Wars are financed by those who subsequently receive the maximum profit.
Capitalism benefits from wars and the subsequent exploitation of countries for one reason - it’s a lot of money. This means that under capitalism, wars are inevitable; this is proven not only by common sense, but also by the history of the world. Any military conflict is organized and provoked by a third party, which solves the problem of creating sales markets in war-torn territories, the problem of access to free raw materials, technology, and cheap labor. Throughout the century, a select circle of bankers were constantly in touch (with the White House) not only on issues of financial and economic trade policy, but also on issues related to wars. The financial expansion of American banks politically pushed America's emergence as a global "superpower."
“I simply tremble for my country when I think that God is just,” US President Thomas Jefferson.
1622 - attack on the Indians. in Jamestown.
1635 - War with the Algoquin Indians in New England
1675 - The war ended with the destruction of almost half the cities in Massachusetts. Other wars and skirmishes with Indians continued until 1900. In total, the Americans killed about 100 million Indians, which allows us to speak of a real genocide, significantly exceeding the mass murder of Jews by Hitler (4 - 6 million victims).
1661-1774 Military conflict. About a million living slaves were imported from Africa to the United States; over nine million died along the way. The slave traders' income from this operation in mid-18th century prices was about $2 billion.
From 1689 to 1763, four major imperial wars took place, involving England and its North American colonies, as well as the French, Spanish and Dutch empires. From 1641 to 1759 there were 40 riots and 18 internal conflicts among the settlers, five of them rose to the level of rebellion. In 1776, the War of Independence began, which ended in 1783. Second war against England in 1812-1815. strengthened independence while 40 Indian Wars from 1622 to 1900 resulted in the addition of millions of acres of land.
1792 - Americans recapture Kentucky from the Indians
1796 - Americans recapture Tennessee from Indians
1797 - Relations with France cool after the USS Delaware attacks the civilian ship Croyable; naval conflicts continue until 1800.
1800 - Slave rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia. About a thousand people were hanged, including Prosser himself. The slaves themselves did not kill a single person.
1803 - Americans recapture Ohio from Indians
1803 - Louisiana. In 1800, Spain, under a secret treaty, transferred Louisiana, which had been a French colony until 1763, to France, in exchange for which the Spanish king Charles IV made Napoleon undertake to give his son-in-law the kingdom of Italy. French troops were never able to occupy Louisiana, where the Americans had settled before them.
1805 - 1815 - The United States fought the first war in Africa - on its Mediterranean coast. By this time, traders of the American Republic had developed significant trade with the Ottoman Empire, buying opium there for $3 per pound and selling it to Chinese port Canton (Guangzhou) for 7 - 10 dollars. The Americans also sold a lot of opium in Indonesia and India. In the first third of the 19th century. The United States obtained from the Turkish Sultan the same rights and privileges in trade in the Ottoman Empire as the European powers: Great Britain, Russia and France. Subsequently, the United States entered into a struggle with Britain for control of the opium markets of the eastern Mediterranean. As a result of a series of wars, by 1815 the United States had imposed enslaving treaties on North African countries and provided its merchants with large cash receipts. Later, in the 1930s, the United States tried to get the Kingdom of Naples to transfer Syracuse to them as a base, although these attempts were unsuccessful.
1806 - attempted American invasion of the Rio Grande, i.e. to territory that belonged to Spain. The American leader, Captain Z. Pike, was captured by the Spaniards, after which the intervention fizzled out.
1810 - Louisiana Governor Clairborne invaded West Florida, which belonged to Spain, on the orders of the US President. The Spaniards retreated without a fight, and the territory passed to America.
1811 - slave revolt led by Charles (slaves were often not given surnames, just as dogs are not given surnames). 500 slaves headed towards New Orleans, freeing their fellow sufferers along the way. American troops killed on the spot or later hanged almost all the participants in the uprising.
1812 – 1814 - war with England. Invasion of Canada. “I am eager to annex not only Florida to the south, but also Canada (Upper and Lower) to the North of our state,” said one of the members of the House of Representatives, Felix Grundy. “The Creator of the world defined our border in the south as the Gulf of Mexico, and in the north as the region of eternal cold,” another senator, Harper, echoed him. Soon the approaching huge fleet of England forced the Yankees to leave Canada.
In 1814, England even managed to destroy many government buildings in the US capital of Washington.
1812 - US President Madison ordered General George Matthews to occupy part of Spanish Florida - Amelia Island and some other territories. Matthews showed such unprecedented cruelty that the president subsequently tried to disown this enterprise.
1813 - American troops Spanish soldiers capture Mobile Bay without a fight, and Spanish soldiers surrender. In addition, the Americans occupy the Marquesas Islands, an occupation that lasted until 1814.
1814 - American General Andrew Jackson's raid into Spanish Florida, where he occupied Pensacola.
1816 - American troops attack Fort Nichols in Spanish Florida. The fort belonged not to the Spaniards, but to fugitive slaves and Seminole Indians, who were destroyed in the amount of 270 people.
1817 - 1819 conquest of Florida. The pretext for the invasion of American troops in Florida was the persecution Indian tribe the Seminoles, who gave shelter to black slaves who had fled from the plantations (General Jackson deceived the two leaders of the Seminole and Creek Indian tribes onto an American gunboat by hanging an English flag, and then brutally executed them). The real reason The American invasion was the desire of the planters of the US South to seize the fertile lands of Florida, which was revealed in the debate in Congress in January 1819, after the report of the representative of the Johnson Military Commission on military operations in Florida.
1824 - invasion of two hundred Americans led by David Porter into the Puerto Rican city of Fajardo. Reason: shortly before this, someone insulted American officers there. City authorities were forced to formally apologize for bad behavior its residents.
1824 - American landing in Cuba, which was then a Spanish colony.
