MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
ROSTOV STATE ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY (RINH)
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
On the topic: “History of the pioneer movement in the USSR”
Performed by student Khanina A.E.
gr. 241-ORM
Checked by Assoc. Chervyakova A.A.
Rostov-on-Don
2011
Content
Introduction
- History of the emergence of the pioneer movement
Pioneering and culture
Pioneers in the Stalin era
Bibliography
Introduction
The All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin is a mass children's communist organization in the USSR. It was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922, since then May 19 has been celebrated as Pioneer Day. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it received his name. It originated from the Scout movement, but differed from it in significant aspects: the system was all-encompassing state in nature and aimed at the ideological indoctrination of children and their education as citizens completely devoted to the Communist Party and the Soviet state.
- The history of the pioneer movement
As soon as it emerged, the Komsomol declared war on scoutism (including Yukism), seeing it as its rival. Already at the 1919 congress of the RKSM, a decision was made to disband the scout troops.
At the same time, in communist circles there began to be a need to create their own, communist organization to work with children. The idea was formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who on the 20th of November 1921 made a report “On Boy Scoutism” several times in different places (the report was soon published in a brochure entitled “RKSM and Boy Scoutism”), in which she proposed that the Komsomol take adopt scouting methods and create a children's organization, “scouting in form and communist in content.” The leaders of the Komsomol, who had an extremely negative attitude towards scouting, initially perceived these ideas with caution. However, after Krupskaya’s speech at the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM (November 29) to discuss the issue “on the use of scouting for the education working youth and children" was created special commission. A detailed report by I. Zhukov was presented to the commission. On December 10, 1921, based on the commission’s report, a positive decision was made by the Bureau, and the search for specific organizational forms began. At the beginning of 1922, the idea was put forward of using scouting methods not among Komsomol members, but among children and creating a children's communist movement (CCM). I. Zhukov proposed the name “pioneers” (borrowed from scouting practice) for the new organization. Its symbols were slightly modified scout symbols: a red tie (instead of green; it was already used by the Yukovites), a white blouse (instead of green), the scout motto “Be prepared!” and the scout’s answer to it is “Always ready!” From scouting, the pioneer organization retained playful forms of educational work with children, the organization of children into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, the three lily petals of the scout badge in the pioneer badge replaced the three flames of the fire, the three ends of the pioneer tie that became red began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists). The scout call “Be ready!” has also been preserved. with a change in its focus on the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants around the world.
On February 2, 1922, the bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM sent out a circular letter to local organizations about the creation of children's groups under Komsomol cells. On February 4, the corresponding decision was made by the Moscow Committee of the RKSM. For this purpose, a special bureau was created, one of whose members, former scoutmaster Valerian Zorin, organized a children's group on February 12 at the First Communist Boarding School named after the Third International (in Zamoskvorechye). The troop, called “Young Scouts” in scouting, soon disbanded, and Zorin switched to organizing children at the Kauchuk plant. At the same time, on February 13, another former scoutmaster and member of the RKSM, 19-year-old Mikhail Stremyakov, organized a detachment of “young pioneers” at the factory apprenticeship school (fabzavuche) named after N. A. Borshchevsky at the former Mashistov printing house on Krasnaya Presnya. This last group is usually considered the first pioneer detachment. At the same printing house, Stremyakov began publishing the pioneer magazine “Drum” in April, and subsequently became the first editor of the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”. On March 2, a temporary bureau of children's groups was created under the Central Committee of the RKSM with the task of developing a charter, which was presented in May at the II All-Russian Komsomol Conference. The resolution adopted on May 19 read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children’s movement and the use of the reorganized “scouting” system in it. Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.” A bureau for work among children was created consisting of 7 people, 4 of whom were former scoutmasters.
Throughout 1922, pioneer detachments appeared in a number of cities and villages. On December 3, the first pioneer detachments appeared in Petrograd. The first four detachments were created from the Russian detachment of young intelligence officers. This event took place in the club of the old and young guards (Teatralnaya Square, house no. 14).
In October, the 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”. On January 21, 1924, the day of Lenin’s death, by decision of the Central Committee of the RKSM the organization was named after Lenin, and in March 1926 the official name was established - the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin (retained by the organization until the end of its existence).
- Structure of the pioneer organization
In his classic look The All-Union Pioneer Organization united republican, regional, regional, district, city, and district pioneer organizations in the USSR. Formally, the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization stated that the basis of the organization is the squad, which is created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In squads numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer detachments are created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. In orphanages and pioneer camps, groups of different ages could be created. A detachment of 15 or more pioneers is divided into units. In fact, as indicated, the pioneer detachments (divided in turn into units led by the unit members) united students of the same class, and the squads united students of the same school.
In the 80s, the structure of the organization underwent some changes - a new link was created between the pioneers and Komsomol members - senior pioneers (in fact, pioneers before joining the Komsomol). The external difference was wearing a badge that combined elements of the Komsomol and Pioneer. In theory, older pioneers should have continued to wear a red tie, but many tried to wear “adult” ties.
Organization management
The All-Union Pioneer Organization was led by the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM), which in turn was controlled by the CPSU. All councils of pioneer organizations worked under the leadership of the corresponding Komsomol committees. Komsomol congresses and conferences heard reports from the councils of pioneer organizations and assessed their activities. The chairmen, deputies and secretaries of the councils of pioneer organizations from Central to District were approved by the Plenums of the relevant Komsomol committees.
The basis for organizational-mass and instructional-methodological work with pioneers and pioneer personnel were numerous Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and schoolchildren, and other out-of-school institutions. Komsomol committees provided the pioneer squads with senior pioneer leaders, carried out their selection, placement, advanced training and education. Primary Komsomol organizations sent squad leaders to the Pioneer squads, selected leaders of circles, clubs, sections, and other interest groups, and helped them organize the life of Pioneer groups.
The highest body of a squad, detachment, unit is the pioneer gathering. The gathering of the detachment accepted schoolchildren into the pioneer organization, invited the squad council to recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned the work, assessed the activities of the detachment council, units, and each pioneer. The gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of pioneers was pioneer rallies, which were held once every 5 years (all-Union and republican) or once every 2-3 years (territorial, regional, district, city and regional). City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer headquarters from representatives of all pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.
- Attributes of the pioneer movement
The pioneer organization accepted schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years. Formally, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis. Admission was carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment or squad (if it was not divided into detachments), operating in a secondary school and boarding school. Those who joined the pioneer organization at the pioneer line made a solemn promise to be a pioneer of the Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer presented him with a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. As a rule, pioneers were accepted into a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, for example on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.
Pioneer's Solemn Promise
Last edition (1986):
“I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in front of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as the Laws of Pioneers require Soviet Union".
Note: 1922 Promise
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and will obey them.
Pioneer Laws
Latest edition (1986)
A pioneer - a young builder of communism - works and studies for the good of the Motherland, preparing to become its defender.
A pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
The pioneer looks up to the communists, prepares to become a Komsomol member, and leads the Octobrists.
A pioneer values the honor of his organization and strengthens its authority through his deeds and actions.
A pioneer is a reliable comrade, respects elders, takes care of younger ones, and always acts according to conscience and honor.
A pioneer has the right to: elect and be elected to pioneer self-government bodies; discuss at pioneer gatherings, rallies, meetings of councils of detachments and squads, in the press, the work of the pioneer organization, criticize shortcomings, make proposals to any council of the pioneer organization, up to the Central Council of the Higher Professional Education named after V.I. Lenin; ask for a recommendation from the squad council to join the ranks of the Komsomol.
The declared goal of the pioneer organization: to educate young fighters for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. To the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - the answer follows: “Always ready!”
Pioneer Anthem
The anthem of the pioneer organization is considered to be “March of Young Pioneers” - a Soviet pioneer song written in 1922 by two Komsomol members - pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin and poet Alexander Zharov:
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for Komsomol,
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
We raise the red banner
Children of workers - boldly follow us!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Rise up with fires, blue nights,
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Pioneer symbols
Pioneer tie
Pioneer badge
Pioneer squad. Standard bearer, honor guard, drummers. USSR stamp.
Pioneer uniform
On ordinary days, it coincided with the school uniform, complemented by pioneer symbols - a red tie and a pioneer badge. On special occasions (holidays, greetings at party and Komsomol forums, meetings of foreign delegations, etc.) a dress uniform was worn, which included:
red caps, pioneer ties and badges;
for boys - uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems, belted with a light brown belt with a gilded buckle, blue trousers and dark shoes;
girls also wear uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems or just white blouses, blue skirts, white knee socks and white shoes;
in regions with a hot climate, shoes were replaced with sandals, and trousers could be replaced with shorts, if this did not contradict the spirit of the event and the national traditions of the republic;
for banner groups, the dress uniform was complemented by a red ribbon over the shoulder and white gloves.
on the dress shirt on the left sleeve above the sign of the pioneer organization there was a belt loop (a strip of fabric) on which the insignia of the pioneer organization was attached - plastic red stars with an eyelet for sewing on.
