups may be of interest only to people who professionally specialize in blowjobs.
Conversely, people from the same haplogroup may belong to different ethnic groups and even different races, and have fundamental differences in terms of genotype and phenotype.
For example, the record holders for the presence of the “Aryan” haplogroup are such dissimilar peoples as the Poles (56.4%) and the Kyrgyz (63.5%). The “Aryan” haplogroup is found in more than 12% of Ashkenazi Jews, and not in some “half-breeds,” but in the most real, typical representatives of their ethnic group.
If a Russian sailor, having visited Angola, “gives” a native woman a boy child, then he, and all his descendants in the male line, will have the father’s haplogroup. 1000 generations will change, the descendants in all respects will turn into the most typical Angolans, but will still carry the “Aryan” Y chromosome. And this fact cannot be revealed in any way other than DNA analysis.
In the distant past, carriers of haplogroup R1a1, the ancestors of modern Indo-Europeans, set off from Southern Russia and the Urals to explore Europe, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, India and other neighboring countries, to whose population they imposed their customs and passed on their language. But if their historical success was somehow connected with advanced biology (let's say), then it was rooted not in the characteristics of the Y chromosome, but in other genes that were present in the ancestral population. This “advanced gene pool” was associated with a certain haplogroup only statistically. Modern representatives of haplogroup R1a1 may lack these “advanced” genes. Possession of an “Aryan” chromosome does not in any way reflect “in the spirit.”
Those sections of the Y chromosome that serve as markers for identifying haplogroups do not themselves code for anything and have no biological meaning. These are markers in their purest form. They can be compared to the orange and green LEDs in the movie “Kin-Dza-Dza”, which were used to identify Chatlans and Patsaks, and there was no other difference between these “races” except the color of the light bulb. So the presence of an “Aryan” haplogroup in itself does not guarantee a person not only Aryan brains, but even an Aryan penis (“racist blowjobs” may be disappointed).
We begin the analysis of the gene pool of Europe by considering the genogeography of individual haplogroups. This is partly a continuation of the previous section, which briefly summarized what was known about the distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups before our study, but we will now look at modern, detailed maps of the distribution of all major European haplogroups and those subvariants for which frequencies are already known in a number of populations in Europe.
Our Y-base database contains almost all published information on the frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in the world (and in Europe in particular), but not all of this information is suitable for studying the geographical distribution of haplogroups. As with the creation of other genogeographic atlases, to create maps of the distribution of the Y chromosome in Europe, data was carefully selected and created data array for maps Y chromosomes in Europe. Let's consider the criteria by which this data array was formed.
DATA ORGANIZATION
DATA SET FOR MAPS: POPULATIONS.
To reliably determine the frequency of uniparental genetic markers (Y-chromosome and mtDNA), a sample volume twice as large as for autosomal markers is required - therefore, the lower limit of the sample should be at least 70-100 samples. Small samples were either combined with geographically adjacent samples of the same people, or (if combining was not possible) were not included in the analysis. As a result, the average sample size in the map data set is N=136 samples. But exceptions to the rule were also made. For some peoples or regional groups within a people, which for the sake of completeness it was necessary to present on the map, only small samples were available. Then, reluctantly, we had to include smaller samples in the array for maps. But such exceptions were rarely made - of the 251 mapped populations, only a tenth (29 populations) have a sample size below N=50, and the vast majority (192 samples) have a sample size of N=70 and above.
If for a nation there was data on its regional populations, then for mapping, samples of this people, for which the geographical location is unknown, were not used (if the authors only indicated their affiliation with the nation during publication).
As a result, the array for maps included data on 251 populations (samples), and the total number of samples in all samples was 34,294 samples. It is worth noting that a significant part of this data was obtained through research by our team under the leadership of the author of these lines: 45 populations and 4,880 samples. This is our data on the Russian populations, Ukrainian, Belarusian and some additional Russian populations, populations of the North Caucasus, as well as our yet unpublished data on the populations of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars, Moksha and Erzi. (Data on haplogroup frequencies from three published articles are given in Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3.) It turns out that out of the entire array of data on Y-chromosome variability in Europe, every fifth population and every seventh sample was studied by our team (in Fig. 2.1. “our » populations are shown in blue circles), although several dozen laboratories throughout Europe have been and are engaged in research in this area. If we add that Europe is the most studied region of the world, this partly explains why our team has undertaken a general analysis of the gene pool of Europe. To construct maps, Y-base data were also used not only for European populations, but also for populations of nearby regions included in the mapped area.
In addition to the 251 European populations studied using panels of haplogroups covering their entire spectrum, about 200 more populations were studied using subvariants of only one haplogroup. These are mainly articles devoted to haplogroups R1b and R1a, and a number of articles on haplogroups N, E, and J. As a rule, the samples used in these articles for in-depth genotyping of individual haplogroups have previously been studied across the entire spectrum of haplogroups. Figure 2.1. gives an idea of the density of coverage of Europe and adjacent regions by populations studied not according to one haplogroup, but across their entire spectrum with the usual level of phylogenetic resolution.
DATA ARRAY FOR MAPS: HAPLOGROUPS.
This concept of the “usual phylogenetic level” of study of haplogroups is very conditional, and this level is growing every year. If in 2000 the number of haplogroups in a typical article did not reach a dozen, then in the 2010s most articles use panels of 40-70 haplogroups. Of course, since about 2013, the number of known haplogroups discovered through full sequencing has already numbered in the thousands. But discovering them is only the first step, which requires many further steps and efforts to analyze a large array of very different populations for the presence of new haplogroups. And until their frequencies have been determined in a wide range of populations, the significance of these newly discovered haplogroups for gene pool research is small.
Combining data from dozens of articles from different years in one table, it inevitably turns out that some haplogroups have been studied in a very large number of populations, and some have been studied only for a few populations. Fortunately, this does not pose a big problem for mapping (almost all haplogroups selected for mapping have been studied in two to three dozen populations, and this number of reference points is usually enough to identify the main trends). But still, when considering maps, it is worth keeping in mind that the detail of the source data for different haplogroups is not the same.
For mapping, haplogroups were selected that made up a noticeable part of the gene pool in at least some populations of Europe and were studied, as just mentioned, in several dozen populations. 40 haplogroups met these criteria: E1b1a1-DYS271, E1b1b1a1b-L142.1, E1b1b1a1c-V22, E1b1b1b1-M81, E1b1b1c-M123, G2a1-P16, G2a3a-M406, G2a3b1-P303, I1-L118, I2a-P37.2, I2b-L35, J1-L255, J1c3-P58, J2-L228, J2a-L152, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-L207.1, J2b-L282, L-M11, N1b-P43, N1c-M46, O3-M122, Q-M242, R1a1-L120, R1a1a1g-M458, R1a-M558, R1a-Z284, R1a-Z93, R1b1a1-M478, R1b1a2-L265, R1b-L10, R1b1a2a1a1a-M405, R1b1a2a1a1a1-M467, R 1b1a2a1a1b-P312, R1b1a2a1a1b2a- M153, R1b1a2a1a1b2b1-M167, R1b1a2a1a1b4b-M222, R1b1c-V88, R2a-L266, T-L206.
Table 2.1. Our data on the frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Russian populations
Table 2.2. Our data on the frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of Balto-Slavic peoples (published in).
Table 2.3. Our data on the frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in the populations of the Caucasus
Rice. 2.1. Geographical location of populations in Europe and adjacent regions studied by Y-chromosome polymorphism. Blue circles show our own data, green circles show data from the literature.
HAPLOGROUP R1a AND ITS VARIANTS
HAPLOGROUPR1 a(without division into subbranches).
As indicated in the review of previous works, the haplogroup R1 a is one of the two most common haplogroups in Europe. Moreover, it is also the most widespread haplogroup in Eurasia as a whole. For its genotyping, different markers are used - M198, M17, SRY1542, the phylogenetic difference between which is almost absent, and many other markers are known that define this haplogroup, so any of these can be used to designate it. In the data array for maps it appears as R1 a- L120 .
In Fig. 2.2 you can see a clear trend of geographical distribution R1 a- L120 : Although it is distributed throughout Europe, its wide area of maximum frequency is in Eastern Europe, and in these populations it makes up almost half of the gene pool. In the east, the maximum zone is limited by the Volga, and along its entire length - from the Upper Volga to the lower reaches. In the south, the maximum zone reaches almost the Black Sea, in the northwest – to the Baltic Sea, and in the southwest it is limited to the Carpathians and the Alps. But the most interesting boundaries of this area are in the west: although there are no geographical barriers there, the high-frequency zone R1a is still quite clearly limited, and the frequency drop over some two hundred to three hundred kilometers reaches almost 30% (from about 35-45% for the Poles and sorbs up to 10-15% among the Germans). Several articles were devoted to the analysis of this “Polish-German genetic border”.
I have not yet mentioned the border of the zone of maximum frequencies R1a in the north - although the difference in frequencies there is not as pronounced as in the west (not from red to green, but only from red to yellow tones, that is, by fifteen percent), but the northern border is also revealed The map is quite clear. In this case, it passes within the area of one people – the Russians – marking the differences between the gene pool of the Russian North and other Russian populations. These yellow tones of moderate frequencies occupy not only the Russian North, but also the entire space of Eastern Europe between the Volga and the Urals, and only beyond the Ural range of frequencies R1 a fall to the same low values (green tones on the map) as in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the Balkans and Western Asia.
SUBVARIANTS OF HAPLOGROUPR1 a
Within such a huge range of haplogroups R1a-L120 There are undoubtedly almost as many subvariants of this haplogroup, many of which may have distinct and relatively small geographic ranges. But over time the subtypes within R1 a were unknown. Until, thanks to the work of Peter Underhill's laboratory at Stanford University, first the first two, and then several more subvariants, were discovered. Of course, at present the number of known subvariants R1 a numbers in the hundreds: each sample for which the entire genome or Y chromosome has been fully sequenced forms its own branch on the phylogenetic tree. But until at least some of these variants have been screened for their prevalence in populations and the frequencies of their occurrence in different populations of Europe have been determined, the construction of genogeographic maps is impossible. Now we can only speculate about the distribution areas of this sub-branches, based on sometimes shaky information about the places of origin of those single samples from which each of these hundreds of branches was discovered. The interest in this haplogroup is so great that, of course, such population screening will be carried out by different laboratories around the world (including our team) in the very coming years, and then the genogeography of subvariants R1 a will be much more detailed. But at the moment we are limited to those markers for which mass population screening was carried out in articles and in the work of our team: these are the three main markers of the European branch R1 a and an Asian branch marker.
ASIAN BRANCHR1 A- Z93.
It should be noted that the division into European and Asian branches appears on the phylogenetic tree R1 a very clearly. The marker of the Asian branch is Z93 (and its synonyms), and in Europe this branch is almost absent. To prove this, we present a map of its distribution (Fig. 2.3.), which shows only low frequencies (1-3%) and only in very few populations of Eastern Europe, and move on to considering European subvariants.
Rice. 2.3. Geography of haplogroupssR- Z93 Y chromosomes inEurope.
EUROPEAN BRANCHR1 A-M458.
The first one, R-M458, identifies the Central European subvariant in the general array of the haplogroup R1a, occupying half of Europe. Therefore, after the discovery of this marker, we specifically genotyped it in many Slavic and North Caucasian populations, which made it possible for the first time to construct a detailed map of its distribution, taking into account Eastern Europe and the Caucasus (Fig. 2.4).