1831 - slave rebellion in Virginia led by priest Nat Turner. 80 slaves killed their slave owners and members of their families (60 people in total), after which the uprising was suppressed. In addition, the slave owners decided to launch a "preemptive strike" in order to prevent a larger uprising - they killed hundreds of innocent slaves in the surrounding regions.
1833 - invasion of Argentina, where there was an uprising at that time.
1835 - Mexico. The United States, which sought to seize the territory of Mexico, took advantage of its unstable internal political situation. Starting from the early 20s. to the colonization of Texas, in 1835 they inspired a rebellion of Texas colonists, who soon announced the separation of Texas from Mexico and proclaimed its “independence.”
1835 - invasion of Peru, where at that time there were strong unrest people.
1836 - another invasion of Peru.
1840 - American invasion of Fiji, several villages were destroyed.
1841 - after the murder of one American on Drummond Island (then called Upolu Island), the Americans destroyed many villages there.
1842 is a unique case. For some reason, a certain T. Jones imagined that America was at war with Mexico, and attacked Monterey in California with his troops. Finding that there was no war, he retreated.
1843 - American invasion of China
1844 - another invasion of China, suppression of the anti-imperialist uprising
1846 - Mexicans were bitter over the loss of Texas, whose residents decided to join the US in 1845. Border disputes and financial disagreements increased tensions. Many Americans believed that the United States was “destined” to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Since Mexico did not want to sell this territory, some US leaders wanted to seize it - US President James Polk sent troops to Texas in the spring of 1846. Over the next two years, fighting took place in Mexico City, Texas, California, and New Mexico. The US military was better trained, had newer weapons, and more effective leadership, Mexico was defeated. In early 1847, California was under US administration. In September, Mexico City fell to attacks by the US Army. On February 2, 1848, the United States and Mexico signed a Peace Treaty. In this treaty, Mexico agreed to sell an area of 500,000 square miles to the United States for $15 million.
1846 - aggression against New Granada (Colombia)
1849 - The American fleet approaches Smyrna to force the Austrian authorities to release the arrested American.
1849 - artillery shelling of Indochina.
1851 - American troops land on the island of Johanna to punish local authorities for the arrest of the captain of an American ship.
1852 - American invasion of Argentina during popular unrest.
1852 - In 1852, the US government sent M. Perry's squadron to Japan, who, under the threat of weapons, achieved the conclusion of the first US-Japanese treaty in Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, which opened the ports of Hakodate and Shimoda for American ships on conditions extremely unfavorable for Japan.
The American Consul General T. Harris, who arrived in Japan in 1856, with the help of threats and blackmail, achieved the conclusion of a new treaty, more beneficial for the United States, on June 17, 1857, and a year later, on July 29, 1858, a trade agreement that was enslaving to Japan.
Following the model of the American-Japanese trade agreement of 1858, agreements were concluded with Russia (August 19, 1858). America established freedom of trade for foreign merchants with Japan and included it in the world market, granted foreigners the right of extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction, deprived Japan of customs autonomy, and imposed low import duties.
1853 – 1856 - Anglo-American invasion of China, where they, through military clashes, knocked out profitable terms trade.
1853 - invasion of Argentina and Nicaragua during popular unrest.
1853 - An American warship approaches Japan to force it to open its ports to international trade.
1854 - Americans destroyed the Nicaraguan city of San Juan del Norte (Greytown), so they took revenge for an insult to an American.
1854 - The United States attempted to seize the Hawaiian Islands. Capture of Tiger Island off the Isthmus of Panama.
1855 - A detachment of Americans led by W. Walker invaded Nicaragua. Relying on the support of his government, he proclaimed himself president of Nicaragua in 1856. The American adventurer sought to annex Central America to the United States and turn it into a slave-owning base for American planters. However, the united armies of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras drove Walker out of Nicaragua. He was later captured and executed in Honduras.
1855 - American invasion of Fiji and Uruguay.
1856 - Invasion of Panama. Given the enormous role of the Isthmus of Panama, Great Britain and the United States fought to master it or at least control it. Great Britain, which owned a number of islands in the Caribbean Sea, as well as part of the Mosquito Coast, sought to maintain its influence in Central America. In 1846, the United States imposed a treaty of friendship, trade and navigation on New Granada, under which they pledged to guarantee the sovereignty of New Granada over the Isthmus of Panama and at the same time received equal rights with it in the operation of any route through the isthmus and a concession to build a railway through it. Railway, the construction of which was completed in 1855, brought the American strengthening of US influence on the Isthmus of Panama. Using the treaty of 1846, the United States systematically interfered in the internal affairs of New Granada and repeatedly resorted to direct armed intervention (1856, 1860, etc.). Treaties between the USA and Great Britain - the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) and the Hay-Pouncefoot Treaty (1901) further strengthened the US position in New Granada.
1857 - two invasions of Nicaragua.
1858 - intervention in Fiji.
1858 - invasion of Uruguay.
1859 - attack on the Japanese fort Taku.
1859 - invasion of Angola during popular unrest.
1860 - Invasion of Panama.
1861 - 1865 - Civil War. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina separated from the rest of the states and declared themselves an independent state. The North sends in troops ostensibly to free the slaves. In fact, it was, as always, about money - mainly they quarreled over the terms of trade with England. In addition, forces were found that prevented the country from disintegrating into a number of small but very independent colonies.
1862 - expulsion of all Jews from Tennessee, of course with confiscation of their property.
1863 - punitive expedition to Shimonoseki (Japan).
1864 - military expedition to Japan to get favorable terms in trade.