- Pioneering and culture
The Central Committee of the Komsomol, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees of the Komsomol, Central, Republican, regional and regional councils of pioneer organizations published pioneer newspapers and magazines and literature necessary for children, including the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”, magazines “Pioneer”, “Koster” ”, “Young Technician”, “Young Naturalist”, etc. Radio and television regularly produced programs for pioneers, the radio newspaper call sign “Pionerskaya Zorka” was broadcast daily, the television studio “Eaglet” worked on Central Television, and in cinemas before the film was shown monthly documentary film magazine "Pioneria".
Films featuring Pioneers
The adventures of Petrov and Vasechkin, ordinary and incredible
Vacations of Petrov and Vasechkin, ordinary and incredible
Guest from the future
Adventure Electronics
Moscow - Cassiopeia
The eccentric from the fifth "B"
Next to you, 1976
Welcome, or No Trespassing
Bronze Bird (film)
Passenger from Equator
Old Man Hottabych (film)
- Pioneers in the Stalin era
Pavlik Morozov was proclaimed an example of a pioneer, who, according to the official version, reported to the authorities against his father (who abandoned Pavlik’s mother), who was helping the “kulaks,” and spoke out against him in court, after which he followed the kulaks who covered the bread and denounced them; for this he was killed by them. “Pavel Morozov is not alone, there are legions of people like him. They expose bread grabbers, plunderers of public property, they, if necessary, bring their fathers to the dock…” wrote the Tavdinsky Rabochiy newspaper. Special “pioneer patrols” were organized to monitor all “disorders.” “Pionerskaya Pravda” reported on the following “exploits” of young pioneers: Kolya Yuryev saw a girl in the wheat who was collecting spikelets, and grabbed her. Pronya Kolybin boldly exposed his mother, who went into the field to collect fallen grains to feed him. The mother was sent to the camp, the son was sent to rest in Artek. Mitya Gordienko several times caught hungry collective farmers in the field collecting spikelets. Speaking as a witness in court, he said: “Having exposed the thieves of collective farm grain, I give an obligation to organize thirty children of our commune to protect the harvest and to be the leader of this pioneer detachment...” After one of Mitya’s denunciations against two adults, the husband was sentenced to death, and the wife to ten years of imprisonment with strict isolation. For this, Mitya was awarded a gold watch, a pioneer suit, boots and an annual subscription to the local newspaper “Lenin’s Grandchildren”.
Denunciations were written both directly to the “authorities” and to “Pionerskaya Pravda”, which then transmitted them “according to their affiliation”. She introduced the institution of children's correspondents - "detkors" (by analogy with "worker correspondents" and "village correspondents"), who published their denunciations in the newspaper anonymously or under a pseudonym (for example, "Keeping Eye"). One children's teacher, for example, reported to the newspaper that the director of his school gave the children a task in class: “There were 15 horses in total in the village. And when people joined the collective farm, 13 horses died. How much is left?" The director, as a class enemy, was brought “to severe responsibility.” With the introduction of the passport system in 1932, “Pionerskaya Pravda” even took the initiative to instruct pioneers to check passports, but the party leadership did not support it. “Young Watchmen” exchanged experiences and organized their own meetings; the most active ones were awarded trips to Artek.
Pioneers in the Great Patriotic War
With the onset of the Great Patriotic War, the pioneers sought to help adults in every way in the fight against the enemy both in the rear and at the front, in partisan detachments and in the underground. The pioneers became scouts, partisans, cabin boys on warships, and helped shelter the wounded. Behind military merits tens of thousands of pioneers were awarded orders and medals, four were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - Lenya Golikov, Zina Portnova, Marat Kazei and Valya Kotik. Subsequently, the dead pioneers were included in the official list of pioneer heroes.
Pioneer organization in the post-war years
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the pioneers were engaged: in the city - collecting waste paper and scrap metal, planting green spaces, in rural areas - raising small domestic animals (rabbits, birds). In the Central Asian republics, pioneers grew cotton. Pioneers Tursunali Matkazinov and Natalie Chelebadze were awarded the title of Hero in 1949 socialist labor and were awarded the medal " Golden Star"and the Order of Lenin.
Since 1955, the names of the best pioneers began to be entered in the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. In 1958, three stages of growth were introduced in the children's organization, at each of which the children were awarded a special badge. To move to a new level, the pioneer worked according to a pre-drawn up individual plan. All pioneer work was combined into a two-year pioneer plan, which was focused on concrete assistance to adults in fulfilling the seven-year plan.
Since 1962, the pioneer badge has depicted Lenin’s profile, which symbolizes the state’s recognition of the merits of the pioneer organization. This is due to the fact that in 1962 the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was awarded the Order of Lenin for its success in the socialist education of teenagers. In 1972, the pioneer organization was re-awarded the Order of Lenin.
By 1970, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united 23 million pioneers in more than 118 thousand pioneer squads.
In 1990, at the X All-Union rally in Artek, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was transformed into international union pioneer organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations. In practice, this transformation, as well as the ban in 1991 of the CPSU, the dissolution of the Komsomol and the collapse of the USSR, undermined the power of the pioneer organization and led to the virtual liquidation of the majority of pioneer squads. At the same time, numerous pioneer organizations still exist in Russia, in all countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and in the former Soviet republics that were not included in it.
Pioneer camps
The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. In the USSR, there were up to 40 thousand summer and year-round pioneer camps, where about 10 million children vacationed annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy between them. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Komsomol Central Committee "Artek", which had international status. The second place in prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Orlyonok" ( Krasnodar region, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps “Ocean” (Primorsky Territory, RSFSR), “Young Guard” (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and “Zubrenok” (Minsk region, BSSR).
Conclusion
After the collapse of the USSR, in Russia, the ideological activities of the Pioneer movement were supported on a voluntary basis by the forces of public initiative groups and enthusiasts, which were of a purely symbolic nature. One such organization is the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The overwhelming majority of opponents of the Soviet system remember their participation in the Pioneer movement and speak out against the revival of the Pioneer and Komsomol movements in Russia.
The main points of criticism of the pioneer organization are: its ideological nature and formalism. The leader of modern St. Petersburg scouts, Kirill Alekseev, considers the pioneer organization “a monster of formalism, indifference and bureaucracy.” According to the President of the Russian Union of Scouts, Igor Bogdanov, “in a pioneer organization, the main thing is to hold the pioneer gathering on time, the main thing is formalism, what adults want. But the children don’t want that, they want to play.” Bogdanov considers another mistake of the pioneers to be tied to school.
The writer Vladislav Krapivin believes that if initially the pioneer detachments were voluntary associations, then, having fallen under the power of the school, the organization lost absolutely all elements of voluntariness and ceased to be an organization as such.
The sprouts of all childish democracy were carefully weeded out, like weeds from carrot beds. Everything was subject to strict school regulations. Class - squad. The links in the classroom (not always, but often) are in rows of desks.
It turned out that the main task The pioneer is still the same: “Study, study, and study...”. Why a tie then?
Bibliography
- All-Union Pioneer Organization // TSB
Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin. - 10.06.1986.
Self-government at school. Edited by Yu.K. Babansky. "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1983
Komsomol and the children's movement (edited by the Central Committee of the Young Communist League under the Central Committee of the Young Communist League). - M.-L., 1925. P. 32.
Young pioneer. Collection of lectures given at the first Moscow provincial courses for workers of children's communist groups, vol. V. Zorin, M. Stremyakov, Ya. Smolyarov, L. Kotenko. - M., 1924. P. 57.
Memo to a young pioneer. - Simferopol, 1925. P. 33.
Regulations on children's communist detachments named after V.I. Lenin.. - Smolensk, 1933. S.5.
Young Pioneers /Under. ed. V. Zorin.. - M.-L., 1922. - P. 16.
Glory to the informers! How many Pavliks were there?- Druzhnikov Yu. I.
Editor-in-chief - M. M. Kozlov The Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985. - P. 559-560.
Do you know the meaning of the word "pioneer"? How did it come about? Who do they call that? We will answer these and other questions in the article. Pioneers are called pioneers, initiators. This was also the name given to a military position or a private in the engineering forces of the Armed Forces. Russian Empire in the 18th-19th centuries and some modern countries(for example, Germany).