The map shows the highest frequencies of this marker among the Western Slavs (Poles and Czechs), where it makes up a quarter of the gene pool, and slightly reduced frequencies in surrounding populations. The westward spread of this marker is limited to adjacent populations of Germans (who probably assimilated West Slavic groups that previously inhabited these areas). But to the east of the high-frequency zone of the haplogroup R-M458 spreads far, capturing the entire range of the Eastern Slavs. It is characteristic that this eastern expansion is more pronounced in the forest-steppe zone (among Ukrainians) than in the forest zone (Belarusians and Russians). Even more curious is the limited expansion to the south: among the southern Slavs and non-Slavic peoples of the Balkans (Hungarians, Romanians) the frequency of this haplogroup is low, and there is a correspondence to the genetic “border” of high frequencies R-M458 and the geographical border of the Carpathians. To the north of this mountain range there is a zone of maximum frequencies of the haplogroup, and to the south of the Carpathians the frequency sharply decreases. Apparently, the Carpathians acted as a geographic barrier to gene flow, preventing the spread of this haplogroup to the Balkans. Note that, unlike R1 a in general, occurring at least with low frequencies in any region of Europe, R- M458 distributed only throughout Eastern Europe, neighboring territories of Western Europe and the Balkans, but is almost completely absent in most of Western Europe - the Iberian Peninsula, France, the British Isles, large parts of the Apennine and Scandinavian Peninsulas, and is also absent outside Europe - and in the Western Europe Asia and Siberia.
EUROPEAN BRANCHR1 A-M558.
Second European sub-variant R1 a is indicated by the name of the marker R- M558 (Fig. 2.5.) Phylogenetically, it is fraternal (for mtDNA in such cases it is customary to say “sister”, but here we are talking about the Y chromosome) for R- M458 . Both of these markers are distributed in a similar way: R- M558 also distributed mainly in Eastern Europe, also less common in the Balkans, enters neighboring regions of Western Europe with low frequencies, and just like R- M458 , is practically absent outside of Europe. The areas of these subtypes also overlap in the zone of their maximum frequencies among the Western and Eastern Slavs. Main Difference Between Spread Patterns R- M458 And R- M558 consists only of being more confined to the western or eastern part of their common range.
R- M458 has a tendency towards the west of its range. Among the Western Slavs it occurs with an average frequency of 25% (i.e., a quarter of the gene pool), and among the Eastern Slavs it occurs with an average frequency of 15%, although it rises to 23% in Western Belarusians and in some Ukrainian populations (but not Western, and central ones).
R- M558 tends to the east of their common range. It occurs with a frequency above 30% in both populations of southern Russians studied for this marker; is 20-25% among Belarusians, Poles, Slovaks, Western Ukrainians; declines below (or significantly below) 20% for central Russians, Czechs, central and eastern Ukrainians, and Czechs. However, R- M558 studied in significantly fewer populations than R- M458, and therefore the map of its distribution may still be significantly refined in the future. We see that even this basic difference between the distribution patterns R- M458 And R- M458 is expressed in small differences in frequencies and has a rather complex geography.
This example clearly shows that an increase in phylogenetic resolution does not always lead to an increase in geographical resolution: although within the European branch R1 a and it was possible to identify two subtypes, but their geographical distribution is very similar. Apparently, they arose in related populations and spread together during the same migrations. Or, even having arisen in different parts of the range of populations that intensively exchanged migrations with each other, they spread throughout this entire range. Of course, it is necessary to increase phylogenetic resolution, and, as a rule, the identified subtypes have a clearer geographic location than the branch as a whole; subtypes of the next level have an even narrower distribution zone within the zones of subtypes of the previous level, and so on. But this geographical clarity depends not only and even not so much on the level of phylogenetic resolution, but on the structure of the gene pool, on the historically given ratio of isolation and crossbreeding, that is, in terms of population genetics, on the balance of genetic drift and migration.
If this balance is shifted towards isolation (as in the Caucasus or Siberia), then the frequencies of haplogroups will differ sharply between populations, haplogroups will have geographically narrow areas with little overlap with each other, and haplogroups will reach very high frequencies in “their” populations . If the balance is shifted towards migrations, then the frequencies will not differ so dramatically, the areas will be quite wide and overlapping with each other, and the subhaplogroups will not reach too high frequencies, because the rest of the gene pool will be represented by other haplogroups, the areas of which overlap the same territory. All these features are clearly visible in the example R- M458 And R- M558 , because the shift in balance towards migration rather than isolation is especially characteristic of Europe.
EUROPEAN BRANCHR1 A-Z284.
But there is one more sub-option R1 a– haplogroup R- Z284 (Fig. 2.6.) has a completely different pattern, which can be called “Scandinavian” or “Northern European”. According to currently available data, its frequency is 20% in Norway, 7% in Denmark, and 3% each in England and Sweden, and outside Northern Europe R- Z284 found only in a few samples. These frequencies will certainly be adjusted as new populations are studied and sample sizes of already studied peoples are increased, but the general association with the populations of Northern Europe is already undoubted.
HAPLOGROUP R1b AND ITS VARIANTS
HAPLOGROUPR1 b(GENERALLY)
Haplogroup R1 b, “brotherly” in relation to the haplogroup R1 a and the second most frequent in Europe, also has a wide range (Fig. 2.8), but the main zone of its maximum frequencies is in Western Europe. An important contribution to the study of the European gene pool was the discovery of new informative SNP markers within one of the branches of the haplogroup R1 b- haplogroups R-M269(indicated on maps using a phylogenetically close marker as R-L265 ). This large-scale study was carried out by a large international team with the participation of the author and published in.
R1 b generally ( R- L10 , rice. 2.8.) clearly shows that this is the main component, constituting more than half of the Y-chromosomal gene pool of Western Europe. Only the population of the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula carries reduced frequencies of this haplogroup, since Mediterranean haplogroups predominate among them, and even Scandinavia, in terms of the geography of haplogroups, does not belong to Western Europe, but forms an independent northern domain, in which another haplogroup predominates - I1 .
Haplogroup R1 b even more characteristic of Western Europe than R1 a characteristic of the East, because R1 b in many populations (British Isles, Basques and a number of other populations of the Iberian Peninsula) it makes up not even half, but more than two-thirds of the gene pool. Overall, the haplogroup trend R1 b- maximum frequencies in the Basques and a gradual decrease in frequency east of the Iberian Peninsula - very similar to the geography of the classical marker Rh-d(Rh factor). Frequency surge in eastern Europe reflects increased frequency R1b in some Bashkir populations, known from [Lobov, 2009]. However, our team is now completing a detailed study of the diversity of the Y chromosome in Bashkir populations (more than 1000 samples). This study found that the frequency R1 b is high only in a few clan groups, while most clan groups of the Bashkirs are characterized by other haplogroups, and the frequencies R1 b theirs are small. Therefore the splash R1 b in the east of Europe does not reflect a pan-European pattern, but only local patterns of the origin of individual generic groups of the steppe populations of Eurasia.
Although R1 b reaches high frequencies mainly in Western Europe, the map (Fig. 2.8.) shows that it (like R1 a) is distributed everywhere, occupying the entire mapped range and extending far beyond its borders throughout Eurasia. It is believed that R1 b is of Western Asian origin, and its various branches spread to various parts of the Old World, but only the branch that spread to Europe and reached such significant frequencies in it was especially “lucky”.
The figure shows only branches that are examined in detail using genogeographic maps; the structure of the diagram corresponds to the complete tree of haplogroup R1b-L10 according to the ISOGG version as of October 2015.
SUBVARIANTS OF HAPLOGROUPR1 b
Maps in Fig. 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11 show three main branches R1 b(Fig. 2.7.), which - with many reservations - can be called African, steppe Eurasian and Western European haplogroups. Indeed, when we look at the map R1 b in general (Fig. 2.8.), we see its presence in North Africa as well.
AFRICAN BRANCHR- V88.
Map R- V88 (Fig. 2.9.) just shows the frequencies, albeit low (1-6%, with an increase to 26% in only one population), but throughout North Africa (from Morocco to Egypt), and the almost complete absence of this haplogroup in Europe and Asia. That is, the “African” part R1 b– this is almost exclusively a branch R- V88 . It reaches its maximum far beyond the mapped area - in Central Africa.
STEPPE BRANCHR- M478 .
Map of the next branch - R- M478 – shows its association with the steppe populations of Eurasia (Fig. 2.10). The zone of its maximum frequencies is also located for the most part outside the mapped area - in the spaces from the Urals to Altai. However, as you can see on the map, in separate “languages” this haplogroup reaches the Caucasus, remaining confined to the steppe regions of the Southern Urals and Ciscaucasia, and making up only 1-10%, rarely in any populations up to 20% of the gene pool.
WESTERN EUROPEAN BRANCHR- L265.
The third of the main branches of the haplogroup R1 b- haplogroup R-M269, or, as we denote it here on maps, R- L265 — constitutes the main (in frequency and area) part of R1b. Therefore, the map of its distribution (Fig. 2.11) generally echoes the map L10 , only without the African part of its range. This haplogroup is subdivided into many subhaplogroups, many of which are specific to a particular area within the branch's range. Let's focus on the two main branches inside R- L265 : Central European haplogroup R- M405 and her Iberian-British “brother” R- P312 with all their “filial” branches (Fig. 2.12. - 2.17.).
CENTRAL EUROPEAN BRANCH R-M405 IN GENERAL.
Haplogroup R-M405(Fig. 2.12) is found throughout almost all of Western, Central and Northern Europe (with the exception of the southern regions of the Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas, as well as the Balkan Peninsula in the south, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in the north), as well as in the western part of Eastern Europe . However, with maximum frequencies (18-36%), the haplogroup R-M405 found mainly in the population of Central Europe (in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark and southern Britain). Dating of both the emergence and identification of internal subvariants of the haplogroup R-M405 according to www.yfull.com are about 5 thousand years ago (in the range of 4.4-5.3 thousand years ago), i.e. date back to the Bronze Age. It seems that already at this time migration processes were taking place, leading to the spread of the haplogroup R- M405 to different parts of Europe. It is possible that the data on the haplogroup R- M405 indicate one of the episodes of the spread of speakers of Indo-European languages in Europe. To one of the directions of distribution of haplogroup carriers R- M405, perhaps indicated by the geography of one of its subbranches - the haplogroup R- M467.
"GERMAN-BRITISH" BRANCHR- M467.
Modest distribution of the haplogroup R- M467 (Fig. 2.13) - both in its frequencies (from a maximum of 4% in eastern Germany through values of about 3% in northern and southern Germany, Holland and southern Britain to 0.5% in France), and in geography (not the most vast, by European standards, areas around the North Sea) - nevertheless, it is of interest. Geography of the haplogroup R- M467 suggests the migration of its speakers from the territory of modern Germany along the North Sea to the shores of the British Isles. Dating for haplogroup R- M467, presented on the website www.yfull.com indicate its emergence about 4.7 thousand years ago (in the range of 4.1-5.4 thousand years ago), and the time of expansion (division into subbranches) a thousand years later is about 3.4 thousand years ago (in the range from 2.8-4.0 thousand years ago). Comparing the range of the haplogroup R- M467 on the map with the indicated dates of occurrence and spread, we can assume two models for the emergence of such a situation. The first is when migration processes from the territory of the central regions of modern Germany during the Bronze Age passed along the coast of the North Sea to the British Isles and left their mark on the modern gene pool. The second is when this haplogroup could have been distributed somewhat wider to the south, west and east, but as a result of the arrival of another population there, the already low frequency of the haplogroup R- M467 decreased in the south to values almost undetectable with current sample sizes.