1865 - Paraguay. Uruguay with unlimited military assistance USA, England, France, etc. invaded Paraguay and destroyed 85% of the population of this then rich country. Since then, Paraguay has not risen. The monstrous massacre was openly paid for by the international banking house of Rothschild, closely associated with the famous British bank Baring Brothers and other financial structures, where Rothschild’s fellow tribesmen traditionally played a leading role. What gave the genocide a special cynicism was that it was carried out under the slogans of liberating the Paraguayan people from the yoke of dictatorship and restoring democracy in the country. Having lost half of its territory, the bloodless country turned into a miserable Anglo-American semi-colony, known today for one of the lowest standards of living in the world, rampant drug mafia, huge foreign debt, police terror and corruption of officials. The land was taken away from the peasants, giving it to a handful of landowners who arrived in the occupiers' convoy. Subsequently, they created the Colorado Party, which still rules the country in the name of the interests of the dollar and Uncle Sam. Democracy has triumphed.
1865 - the introduction of troops into Panama during the coup d'etat.
1866 - unprovoked attack on Mexico
1866 - punitive expedition to China for an attack on the American consul.
1867 - punitive expedition to China for the murder of several American sailors.
1867 - attack on the Midway Islands.
1868 - Multiple invasions of Japan during the Japanese Civil War.
1868 - invasion of Uruguay and Colombia.
1874 - deployment of troops to China and Hawaii.
1876 - invasion of Mexico.
1878 - attack on the Samoan Islands.
1882 - entry of troops into Egypt.
1888 - attack on Korea.
1889 - punitive expedition to Hawaii.
1890 - introduction of American troops into Haiti.
1890 - Argentina. Troops are brought in to protect the interests of Buenos Aires.
1891 - Chile. Clashes between American troops and rebels.
1891 - Haiti. Suppression of the uprising of black workers on the island of Navassa, which, according to American statements, belonged to the United States.
1893 - deployment of troops to Hawaii, invasion of China.
1894 - Nicaragua. Within a month, troops occupy Bluefields.
1894 – 1896 - invasion of Korea.
1894 – 1895 - China. American troops participate in the Sino-Japanese War.
1895 - Panama. American troops invade the Colombian province.
1896 - Nicaragua. American troops invade Corinto.
1898 - American-Spanish War. American troops recapture the Philippines from Spain, 600,000 Filipinos are killed. American President William McKinley announced that God ordered him to seize the Philippine Islands in order to convert their inhabitants to the Christian faith and bring them civilization.
McKinley said he spoke to the Lord as he walked down one of the White House corridors at midnight.
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A curious reason was used by America to start this war: on February 15, 1898, an explosion occurred on the battleship Maine, it sank, killing 266 crew members. The US government immediately blamed Spain. After 100 years, the ship was raised, and it was discovered that the ship had been blown up from the inside. It is possible that America decided not to wait for a reason to attack Spain and decided to speed up events by sacrificing a couple of hundred lives. Cuba was retaken from Spain, and since then the American military base at Guantanamo Bay has been located there.
1898 - American troops invade the port of San Juan del Sur in Nicaragua.
1898 - Hawaii. Capture of the islands by American troops.
1899 - American-Philippine War
1899 - Nicaragua. American troops invade the port of Bluefields.
1901 - troops enter Colombia.
1902 - invasion of Panama.
1903 - The United States sent warships to the Isthmus of Panama to isolate Colombian troops. November 3 was proclaimed political independence Republic of Panama. In the same month, Panama, which found itself virtually in complete dependence from the United States, was forced to sign an agreement with the United States, according to which the territory for the construction of the canal was “forever” provided for use by the United States.
1903 - deployment of troops to Honduras, the Dominican Republic and Syria.
1904 - deployment of troops to Korea, Morocco and the Dominican Republic.
1904 - 1905 - American troops intervene in the Russo-Japanese War.
1905 - American troops intervene in the revolution in Honduras.
1905 - entry of troops into Mexico (helped dictator Porfirio Díaz suppress the uprising).
1905 - entry of troops into Korea.
1906 - invasion of the Philippines, suppression of the liberation movement.
1906 - 1909 - American troops enter Cuba during elections.
1907 - American troops implement protectorate "dollar diplomacy" in Nicaragua.
1907 - American troops intervene in the revolution in the Dominican Republic
1907 - American troops participate in the war between Honduras and Nicaragua.
1908 - American troops enter Panama during elections.
1910 - Nicaragua. American troops invade the port of Bluefields and Corinto. The United States sent armed forces to Nicaragua and organized an anti-government conspiracy (1909), as a result of which Zelaya was forced to flee the country. In 1910, a junta was formed from pro-American generals: X. Estrada, E. Chamorro and an employee of the American mining company A. Diaz. In the same year, Estrada became president, but the next year he was replaced by A. Diaz, supported by American troops.
1911 - Americans land in Honduras to support the rebellion led by former President Manuel Bonnila against the legally elected President Miguel Davila.
1911 - suppression of the anti-American uprising in the Philippines.
1911 - introduction of troops into China.
1912 - American troops enter Havana (Cuba).
1912 - American troops enter Panama during elections.
1912 - American troops invade Honduras.
1912 - 1933 - occupation of Nicaragua, constant struggle with partisans. Nicaragua turned into a colony of the monopoly of the United Fruit Company and other American companies. In 1914, an agreement was signed in Washington, according to which the United States was given the right to build an interoceanic canal on the territory of Nicaragua. In 1917, E. Chamorro became president, who concluded several new agreements with the United States , which led to even greater enslavement of the country.
1914 - American troops enter the Dominican Republic, fighting rebels for Santa Domingo.
1914 - series of invasions of Mexico.
In 1910, a powerful peasant movement began there by Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata against the protégé of America and England, dictator Porfirio Diaz. In 1911, Díaz fled the country and was succeeded by the liberal Francisco Madero. But even he was not suitable for the Americans, and in 1913, again, the pro-American General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero, killing him. Zapata and Villa pressed on, and at the end of 1914 they occupied the capital of Mexico City. Huerta's junta collapsed and the US moved to direct intervention. Actually, already in April 1914, American troops landed in the Mexican port of Veracruz, remaining there until October. Meanwhile, the experienced politician and large landowner V. Carranza became the President of Mexico. He defeated Villa, but opposed US imperialist policies and promised to carry out land reform.