When pronouncing the word “pioneer”, a person can mean either a sapper of the Armed Forces German states, or a soldier engaged in the construction earthworks, building bridges, digging ditches, leveling roads, and so on. This is also the name given to participants in the pioneer movement - communist children's formations in the USSR and other socialist states, created according to the standards of scouting activities.
Meaning
According to Efremova, a pioneer is someone who for the first time made his way to a new, unexplored area or country and began to develop it. This is the name given to someone who laid the foundations for something new in the field of culture, science or other field of activity. Efremova also believes that pioneers are both members of the communist children's formation and soldiers of the engineer units of the engineering troops. Ozhegov and Ushakov represent the same meanings of this word. And Dahl’s dictionary indicates that previously there were also mounted pioneers.
Origin
So what does “pioneer” mean? The Russian-speaking population borrowed this word from the French language in early XVIII century and began to use it in the meaning of “infantry warrior”. Over time, this interpretation became a thing of history, and the word “pioneer” began to be used to describe pioneers - people who paved new paths.
When it ended October Revolution In 1917, pioneer children's groups began to be created in Russia, whose participants wanted to be the first in everything. They are their social activities wanted to pave the “path to a radiant tomorrow.”
First units
Pioneers... Who are they? The name day of the All-Russian Pioneer is May 19, 1922. It was on this day on the 2nd All-Russian Congress Komsomol decided to create pioneer detachments throughout the country. The famous organization has been named after V.I. Lenin since 1924. In 1925, the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda” began to be published in the state, which was often affectionately called “Pionerka”.
The first detachments of red tie workers operated under Komsomol formations in factories and institutions, participated in community cleanups, helped eliminate illiteracy, and fight child homelessness. Since the 1920s. these organizations began to be created in educational institutions. In each school there was a pioneer squad, and in the classroom there was a detachment. Almost every 9-10 year old child could become a pioneer. At the initiation ceremony, the children took an oath and pledged to “live, fight and study, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches.”
Pioneer is a symbol Soviet era. He wore a red tie (as a sign of a revolutionary badge with the motto “Always Ready!” and images of a fire flame, Lenin’s profile and a five-pointed star. Great place The activities of the red-tie children were focused on defense and military work: circles of orderlies, young shooters, and signalmen were founded, and army sports games were held.
Movement
Do you know that a pioneer is an example for everyone? During the Second World War, the Timur mass movement appeared in the Soviet Union, named after the hero of the story “Timur and His Team,” written by A.P. Gaidar. The pioneers, just like the characters in the work, helped the disabled, the families of front-line soldiers, and the elderly. In the post-war period, Timur's men patronized the old Bolsheviks, collected waste paper and scrap metal in the winter, medicinal herbs in the summer, helped war veterans, and worked in the harvest.
The country had a system of Palaces (houses) of pioneers with various types clubs (technical, sports, artistic) and pioneer camps where children vacationed in the summer. Required attributes The life of the latter institutions included bonfires and songs, evening and morning lines (formation of all detachments), raising and lowering of the flag, gatherings of red tie men (meetings dedicated to various patriotic themes). The pioneer camps “Orlyonok” and “Artek”, which were located on the Black Sea coast, were considered the best. Pioneer age ended at 14 years old, and many children joined the Komsomol.
Disappearance
So, we have already found out that a pioneer is a reliable comrade. Unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR, this amazing organization almost completed its work. In today's Russia there are pioneer detachments, but they are small in number and not particularly popular among children. In the 1990s. some public formations tried to replace the disappeared movement with an organization of scouts that operated in pre-revolutionary Russia, but this also did not bring any results.
Journalism
Today many people ask what a pioneer is. The definition of this word has been forgotten by many. Nevertheless, many songs and books were written about the Red Ties of the USSR, films were made, most of of which it has no artistic value. It should be noted that the audience really liked the comedy about the pioneer camp “Welcome, or No Strangers Entry!”
In modern speech, especially among older people, you can sometimes hear the phrase “like a pioneer (pioneer),” that is, “to do something in a disciplined, obedient manner.” And the expression “Always ready!” means agreement and willingness to do something. In Soviet journalism, the red-necked people were called young Leninists (adherents of V.I. Lenin).
Tie
Through children's formation new personnel were forged for Soviet country. Some children were forbidden by their parents to become pioneers, but they still joined the organization. They had to hide their ties from their moms and dads. In the USSR, almost all children were pioneers. First, the baby entered school and was accepted into the October class, after which he proudly wore a star with a portrait of a curly, fair-haired boy on his chest.
When the child turned 9 years old, his candidacy was approved at a detachment meeting, and then he was initiated into the pioneers. And finally, at the end of his studies, as “the final stage in the development of the student’s personality,” he was awarded
Every pioneer was required to wear a pioneer tie. It could be made of any fabric, but it had to be red. The schoolchildren knew how to tie it with a special knot. If a child came to school with a crumpled, hastily tied tie, or without one at all, it was considered a disgrace. A pioneer always had to be neat, tidy and wear the symbols of his organization with honor.
What do the three ends of a tie represent? They point to the unbreakable unity of three generations: communists, pioneers and Komsomol members. In some countries, the red scarf movement exists without much change (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).
Heroes
Soviet pioneers who accomplished feats during the formation of Soviet power, the Second World War, are called heroes.
Their images were actively used in the USSR as examples of high morality and ethics. In 1954, an official list of pioneer heroes was created, and a Book of Honor was compiled All-Union Pioneer named after V.I. Lenin, to which the Books of Honor of local red tie formations were attached.
War time
What are the pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War famous for? Already in the first days of the battles for the Brest Fortress, 14-year-old Klypa Petya, a student of a musical platoon, distinguished himself. Many pioneers fought the Nazis in partisan detachments, where they served as scouts and saboteurs, and also carried out underground activities.
Among the young partisans, Volodya Dubinin, Marat Kazei, Lenya Golikov, Zhora Antonenko, and Valya Kotik are very famous. All of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who exploded in a mine. Each of them, except for the over-aged Lenya Golikov, was 13-14 years old at the time of his death.
Very often schoolchildren fought as part of army units(the so-called “daughters and sons of regiments” - Valentin Kataev’s story “Son of the Regiment” is known).
The pioneers of the Great Patriotic War showed their best qualities in battles. So, 15-year-old Chekmak Vilor costs own life saved the partisan detachment of Sevastopol. The boy had a bad heart, he was young, but in 1941, in August, he went into the forest with the partisans. He was on patrol on November 10, so he was the first to see the approaching punitive detachment. Vilor warned the partisans of the threat with a flare and alone took the fight to the Nazis. When he ran out of ammunition, he waited until the enemies came closer to him and blew himself up with the Nazis with a grenade. Vilor was buried in the cemetery of WWII veterans in the village of Dergachi, near Sevastopol.
What else did the great pioneers do? They served as cabin boys on warships, worked in factories in the Soviet rear, replacing adults who had gone to the front, and took part in civil defense.
At the Obol station (Vitebsk region), the Komsomol underground organization “Young Avengers” was created. It included the pioneer Zina Portnova, who joined the Komsomol underground, was executed by the Nazis and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.
Tens of thousands of young fighters were awarded for military merits:
- The Order of the Red Banner was awarded to: Yuliy Kantemirov, Volodya Dubinin, Andrey Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk;
- Order of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Tolya Shumov, Volodya Treasurers, Lenya Golikov, ;
- Order of the Red Star - Samorukha Volodya, Efremov Shura, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (twice);
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - Valery Volkov, Petya Klypa, Sasha Kovalev.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Second World War,” over 15,000 received the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad,” and over 20,000 received the medal “For the Defense of Moscow.”
Five pioneers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: Lenya Golikov, Valya Kotik, Marat Kazei, Zina Portnova, Alexander Chekalin. Many young combatants died on the battlefield or were executed by the Germans. Many children’s names were included in the “Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer named after V.I. Lenin” and elevated to the rank of “pioneer heroes.”
Already in the first days of the war, while defending the Brest Fortress, a student of the musical platoon, 14-year-old Petya Klypa, distinguished himself. Many pioneers participated in partisan detachments, where they were often used as scouts and saboteurs, as well as in carrying out underground activities; Among the young partisans, Marat Kazei, Volodya Dubinin, Lenya Golikov and Valya Kotik are especially famous (all of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who was blown up by a mine; and all of them, except for the older Lenya Golikov, were 13-14 years old at the time of their death) .
There were often cases when teenagers school age fought as part of military units (the so-called “sons and daughters of regiments” - the story of the same name by Valentin Kataev, the prototype of which was 11-year-old Isaac Rakov, is known).