PYRENEAN-BRITISH BRANCHR- P312 OVERALL.
Haplogroup distribution R- P312 (Fig. 2.14) is interesting in that it largely reflects the general features of the distribution in the population of Europe as its ancestral haplogroup R- L265 , and the entire haplogroup R1 b generally. Highest haplogroup frequencies R- P312 in the very west of Europe (the Iberian Peninsula, the territory of western France, the British Isles) with a gradual decrease in frequency to the east and a local surge in the southern Urals - these are almost the same features that were described above when characterizing the area of the haplogroup R1 b generally. However, following a general trend does not mean complete similarity. Thus, a vast area of red-violet shades (frequencies 50-75%) in most of Western Europe, which was previously observed on haplogroup maps R1 b- L10 And R- L265 (Fig. 2.8. and Fig. 2.11.), on the haplogroup map R- P312 (Fig. 2.14) turns into a local burst of frequency (up to 75%) in the north of the British Isles and an area of yellow-red shades (frequency 30-50%) in the Iberian Peninsula and France. South Ural red-violet burst of general frequency R1 b on the haplogroup map R- P312 is reduced to a small “eye” at the point for the northern Bashkirs, which is surrounded on all sides by low-frequency regions (no more than 3%).
Haplogroup R-P312, thus covering a significant part of both the diversity of the entire haplogroup R- L265 , so its range. It can be assumed that in this case, within the haplogroup R- P312 There are also a number of local subbranches with narrower areas. And this assumption is justified: today five large branches are known, which in turn are divided into several dozen deeper ones. However, we will focus only on three branches R- P312 , the distribution of which in Europe is well studied: haplogroup R-M167 and its subvariant R- M153 , as well as haplogroup R- M222 (Fig. 2.15-2.17.).
"BASCO-ROMAN" HAPLOGROUPR- M167.
This is the name for the haplogroup R- M167 conditionally: its geography (Fig. 2.15) covers the population of the Iberian Peninsula and Western France, a small area in the south of Germany and a single “peephole” in Holland, as well as an area in the Western Black Sea region (Romanians and Bulgarians). The majority of the haplogroup's range is thus inhabited by peoples speaking languages of the Romance (Spanish, Portuguese, French and Romanians) group of the Indo-European language family and the Basque language family. However, southern Germans and Bulgarians, who also have a haplogroup R- M167 , speak the languages of other groups of the Indo-European family.
Area of maximum haplogroup frequencies R- M167 (yellowish-greenish tones in Fig. 2.15, haplogroup frequency from 6% to 25%) covers the territory of the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France. This same area is the only territory of distribution of the daughter haplogroup R- M167 – subvariant R- M153 (Fig. 2.16).
"BASQUE" BRANCHR- M153.
As can be seen on the map (Fig. 2.16), the haplogroup R- M153 reaches its maximum frequency (almost 16%) among the Basques, is half as common in the population of the Spanish Pyrenees, and covers the rest of its range with very low frequencies (1-3%). Due to this geography, the haplogroup R- M153 can be conditionally called “Basque” and assume that it appeared and spread mainly in the populations of this people. The age of origin of this haplogroup according to www.yfull.com is about 2.5 thousand years (ranging from 3500 to 1500 years ago). In other words, this haplogroup most likely appeared in the populations of the Pyrenees Mountains at the dawn of our era and managed to spread on both sides of the mountain range (and more effectively to the south of the Pyrenees) as a result of local migrations.
BRITISH BRANCHR- M222.
The haplogroup can be considered surprising, only not in terms of the breadth of its range, but precisely in terms of its compactness R- M222 (Fig. 2.17). The distribution of this haplogroup almost exclusively in the British Isles suggests a local origin. According to www.yfull.com estimates, the expansion of the haplogroup R- M222 dates back to only 1.8 thousand years ago (in the range of 1.3-2.4 thousand years ago). In other words, the haplogroup appeared in the populations of the British Isles in the 2nd millennium BC, and the migrations that spread it occurred at the beginning of our era, that is, around Roman times.
Example of haplogroup phylogeography R-L265 shows how detailed genetic information is hidden within each haplogroup of the Y chromosome. We can only hope that as data on complete genomes accumulates, informative markers will be discovered within other haplogroups.
INDIAN HAPLOGROUPR2 (R- L266).
Haplogroup R2 (R- L266 ) comes from the same root as the haplogroup R1 , which gave rise to haplogroups R1 a And R1 b. Haplogroup distribution map R2 (R- L266 ) (Fig. 2.18) shows that for the population of Europe as a whole R2 is not typical: it occurs with extremely low frequencies (less than 3%) only in the north of the Apennine Peninsula and in Sardinia, among the Turkish population near the Dardanelles Strait, in central Anatolia and Transcaucasia. With a slightly higher frequency of 5% haplogroup R2 (R- L266 ) seen in southeastern Turkey, with a frequency of 6% among Kalmyks. Such a meager geography of the haplogroup within the mapped area is perhaps not surprising: after all, the main area R2 (R- L266 ) covers distant territories of the Indian Peninsula and Central Asia, and with low frequencies the haplogroup reaches China in the east and South-West Asia in the west of its range.
HAPLOGROUP I AND ITS SUBVARIANTS
Continuing the topic of the high information content of identifying subtypes and analyzing their geographical distribution, let me remind you of the classic work in which the haplogroup I-M170 was phylogenetically divided into three subtypes. It turned out that these subtypes have completely different geographical locations : haplogroup I1-M253(on maps — I-L118) is confined to northern Europe, I2a-P37– to the Balkan region, and I2b-M223(on maps - I-L35) is localized primarily in Northwestern Europe. It was after this work and a number of similar ones that it became clear that the discovery of new SNP markers dividing the haplogroup into subbranches is the main way to increase the information content of the Y-chromosome analysis. But for a long time, progress along this path was slow, and only after the introduction of complete sequencing of the Y chromosome, new markers began to accumulate like an avalanche. Thus, for a long time it was not possible to discover new SNP markers within the haplogroup I, or the newly discovered SNP markers did not identify new branches with a clear geography. For example, the work discovered new markers and reorganized the topology of the haplogroup branches I-M170, but the same three main branches were preserved, albeit under new names, and the new discovered variants were rare and not characterized by clear geographical trends.
"SCANDINAVIAN" HAPLOGROUP I-L118.
Distribution map of the “Scandinavian” haplogroup I-L118(Fig. 2.19) shows its maximum frequencies not only in geographical Scandinavia, but also in territories closely associated with it historically: Denmark, Scotland, and the western regions of Finland. Therefore, the region of moderate frequencies in Russian populations north of the Volga, which stands out against the background of low frequencies in most Slavic populations, is interesting. It cannot be ruled out that this reflects historical contact with Norman populations. Although these contacts were more intense for the northwestern Russian populations (on the way “from the Varangians to the Greeks”), the territories of the northwest were relatively densely populated, so the influence of the “Varangians” could be more significant for the smaller populations of the Trans-Volga region.
"BALKAN" HAPLOGROUP I-P37
Distribution map of the “Balkan” haplogroup I-P37(Fig. 2.20) shows its high frequencies also in Italy. In general, this haplogroup is distributed throughout almost all of Europe, except Scandinavia. In Eastern Europe, a smooth gradient of decreasing frequency from the southwest (Ukraine) to the north and east is very reminiscent of the map of the first principal component based on classical genetic markers [Rychkov et al., 2002]. It is also worth noting the rather pronounced coincidence of the area of this haplogroup with the geographical borders of Europe - with a high frequency in the Black Sea region, the haplogroup is very rare in the North Caucasus and almost absent in Transcaucasia, and with maximum frequencies in the Balkans it is very rare in neighboring Asia Minor.
“VARYAGO-GREEK” HAPLOGROUP I-L35
Along the shores of the North and Baltic seas, and a little inland from them - this is how one could describe the geography of the haplogroup I-L35, if not for two more additions in the northeast and southeast. Although the maximum frequency of the haplogroup I-L35 ( 17%) is noted in Sweden (Fig. 2.21), a zone of rarer occurrence of the haplogroup (3-7%) covers the northern part of Central Europe, in the southeast a separate area of very low frequencies (1-3%) covers the Balkan Peninsula and the western part Asia Minor, and in the northeast it manifests itself in the Russian populations of the Tver and Kostroma regions. It can be noted that the range of the haplogroup I-L35 — the haplogroup is quite moderate and homogeneous in frequency values (in most of the area the frequency varies from 2-3% to 7%, only the peak in Sweden is up to 17%) - it connects several extreme regions of Europe: Scandinavia, the northern regions of Eastern Europe and the east of Southern Europe. It is quite possible that the geography of the haplogroup I-L35 indeed reflects one of the genetic traces of trade routes between the north and south of Europe. It is no less likely that each of these zones is associated with its own subvariant of this haplogroup.
HAPLOGROUP N AND ITS SUBVARIANTS
Haplogroup N within the European region it is represented by two large branches - haplogroups N1c And N1b(further and on maps N-M46 And N-P43 respectively). Although the general areas of these two haplogroups in Europe overlap, the zones of their maximum frequencies are delimited in the north by the Pechora River, and to the south by the Ural Range: from the west of this conditional “border” there remain zones of increased occurrence of the haplogroup N-M46, and from the east - the zone of maximum frequencies N-P43. Let's consider the geography of these two “brotherly” branches of the haplogroup N a little more detail.
NORTH EUROPEAN WESTERN HAPLOGROUP N-M46
Haplogroup distribution map N-M46(Fig. 2.22) shows its maximum frequencies among the Finns. Its frequencies are also high in other populations of northeastern Europe. Although in general this haplogroup appears to be confined to Finno-Ugric populations, it is just as common among northern Russians (which, apparently, is explained by the assimilation of the pre-Slavic population, as will be described in the following chapters). The most interesting area seems to be the high frequency of this haplogroup among the Balts (Latvians and Lithuanians). In this case, the genetic boundaries coincide well with the linguistic ones: the boundary of the areas of the Balts and Western Slavs coincides with a pronounced “cliff” in the frequency of the haplogroup. A similar picture is observed on the border with Belarusians.
"NORTH URAL" HAPLOGROUP N-P43
Haplogroup distribution map N-P43(Fig. 2.23) also reveals a northern, but much narrower range. The maximum frequencies of this haplogroup are observed in the extreme northeast of Europe and smoothly transition to the world maximum of this haplogroup in Western Siberia. With moderate frequencies, this haplogroup is distributed throughout the Urals and the Urals. A smooth gradient of decreasing frequency to the west and south is noticeable, so that in populations of Central Russia and the lower Volga this haplogroup is still found (albeit with minimal frequencies), and in other populations of Europe it is almost completely absent.
HAPLOGROUP E AND ITS SUBVARIANTS
Most of the haplogroups described above mainly characterized the conditionally northern half of the European continent. Considering the geography of the following haplogroup - E– we will shift our attention to the south, to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Four main branches of the haplogroup are found in Europe E: E- L142 And E- V22 (going back to a common root - haplogroup E-M78), E- M81 And E- M123 .