In March 1916, units of the American army under the command of Pershing crossed the Mexican border, but the Yankees did not have an easy walk. Government troops and partisan armies P. Villa and A. Zapata, temporarily forgetting civil strife, united and threw Pershing out of the country.
1914 - Haiti. After numerous uprisings, America sends in its troops, the occupation continues for 19 years.
1916 - 8-year occupation of the Dominican Republic.
1917 - military occupation of Cuba, economic protectorate until 1933.
Participation in the 1st World War.
1917 - 1918 - participation in the 1st World War. At first, America “observed neutrality,” i.e. sold weapons for astronomical sums, grew uncontrollably rich, entered the war already in 1917, i.e. at almost the very end; they lost only 40,000 people (the Russians, for example, 200,000), but after the war they considered themselves the main winner. As we know, they fought similarly in World War II. States in Europe fought in World War I to change the rules of the “game,” not to “achieve greater equality of opportunity,” but to ensure a future of absolute inequality in favor of the United States. America came to Europe not for the sake of Europe, but for the sake of America. Transatlantic capital prepared this war, and it won it. After the end of the war, through various machinations, they succeeded more than other allies in enslaving Germany, as a result of which the country, already weakened by the war, fell into absolute chaos, where fascism was born. Fascism developed with the active financing of America and Western capitalists until the end of World War II. States other than the United States found themselves in debt to international relations after the war. financial groups and monopolies, where US capital played the first, but far from the only, role.
1993 - Americans help Yeltsin execute the execution of several hundred people during the storming of the Supreme Council.
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The Americans actively finance the propaganda of democracy, bribe military generals, officials, and the media, actively promote new values, promising all people to become “bankers and rock or movie stars,” and try to convince the population of the failure of the USSR economy. They receive enormous help from Chubais' team.
They are actively intimidating with communists, they are filming a video of a Russian pensioner in tears begging not to vote for Zyuganov, since he promises to dispossess all peasants and drive the protesters into camps (this video can be found on YouTube). First, on December 24, 1990, Zyuganov organized an All-Union referendum on the preservation of the USSR in which 77.85% of the population voted for the preservation of the USSR. And if it were not for the active support of the media and the betrayal of many officials, the United States would not have been able to win, since quite strong and high-quality resistance arose among the intelligentsia towards the communists.
At the beginning of 1991, Zyuganov made a call for the removal of Mikhail Gorbachev from the post of Secretary General. In July 1991, he signed, together with a number of well-known government, political and public figures"Word to the People" appeal. The appeal spoke about measures to prevent the collapse of the USSR and about possible tragic events; this appeal made many think and change their new views in favor of the communists.
Zyuganov organized the impeachment of Yeltsin in 1993. Thanks to Zhirinovsky, 16 votes were not enough for Yeltsin to be put on trial and recognized as a state criminal. The military also did not provide support.
In 1999, Zyuganov organized another vote to impeach Yeltsin. But supporters of impeachment did not get the required 300 votes; the majority of officials support Yeltsin. In 2010, Zyuganov organized a military tribunal against V. Putin, considering him a successor to B. Yeltsin and a protege of Chubais, the prosecutor was military prosecutor V.I. Ilyukhin, at which Putin was found guilty of disarmament of Russia and the deliberate economic collapse of the country. After the tribunal, Zyuganov and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation organize a rally in Moscow at which the verdict was announced, they ask for help and support from the army and the people, but the army and the people remain indifferent to this.
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1993 – 1995 – Bosnia. Patrolling no-fly zones during the civil war; downed planes, bombings of the Serbs.
1994 – 1996 - Iraq. An attempt to overthrow Hussein by destabilizing the country. The bombing did not stop for a day, people died from hunger and disease due to sanctions, explosions were constantly carried out in public places, while the Americans used the terrorist organization the Iraqi National Congress (INA). It even came to the point of military clashes with Hussein’s troops, because The Americans promised air support to the National Congress. True, military assistance never came. The terrorist attacks were directed against civilians, the Americans hoped in this way to arouse popular anger towards the Hussein regime, which allows all this. But the regime did not allow this for long, and by 1996, most of the INA members were destroyed. The INA was also not allowed into the new government of Iraq.
1994 – 1996 - Haiti. Blockade directed against the military government; troops reinstate President Aristide 3 years after the coup.
1994 - Rwanda. The story is dark, much remains to be discovered, but for now we can say the following. Under the leadership of CIA agent Jonas Savimbi, approx. 800 thousand people. Moreover, at first it was reported about three million, but over the years the number decreases in proportion to the increase in the number of mythical Stalinist repressions. We are talking about ethnic cleansing - the extermination of the Hutu people. The heavily armed UN contingent in the country did nothing. It is still unclear to what extent America is involved in all this, and what goals were pursued. It is known that the Rwandan army, which was mainly engaged in slaughtering the civilian population, exists with US money and is trained by American instructors. It is known that Rwandan President Paul Kagame, under whom the massacres, received military education in USA. As a result, Kagame has established excellent ties not only with the American military, but also with American intelligence. However, the Americans did not receive any visible benefit from the genocide. Maybe out of love for art?
1994 - first, second Chechen campaigns. Dudayev's militants were trained in CIA training camps in Pakistan and Turkey. Undermining stability in the Middle East, the United States declared the oil riches of the Caspian Sea to be a zone of its vital interests. They, through intermediaries in this zone, helped hatch the idea of secession North Caucasus from Russia. People close to them with big bags of money incited Basayev’s gangs to “jihad”, holy war in Dagestan and other areas where completely normal and peaceful Muslims live. The Chubais group completely controlled the Yeltsin administration and had absolute influence in the Kremlin, representing US interests.