For military services, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals:
The Order of Lenin was awarded to Tolya Shumov, Vitya Korobkov, Volodya Kaznacheev; Order of the Red Banner - Volodya Dubinin, Yuliy Kantemirov, Andrey Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk;
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - Petya Klypa, Valery Volkov, Sasha Kovalev; Order of the Red Star - Volodya Samorukha, Shura Efremov, Vanya Andrianov, Vitya Kovalenko, Lenya Ankinovich.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded
medal “Partisan of the Great Patriotic War”,
medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" - over 15,000,
“For the Defense of Moscow” - over 20,000 medals
Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title
Hero of the Soviet Union:
Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.
There was a war going on. Enemy bombers were buzzing hysterically over the village where Sasha lived. The native land was trampled by the enemy's boot. Sasha Borodulin, a pioneer with the warm heart of a young Leninist, could not put up with this. He decided to fight the fascists. Got a rifle. Having killed a fascist motorcyclist, he took his first battle trophy - a real German machine gun. Day after day he conducted reconnaissance. More than once he went on the most dangerous missions. He was responsible for many destroyed vehicles and soldiers. For carrying out dangerous tasks, for showing courage, resourcefulness and courage, Sasha Borodulin was awarded awarded the order Red Banner.
Punishers tracked down the partisans. The detachment escaped them for three days, twice broke out of encirclement, but the enemy ring closed again. Then the commander called for volunteers to cover the detachment’s retreat. Sasha was the first to step forward. Five took the fight. One by one they died. Sasha was left alone. It was still possible to retreat - the forest was nearby, but the detachment valued every minute that would delay the enemy, and Sasha fought to the end. He, allowing the fascists to close a ring around him, grabbed a grenade and blew them up and himself. Sasha Borodulin died, but his memory lives on. The memory of the heroes is eternal!
After the death of her mother, Marat and her older sister Ariadne went to the partisan detachment named after. 25th anniversary of October (November 1942).
When the partisan detachment was leaving the encirclement, Ariadne's legs were frozen, and therefore she was taken by plane to Mainland, where she had to have both legs amputated. Marat, as a minor, was also offered to evacuate along with his sister, but he refused and remained in the detachment.
Subsequently, Marat was a headquarters intelligence officer partisan brigade them. K.K. Rokossovsky. In addition to reconnaissance, he participated in raids and sabotage. For courage and bravery in battles he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, medals “For Courage” (wounded, raised partisans to attack) and “For Military Merit”. Returning from reconnaissance and surrounded by Germans, Marat Kazei blew himself up with a grenade.
When the war began, and the Nazis were approaching Leningrad, for underground work in the village of Tarnovichi - in the south Leningrad region- the counselor was left high school Anna Petrovna Semenova. To communicate with the partisans, she selected her most reliable pioneers, and the first among them was Galina Komleva. Cheerful, brave, inquisitive girl of six years old school years was awarded books six times with the signature: “For excellent studies”
The young messenger brought assignments from the partisans to her counselor, and forwarded her reports to the detachment along with bread, potatoes, and food, which were obtained with great difficulty. One day, when the messenger from partisan detachment did not arrive at the meeting place on time, Galya, half-frozen, made her way into the detachment, handed over a report and, having warmed up a little, hurried back, carrying a new task to the underground fighters.
Together with Komsomol member Tasya Yakovleva, Galya wrote leaflets and scattered them around the village at night. The Nazis tracked down and captured the young underground fighters. They kept me in the Gestapo for two months. They beat me severely, threw me into a cell, and in the morning they took me out again for interrogation. Galya didn’t say anything to the enemy, didn’t betray anyone. The young patriot was shot.
The Motherland celebrated the feat of Galya Komleva with the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.
Chernihiv region. The front came close to the village of Pogoreltsy. On the outskirts, covering the withdrawal of our units, a company held the defense. A boy brought cartridges to the soldiers. His name was Vasya Korobko.
Night. Vasya creeps up to the school building occupied by the Nazis.
He makes his way into the pioneer room, takes out the pioneer banner and hides it securely.
The outskirts of the village. Under the bridge - Vasya. He pulls out iron brackets, saws down the piles, and at dawn, from a hiding place, watches the bridge collapse under the weight of a fascist armored personnel carrier. The partisans were convinced that Vasya could be trusted, and entrusted him with a serious task: to become a scout in the enemy’s lair. At the fascist headquarters, he lights the stoves, chops wood, and he takes a closer look, remembers, and passes on information to the partisans. The punishers, who planned to exterminate the partisans, forced the boy to lead them into the forest. But Vasya led the Nazis to a police ambush. The Nazis, mistaking them for partisans in the dark, opened furious fire, killed all the policemen and themselves suffered heavy losses.
Together with the partisans, Vasya destroyed nine echelons and hundreds of Nazis. In one of the battles he was hit by an enemy bullet. The Motherland awarded its little hero, who lived a short but such a bright life, the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War,” 1st degree.
She was executed twice by the Nazis, and battle friends For many years Nadya was considered dead. They even erected a monument to her.
It’s hard to believe, but when she became a scout in the partisan detachment of “Uncle Vanya” Dyachkov, she was not yet ten years old. Small, thin, she, pretending to be a beggar, wandered among the Nazis, noticing everything, remembering everything, and brought the most valuable information to the detachment. And then, together with partisan fighters, she blew up the fascist headquarters, derailed a train with military equipment, and mined objects.
The first time she was captured was when, together with Vanya Zvontsov, she hung out a red flag in enemy-occupied Vitebsk on November 7, 1941. They beat her with ramrods, tortured her, and when they brought her to the ditch to shoot her, she no longer had any strength left - she fell into the ditch, momentarily outstripping the bullet. Vanya died, and the partisans found Nadya alive in a ditch...
The second time she was captured at the end of 1943. And again torture: they doused her in the cold ice water, burned a five-pointed star on the back. Considering the scout dead, the Nazis abandoned her when the partisans attacked Karasevo. They left her, paralyzed and almost blind, local residents. After the war in Odessa, Academician V.P. Filatov restored Nadya’s sight.
15 years later, she heard on the radio how the intelligence chief of the 6th detachment, Slesarenko - her commander - said that the soldiers would never forget their fallen comrades, and named among them Nadya Bogdanova, who saved his life, a wounded man...
Only then did she show up, only then did the people who worked with her learn about what an amazing destiny of a person she, Nadya Bogdanova, was awarded with the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and medals.
For the operation of reconnaissance and explosion of the railway. bridge over the Drissa River, Leningrad schoolgirl Larisa Mikheenko was nominated for a government award. But the Motherland did not have time to present the award to her brave daughter...
The war cut off the girl from hometown: in the summer she went on vacation to the Pustoshkinsky district, but was unable to return - the village was occupied by the Nazis. The pioneer dreamed of breaking out of Hitler's slavery and making her way to her own people. And one night she left the village with two older friends.
At the headquarters of the 6th Kalinin Brigade, the commander, Major P.V. Ryndin, initially found himself accepting “such little ones”: what kind of partisans are they? But how much even very young citizens can do for the Motherland! Girls were able to do what strong men could not. Dressed in rags, Lara walked through the villages, finding out where and how the guns were located, the sentries were posted, what German vehicles were moving along the highway, what kind of trains were coming to Pustoshka station and with what cargo.
She also took part in combat operations...
The young partisan, betrayed by a traitor in the village of Ignatovo, was shot by the Nazis. The Decree on awarding Larisa Mikheenko the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, states bitter word: "Posthumously."
June 11, 1944 on central square In Kyiv, units were lined up to go to the front. And before this battle formation, the Decree of the Presidium was read Supreme Council The USSR about awarding the pioneer Kostya Kravchuk with the Order of the Red Banner for saving and preserving two battle flags of rifle regiments during the occupation of the city of Kyiv...
Retreating from Kyiv, two wounded soldiers entrusted Kostya with the banners. And Kostya promised to keep them.
At first I buried it in the garden under a pear tree: I thought our people would return soon. But the war dragged on, and, having dug up the banners, Kostya kept them in the barn until he remembered an old, abandoned well outside the city, near the Dnieper. Having wrapped his priceless treasure in burlap and rolled it with straw, he got out of the house at dawn and, with a canvas bag over his shoulder, led a cow to a distant forest. And there, looking around, he hid the bundle in the well, covered it with branches, dry grass, turf...
And throughout the long occupation the pioneer carried out his difficult guard at the banner, although he was caught in a raid, and even fled from the train in which the Kievites were driven away to Germany.
When Kyiv was liberated, Kostya, in a white shirt with a red tie, came to the military commandant of the city and unfurled banners in front of the well-worn and yet amazed soldiers.