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HAPLOGROUPE- L142
Haplogroup map E- L142 (Fig. 2.24) somewhat resembles a haplogroup map I-P37(Fig. 2.20) - the maximum frequencies of both of these haplogroups are confined to the Balkan Peninsula. Their patterns are also very similar: frequency decreases to the north, west and east. The main differences between the trends of these two haplogroups are, firstly, the lower frequency E- L142 (in most territories it is “inferior” I-P37 per map scale interval) and, secondly, in the distribution E- L142 not only in Europe, but throughout the Mediterranean, including the Middle East and the northern reaches of Africa. Within the Balkans I-P37 especially common among Bosnians and Croats, and E- L142 predominates to the south - among the Serbs, Albanians and Greeks.
"EGYPTIAN" HAPLOGROUPE- V22
Two small “eyes” in the north and south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Apennine Peninsula - territories with the frequency of the haplogroup E- V22 up to 5%, a small area in the north-west of Asia Minor (in the vicinity of Istanbul) with a frequency of up to 6%: this could complete the description of the geography of the haplogroup E-V22 within the geographical boundaries of Europe (Fig. 2.25). However, the geography of the haplogroup E-V22 in Europe it mainly follows the Mediterranean coast, so it is worth tracing its distribution further south. Map in Fig. 2.25 shows a smooth increase in the frequency of the haplogroup E- V22 in two opposing regions: the southwest and southeast of the Mediterranean. In the southwestern Mediterranean off the coast of the Strait of Gibraltar and deep into Morocco, the frequency of the haplogroup E-V22 rises to 7%. In the southeastern Mediterranean, an increase in the frequency of the haplogroup E- V22 It is noted from Asia Minor to the south - through the Levant up to the Nile Delta, where it reaches 14%, and even further south along the Nile, where among the Egyptian Arabs of the Bahariya oasis it reaches a world maximum of 22%. From these two non-European regions of distribution of the haplogroup E- V22, It is likely that it was the latter (with higher frequencies and wider distribution) that served as the main source of distribution of the haplogroup E- V22 to Europe.
SAHARAN HAPLOGROUPE- M81
If the two previous branches of haplogroup E are E- L142 And E-V22 - demonstrated mainly distribution along the northern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, sometimes with a deepening to the north and east of the continent, then the geography of the third branch - haplogroups E- M81- more follows the southern Mediterranean. Haplogroup distribution map E- M81 in Fig. 2.26, although it shows a noticeable presence of the haplogroup in the Middle East (frequency up to 20%), however, the main zone of high frequencies is in northwestern Africa. From this maximum, a smooth decrease in frequency was noted in a northerly direction through the Strait of Gibraltar with a moderate distribution (2-10%) of the haplogroup E- M81 on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula and southwestern France, narrow areas of low frequencies (no more than 3%) in the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas, as well as in the northeast of Asia Minor.
NEAR ASIAN HAPLOGROUPE- M123
Haplogroup E- M123 reaches a maximum in Western Asia (20-25%), closer to Europe (in Asia Minor) it decreases to 15%. In Europe itself, it is distributed with low frequencies along the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, and appears in isolated patches in Central Europe (Fig. 2.27).
HAPLOGROUP G AND ITS SUBVARIANTS
Haplogroup distribution maps of two branches of the haplogroup G- P15 – haplogroups G- P303 andG- P16 – in general, they have a similar distribution and even on a pan-European map scale it is clear that both are confined primarily to the Caucasus. However, they reach their maximum frequencies in different parts of the Caucasus region: haplogroup G- P303 predominates in the extreme north-west among the Black Sea Shapsugs, and the haplogroup G- P16 - in the Central Caucasus among the Ossetian-Ironians (Fig. 2.28 and Fig. 2.29). This is fully confirmed by a separate study of the gene pool of the Caucasus.
WESTERN CAUCASIAN HAPLOGROUPG- P303
The map shows that the haplogroup G- P303 (Fig. 2.28) is also common in the Middle East, and in Europe it is found mainly in its southeastern regions. High frequency haplogroup zones G- P303 stretch along the eastern coast of the Black Sea and are confined to populations of the peoples of the Western Caucasus, mainly of the Abkhaz-Adyghe linguistic group. With lower frequencies (up to 10%) haplogroup G- P303 distributed in the Northern Black Sea region (on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula and in the Azov region), the region of low frequencies (3-5%) extends further north into the Ukrainian forest-steppe zone. Local increase in haplogroup frequency G- P303 up to 13% is also observed in the Volga region among the Mordovian Moksha population and is surrounded by a region of low frequencies.
CENTRAL CAUCASIAN HAPLOGROUPG- P16
Geography of the haplogroup G- P16 (Fig. 2.29) narrower compared to its “brother” branch G- P303 . It covers exclusively the Caucasus region and Asia Minor. Within this area, the frequency of the haplogroup G- P16 sharply drops from maximum values among Ossetians (73% among Ossetian-Ironians and 56% among Ossetians-Digorians) to values in the range of 10-20% among the peoples of the North-West Caucasus (Abkhazians, Circassians, Balkarians and Karachais) and then decreases to a minimum marks among Turks, Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
HAPLOGROUP J AND ITS SUBVARIANTS
Haplogroup J represented by two major branches: J- L255 (J1) And J-L228 (J2), of which the second is more widespread in Europe. Although both of these branches are Middle Eastern in origin and reflect ancient relationships between the population of Europe and the inhabitants of much more southern regions of Eurasia, it makes sense to consider separately the geography of each of these lines as a whole, and each of the internal branches of the more widespread haplogroup in Europe J-L228 (J2).
HAPLOGROUPJ- L255 (J1): from Western Asia to the peaks of the Eastern Caucasus
Haplogroup distribution J- L255 (Fig. 2.30) in the mapped area covers mainly its south-eastern regions: the Caucasus, Asia Minor, the Northern Black Sea region, the Balkan Peninsula; small zones - the south of the Apennine Peninsula and France, the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Within the region of maximum frequencies - the Caucasus - haplogroup J- L255 highlights the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus, where it accounts for the lion's share of the entire gene pool. Maximum haplogroup J- L255 reaches in Dagestan (among the Kubachi, Dargins, Tabasarans and Avars its frequencies range from 63 to 98%), and decreases to 44% among Lezgins and 21% among Chechens. On the territory of Asia Minor, the share of the haplogroup J- L255 ranges from 5% to 15%.
HAPLOGROUPJ-L228 (J2) IN GENERAL
Haplogroup distribution map J-L228 (J2) paints a different picture (Fig. 2.31). Unlike most of the haplogroups discussed above, J-L228 (J2) distributed with high frequencies not in Europe, but in the Middle East and North Africa. Of course, its range also extends into the southern regions of Europe neighboring these regions: Spain (especially its southern regions), Italy (also especially southern), and the south of the Balkan Peninsula. But this haplogroup reaches its maximum frequencies (red on the map) in some populations of the North Caucasus. As was shown in our study, as well as in the work, the Caucasian maximum is confined to the populations of the Nakh group (Chechens and Ingush).
HAPLOGROUPJ- L152 AND ITS SUBVARIANTJ- M67
Geography of the haplogroup J- L152 in Europe is quite extensive: the low frequency zone stretches from the north-west of the Balkan Peninsula through Central Europe and to the Iberian Peninsula. The zone of high frequencies (from 15%) covers Asia Minor and the Caucasus. Almost repeats this pattern, but somewhat in a narrower geographical scope and generally with lower frequencies, the distribution of its “filial” branch - the haplogroup J-M67(Fig. 2.32). However, the haplogroup J-M67 in its frequency it is more confined to the Caucasus, making up no more than 13% of the gene pool in the territory of Asia Minor.
HAPLOGROUPJ- L282
Haplogroup distribution J- L282 in Europe (Fig. 2.33) is noticeably different from the previous branch. Against the background of a vast zone of low frequencies, three areas stand out, where the proportion of the haplogroup J- L282 in the gene pool is increased to 10-15%: the north of Fennoscandia (however, this maximum is based only on data on one population), the Volga region (Moksha population of Mordovians) and the north of the Balkan Peninsula (several Albanian populations).
RARE HAPLOGROUPSL, Q, T
HAPLOGROUP L-M11
Haplogroup L-M11(Fig. 2.34) in Europe is confined to the southeastern regions (with the exception of an isolated case in Belgium): the Crimean Peninsula, the European part of Turkey and the North Caucasus. Moreover, the frequency of the haplogroup L-M11 gradually increases in the southeast direction, reaching 14% in the Eastern Caucasus among the Chechens and 13% in the northeast of Asia Minor among the Turks. Further, its frequency increases in the Near and Middle East, reaching the Indian maximum already far beyond the mapped area.
HAPLOGROUP Q-M242
Haplogroup Q-M242 in Europe it is practically not found, with the exception of a few points with low frequencies (up to 3%) in Central and Eastern Europe, on the Crimean Peninsula and in the eastern half of Asia Minor (Fig. 2.35). A smooth corridor from the northwestern coast of the Caspian Sea further east with a gradual increase in frequency is the area of the haplogroup Q-M242 passes to Central Asia and Siberia, where it reaches its maximum.
HAPLOGROUP T
Haplogroup frequency T-L206 in the European population does not exceed 5% (Fig. 2.36). Its range in Europe is patchwork and is reduced in the west to three narrow regions on the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia, and in the east to a zone in the Northern Black Sea region with a transition to the northeast into the Ukrainian forest-steppe, isolated cases in the Volga region among the Kazan Tatars and in the North Caucasus among the Kuban Nogais. Outside Europe, the frequency of haplogroup T is equally low, but its range is no longer patchy, but almost continuous, covering all of Asia Minor, the Middle East and northeast Africa.
Y-GENE POOL OF EUROPE - THE PRINCIPLE OF PUZZLES
Thus, the study of Y-chromosome variability in European populations, based on the combination of extensive own data with literature, confirmed and clarified the conclusion that the main feature of the structuring of the gene pool is the clear identification of geographical zones, each of which has its own haplogroup predominant. This is convincingly demonstrated by the distribution maps of haplogroups (Fig. 2.2.-2.36).
However, when placing data for each haplogroup on a separate map, it is difficult to track the overlap - or, conversely, non-overlap - of the areas of haplogroups. Therefore, we combined the distribution zones of all haplogroups on one map (Fig. 2.37). In this figure, the outline of each of the nine main European haplogroups strictly corresponds to the territory in which the frequency of this haplogroup is above 35%, i.e. more than a third of the gene pool. It can be seen that each haplogroup actually occupies its own range. The areas that remain white are small - these are those areas where the diversity of haplogroups is high and no single haplogroup reaches the 35% level.
The resulting map clearly demonstrates the “puzzle principle”—the high geographic specificity of Y-chromosome haplogroups. Thanks to this, in each territory, although there are many haplogroups, only one or two dominate. Thus, the gene pool of Europe turns out to be composed, as if from a puzzle, from the areas of predominant distribution of different haplogroups.
Each geographical part of Europe is dominated by one haplogroup, rarely found in other parts. The map shows which parts of Europe each of the main haplogroups is confined to. The map is based on exact frequency values. Zones with a haplogroup frequency above the threshold value of 0.35 are shown in color (that is, in the areas highlighted in color, more than a third of the gene pool belongs to this haplogroup).