Khattab, bin Laden, Chitigov and many others were trained in the USA.
There is a well-known scandal with the English organization “Helo-Trust”. In theory, the Halo Trust, created in the UK in the late 80s as a charitable non-profit organization, is dedicated to providing assistance in demining areas affected by armed conflicts.
In fact, since 1997, Helo-Trust instructors have trained more than a hundred mine-explosive specialists. The Halo Trust is funded by the UK Department for International Development, the US Department of State, the European Union, the governments of Germany, Ireland, Canada, Japan, Finland, as well as private individuals.
1995 - Mexico. The American government is funding the campaign against the Zapatistas. Under the guise of the “fight against drugs,” there is a struggle for territories that are attractive to American companies. Helicopters with machine guns, rockets and bombs are used to destroy local residents.
1995 - Croatia. Bombing of airfields in the Serbian Krajina before the Croatian advance.
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1996 - On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded in the evening sky near Long Island and crashed into Atlantic Ocean- all 230 people on board died - 125 of them were US citizens. There is strong evidence that the Boeing was shot down by an American missile. The motivation for this attack has not been established; the main versions include an error during an exercise or the elimination of an unwanted person on board the aircraft.
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1996 - Rwanda. 6,000 civilians killed by government forces trained and financed by America and South Africa. The Western media ignored this event.
1996 – Congo. The US Department of Defense secretly participated in wars in Democratic Republic Congo (DRC). TO secret operations Washington was also involved in the DRC American companies, one of which is associated with former US President George H. W. Bush. Their role is driven by economic interests in mining in the DRC. US special forces trained armed forces of the opposing sides in the DRC. To maintain confidentiality, private military recruiters were used. Washington actively helped the Rwandans and Congolese rebels overthrow dictator Mobutu. The Americans then supported the rebels who went to war against the late DRC President Laurent-Désiré Kabila because “by 1998, the Kabila regime had become a nuisance to the interests of American mining companies.” When Kabila received support from others African countries, The US has changed tactics. American special agents began to train both Kabila's opponents - Rwandans, Ugandans and Burundians, and supporters - Zimbabweans and Namibians.
1997 - Americans staged a series of explosions in Cuban hotels.
1998 - Sudan. The Americans destroy a pharmaceutical plant with a missile attack, claiming that it produces nerve gas. Since this plant produced 90% of the country's medicines, and the Americans naturally banned their import from abroad, the result of the missile strike was the death of tens of thousands of people. There was simply nothing to treat them with.
1998 - 4 days of active bombing of Iraq after inspectors report that Iraq is not cooperative enough.
1998 - Afghanistan. A strike on former CIA training camps used by Islamic fundamentalist groups.
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1999 - Ignoring international law, bypassing the UN and the Security Council, NATO forces launched a 78-day campaign of aerial bombing of the sovereign state of Yugoslavia by the United States. The aggression against Yugoslavia, carried out under the pretext of “preventing a humanitarian disaster,” caused the largest humanitarian disaster in Europe since the Second World War. Over 32,000 sorties, bombs weighing a total of 21 thousand tons were used, which is equivalent to four times the power of the atomic bomb dropped by the Americans on Hiroshima. According to official data alone, more than 2,000 civilians were killed, 6,000 were wounded and mutilated, over a million were left homeless and 2 million without any source of income. Direct economic losses are estimated at $600 billion.
Destructive and lasting damage has been caused. ecological environment Yugoslavia, as well as Europe as a whole. From the testimony collected International Tribunal According to the Investigation of American War Crimes in Yugoslavia, chaired by former US Attorney Ramsay Clarke, it clearly follows that the CIA created, fully armed and financed gangs of Albanian terrorists (the so-called Kosovo Liberation Army, KLA) in Yugoslavia. In order to finance the KLA gangs, the CIA established a well-organized criminal structure of drug trafficking in Europe.
Before the bombing of Serbia began, the Yugoslav government handed over to NATO a map of objects that were not subject to bombing, because this will cause ecological disaster. The Americans, with the cynicism characteristic of this nation, began to bomb precisely those objects that were indicated on the Serbian map. For example, they bombed the Pancevo oil refinery complex 6 times. As a result, in environment got in, along with those formed in huge quantities poisonous gas phosgene, 1200 tons of vinyl chloride monomers, 3000 tons of sodium hydroxide, 800 tons of hydrochloric acids, 2350 tons of liquid ammonia and 8 tons of mercury. All this went into the ground. The soil is poisoned. Groundwater, especially in Novi Sad, contains mercury. As a result of NATO's use of bombs with a uranium core, so-called diseases began. "Persian Gulf syndrome", deformed children are born. Western environmentalists, primarily Greenpeace, completely hush up the brutal crimes of the American military in Serbia.
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2000 - coup in Belgrade. The Americans finally overthrew the hated Milosevic.
2001 - invasion of Afghanistan. A typical American program: torture, prohibited weapons, mass extermination of civilians, assurances about the speedy restoration of the country, the use of depleted uranium and, finally, the concocted “proof” of Osama bin Laden’s involvement in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, based on dubious video footage of unintelligible sound and a completely different person from Bin Laden.
2001 - Americans are chasing Albanian terrorists from the Kosovo Liberation Army throughout Macedonia, who were trained and armed by the Americans themselves to fight the Serbs.
2002 - Americans send troops to the Philippines, because... They are afraid of popular unrest there.
2002 - Venezuela, pro-American coup, the opposition illegally removed the popular President Hugo Chavez. The very next day, a popular uprising began in support of the president, Chavez was rescued from prison and returned to office. Now there is a struggle between the government and the American-backed opposition. There is chaos and anarchy in the country. Venezuela, as you might expect, is rich in oil. It is also no secret that Hugo Chavez, the Venezuelan president, is the best friend of Cuban leader Fidel Castro. And Venezuela is one of the few countries that openly criticizes US foreign policy.