On June 11, 1944, the newly formed units leaving for the front were given the rescued Kostya replacements.
Leonid Golikov was born in the village of Lukino, now Parfinsky district, Novgorod region, into a working-class family.
Graduated from 7th grade. He worked at plywood factory No. 2 in the village of Parfino.
Brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the fourth Leningrad partisan brigade, operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Participated in 27 combat operations. He especially distinguished himself during the defeat of German garrisons in the villages of Aprosovo, Sosnitsy, and Sever.
In total, he destroyed: 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food and fodder warehouses and 10 vehicles with ammunition. Accompanied a convoy with food (250 carts) to besieged Leningrad. For valor and courage he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, the medal “For Courage” and the Partisan of the Patriotic War medal, 2nd degree.
On August 13, 1942, returning from reconnaissance from the Luga-Pskov highway, not far from the village of Varnitsa, Strugokrasnensky district, a grenade blew up a passenger car in which there was German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. The detachment commander's report indicated that in a shootout Golikov shot the general, the officer and driver accompanying him with a machine gun, but after that, in 1943-1944, General Wirtz commanded the 96th Infantry Division, and in 1945 he was captured by American troops . The intelligence officer delivered a briefcase with documents to the brigade headquarters. These included drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to higher command and other important military papers. Nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
On January 24, 1943, in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region, Leonid Golikov died.
Valya Kotik Born on February 11, 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district. In the fall of 1941, together with his comrades, he killed the head of the field gendarmerie near the town of Shepetovka. In the battle for the city of Izyaslav in the Khmelnytsky region, on February 16, 1944, he was mortally wounded. In 1958, Valya was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Wherever the blue-eyed girl Yuta went, her red tie was always with her...
In the summer of 1941, she came from Leningrad on vacation to a village near Pskov. Here terrible news overtook Utah: war! Here she saw the enemy. Utah began to help the partisans. At first she was a messenger, then a scout. Dressed as a beggar boy, she collected information from the villages: where the fascist headquarters were, how they were guarded, how many machine guns there were.
Returning from a mission, I immediately tied a red tie. And it was as if the strength was increasing! Utah supported the tired soldiers with a sonorous pioneer song and a story about their native Leningrad...
And how happy everyone was, how the partisans congratulated Utah when the message came to the detachment: the blockade had been broken! Leningrad survived, Leningrad won! That day, both Yuta’s blue eyes and her red tie shone as it seems never before.
But the earth was still groaning under the enemy’s yoke, and the detachment, together with units of the Red Army, left to help the Estonian partisans. In one of the battles - near the Estonian farm of Rostov - Yuta Bondarovskaya, a little heroine great war, a pioneer who did not part with her red tie, died a heroic death. The Motherland awarded its heroic daughter posthumously with the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree, Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree.
An ordinary black bag would not attract the attention of visitors to a local history museum if it were not for a red tie lying next to it. A boy or girl will involuntarily freeze, an adult will stop, and they will read the yellowed certificate issued by the commissioner
partisan detachment. The fact that the young owner of these relics, pioneer Lida Vashkevich, risking her life, helped fight the Nazis. There is another reason to stop near these exhibits: Lida was awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree.
...In the city of Grodno, occupied by the Nazis, a communist underground operated. One of the groups was led by Lida’s father. Contacts of underground fighters and partisans came to him, and each time the commander’s daughter was on duty at the house. From the outside looking in, she was playing. And she peered vigilantly, listened, to see if the policemen, the patrol, were approaching,
and, if necessary, gave a sign to her father. Dangerous? Very. But compared to other tasks, this was almost a game. Lida obtained paper for leaflets by buying a couple of sheets from different stores, often with the help of her friends. A pack will be collected, the girl will hide it at the bottom of a black bag and deliver it to the appointed place. And the next day the whole city reads
words of truth about the victories of the Red Army near Moscow and Stalingrad.
The girl warned the people's avengers about the raids while going around safe houses. She traveled from station to station by train to convey an important message to the partisans and underground fighters. She carried the explosives past the fascist posts in the same black bag, filled to the top with coal and trying not to bend so as not to arouse suspicion - coal is lighter explosives...
This is what kind of bag ended up in the Grodno Museum. And the tie that Lida was wearing in her bosom back then: she couldn’t, didn’t want to part with it.
Every summer, Nina and her younger brother and sister were taken from Leningrad to the village of Nechepert, where the air is clean, soft grass, where there is honey and fresh milk... Roar, explosions, flames and smoke hit this quiet region in the fourteenth summer of the pioneer Nina Kukoverova. War! From the first days of the arrival of the Nazis, Nina became a partisan intelligence officer. I remembered everything I saw around me and reported it to the detachment.
A punitive detachment is located in the village of the mountain, all approaches are blocked, even the most experienced scouts cannot get through. Nina volunteered to go. She walked for a dozen kilometers through a snow-covered plain and field. The Nazis did not pay attention to the chilled, tired girl with a bag, but nothing escaped her attention - neither the headquarters, nor the fuel depot, nor the location of the sentries. And when the partisan detachment set out on a campaign at night, Nina walked next to the commander as a scout, as a guide. That night, fascist warehouses flew into the air, the headquarters burst into flames, and the punitive forces fell, struck down by fierce fire.
I have gone to the combat missions Nina is a pioneer, awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.
The young heroine died. But the memory of Russia’s daughter is alive. She was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree. Nina Kukoverova is forever included in her pioneer squad.
He dreamed of heaven when he was just a boy. Arkady's father, Nikolai Petrovich Kamanin, a pilot, participated in the rescue of the Chelyuskinites, for which he received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And my father’s friend, Mikhail Vasilyevich Vodopyanov, is always nearby. There was something to make the boy's heart burn. But they didn’t let him fly, they told him to grow up.
When the war began, he went to work at an aircraft factory, then he used the airfield for any opportunity to take to the skies. Experienced pilots, even if only for a few minutes, sometimes trusted him to fly the plane. One day the cockpit glass was broken by an enemy bullet. The pilot was blinded. Losing consciousness, he managed to hand over control to Arkady, and the boy landed the plane at his airfield.
After this, Arkady was allowed to seriously study flying, and soon he began to fly on his own.
One day, from above, a young pilot saw our plane shot down by the Nazis. Under heavy mortar fire, Arkady landed, carried the pilot into his plane, took off and returned to his own. The Order of the Red Star shone on his chest. For participation in battles with the enemy, Arkady was awarded the second Order of the Red Star. By that time he had already become an experienced pilot, although he was fifteen years old.
Arkady Kamanin fought with the Nazis until the victory. Young hero I dreamed of heaven and conquered the sky!
1941... In the spring, Volodya Kaznacheev graduated from fifth grade. In the fall he joined the partisan detachment.
When, together with his sister Anya, he came to the partisans in the Kletnyansky forests in the Bryansk region, the detachment said: “What a reinforcement!..” True, having learned that they were from Solovyanovka, the children of Elena Kondratyevna Kaznacheeva, the one who baked bread for the partisans , they stopped joking (Elena Kondratievna was killed by the Nazis).
The detachment had a “partisan school”. Future miners and demolition workers trained there. Volodya mastered this science perfectly and, together with his senior comrades, derailed eight echelons. He also had to cover the group’s retreat, stopping the pursuers with grenades...
He was a liaison; he often went to Kletnya, delivering valuable information; After waiting until dark, he posted leaflets. From operation to operation he became more experienced and skillful.
The Nazis placed a reward on the head of partisan Kzanacheev, not even suspecting that their brave opponent was just a boy. He fought alongside the adults until the day he motherland was not freed from the fascist evil spirits, and rightfully shared with the adults the glory of the hero - the liberator of his native land. Volodya Kaznacheev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.
The Brest Fortress was the first to take the enemy's blow. Bombs and shells exploded, walls collapsed, people died both in the fortress and in the city of Brest. From the first minutes, Valya’s father went into battle. He left and did not return, died a hero, like many defenders of the Brest Fortress.
And the Nazis forced Valya to make her way into the fortress under fire in order to convey to its defenders the demand to surrender. Valya made her way into the fortress, talked about the atrocities of the Nazis, explained what weapons they had, indicated their location and stayed to help our soldiers. She bandaged the wounded, collected cartridges and brought them to the soldiers.
There was not enough water in the fortress, it was divided by sip. The thirst was painful, but Valya again and again refused her sip: the wounded needed water. When the command of the Brest Fortress decided to take the children and women out from under fire and transport them to the other side of the Mukhavets River - there was no other way to save their lives - the little nurse Valya Zenkina asked to be left with the soldiers. But an order is an order, and then she vowed to continue the fight against the enemy until complete victory.