Let us note in parentheses that the objective association of this haplogroup with Slavic populations in this very limited territory, unfortunately, became one of the reasons for attaching the “Slavic” label to the entire R1a haplogroup so widespread on amateur forums on the Internet. But such a linking of a haplogroup - throughout its Eurasian range in space and extended existence incommensurable with the Slavs in time - to the Slavic linguistic group alone, alas, not only borders on pseudoscience, but also crosses this line.
It arose about 15,000 years ago in Asia and subsequently split into several subclades, or, as they are also called, daughter haplogroups. We will look at the main ones - Z283 and Z93. R1a1-Z93 is an Asian marker, characteristic of Turks, Jews, and Indians. With the participation of haplogroup R1a1-Z93, the wheel was invented in the steppe, the first carts were constructed and the horse was domesticated. These were the cultures of the Andronovo circle. The haplogroup quickly mastered the entire strip of Eurasian steppes from the Caspian Sea to Transbaikalia, breaking up into many different tribes with different ethnocultural characteristics.
R1a1-Z283 is a European marker and is characteristic for the most part of the Slavs, but not only, the Scandinavians and the British also have their own separate subclades. In general, today it is ancient haplogroup R1a1 most typical for Slavic, Turkic and Indian ethnic groups.
Excavations of the “Country of Cities” in the Southern Urals confirmed that already about 4000 years ago in the fortified settlement of Arkaim there were premises for personal and public use, residential and workshops. In some rooms, not only pottery workshops were discovered, but also metallurgical production.
During the excavations, about 8,000 square meters were uncovered. m of the settlement area (about half), the second part was studied using archaeomagnetic methods. Thus, the layout of the monument was completely established. Here the reconstruction method was used for the first time in the Trans-Urals, and L.L. Gurevich made drawings of a possible type of settlement. R1a1-Z93 was probably one of the main haplogroups in Arkaim and Sintasht.
Currently, most of Europe speaks Indo-European languages, while haplogroup R1b more specific to Western Europe, and R1a - to Eastern Europe. In countries closer to central Europe there are both of these haplogroups. So haplogroup R1a occupies about 30% of the population of Norway, and about 15% in East Germany - apparently the remnants of direct Y-lines of the Polabian Slavs once assimilated by the Germans. 
In the second millennium BC, presumably due to climate change or as a result of military strife, part of R1a1 (subclade Z93 and other haplogroups of Central Asia) began to migrate to the south and east beyond the steppe, part (subclade L657) went towards India and, joining to local tribes, took part in the creation of a caste society. Those distant events are described in the oldest literary source of humanity - the Rigveda.
The other part began to move towards the Middle East. On the territory of modern Turkey, they allegedly founded Hittite state, which successfully competed with ancient Egypt. The Hittites built cities, but could not become famous for the construction of huge pyramids, since, unlike Egypt, the Hittite society was a society free people, and the idea of using forced labor was alien to them. The Hittite state disappeared suddenly, swept away by a powerful wave of barbarian tribes known as the “peoples of the sea.” In the middle of the last century, archaeologists found a rich library of clay tablets with Hittite texts; the language turned out to belong to the Indo-European group of languages. This is how we gained detailed knowledge about the first state, part of whose male lines supposedly consisted of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93.
Slavic subclades haplogroup R1a1-Z283 form their own cluster of haplotypes, which are completely unrelated to any Western European subclades haplogroup R1a, nor Indo-Iranian and the separation of European speakers of R1a1-Z283 with Asian R1a1-Z93 occurred approximately 6,000 years ago.
In October 539 (BC), the Iranian Persian tribe captured Babylon, the Persian leader Cyrus decided not to leave, but to seriously settle in the captured city. Subsequently, Cyrus managed to significantly expand his possessions, and thus the great Persian Empire arose, which lasted longer than all the empires in the world - 1190 years! In 651 AD, Persia, weakened by civil strife, fell under the onslaught of the Arabs, and this may have led to a change in the haplogroup composition of the population. Now in modern Iran haplogroup R1a makes up approximately 10% of the population.
Three world religions are associated with the Indo-Aryans - Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.
Zoroaster was a Persian and possibly a carrier of R1a1, and Buddha came from the Shakya tribe of Hindus, among whose modern representatives haplogroups O3 and J2 were found.
Most peoples consist of many haplogroups, and there is no genus that dominates the rest. There is also no connection between the haplogroup and a person’s appearance and, as can be seen, many representatives haplogroup R1a1 They even belong to different races. To many R1a1-Z93 are characterized by Mongoloid features (Kyrgyz, Altaians, Khotons, etc.), while carriers of R1a1-Z283 have a mostly European appearance (Poles, Russians, Belarusians, etc.). A large number of Finnish tribes have high percentages haplogroup R1a1, some of which were assimilated with the arrival of Slavic colonists in the 9th century.
Achievements that R1a1 may be related to:
The wheel, carts, horse taming, metallurgy, trousers, boots, dresses, the world's first paved "autobahn" with a length of more than 1000 km with "refueling" stations - replacing horses, and much more.
It is difficult to tell the entire history of the first Indo-Europeans in a short article; only a few historical fragments can awaken interest in the history of the ancient ancestors of the Slavs. Type the words in the search engine Indo-Aryans, Turks, Slavs, Scythians, Sarmatians, Persia, and you will plunge into a fascinating journey through the glorious history of the Indo-European and Slavic peoples.
Haplogroup tree.
Until 2007, no one had carried out detailed reconstructions of childbirth, no one had come up with this idea, and it was not possible to solve such a grandiose task. Many population geneticists have worked with small samples of short 6-marker haplotypes, which allow them to obtain general genographic ideas about the distribution of haplogroups.
In 2009, a professional population geneticist set out to build a detailed family tree of this haplogroup. Faced with a number of problems, for example, calculating large samples of extremely long haplotypes using conventional methods was impossible due to the astronomical number of operations, not a single computer was able to sort through the required number of combinations, but thanks to resourcefulness and the desire to build a tree of one’s haplogroup, these problems were overcome.
After R1a1 many haplogroups began to create their trees.
The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because Genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of days gone by, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.
Haplogroup R1b
Haplogroup R1b is a parallel subclade to haplogroup R1a. The founder of haplogroup R1b was born about 16,000 years ago in central Asia from the parent genus R1. About 10,000 years ago, haplogroup R1b split into several subclades, which began to diverge in different directions. Some scientists associate the eastern branch - subclade R1b-M73 with the ancient Tocharians, who took part in the ethnogenesis of such a people as the modern Uyghurs.
The movement of haplogroup R1b westward into Europe probably occurred in several stages. Some may be associated with Neolithic migrations from Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, and some with post-Neolithic migrations and the spread of the archaeological culture of the Bell-shaped Beakers. There is also a version about migration along the North African coast to the Strait of Gibraltar, with further transportation to the Pyrenees in the form of the archaeological culture of the Bell Beakers - but this hypothesis is too much of a stretch. In any case, most European representatives of haplogroup R1b have the P312 snip, which definitely originated in Europe.
After Egyptian scientists analyzed the mummy Tutankhamun, it was found that Pharaoh turned out to be a representative of the haplogroup R1b.
Now the majority of representatives haplogroup R1b1a2 lives in Western Europe, where haplogroup R1b1a2 is the main haplogroup. In Russia, only the Bashkir people have a large percentage of this haplogroup. In the Russian people, haplogroup R1b makes up no more than 5%. In the Peter and Catherine eras, a state policy was pursued to massively attract foreign specialists from Germany and the rest of Europe, many Russian R1b are their descendants. Also, some part could have entered the Russian ethnic group from the East - this is primarily the R1b-M73 subclade. Some R1b-L23 may be migrants from the Caucasus, where they came from Transcaucasia and Western Asia.
Europe
Modern concentration haplogroup R1b maximum in the territories of the migration routes of the Celts and Germans: in southern England about 70%, in northern and western England, Spain, France, Wales, Scotland, Ireland - up to 90% or more. And also, for example, among the Basques - 88.1%, Spaniards - 70%, Italians - 40%, Belgians - 63%, Germans - 39%, Norwegians - 25.9% and others.
In Eastern Europe haplogroup R1b much less common. Czechs and Slovaks - 35.6%, Latvians - 10%, Hungarians - 12.1%, Estonians - 6%, Poles - 10.2%-16.4%, Lithuanians - 5%, Belarusians - 4.2% , Russians - from 1.3% to 14.1%, Ukrainians - from 2% to 11.1%.
Asia
In the Southern Urals it is significantly widespread among the Bashkirs - about 43%.
Distribution of haplogroups I1 And I2b1 correlates relatively well with the historical boundaries of the distribution of speakers of Germanic languages, however, initially these lines spoke one of the Paleo-European languages. Haplogroup I2b1 found in more than 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (except Wales and Cornwall), Scotland, the southern tip of Sweden and Norway, as well as in the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Perche in northwestern France , in Provence in southeastern France, in the historical regions of Italy - Tuscany, Umbria and Latium; as well as in Moldova, in the Ryazan region and in Mordovia. In the course of a study of dDNA from the region of northern Central Europe, it was possible to establish that back in the 1st millennium BC there were ethnic groups with 80% I2b1. It seems quite likely that the presence of I1 and I2b1 in modern France, England and Italy, as well as in eastern Europe, is already associated with Celtic and Germanic expansion, and in pre-Indo-European times these haplogroups were concentrated only in northern Europe. One of the branches of the haplogroup I2b1, namely I2b1a(snp M284), found almost exclusively in the British population, which may indicate its long history of existence in the British Isles. Interestingly, with a low frequency of haplogroup I1 And I2b are found in the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in modern Turkey, where they could have been brought by the Celts, who migrated there at the invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia.
Haplogroup I2b1 also occurs in approximately 1% of the Sardinian population.
It is assumed that I2b stands out from I2 in central Europe, near the edge of a slowly retreating glacier about 13 thousand years ago, I2b1- from I2b even further north, in what is now Germany, about 9 thousand years ago. Specific British branch I2b1a stood out from I2b1 approximately 3 millennia ago.
I2b2
Haplogroup I2b2 was discovered in skeletal remains found at Lichtenstein Cave, a Bronze Age archaeological site in central Germany where artifacts from the Urn Fields culture were also found. Of the 19 male remains in the cave, haplogroup I2b2 was found in 13, R1b in one, and R1a in two. Presumably, the cave was located at the epicenter of the then spread of haplogroup I2b.
Haplogroup E and E1b1b1
Haplogroup E1b1b1 (snp M35) unites about 5% of all men on Earth and has about 700 generations to a common ancestor. The ancestor of haplogroup E1b1b1 was born approximately 15 thousand years ago in East Africa (possibly in Ethiopia).
For several millennia, the carriers of this haplogroup lived in their historical homeland in Ethiopia and were engaged in hunting and gathering. By race, initially E and E1b1b1 were Negroid, but later, after migrations to the north, the Hamites belonged to the Cushitic large branch of the Western racial trunk and spoke a Nostratic or Afroasiatic proto-language. According to the Dyakonov-Bender theory, in Ethiopia the Hamito-Semitic proto-language emerged from the Nostratic language approximately 14 thousand years ago.