2003 - Philippines, American military operation “Enduring Freedom”, the official goal of which is the fight against international terrorism. Continuing for almost forty years in the southern Philippines bloody conflict with Muslim and communist insurgents has already claimed the lives of more than 150 thousand people.
2003 – Iraq War. A military conflict that began with the invasion of Iraq by US forces and its allies to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein. The first operation was codenamed “Iraqi Freedom.” Against this small country, which steadfastly fought for its sovereignty and the lives of its people, in addition to the United States, 48 countries participated in the coalition.
These countries are “Heroes” who replenish the economies of their countries through murder and robbery:
USA - 250,000 people
Australia - 2000 people
Azerbaijan - 250 people
Albania - 240 people
Armenia - 50 people
Bulgaria - 490 people
Bosnia and Herzegovina - 40 tsp
Great Britain - 45,000 people
Hungary - 300 people
Honduras - 370 people
Georgia - 2000 personnel (since August 2003, the contingent was withdrawn in August 2008 due to the conflict in South Ossetia)
Denmark - 550 people
Dominican Republic - 300 tsp
Iceland - 2 people
Spain - 1300 people
Italy - 3200 people
Kazakhstan - 30 people
Latvia - 140 people
Lithuania - 120 people
Macedonia - 80 people
Moldova - 20 people
Mongolia - 180 tsp
Netherlands - 1350 people
Nicaragua - 230 tsp
New Zealand - 60 tsp
Norway - 150 people
Poland - 2500 people
Portugal - 130 people
South Korea - 3600 people
Romania - 730 people
El Salvador - 380 people
Singapore - 160 people
Slovakia - 110 people
Thailand - 420 tsp
Tonga - 60 tsp
Ukraine - 1650 people
Philippines - 50 tsp
Czech Republic - 300 people
Estonia - 40 people
Japan - 600 tsp
It's just official figure. The true numbers of participants and their losses are traditionally kept silent.
According to partial estimates by the Iraq Body Count project, as of December 2011, 162,000 people had died in Iraq, of which approximately 79 percent were civilians. In the fall of 2010, WikiLeaks published about 400 thousand documents related to the Iraq War. According to them, the losses of Iraqi civilians during the war amounted to about 66,000 people, the losses of militants - about 24,000. A terrible consequence Iraq war there has been an increase in the number of Iraqi children with birth defects.
2003 - armed conflict in Liberia between the government of the country and rebel groups in 1999-2003. The war ended with the victory of the rebel groups and the flight of President Charles Taylor from the country. UN peacekeepers were brought into Liberia and an interim government was created. During the war, hundreds of thousands of people died or became refugees.
2003 - Syria. As usually happens, in a fit of passion, the United States begins to destroy not only the victim country (in this case Iraq), but also the surrounding countries.
On June 24, the Pentagon announced that it may have killed Saddam Hussein or his eldest son Uday. According to a senior US military official, a Predator unmanned aircraft struck a suspicious convoy. As it turned out, while pursuing the leaders of the former Iraqi regime, the US military operated in Syria. The US military command acknowledged the fact of a clash with Syrian border guards. Paratroopers were dropped onto the area. The special forces landing was covered from the air by planes and helicopters.
2003 - Coup in Georgia. Assistance to the Georgian opposition was provided through the US Ambassador to Tbilisi, Richard Miles. Miles gained a reputation as a gravedigger of regimes: he was ambassador to Azerbaijan when Heydar Aliyev came to power, to Yugoslavia during the bombings on the eve of the overthrow of Slobodan Milosevic, and to Bulgaria when the heir to the throne, Simeon of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, won the parliamentary elections and eventually headed the government.
In addition to political support, the Americans provided the opposition and financial assistance. For example, the Soros Foundation allocated $500 thousand to the radical opposition organization Kmara. Soros financed an opposition television channel that played a key role in supporting the Velvet Revolution and provided financial support to the youth organization that led the street protests.”
2004 - Haiti. Anti-government protests continued in Haiti for several weeks. The rebels occupied the main cities of Haiti. President Jean-Bertrand Aristide fled. The assault on the country's capital, Port-au-Prince, was postponed by the rebels at the request of the United States. America sends in troops.
2004 - Attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea, where there are significant oil reserves. British intelligence MI6, the American CIA and the Spanish Secret Service tried to bring 70 mercenaries into the country, who were supposed to overthrow the regime of President Theodore Obisango Nguema Mbasogo with the support of local traitors. The mercenaries were detained, and their leader Mark Thatcher (by the way, the son of Margaret Thatcher) found refuge in the United States.
2004 - pro-American counter-revolution in Ukraine.
2008 - August 8. War in South Ossetia. Georgian aggression against the republic financed and prepared by the USA South Ossetia.
2011 - a series of armed conflicts during the struggle for political power in Libya. The attack on Libya is a military operation of the aggressor countries from NATO (USA, UK, France, Italy and Canada) against the government of Libya and the leader of the Jamahiriya M. Gaddafi, which began on March 19, 2011. Spain, the UAE, Qatar and Turkey also announced their intention to take part in it to one degree or another.
2012-2015 - Conflict in the Central African Republic. Armed conflict between the CAR government and the rebels. The parties to the conflict include the country's Muslim and Christian communities.
2013-The military conflict in Syria was organized by the United States. In logistical and technical terms, anti-government militants were supported USA,Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey, and some other states, the Syrian government was supported by Iran, Russia, North Korea and Venezuela.
2013-Military coup in Egypt. US foreign policy took an active part in the Arab Spring, and the sudden change of power in Cairo was not without the assistance of American “doves of peace.”
2014 - pro-American counter-revolution in Ukraine.