And Valya kept her vow. Various trials befell her. But she survived. She survived. And she continued her struggle in the partisan detachment. She fought bravely, along with adults. For courage and bravery, the Motherland awarded its young daughter the Order of the Red Star.
Pioneer Vitya Khomenko passed his heroic path of struggle against the Nazis in underground organization"Nikolayevsky Center".
...Vitya’s German at school was “excellent,” and the underground members instructed the pioneer to get a job in the officers’ mess. He washed dishes, sometimes served officers in the hall and listened to their conversations. In drunken arguments, the fascists blurted out information that was of great interest to the Nikolaev Center.
The officers began sending the fast, smart boy on errands, and soon he was made a messenger at headquarters. It could never have occurred to them that the most secret packages were the first to be read by underground workers at the turnout...
Together with Shura Kober, Vitya received the task of crossing the front line to establish contact with Moscow. In Moscow, at the headquarters partisan movement, they reported the situation and talked about what they observed along the way.
Returning to Nikolaev, the guys delivered a radio transmitter, explosives, and weapons to the underground fighters. And again fight without fear or hesitation. On December 5, 1942, ten underground members were captured by the Nazis and executed. Among them are two boys - Shura Kober and Vitya Khomenko. They lived as heroes and died as heroes.
The Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - posthumously - was awarded by the Motherland to its fearless son. The school where he studied is named after Vitya Khomenko.
Zina Portnova was born on February 20, 1926 in the city of Leningrad into a working-class family. Belarusian by nationality. Graduated from 7th grade.
At the beginning of June 1941, she came for school holidays to the village of Zui, near the Obol station, Shumilinsky district, Vitebsk region. After the Nazi invasion of the USSR, Zina Portnova found herself in occupied territory. Since 1942, a member of the Obol underground organization “Young Avengers,” whose leader was the future Hero of the Soviet Union E. S. Zenkova, a member of the organization’s committee. While underground she was accepted into the Komsomol.
She participated in the distribution of leaflets among the population and sabotage against the invaders. Working in the retraining course canteen German officers, at the direction of the underground, poisoned food (more than a hundred officers died). During the proceedings, wanting to prove to the Germans that she was not involved, she tried the poisoned soup. Miraculously, she survived.
Since August 1943, scout of the partisan detachment named after. K. E. Voroshilova. In December 1943, returning from a mission to find out the reasons for the failure of the Young Avengers organization, she was captured in the village of Mostishche and identified by a certain Anna Khrapovitskaya. During one of the interrogations at the Gestapo in the village of Goryany (Belarus), she grabbed the investigator’s pistol from the table, shot him and two other Nazis, tried to escape, and was captured. After torture, she was shot in a prison in Polotsk (according to another version, in the village of Goryany, now Polotsk district, Vitebsk region of Belarus).
In the fall of 1918, a children's organization of young communists (YuKov) was created, but a year later it was dissolved. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months; during the experiment, pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, and the name of the new organization was adopted - the Spartak Young Pioneer Units. On May 7, 1922, the first Pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky Forest in Moscow.
Pioneers of the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, or, more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. The social hierarchy: October - pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and adolescents, the desire to grow and improve. The pioneer organization taught children how to live in a socialist society and how to coexist with their peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was extremely low compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be an official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in organizing children's leisure.
Pioneer means first.
The pioneer organization was founded on May 19, 1922 by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference to organize children aged 9 to 14 years. At the V Komsomol Congress, the Laws and Customs of Young Pioneers, the Solemn Promise, and the Regulations on the Pioneer Organization are adopted. A pioneer organization can be called a school political activity. The pioneers helped adults build a new, fair and happy life.
More than one generation of children passed through the pioneer organization. The ability to be friends and help each other, the ability to work and fulfill one’s duty to the team, the ability to love the Motherland - all these qualities soviet people absorbed from the pioneer organization.
“Pioneer Country” - what it was like in our republic, to what causes did the pioneers give their ardent hearts, minds and all their strength different years and generations.
Pioneer devoted to the Motherland, the party, communism.
Pioneer preparing to become a Komsomol member.
Pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
Pioneer honors the memory of fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Motherland.
Pioneer persistent in learning, work and sports.
Pioneer- an honest and loyal comrade, always boldly stands for the truth.
Pioneer- comrade and leader of the Octobrists.
Pioneer– a friend to the pioneers and children of workers of all countries.
I (last name, first name), joining the ranksAll-Union Pioneer
organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,
in front of his comradesI solemnly promise:
love your homeland passionately,live, learn and fight,
as the great Lenin bequeathed,
as the Communist Party teaches,
always doLaws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.
By decree Soviet power from October 29, 1917 was banned hired labor children. For teenagers from 14 years of age, a 6-hour working day is established. Night and overtime work is prohibited. The doors of all educational institutions opened before them.
Summer 1918 enemies young Soviet republic started a civil war.
In Izhevsk and Votkinsk, children's communist organizations were born - the “House of the Young Proletarian” (YUP).
When the older comrades united the Communist Youth Union, the attraction of inquisitive, energetic, recklessly brave children to it turned out to be limitless. But the obstacle to joining the RKSM for 10-12 year olds was its Charter. His older brother, the Komsomol, came to the rescue. Izhevsk residents allocated one of the rooms for the children, and most importantly, they sent a sincere, proactive and cheerful leader to the children - Komsomol member Kiryakov. Soon the words of the young proletarians’ oath were heard: “To fight for the councils of workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ deputies, to be reliable and faithful assistants to Komsomol members and Bolsheviks, to always be brave and truthful.”
What did the young pioneers do? – helped adults build a new life.
Children eagerly listened to stories about Lenin, the Red Army, the Komsomol, went on hikes, participated in subbotniks, war games held by the Komsomol.
November 4, 1920 The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR proclaimed the formation of the Udmurt Autonomous Region. The civil war ended, but the difficulties of the post-war devastation were increased by a lean summer, and the year of famine 1921 began.
The party called on the people to fight devastation and hunger, and to take fatherly care of children. The Vyatka Provincial Committee of the Komsomol issued an appeal: “Young people, do you hear? Little orphans whose fathers and mothers fell victim on the fronts of the civil war or were buried alive in the ground, burned on barges, shot or hanged by the White Guards on telegraph poles need your help, your support. Now these are the children of the Republic. They need bread, they need shelter. They need light and warmth. They need affection, hello. These children are the future builders of a new life, the creators of the future Commune. But they need to be educated, watered, fed.” (Pioneer Chronicle. Kirov, 1972, p. 20.)
Thousands of youngsters filled the labor exchanges. 137 orphanages were opened for orphans. The factories of Izhevsk accepted 1,181 teenagers. A special dining room was opened for them. Thanks to the efforts of Izhevsk Komsomol members, 150 children became the first students of the factory apprenticeship school (FZU).
May 17, 1923 the date of the decision of the presidium of the regional executive committee to recognize the organization of detachments of young pioneers as necessary and deserving of all encouragement.
The date of the decision was the birthday of the Udmurt Regional Pioneer Organization.
A memorable event took place in a picturesque corner near Vazhnin Klyuch, near Izhevsk. Everything was a first here - the pioneer camp in huts, where 45 pioneers already lived throughout July, and the line built around the pioneer fire, and the words spoken for the first time solemn promise in the face of senior comrades - communists, Komsomol members, factory workers.
Pioneer! Fight homelessness! Calls, concerts, demonstrations, mass holidays, evenings, camping trips, played scouts, loved to compete for the best runner, cook, doctor.
The password of those years was teaching! We studied ourselves and taught others. One would get tired, and another would take his place at the ABC book with grandma. Our students were rewarded with everything - pies, apples, jam, tears.
By the mid-20s, the country's economy had been restored. The results of a medical examination of children showed: 60% of children were anemic, 70% had measles, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. Participants in the regional meeting of pioneer workers in 1926 decided: health promotion, physical education, problems of everyday life and education are the first place in the work.
In the 20s passion started sports. The Komsomol put forward the slogan “Give us physical education!” But the counselor had nothing to give the pioneers yet. He had neither the financial resources nor coaching skills.
Since 1926 The passion for pyramids and floor exercises began. At all holidays and gatherings one could hear a call like this:
Durevo - quit! Smoke - quit!
Build physical education!
In 1932 The Central Bank of the DKO proposed to begin preparations for mass physical education holidays based on the GTO complex. Systematic all-encompassing work began to master the secrets of sportsmanship.