About 13 thousand years ago, the climate on Earth began to change, and not for the better. The era of heat and high humidity is over. A long period of cold and dry climate ensued. It is likely that these climate changes contributed to the fact that the tribes of East Africa, belonging predominantly haplogroup E1b1b1, began their movement from Ethiopia to the north, to areas more favorable for life: to Nubia, Egypt and the Middle East. In the Neolithic, the genus E1b1b1 spread to the Mediterranean region and South Africa. This dispersal contributed to the isolation of individual E1b1b1 groups. Separate peoples emerged with their own language and culture: Egyptians, Berbers, Libyans, Cushites, Ethiopians, Himyarites, Canaanites and South African pastoralists. The men of these new peoples developed new SNP mutations on the Y chromosome, which they passed on to their descendants.
Thus, subclades appeared in the genus E1b1b1-M35:
1. E1b1b1a (snp M78). Ancient Egyptians and their descendants, including in Europe: Mycenaeans, Macedonians, Epirotes, partly Libyans and Nubians.
2. E1b1b1b (snp M81). Berbers. Descendants of the Moors in Europe.
3. E1b1b1с (snp M123). Descendants of the Canaanites.
4. E1b1b1d (snp M281). Southern Ethiopians (Oromo).
5. E1b1b1e (snp V6). Northern Ethiopians (Amhara)
6. E1b1b1f (snp P72). Tanzanians or Ethiopians.
7. E1b1b1g (snp M293). Tanzanians (Datog, Sandawe) and Namibians (Khoe).
Haplogroup E1b1b1a (snp M78) is the main haplogroup of the ancient Egyptians.
The common ancestor lived 11-12 thousand years ago. The genus E1b1b1a (snp M78) stood at the origins of ancient Egyptian civilization.
During the Bronze Age, the Egyptians or their descendants moved to the Balkans. Currently, haplogroup E1b1b1a is most common among Albanians and Greeks, and is represented by Balkan subclades:
E1b1b1a2 (snp V13) - descendants of the Mycenaeans, Macednians and Epirotes and
E1b1b1a5 (snp M521) possibly descendants of the Ionians.
In addition to the above two subclades, three more are distinguished in the E1b1b1a haplogroup:
E1b1b1a1 (snp V12) - descendants of southern Egyptians
E1b1b1a3(snp V22) - descendants of northern Egyptians and
E1b1b1a4 (snp V65) - Libyans and Moroccan Berbers.
The descendants of biblical Mizraim made enormous contributions to world history, art, science and religion. Perhaps it was the representatives of haplogroup E1b1b1a who developed the first agricultural crops, invented one of the earliest writings, and founded one of the majestic states on Earth - Ancient Egypt.
The first E1b1b1 (V13) appeared in Southern Europe already 7 thousand years ago according to dDNA.
The descendants of the ancient Egyptians were the Wright brothers - the creators of the world's first aircraft capable of controlled flight, the Portuguese navigator and explorer of West Africa Joan Afonso de Aveiro, US Vice President John Caldwell Calhoun and many other prominent people.
Haplogroup E1b1a is found almost exclusively among inhabitants of western, central and southern Africa. This is the only Y haplogroup that is common to all of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as to the descendants of African slaves in the Americas and the Caribbean. Elsewhere it occurs with vanishingly low frequency, and its presence is usually explained by the slave trade conducted by the Arabs in the Middle Ages.
Haplogroups E1 and E2 are the most common in Africa
Haplogroup G
Haplogroup G arose more than 20,000 years ago, probably even before the start of the last ice age in the region of modern Iran. This haplogroup, along with haplogroups J2a, J2b, J1, were probably one of the first people to take part in the Neolithic revolution and the spread of agriculture and cattle breeding, first in the Middle East region between the Tigris and Euphrates, and then in Southern Europe in the west, in Egypt in the south, and in Iran in the east. The demographic explosion of haplogroup G was ensured by the enormous advantages of the Neolithic revolution.
Control over the production and distribution of plant foods led to the emergence of civilization and centralized control. Instead of small clans of hunter-gatherers moving behind herds of wild animals, large sedentary communities of farmers and pastoralists appeared with a previously unprecedented complex system of social relations, a social ladder underlying the hierarchy. The transition of mankind to agriculture led to the emergence of trade, writing, astronomical calendars and the emergence of large cities - conglomerates. Along with the spread of agriculture, the ancestors of the haplogroup began to move from the Middle East, so G came to Turkey, the Balkans and the Caucasus, where the highest haplogroup density in the world is currently observed. Haplogroup G has many subclades, which have their own ancient and interesting history.
Spreading
Caucasus
Currently, among fairly large peoples, haplogroup G is found with the highest frequency among Ossetians (found in 68% of Ossetian men), in the Digorsky and Alagirsky regions of North Ossetia - up to 76%.
Of small populations, the frequency of occurrence of haplogroup G is very high among the Shapsugs (subclade G2a3b-P303) and the Kazakh clan Madjar - about 80%.
Europe
Elsewhere in Europe, haplogroup G is quite common in mainland Greece, northern Spain and Italy, Crete, Sardinia and Tyrol (up to 15%). In southern Germany and Hungary it occurs with a frequency of up to 6%.
In the rest of Europe, haplogroup G is rare (less than 4% across the continent) and is represented in its central part by a separate subgroup G2c. The penetration of this subgroup is relatively recent (less than 1000 years ago) and is associated with the settlement of Ashkenazi Jews, among whom it occurs in approximately 8% of cases.
The number of characters describing the haplogroup of human Y chromosomes (women have XX sets, men have XY chromosomes) is up to 5-10 or more, and in order to draw any conclusions, “haplotypes” are better used. The so-called "haplogroup tree" could more accurately be called a haplotype tree. Haplotypes - I, J, O, C, R1a1, R1b1, D and so on.
DNA genealogy is an important tool for historians and for researchers of the origins of humanity. Humanity is countries, peoples. Nations are made up of tribes, ethnic and cultural groups. The culture of humanity is international, but it always has national and state differences and characteristics.
Information about the origin of tribes and peoples is transmitted not only through sections of the Y chromosomes, identified as marks of the first ancestor, starting from which there have been no mutations until now; - but also through the X chromosomes, which are present in both men and women.
Historically, humanity has always, from time to time, been sick with ideas of superiority, but no people or tribes have any special advantages or disadvantages. There is also no obvious identification of peoples by haplotypes.
Haplotypes could be designated in history as follows - I - Slavs (I1 - northern, I2 - southern), J - Semites, D - Tibetans, O - Chinese, E - Arabs, (O1 - northern, O2 - southern), Q - Mayans, gypsies,
R1a1 - Scythians, R1b1 - Sumerians, C - Mongols. Haplotypes I and J originated from IJKL about 20 thousand years ago. The peoples of Eastern Europe, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Belarusians have about 50% of R1a1 statistics. Haplogroup R1b1 originates from the West, Africa. R1b1 - characteristic of the pharaohs, this group is of great importance among the Irish (up to 90%). Among Russians, R1b1 is about 4%; these are ethnic Bashkirs or immigrants from the West. In the West, accordingly, R1a1 are immigrants from the East (Vikings, Swedes). The Scythian haplotypes were combined with the South Siberian N3C. The Sumerian haplotypes are not only R1b1, but also D (D1, D2). Haplogroup D1 is found among both the Ayni and Japanese peoples.
The origin of the Turks comes from the Scythians, like the Eastern European peoples. The Chinese O and Mongolian C lines were of great importance in the creation of the Turkic community. The Turks conquered the Rourans, the Chinese, and in the 7th century the Turks captured Khazaria and created the Turkic Kaganate. Khazaria is a state from Crimea to Muscovy, which was formed in the 3rd century, after the conquest of Scythia by the Huns.
The Kyrgyz are also Turkic, and they have a Turkic language, but the Kyrgyz have R1a1 - up to 70%. Unlike the Kyrgyz, the Kazakhs have large statistics of Chingizids C, Naimans - O, the Kazakhs have up to 4% of statistics - Semites, up to 10% - Argyns. Kazakhs are not only Chingizids, but also Timurids - possible origin of the Timurids - R1a1.
Theories of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” are fundamentally erroneous because neither the Russians nor the Tatars have Mongol lines - C (tenths of a %).
All attempts to create theories of the “Aryans” or “Slavic-Aryans” were unsuccessful. There are no Aryans, and among the Russians and the peoples of Eastern Europe, only a quarter of statistics - I, having origin - the Mediterranean, the Balkans. Some people believe that Semites are Jews. But Jews have about 40% J statistics, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis - up to 30% J. Greek Cypriots - up to 40% J. Some peoples of the North Caucasus - up to 90% J. In Qatar, Yemen - up to 90 % (E+J).
For example, Albert Einstein has E2. Haplotypes of Jews - Ashkenazi - R1a1; among Jews, this haplotype, according to A. Klyosov (Harvard), appeared in the 7th century. Haplogroups R1b1 appeared among Jews about 4 thousand years ago, J - about 17,500 years ago. There is no direct identification of nationality and haplotype - but for the history of the origin of the peoples that exist now, not only the statistics of ancestors are important, but also the times when these haplotypes appeared among tribes and peoples.
All models of the development of the haplogroup tree are based on the continuous development of humanity. However, all human activity comes down to the general movement of humanity directed towards the End of the World. The earth was saved from humanity by floods and fires, great glaciations. And therefore, models of the development of humanity, which is more than 4 billion years old on Earth, can also be based on models of restoration of large communities from small ones that remained on Earth after global catastrophes.
For some groups of people, the theories of evolution and eugenics, based on the superiority of the European - the “crown” of these same theories, are considered more convenient, and other peoples are supposedly less distant in their “development” (through labor, etc.) from monkeys.
The origin of Russians and Ukrainians are now very sensitive, even political, topics. But these topics can be studied using DNA genealogy methods. Scientists' research should not be biased, and should not be directed towards some pre-prepared results. And then it turns out that the Russians are part of the new Ukrainian nation, and the Ukrainians are part of the Russian people, the southern Russians.
In the study of the origin of tribes and peoples, toponymy, including geographical names and linguistic similarities, is very important evidence. There are a lot of geographical names - Argyn, Argun, Argyn Gorge, Argun River. The Argyns were part of the Huns - and the striking force of the Huns was the Bashkir army. The Argyns did not submit to the Russian tsarist government and went to the Ottoman Empire.
Bash - pick - this is the main blow. Alty ai - six months, Altai. Baikal is a great lake (Turk). Mas keve - tax to row, keve - oar, row (Hebrew), Moscow, Kyiv - toponymy of Khazaria. Tomen - low (Turkic). Sar sin - marked king (Hebrew), sary sin - yellow island (Turkic), Tsaritsyn. Oryn Bor - place of chalk (Turk), Orenburg.
Scythia, which existed from Crimea to India, including Afghanistan, was conquered by Alexander the Great (3rd century BC). He built cities - Alexandria, in Afghanistan - the city of Kandahar, in Uzbekistan - Khojent. Alexander himself, a young conqueror, married the daughter of an Afghan nobleman. Now Afghans and Iranians have up to 30% R1a1 statistics, and no J at all - so these peoples are on the “axis of evil”. In Afghanistan there were traces of ancient Slavic peoples who mixed with the Scythians and peoples with haplogroup L.
Linguistic similarities alone cannot serve as models of the origin of peoples and tribes. There are more differences between the Turks than similarities, despite the fact that the Turkic languages are similar to each other. The languages of the Turks are closer to the language of the ancestors of the Eastern European peoples - the Scythians. Among the Eastern European peoples, the roots of Slavic (Mediterranean) languages now have greater weight - the origin of the peoples of the IJKL groups - the Mediterranean coast, islands. The cultural development of Eastern Europe occurred in such a way that Polish words were added to the Ukrainian language, and words of Romance origin were added to Polish, despite the fact that Poland had been set against Russia for many centuries.