2014-2015 - The armed conflict in Yemen is a civil war between the Houthis (Shiite rebels) on the one hand, and government forces on the other. The US authorities decided on a counter-terrorism operation against al-Qaeda in Yemen. To complete the picture, here are a couple of the most famous Houthi slogans: “Death to America!”; "Death to Israel!"
- We kidnapped you to study you.
- You can not do it this way! People are smart, we are flying into space!
- How many wars have you had over the last 1000 years?
- …
- Prepare anal probe
According to historians, over the entire history of mankind there have been more than 15 thousand wars in which up to 3.5 billion people died. We can say that humanity has always fought throughout its history. Historians have calculated that over the past 5.5 thousand years, people have been able to live in peace for only an insignificant 300 years, that is, it turns out that in each century civilization lived in peace for only a week.
How many people died in the wars of the twentieth century?
It is not possible to accurately determine the number of deaths in wars; records were not kept in all cases, and estimates of the number of deaths are only approximate. It is also difficult to separate the direct victims of war from the indirect ones. One of the attempts to estimate this number was made by Russian historian Vadim Erlikhman in his work “Population losses in the twentieth century.” Having compiled a list of wars, he tried to find data on the number of victims for each. According to his calculations, human losses directly related to the wars of the 20th century amount to 126 million people worldwide (including deaths from disease, hunger and captivity). But this figure cannot be considered firmly established. Below are data from the same work.
Throughout his history, man has tried to destroy his own kind and came up with more and more sophisticated ways to do this. From a stone club, a spear and a bow to an atomic bomb, combat gases and bacteriological weapons. All this is aimed at only one thing - to destroy as many of their own kind as possible in the most rational way. We can say only one thing: in the entire history of human civilization, violence, and especially armed violence, has played an important role and even been a kind of engine of progress. Today, man continues the “glorious traditions”: weapons are used even before peaceful solutions have been exhausted.
There are several main stages in the development of wars and military art: five can be distinguished important stages wars, although another classification can be applied: wars of the pre-nuclear and nuclear period. The main milestones in the change of generations of wars coincided with qualitative leaps in economic development, which led to the creation of new types of weapons and a change in forms and methods of armed struggle.
The stages of wars of the pre-nuclear period are associated with the development of human society, its technological development and correlates with leaps in the development of humanity itself. The first serious leap in the development of military conflicts was the use of new types of bladed weapons instead of the usual sticks and stones characteristic of Stone Age people. Bows, arrows, swords and spears enter the stage of history. With similar weapons, maybe only slightly modernized, people destroyed each other for several thousand years. First generation wars historically already acted as a way to resolve contradictions, but could also be of a pronounced political nature. Their origin should be attributed to the tribal, clan and family-patriarchal stages human development with the inherent exchange of labor results within a tribe, clan and the development of commodity relations into commodity-money relations.
The wars of the first generation took place during the slaveholding and feudal period of the development of society, at a time when the development of production was very weak, but nevertheless, even then, wars were a means of implementing the policies of the ruling classes. Armed struggle in these wars was carried out at the tactical level of units exclusively of manpower - foot soldiers and cavalry, equipped with bladed weapons. The main goal of such military operations was the destruction of enemy troops. In such wars, the warrior, his physical fitness, endurance, courage and fighting spirit came to the fore. This era occupies an important place in human history, it is sung in songs and covered in legends. The time of heroes and myths. It was during this era that Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans fought, Alexander the Great and his Macedonians fought, and Hannibal and Spartacus led their troops into battle. All these events are certainly beautifully described in books and Hollywood films, but it hardly looked beautiful in reality. Especially for those people who were directly involved in them or civilians who became victims of these conflicts. The peasants, whose crops were trampled by the knight's cavalry and who were therefore doomed to starvation, were hardly in the mood for romance. This stage in the development of mankind lasted a very long time - this is probably the longest stage in the history of the development of wars and the art of war. From the very beginning of human history to the 12th-13th century new era and it was completed by the new invention of the human mind - gunpowder. After this, it became possible to recruit larger armies with less trained fighters - to wield a musket or arquebus did not require many years of training, which went into training a master swordsman or archer.
The forms and methods of waging wars of the second generation were determined by the revolution in military affairs associated with the development of material production in feudal society. In the 12-13th century, firearms came to the forefront of history - various muskets, arquebuses, cannons and arquebuses. At first this weapon was cumbersome and imperfect. But its appearance immediately led to a real revolution in military affairs - now the fortress walls of feudal castles could no longer be a reliable defense - siege weapons swept them away. For example, it was thanks to huge siege weapons that the Turks were able to take Constantinople in 1453, a city that had previously successfully repelled all attacks on its walls for almost a thousand years. Firearms of this era, especially its beginning, were very ineffective, they were smooth-bore, so there is simply no need to talk about shooting accuracy, they were very large and difficult to manufacture. In addition, it had a very low rate of fire. The bow shot much faster and more accurately. But it took years to train an archer, but a musket could be handed over former peasant and in the shortest possible time prepare a musketeer from him. In addition, at this time the importance of heavy armor immediately dropped - firearms could easily penetrate any armor. We can say that the brilliant time of the knights has sunk into oblivion. Typical representatives of this era include D’Artagnan and his three comrades, as well as the Ukrainian Cossacks; their weapons and battle tactics are characteristic of that era and the second stage of armed conflicts.
The third stage in the development of military affairs is directly related to the capitalist, industrial system, which replaced the feudal one in the countries of the Old World. It was he who contributed to progress in technology, the emergence of new means of production and new scientific inventions, which restless humanity immediately put on a war footing. Next stage in armed conflicts is also associated with firearms, or rather with their further improvement and improvement. Rifling appears in the barrel, thereby significantly increasing the shooting accuracy, increasing the range of the guns and their rate of fire. Many landmark inventions were made that remain in demand today - a cartridge with a sleeve was invented, loading from the breech of a weapon, and others. The inventions of the machine gun, revolver and many other iconic weapons date back to this period. The weapon became multi-charged and one warrior could destroy it at once a large number of enemies. Wars began to be fought from trenches and other shelters and required the creation of multimillion-dollar armies. The bloody apotheosis of this stage in the development of wars was the bloody madness of the First World War.