Pioneer history 20s captured numerous hut towns in picturesque places of Udmurtia. But the romance of camp life had its difficulties. Fir branches served as a bed and a roof. Homemade food was delivered by boat. Lunches were cooked in a homemade oven dug into the side of a cliff. Potatoes were baked over a fire. There weren't enough products. They collected berries, mushrooms, sorrel, and rose hips.
Since 1926 code the beloved “potato” becomes a song of pioneer history.
The most enthusiastic response to the Motherland's concern for the health of children was given by the first Artek residents. The All-Union camp opened in 1925, and the following summer it hosted 70 pioneers from the Urals.
The fight on the health front has come integral part started in the country cultural revolution. Its scope was expanded by the front of educating the masses.
Campaign against illiteracy was the central problem of the Cultural Revolution. In the reading huts they wrote in large letters:
It's time, comrade grandfather,
It's time, comrade grandmother,
Sit down with your ABC book.
The older pioneers taught literacy in literacy clubs (educational programs), and the younger ones taught them at home. They had one more responsibility - to ensure that the illiterates did not miss classes, to prepare chalk, a rag, and chairs before they started. Often we had to make the benches ourselves. The pioneer received a task: and if there is an illiterate person in his family, teach him to write and read, help his neighbor.
The 1st All-Union rally of pioneers “Forward, compressed troops!”, the rally assessed the work of the pioneers during the years of the first five-year plan.
The pioneers of the 30s learned to read and write using the words “five-year plan”, “drummer”, “collective farm”, “industry”. The delegates of the regional rally of shock pioneers (1932) will remember the excursion to the Izhevsk Arms Plant for the rest of their lives. The power of the industry is imprinted in my memory: huge workshops, fountains of flaming metal sparks, the bed of a fiery river and breathing rolled metal. The guys truly realized that the economic difficulties of the state were nearing an end. There will be, soon there will be sugar, and tea, and white bread, and homemade canvas slippers with hemp rope soles will become history.
These were the years of giant new buildings; the Bolshevik Party needed financial resources and an accelerated pace of work. Social competition, Stakhanov movement. Campaigning for the purchase of government bonds.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in its 1932 resolution “On the work of the pioneer organization,” proposed that the detachments decisively restructure their work. The activities of the pioneers should be concentrated in the school in order to lead the children's team in the struggle for knowledge, for conscious discipline, to help rebuild the school on a polytechnic basis, to develop children's interest in science, technology, production and broad creativity.
The meeting raised high the problem of deep and lasting knowledge. The first-born of industry and the collective farm system were in need of ideologically mature, educated, cultural school graduates; universities and technical schools were waiting for them. To lead a children's team to perform one of the most important tasks socialist construction, the pioneer organization completely transferred to the school.
We are children of the proletariat,
The country has given us an order:
The Great Five Year Plan
Our curriculum includes...
Gathering all the troops,
Blow your trumpet, bugler!
Hooligan and lazy
We declare a fight.
The main order of the meeting sounded laconic: for knowledge!
The pioneer organization actively entered school life, training groups for counselors were organized at the Glazov Pedagogical College, Yak-Bodier, and Multan.
Pioneer mentors study, and in 1940 they pass the exam for the “Senior Leader of Young Pioneers” certificate. So the senior counselor came to school.
The forms of pioneer work are deepening and improving. Clubs, research, experiments, scenarios, literary evenings in libraries.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Osipov The history of the creation of the first children's technical stations. It began in 1932 with the Izhevsk DTS. The leaders of the teacher-masters N.N. Yuminov, V.L. Fetzer, the students more than once became participants in the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition, and in the aircraft modeling circle the future Heroes of the Soviet Union A. Zarovnyaev, L. Rykov and twice Hero of the Soviet Union E. Kungurtsev determined their calling. The boys were lucky with their bosses - the factories became them. Young technicians from Izhevsk set out to speed up the creation of road transport vehicles in the cities and regions of the republic. Model gliders became the guys' assistants. Their flight at parades and demonstrations or in the halls of party and Komsomol conferences was excellent propaganda, a call to promote the development of children's technical creativity. On the day of aviation, the sky of Izhevsk was filled with box kites, air postmen, and model airplanes with gasoline engines soaring. The campaign was a success. In 1935, young technicians from Izhevsk, Glazov, Kez, Sharkan, and Alnashey arrived at modeling competitions.
Youth was in a hurry to live and dream, to know and be able.
Children's artistic creativity at the beginning In the 1930s, only counselors and some teachers were in charge. But then, in 1933, the call letters of a children's radio studio began to sound. The children were introduced to works of classical and Soviet music and literature, and helped to learn pioneer songs. The first radio stations were only in clubs in regional centers. The pioneers carried their impressions, new songs, poems and stories to their detachments and native villages. The children not only listened to the weekly radio program, but also prepared it, accompanied by performances by the choir, orchestra, and drama club; sent letters of request.
A big step in the development of young talents was the opening of the House of Artistic Education of Children in Izhevsk (DHVD), which replaced the children's club. There were 16 circles working there artistic creativity. The house became a center for methodological training of counselors and pioneer activists of the republic. DHVD marked the year of its birth (1935) with the first Olympics children's creativity and a gathering of young entertainers.
1937 was a true celebration of young talents. For three days it sparkled with a scattering of nuggets first republican festival. Sonorous folk melodies, lively dances, virtuoso playing of the balalaika, artistic whistling, and sonorous songs filled the theater hall freely and beautifully.
Menacing clouds were approaching from the west and the east back in the early 30s. These years gave rise to the motto of preparation not only for work, but also for defense. He became an integral part new system training and education of schools and detachments.
“Let each pioneer have three defense badges!”
this means,
That I can shoot like Voroshilov,
Ready for sanitary defense
and passed all the standards for a young athlete.
I am proud of my badges and, when necessary, I will put this knowledge into practice.”
A passion for war games began. The soldiers studied defense, studied a gas mask and a small-caliber rifle. Everyone wanted to be a hero.
On December 28, 1934, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the autonomous region was transformed into a republic.
The right of children to education, to rest, the right to participate in work public organizations was confirmed by the flames of the lines of the 1936 Constitution about the victory of socialism in the country of free and equal. In 1936, Spain became the bastion of the first international battle against fascism.
War…
In the country martial law was introduced. Mobilization announced. The hour of courage has struck.
“Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!"
Alarmed guys ran from everywhere home school. At rallies they declared: “The fate of the homeland is our fate! – and determined their place among the defenders.
Now everyone, young and old, should consider themselves mobilized. We, pioneers, Komsomol members, all students of school No. 27, decided to go to work together, where our work can be useful...” Helping adults at work, in the home, caring for young children whose fathers went to the front, helping collective farms in the fields.
Trains with the wounded began to arrive. Hospitals are located in school buildings. The word appeared - evacuated. The whole detachment went to meet them and placed them in apartments.
Gaidar’s Timur actively entered the family of Udmurt children. His teams were born along with the publication of the book. Timurovets is very necessary and very honorary title. They learned to use an ax and a saw, collected pine cones and brushwood, caressed children, cared for the wounded, carried water, chopped wood, and cleared snow from the roof. During the war years, pioneers and schoolchildren of Udmurtia gave 5,000 concerts in hospitals, glued and sewed tens of thousands of envelopes and bags for medicine. The boys lovingly and with great desire collected parcels for the front-line soldiers. They knitted woolen socks and mittens themselves, embroidered pouches, and bought gifts with the money they earned. In total, during the war, pioneers and schoolchildren of Udmurtia sent 4,000 parcels.
By November 1, 1941, the guys gathered tank "Pioneer of Udmurtia" 150,000 rubles.
During the war years, the Komsomol Central Committee rebuilt the structure of the pioneer organization. The pioneer detachments united into a school squad headed by the headquarters. In Udmurtia there were 919 of them. The pioneer activists were not elected, but appointed. The badge of the young Leninist became an asterisk, like a fighter’s. They made it themselves. The new text of the pioneer’s solemn promise read: “...I hate the fascist invaders with all my heart and will tirelessly prepare myself to defend the Motherland. I swear this in the name of the soldiers who gave their lives for our happiness. I will forever remember that their blood burns on my pioneer tie and on our red banner.”
Village teenagers provided great assistance to elders in logging work.
The timber was transported to Izhevsk by horse-drawn transport, mostly on horses. The needs of the front required the connection of the Volga and the Northern Urals.
During the war, people's construction began railway with a length of 146 kilometers from Izhevsk to Balezino. It was built mainly by women and teenagers aged 13–16 years.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War Pioneers and schoolchildren contributed 924,000 rubles to the construction of the “Soviet Schoolboy” tank column. Teachers and schoolchildren of Udmurtia contributed 1 million 47 thousand 767 rubles to the country's defense fund. Acknowledgments Rates Supreme Commander-in-Chief they were awarded twice.