Modern prospects for the development of Western European states assume their gradual destruction, the resettlement of masses of migrants from Africa and Eastern Europe, and the re-creation of Khazaria.
change from 02/17/2016 - (added)
The data below is essentially a secret. Formally, this data is not classified, since it was obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and was even published in 2011, but the aura of silence organized around it is unprecedented. And the information that can be found is very confusing. So, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists:
There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half of which are inherited from the father and half from the mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, one single, male Y-chromosome contains a set of nucleotides (58 million), which is passed on from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living today has in his DNA exactly the same haplogroup as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, and so on for many generations.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same nation. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark (Y-DNA). Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in mitochondrial DNA rings (mt-DNA).
Of course, there is nothing absolutely unchangeable in nature, for movement is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change - in biology such changes are called mutations - but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred four and a half thousand years ago on the Central Russian Plain. Or did they decide that? Maybe they should have turned to the epic “Mahabharata” and re-read it more carefully?
Briefly speaking. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated and a new R1a1 emerged.
The mutation turned out to be very viable. The R1a1 genus, which was started by this same boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and multiplied over a vast area. The story of the first woman involuntarily comes to mind. But this is true, by the way.
Currently, holders of haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, eastern Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is “Russianness” from a genetic point of view.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form appeared on the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. A boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men now living on earth whose DNA contains this haplogroup. All of them are his biological or, as they used to say, blood descendants and blood relatives among themselves, together making up a single people.
Biology is essentially an exact science. It does not allow for double interpretation, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, genetic and statistical analysis of population structure, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, allows us to trace the historical paths of peoples much more reliably than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a statistically significant number of indigenous inhabitants of a territory have a certain haplogroup, we can say with one hundred percent certainty that these people descend from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.
From an investigative point of view, the inscription on the clay pot “Vasya was here” is, of course, evidence indicating Vasya’s presence in this place, but only indirectly - someone could have joked and signed Vasya’s name, the pot could have been brought from another area, etc. etc. But if local men have Vasya’s haplogroup in their DNA, then this is direct and irrefutable evidence that Vasya or his blood relatives in the male line actually visited here and inherited - the hereditary biological mark is not washed away. Therefore, genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only complement or clarify it, but not refute it in any way.
Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in questions of origin, began to wander around the world, take tests from people and look for biological “roots”, their own and others. What they accomplished is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of peoples and destroys many established myths. Maybe that’s why they were afraid to publish this data for 20 years?
So, having emerged 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain (the place of maximum concentration of R1a1 is an ethnic focus), the ethnos began to quickly expand its habitat. I hope you understand that now we are talking purely about the conclusions of American geneticists, about a specific period, and not about the entire history of the Russians. 4000 years ago, the ancestors of the Russians went to the Urals and created Arkaim and a “civilization of cities” there with many copper mines and international connections all the way to Crete (chemical analysis of some of the products found there shows Ural copper). They looked then exactly the same as we do now; the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid or other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the “civilization of cities” from bone remains - the result is a typical Russian beauty, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.
Another 500 years later, three and a half thousand years ago, haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the arrival of the Rus in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.
It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time - this is how they are recorded in Indian texts. It is also known that it was not the local Hindus who gave them this name, but that it was a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymy and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.
It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 three and a half millennia ago (the time of birth of the first Indo-Aryan, calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the previous death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists, based on the site of the first excavations, called Harappan (settlers from the sinking continent of Mu). Before their disappearance, this people, who had populous cities at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications apparently did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history gave way to the Aryan. The first monument of the Indian epic, which talks about the appearance of the Aryans, was formalized in writing four hundred years later, in the 11th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language, emerged in its completed form.
Now men of the R1a1 genus make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the upper castes they make up almost half - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the upper castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).
Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the Iranian population is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in its opinion about the Aryan roots of ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings loved to emphasize their Aryan origin, as eloquently evidenced, in particular, by the popular name Darius.
The ancestors of the Rus migrated from their ethnic home not only to the east, to the Urals, and to the south, to India and Iran, but also to the west, to where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, holders of the Aryan haplogroup R1a make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%. In Britain and France, haplogroup R1a is expressed even less - only 8%, at most 12%, and in England the least - 3%. The remaining place in percentage terms is occupied by haplogroup R1b1a2 (R1b is a parallel subclade for haplogroup R1a) and other haplogroups that do not belong to representatives of the white race. Currently, most of Europe speaks Indo-European languages, while haplogroup R1b is more specific to western Europe and R1a to eastern Europe. It can be assumed that the tribes of hybrid Celts had the R1b1a2 haplogroup, because it is this haplogroup that is widespread among the Arabs and European Iberians. For example, here in the Caucasus and Central Asia - where the Arabs once visited.
The current concentration of haplogroup R1b is maximum in the territories of the migration routes of the Celts and Germans: in southern England about 70%, in northern and western England, Spain, France, Wales, Scotland, Ireland - up to 90% or more. And also, for example, among the Basques - 88.1%, Spaniards - 70%, Italians - 40%, Belgians - 63%, Germans - 39%, Norwegians - 25.9% and others. In Eastern Europe, haplogroup R1b is much less common. Czechs and Slovaks - 35.6%, Latvians - 10%, Hungarians - 12.1%, Estonians - 6%, Poles -16.4%, Lithuanians - 5%, Belarusians - 4.2%, Russians - from 1 .3% to 14.1%, Ukrainians - from 2% to 11.1%. In the Balkans - Greeks - up to 22.8%, Slovenes - 21%, Albanians - 17.6%, Bulgarians - 17%, Croats - 15.7%, Romanians - 13%, Serbs - 10.6%, Herzegovinians - 3.6%, Bosnians - 1.4%.
Unfortunately, there is no ethnogenetic information on the European patrimonial aristocracy yet, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed across all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, Iran, the Aryans made up the nobility in the lands where they came .
The only reliable evidence in favor of the latter version was a by-product of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y chromosomes of the king and heir Alexei turned out to be identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. This means that at least one royal house of Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.
However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (Finno-Ugrians, haplogroup N1c1, settled from Tibet) and the southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b, the Balkans are considered their homeland and Pyrenees). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13 thousand years ago, at the end of the Ice Age, five thousand years before gathering began to develop into crop farming, and hunting into cattle breeding. That is, in the very gray Stone Age antiquity.
The fundamental point is that there are no descendants of the Mongols (haplogroup C3) left after the two-hundred-year Tatar-Mongol yoke. Or they do occur, but very rarely. How can this be? Moreover, in the genome of the Bulgar Tatars there are also a large number of carriers of the R1a1 (30%) and N1c1 (20%) gaprogroups, but they are mostly not of European origin.
The settlement of the Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north, and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group, Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages of modern Iran and India and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for the obvious reason - in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian language) they stand next to the original source, the Aryan proto-language , from which all other Indo-European languages grew.
So, haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (since naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups among them), part of the haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain became part of Finno-Ugric peoples, for example Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes of haplogroup R1a1 during migrations brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran approximately 3500 years ago, where the Aryan languages became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. A large part of the R1a1 haplogroup joined the Turkic ethnic groups in ancient times and today largely marks the migration of the Turks
Haplogroup N1 can be traced, besides Russia, in southern China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Many researchers also associate the emergence of Turkic languages with haplogroup N1, possibly N1b. Among the Huns there was also a significant proportion of Siberian subclades of haplogroup N, and perhaps the legendary leader Attila was its representative. The first leaders who took part in the formation of the Hungarian Empire about X centuries ago were also N1c1, a Ugric subclade, which was confirmed by DNA testing. In Europe, haplogroup N, in the form of the European subclade N1c1, is extremely common around the entire Baltic Sea, reaching maximum frequencies in the eastern Baltic, while the southern Baltic region and southern Scandinavia are characterized by a slightly different subclade.
The ancestor of haplogroup E1b1b1 was born approximately 15 thousand years ago in East Africa (apparently in Ethiopia). For several millennia, the carriers of this haplogroup lived in their historical homeland in Ethiopia and were engaged in hunting and gathering. By race, they were initially Negroid, but later, after migrations to the north, separate peoples appeared with their own language and culture: Egyptians, Berbers, Libyans, Cushites, Ethiopians, Himyarites, Canaanites, etc. Currently, haplogroup E1b1b1a is common among Albanians and Greeks, and is represented by various Balkan subclades.
Haplogroup C3 - Mongolian peoples, Tungus-Manchu peoples, Turkic peoples of Siberia and Central Asia, part of the Yakuts and Chinese. The same genus includes two mysterious isolated peoples - the Yukagirs and the Ainu, the origin of whose language is still controversial among scientists.
Haplogroup O3 was born in the territory of modern China, at the same time it reached the Indonesian islands of Borneo and Sumatra, and today O3 carriers are found all the way to remote Polynesia.
There are haplogroups of other peoples (denoted by Latin letters from A to T), including Caucasian, Semitic and peoples of the American continent. But everything there is so confusing that it needs to be dealt with separately.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT
Despite the fact that Russians are anthropologically the most homogeneous ethnic group in Europe, and this has already become an axiom among researchers, genetically they represent two peoples. Two ethnic groups completely different in mental organization. By mental organization, but not by appearance. The fact is that the Valdai group of our people, the Central Russian and South Russian groups have the R1b1a2 haplogroup in their chromosomes. Exactly the same haplogroup is distributed throughout Western Europe, including Scandinavia. This proves that genetically our people are no different from Western Europeans. No matter how much they boast of their “Europeanism,” the fact remains. What’s even more interesting is that this haplogroup is named by geneticists "Atlantic".
But among the northern population of Rus', haplogroup R1a1 predominates. Representatives of both haploid groups differ in behavior. “Atlantists”, by their nature, are more drawn to the South. The North makes them afraid, they are afraid of it. Suffice it to remember who explored Siberia? Mostly people from the north - Arkhangelsk residents, industrialists from Pinega, Mezen residents, people from Vologda, Ladoga residents and others. The Cossacks did not rush from the forest-steppe zone to the east. If they went there, it was under duress. But that is not all. The Atlanticists, with the exception of the Don Cossacks, are prone to individualism; they do not shy away from trade. Consequently, deception for them, although a sin, is not fatal.
From all of the above it is clear that they are predisposed to opportunism and deep materialization of consciousness. The tsarist authorities were well aware of this weakness of the Southern Russians. Therefore, when fighting with Stepan Razin, and later with Emelyan Pugachev, they very often resorted to bribery.
The behavior of the northern group of Rus is completely different. People with the R1a1 haploid group have a keen sense of the North. They cannot imagine their life without their native places, pine forests, clean rivers and lakes. The Russians of the north are not inclined to trade. They do it only when necessary. They are drawn to creative creativity. Here they have no equal. It is enough to recall our northern shipbuilding. The northern group of Russians is characterized by conscientiousness, the concept of honor, and they have a very developed sense of justice. In a word, in terms of behavior, they are a completely different Russian people.
So where did the northern haplogroup R1a1 come from? But essentially there is no choice except from the lost ancestral home - the great Oriana. And the descendants of the white-eyed miracle, and settlers from Ladoga, Novgorod, Pskov, and residents of Ustyug, Vologda - all of them are direct heirs of northern Oriana. The country is long gone, but its children are alive.
Do you understand now why the West hates Russians so much? Moreover, they realized that people with the northern haplogroup are programmed with great difficulty. It is difficult for them to get into their heads those things that contradict their nature. That's the problem for Westerners! But at the same time, carriers of the Atlantic haplogroup R1b1a2 are easily programmed. Just like the French or Germans. Remember how Napoleon, with his articles and speeches, warmed up the French public for war with Russia? No one thought why Russia began to threaten Europe? Has she gone crazy? She should take care of her affairs. The country is vast! Hitler did the same with his people. The effect is exactly the same. Of course, not everyone among the French and the Germans fell for it, but we are now talking about the majority. The same thing is happening now in Ukraine. The script is the same everywhere, the actors are different.
We are not saying now that people with the Atlantic haplogroup are defective, these are ordinary people. Among them there are individuals with developed moral and spiritual qualities. Simply because of slightly different genetics, they have a different mental organization. I don’t think it’s worth proving that children are born with an established character. Of course, you can meet creative, noble, and incorruptible people, but there are relatively few of them! That's the problem. Just one percent, maybe two or three. Here we are dealing with a law of nature.
By the way, this is the reason for the medieval witch hunts. In essence, the descendants of the Vedic priests and keepers of ancient sacred knowledge were destroyed. But there was another hidden meaning. In the countries of Western Europe, inquisitors used hot iron and fires to kill the direct descendants of the Orians, people with haplogroup R1a1. Actually, they were the descendants of ancient guardian priests and boyar managers. Why were they burned? Because they were sometimes forced to use secret knowledge, because they deeply understood the laws of nature, because they did not recognize Christ as God, and even because of external beauty. This is the whole essence of the project, which, on behalf of those who wished to remain in the shadows, was carried out by the Catholic Church in Europe 3-4 centuries ago.
What about the Atlantic group? How did it come about? Of course, we can only assume that the northern Adityas and Danavas, the western Atlanteans (dityas), descendants of the goddess Danu (according to the Indian epic), differed from each other not only in the psychology of their behavior, but also genetically. There are versions that this is genetic mixing with archanthropes, only not directly, but through the genetic mediation of the Iberians and similar races that once lived in these territories. And note that we are still persistently convinced that interracial mixing does not cause any problems.
Now the question is: why is programming not accepted into the mental field of carriers of the R1a1 haplogroup? Yes, and owners of haplogroup R1b1 are selectively affected. Basically, people with a natural predisposition to vice. From all of the above, we can conclude that mental field worms mainly infect the mental structures of serfs or sudras, and only because the latter do not want to get rid of them by force of will. Maybe they can’t, that’s why they are sudras.
Will is a great power. If we consider the classes of the Golden Age from the position of volitional potential, we get the following picture: the most weak-willed are the slaves. An order of magnitude higher than them is the first class of workers. Managers stand even higher, and above them are priests or philosophers, but this is ideal. Here we also need to consider the quality of will. There is an evil will and a good will. The above refers to the will of the creator - good. So she is able to cleanse a person from any filth. By turning it on, even an inveterate hater of goodness gradually turns into a normal person. In fact, willpower can change human genetics. But genetic transformation also requires faith. Faith is as important as will. Nothing will work without her.
What has been said above about haplogroups are irrefutable scientific facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Disputing them is the same as disagreeing with the results of a blood test at a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply kept silent. They are hushed up unanimously and stubbornly, they are hushed up, one might say, completely. And as we see, there are good reasons for this.
The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying “everything flows, everything changes.” Less known is the continuation of this phrase of his: “except for the human soul.” While a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged. The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than a person - for a people. The people's soul is unchanged as long as the people's body is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature with a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as there are people on earth with haplogroup R1a1 on the Y chromosome, their people retain their souls unchanged.
The language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, but the Russian soul remains the same as all four and a half millennia of the people’s existence in current its genetic form. And together, the body and soul, constituting a single biosocial entity under the name “Russian people,” have a natural ability for great achievements on a civilizational scale. The Russian people have demonstrated this many times in the past; this potential remains in the present and will always exist as long as they are alive.
It is very important to know this and, through the prism of knowledge, to evaluate current events, words and actions of people, to determine one’s own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the “Russian nation.” Knowledge of the history of a people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the worst thing for opponents of the Russian nation. That's why they try to hide this knowledge.
And further. When studying the haplogroups of other peoples, do not be attached to the conclusions drawn from the research of American geneticists. Take the grain, that is, specific haplogroups and apply them to the chronicle and historical facts that are reliable for you. I assure you that you will find a lot of interesting things. But since the actual conclusions largely depend on the level of awareness and worldview of a particular person, it makes no sense to present them here.
EPILOGUE
Once upon a time, the light priesthood taught that, in terms of species, the humanity of the Earth, in addition to races and nations, is divided into four more outwardly similar, but internally completely different species. Two species are carnivorous, and two are non-predatory. The Magi called the predators this way: the first type is a non-human cannibal, the second type is a werewolf cannibal.
The first type was considered the most formidable and bloodthirsty. This includes people whose psyche, from childhood, has been aimed at destroying their own kind. These are people who know neither pity nor compassion. They see their life purpose in violence against their fellow men and from fanaticism they receive satisfaction, joy and mental relaxation. They are afraid, like animals, only of those who are much stronger than them. They do not recognize equal relationships: they suppress those who are weaker, and if they deal with the strong, they wait in the wings for years. They are very vindictive and cruel. Torture of living beings and especially people is their greatest entertainment. These are straightforward, cynical, evil creatures, brave and arrogant to the point of madness. Bloody orgies lead them into a wild trance. It is enough to recall one of the heroes of the ancient Greeks, Athena’s favorite, Theseus, who, having struck his enemy, split his skull and began to devour the still living human brain. Even the warrior Pallas recoiled from such a beast-man.
It must be said that non-human cannibals have strong strong-willed qualities, moreover, the need for destruction and global extermination of all living things, and first of all humans, constantly stimulates their will. And, as we have already said, the will for a magical action is no less important than the energy of thought. Therefore, as occultists (due to the fact that the will of non-humans is dark) they are very dangerous.
The second predatory human species, which was called by the Russian people a werewolf cannibal, differs little in terms of aggressiveness towards humans from the first species. He is also predatory and insatiable, like the cannibalistic non-human species. But it is more flexible and cunning than the first type. A werewolf cannibal always hides his predatory essence for the time being. He knows how to perfectly disguise himself and play the role of a harmless, even virtuous person. If in human society the first predatory species plays the role of a wolf, then the second species resembles a fox in its behavior. He is artistic, very articulate, sociable and surprisingly active. A striking example of people of the second predatory type can be such famous political figures as Trotsky, Lenin, Hitler and others. All of them are united by eloquence and the ability to transform.
The Magi believed that both predatory human species appeared on Earth as a result of the mixing of the Aryans, descendants of the Lemurians, red and yellow peoples with the humanoid descendants of the ancient earthly races, degraded to the bestial level, whose ancestors came to our planet tens of millions of years ago. Over time, hybrids from such mixing, while outwardly remaining representatives of their races and peoples, turned into a special species due to changes in the brain.
The two non-predatory human species were called Magi as follows. The first type is the most common - “people of agreement.” And the last type is the people of the Aryan spirit, or “people of light.”
People of the Aryan spirit, or “people of light” are the only group of non-predatory people who are able to fight the will of predatory human species. These are people, first of all, creators and preservers, people of high honor, love and faith in the triumph of goodness and justice. These are true warriors in spirit, defenders of the weak and disadvantaged. Only from them are true heroes of nations born. Such people always go to great deeds and even to death consciously; they do not experience joy from the sight of blood and suffering even from their enemies. Murder always causes them a feeling of regret, and they resort to it as a last resort, when all other means have been exhausted.
An example of the high Aryan spirit is the defender of Troy, Hector, from the ancient heroes. And among the Russian heroes, of course, is the old Cossack Ilya Muromets. According to the epic, this bright hero confronts the Nightingale the Robber - a representative of the first predatory human species - and defeats him.
If you still doubt the scientific nature of the Magi’s statement about the presence of four types of people in the human races: two predatory and two non-predatory, let us once again return to the data of science.
In the middle of the 20th century, the prominent Russian anthropologist Boris Fedorovich Porshnev (Russian historian, sociologist, doctor of historical and philosophical sciences), studying the skulls of modern humans, in particular, their anterior frontal lobes, where the center of speech is located, and therefore the second signaling system , came to the sensational conclusion that people's nervous systems are not the same. Over time, using the scientific method, using genetics, mathematics and other sciences, Porshnev proved that Homo sapiens is represented on Earth by four species. It turned out that all four species of Homo sapiens differ from each other in the structure of the frontal lobes of the brain, and all these four species are scattered throughout all large and small earthly human races.
Porshnev was very interested in this issue, and he devoted more than 20 years to studying it. And what did he discover? But the fact that two human species have a third signaling system, but two species of Homo sapiens do not have it. In addition, the scientist realized that human species that do not have a third signaling system, i.e. those who do not have reason, but live only by reason (the second signaling system that appeared in humans thanks to speech), are not genuine people. These two species, according to Porshnev, originate from other adelphophages. More precisely, from those anthropoids who killed and ate their own fellow tribesmen. According to the scientist’s research, all four types of Homo sapiens are so different in the structure of their human brain that the offspring from mixing these species, especially from predatory with non-predatory ones, is doomed to degeneration. This explains the degeneration of many royal European and Asian dynasties. And among the people there are any number of examples of the degeneration of surnames and clans. And, as a rule, the ancestor of such surnames has always been a human individual of a predatory species. Porshnev named these four types of people scientifically.
The first species - the one that was called by the Magi "non-human cannibal" - was christened by Porshnev superanimal, i.e. talking animals. This is an evil, assertive, very cruel despot, striving to subjugate everyone and everything to his will, he does not know compassion, pity, does not suspect that there is honor, conscience and nobility in the world. In a word - a super animal.
The second species - "werewolf cannibal" - he called suggestor(from Latin suggestio - suggestion). Suggestors are somewhat different predators; they prefer not forceful pressure, but psychological pressure. Their main weapons are all forms of lies and persuasion. In appearance they are cheeky and talkative, but at the same time they are very assertive, unscrupulous and arrogant.
The third type - those whom the priests called “compromisers” - the scientist called diffusers(from Latin diffusio - distribution, dispersion). In his opinion, such people can be broken, their consciousness can be lowered to the animal structure of the psyche, that is, the psyche of slaves.
And the last type of “people of light” Porshnev called non-anthropes, a man of the future. He considered them a new emerging species. Moreover, Porshnev classified all three highest ancient forgotten classes as non-anthropes: workers, managers and strategists. According to the scientist, the neanthrope is so strong and resilient that it is able to withstand the pressure of both superanimals and suggestors.
Porshnev’s mistake is only in one thing: the scientist proceeded in his research from Darwin’s theory, he was a fan of it, which is why he called the last species of man a nonanthrope. Although in fact the Porshnev neanthrope is the most ancient of all four human species. It is he who has survived to our time without change, in his psyche, as a cosmic species of Homo sapiens, a descendant of the great Oriana-Hyperborea. In fact, this is exactly what American geneticists showed.
Some parallels in human relationships can be traced from the point of view of Ayurveda.