The war was coming to an end, leaving war-scarred areas in ruins. The fate of the children of the liberated areas worried the children of distant Udmurtia. “We, the pioneers, know that the Nazi animals, forced to retreat under powerful blows Soviet army, destroy everything in their path: school clubs, teaching aids. We... really want to help our comrades - the guys from the liberated areas. We organized a collection of school supplies and have already collected 400 pens, 5000 pencils, 6 boxes of feathers, fiction, paper, dishes, a box of teaching aids. Join us guys! " (newspaper “Leninsky Put” Glazov, 1942, March 18)
They came from all over the country echelons of Friendship. 130 wagons with grain, livestock, agricultural implements, and gifts from the workers and children of Udmurtia went to Belarus. Cities were rebuilt, vacant lots were plowed up, schools were restored, and the country grew stronger. And the long-awaited day came when, instead of explosions of war, explosions of Victory salutes were heard. His replacement rejoiced along with the people of the country. His shift went on in step with the fathers. She went through all the hardships of the war in step with her fathers, equaled them in heroism, valor, and passed the test of maturity.
Victory! The soldiers returned to their native lands. The country was restoring its economy. Schools were given back buildings temporarily occupied as hospitals, but classes were still going on in 2-3 shifts. There weren't enough textbooks visual aids. The Komsomol called on the pioneers to direct their efforts to fight for deep and solid knowledge, to the implementation of universal seven-year education, the involvement of students in socially useful work. The affairs of young pioneers were headed by the pioneer council. The Komsomol Central Committee reintroduced the election of pioneer activists. He established pioneer banners in organizations, and red flags in detachments.
Accepting the banner, the pioneers swore an oath to sacredly preserve it and multiply the traditions of the Komsomol shift in serving the Fatherland.
Pionersky call “Let's decorate the Motherland with gardens!” gave rise to the months of the forest and garden. Each pioneer will plant 3 trees, and there will be a garden republic.
At the regional 4th rally (1956), the first competitions of youth volunteer fire brigades of Udmurtia were held (UDPD).
The Central Council of the Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin (CC VPO) developed new “Laws of Young Pioneers”, “ Sample list skills and abilities" (steps of a young pioneer).
"Seven Year Plan Companion" - the title became pioneer symbol best squads and organizations dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin.
Komsomol-pioneer construction is a very responsible matter.
All-Union competition of pioneer detachments 1963–1964, dedicated 40th anniversary naming the Pioneer and Komsomol named after V.I. Lenin.
His start was successful. By order of Timur, published in Pionerskaya Pravda, the detachments became crews in this game, the chairmen of the councils became commanders, the leaders became helmsmen and set sail on the “Ocean of Useful Deeds.”
For pioneers, the first front of action is school. Since 1959, in Udmurtia, instead of a seven-year course, universal eight-year polytechnic education has been introduced. The country is heading towards a gradual transition to universal secondary education with a desk-based education system.
WITH 1961 Republican Olympiads in mathematics and physics became traditional.
Children's creativity is expanding year after year. from the first republican rally of young technicians in 1962 to the second in 1965, the number of participants in technical creativity exhibitions increased by 6 thousand. First of all, their models were added to school classrooms. Training workshops became the starting point for children's creativity and acquaintance with the basics of modern production.
The workshops of school No. 28 play a great role in the development of children's creativity. Many pioneer crews of Izhevsk started and finished from them. The starts started in 1960 year teacher of plumbing Anatoly Vasilyevich Novikov. Soon the amateur PAMC was born ( pioneer automoto club). Motorcycling was learned using A.V. Novikov’s car, and traffic rules were taught using homemade electrified stands. A council of assistance appeared. It included workers of the OK Komsomol, DOSAAF, veterans of the motorcycle industry, Stakhanovites who completed the women's run along the route Izhevsk - Moscow - Izhevsk on the first Izh-7 motorcycles, and motorcycle racing athletes.
In 1965 opened young sailors club with real sailing and service. The All-Union Pioneer “Zarnitsa” will soon lead the hobby of detachments of all branches of the military, and sports fans will become members of the “Golden Puck” and “Leather Ball” clubs.
Pioneer-experimenters of the Baiteryakov seven-year school in the Alnash district. Under the leadership of the tireless enthusiast, Honored School Teacher of the RSFSR, winner of the bronze and silver medals of VDNKh L.D. Belousov, they turned school site to the “green laboratory” of the Iskra collective farm. An orchard was planted near the school and plots were set up for experiments.
1962 - first in Russian Federation school forestry was created in Udmurtia.
Young foresters of the Sharkan school received an area of 500 hectares, elected a council and a forester, drew up a map and divided it into five forest detours. AND winter cold, and in the summer heat they are checked by forestry engineers and inspectors with their teams. They monitor and treat pest-infested areas, hang feeders and artificial bird nests, register and propagate anthills, and bravely fight poachers. On the way, they read the “forest book” - a living organism of the forest with traces and habits of its inhabitants. And in the spring, new seeds of tree species are sown in the nursery.
New all-Union operations increased the romance of pioneer affairs.
Participants in the operation "Green Arrow" by the end of 1973, forest was planted on an area of 8,248 hectares.
The result of the operation "Bird Town" there were 52,428 artificial nesting sites.
In operation "Ant" 1121 anthills were registered and propagated.
And the participants in the operation "Spring" Over the five-year period, 712 springs were improved and 1,176 springs were registered.
April 22, 1967 The attention of the regional pioneer organization was focused on open-hearth furnace No. 2. the best steelmaker of Udmurtia, holder of the Order of Lenin, Evgeny Chernykh and his assistants had 19 young assistants from schools No. 18 of Sarapul, No. 9 and 12 of Glazov, No. 9, 30, 32, 54, 56 of Izhevsk; Kezskaya and Surekskaya. Walked here pioneer melting. Steel from 6852 tons of scrap metal was used for construction Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Dozens of tractors, hundreds of cars, BAM - pioneer rails
Operation “A million to the Motherland!”- it is not easy to count the pioneer contribution to the heritage of the people.
An important milestone in the development of tourism was the decisions of the XII Congress of the Komsomol (1954). tourism and local history work has become one of the effective methods of strengthening the connection between school and life. Children from different schools went on hikes, the first to be led by teachers of geography, history, biology, and physical education. Their activities were directed by the Republican Children's Excursion and Tourist Station (RDETS). It was headed by veteran of tourism and sports Alexey Vladimirovich Emelyanov. The children's great desire for hiking was confirmed by the gathering of travelers. The decision to hold it was made by the bureau of the regional committee of the Komsomol in 1955. The secretary of the regional committee, Yu.K. Shibanov, was appointed as the head, and A.V. Emelyanov as the chief of staff. first rally... Where to hold it? And the choice fell on the banks of the Kama River, where another energy giant was being created. Several years will pass, and the picturesque Nosok Peninsula will be flooded by a new sea. So let the first gathering of travelers perpetuate its beauty. For the first time, the arriving teams experienced the excitement of the tourist relay race, the strength of friendship, and the romance of life in nature. The fighting spirit permeated all the work: it was in the relay race, in the amateur competition, at the fire meeting with the builders of the Votkinsk giant.
“To the Soviet Motherland, born in October, all our discoveries, all our love!” - called "Pionerskaya Pravda" in the year of the 40th anniversary of October. The motto heralded a new stage in tourism. Announced 1st All-Union Expedition of Pioneers and Schoolchildren 1956 – 1957.
The increased passion for tourism and excitement at the Sletov relay races have given rise to a new, youngest type of competition - orienteering. The first All-Russian competitions for schoolchildren were held in 1970.“The judges work quickly, posting control cards of the participants. Strange words can be heard: “pegging”, “messed up on the 5th”, “caught on No. 44 and missed the first checkpoint”. There are drooping faces. But what more complex program and the more persistent the struggle, the stronger the camaraderie and friendship.
And from the first rally held at the future hydroelectric power station, the chronicle of great tourism for Udmurt children began.
Tourism is courage, the will to win and friendship. He combined into one whole pride for the land, for his people, childish inquisitiveness, breadth of knowledge and sportsmanship.
The noble deeds of the followers of Genki the orderly and Timur are subject to fulfillment principles:
Humane relations and mutual respect between people;
Man is friend, comrade and brother to man;
Honesty and truthfulness, moral purity, simplicity and modesty in public and personal life...
Interesting job young internationalists Izhevsk. They are headed by the city club "Globus". The Globus board includes the presidents of 34 school KIDs. He organized 6 city festivals of Peace and Friendship, and initiated a review of the work of school clubs. In 1976, they held the first republican rally.