The further development of weapons and the emergence of new types of them - combat aircraft and tanks, as well as the improvement of communications, improved logistics and other innovations led to the transition of military operations to a new stage - this is how the fourth generation wars arose - a prominent representative of which is the Second World War. In principle, many features of this war have retained their relevance for action ground forces and at the present moment. But in addition, the end of World War II was marked by the invention of nuclear weapons. Many experts consider a war involving such weapons to be completely outside the scope of classification, because nuclear war there will simply be no winners and losers. Although other military analysts classify nuclear weapons as fifth-generation wars. Their signs include the development of nuclear weapons and means of delivering them to the target.
Sixth generation wars are associated with the development of precision weapons and the ability to kill at a distance, the so-called non-contact war. In addition, in many cases it is not the enemy troops that are destroyed, but the entire infrastructure of the state. This is what we saw in Serbia and Iraq. With the help of aviation and cruise missiles, air defense systems are destroyed, and then life support facilities on the territory of the state are systematically destroyed. The concept of "rear" in at this stage There are simply no wars with such tactics. Communications, bridges, and industrial facilities are being destroyed in the state. The economy is in decline. The strikes are accompanied by powerful information pressure and political provocations. The state with its institutions simply ceases to exist.
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WAR, armed struggle between large groups/communities of people (states, tribes, parties); governed by laws and customs - a set of principles and norms of international law that establish the responsibilities of the warring parties (ensuring the protection of civilians, regulating the treatment of prisoners of war, prohibiting the use of particularly inhumane weapons).
Wars in human history.
War is an invariable companion of human history. Up to 95% of all societies known to us have resorted to it to resolve external or internal conflicts. According to scientists, over the past fifty-six centuries, approx. 14,500 wars in which more than 3.5 billion people died.
According to what was extremely common in antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times ( J.-J. Rousseau) I am convinced that primitive times were the only peaceful period of history, and primitive man (an uncivilized savage) was a creature devoid of any belligerence or aggressiveness. However, the latest archaeological studies of prehistoric sites in Europe, North America and North Africa indicate that armed conflicts (apparently between individuals) took place as early as the Neanderthal era. An ethnographic study of modern hunter-gatherer tribes shows that in most cases, attacks on neighbors, violent seizure of property and women are the harsh reality of their lives (Zulus, Dahomeans, North American Indians, Eskimos, tribes of New Guinea).
The first types of weapons (clubs, spears) were used primitive man as early as 35 thousand BC, but the earliest cases of group combat date back only to 12 thousand BC. - only from now on can we talk about war.
The birth of war in the primitive era was associated with the emergence of new types of weapons (bow, sling), which for the first time made it possible to fight at a distance; from now on physical strength those who fought were no longer of exceptional importance, big role dexterity and dexterity began to play. The beginnings of a battle technique (flanking) emerged. The war was highly ritualized (numerous taboos and prohibitions), which limited its duration and losses.
A significant factor in the evolution of warfare was the domestication of animals: the use of horses gave nomads an advantage over sedentary tribes. The need for protection from their sudden attacks led to the emergence fortification; first known fact– fortress walls of Jericho (ca. 8 thousand BC). The number of participants in the wars gradually increased. However, there is no consensus among scientists about the size of prehistoric “armies”: figures vary from a dozen to several hundred warriors.
The emergence of states contributed to progress military organization. The growth of agricultural productivity allowed the elite of ancient societies to accumulate funds in their hands, which made it possible to increase the size of armies and improve their fighting qualities; much more time was devoted to training soldiers; The first professional military units appeared. If the armies of the Sumerian city-states were small peasant militias, then the later ancient Eastern monarchies (China, Egypt of the New Kingdom) already had relatively large and fairly disciplined military forces.
The main component of the ancient eastern and ancient army was the infantry: initially acting on the battlefield as a chaotic crowd, it later turned into an extremely organized combat unit (Macedonian phalanx, Roman legion). At different periods, other “arms of arms” also gained importance, such as war chariots, which played a significant role in the conquests of the Assyrians. The importance of military fleets also increased, especially among the Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians; The first naval battle known to us took place ca. 1210 BC between the Hittites and the Cypriots. The function of cavalry was usually reduced to auxiliary or reconnaissance. Progress was also observed in the field of weapons - new materials are used, new types of weapons are invented. Bronze ensured the victories of the Egyptian army of the New Kingdom era, and iron contributed to the creation of the first ancient Eastern empire - the New Assyrian state. In addition to the bow, arrows and spear, the sword, axe, dagger, and dart gradually came into use. Siege weapons appeared, the development and use of which reached a peak in the Hellenistic period (catapults, battering rams, siege towers). Wars have acquired significant proportions, drawing into their orbit big number states (wars of the Diadochi, etc.). The largest armed conflicts of antiquity were the wars of the New Assyrian kingdom (second half of the 8th–7th centuries), Greco-Persian wars(500–449 BC), Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), conquests Alexander the Great(334–323 BC) and Punic Wars(264–146 BC).
In the Middle Ages, infantry lost its primacy to cavalry, which was facilitated by the invention of stirrups (8th century). A heavily armed knight became the central figure on the battlefield. The scale of war has decreased in comparison with the ancient era: it has turned into an expensive and elitist occupation, into the prerogative of the ruling class and acquired a professional character (the future knight passed long-term training). Small detachments (from several dozen to several hundred knights with squires) took part in the battles; only at the end of the classical Middle Ages (14th–15th centuries), with the emergence of centralized states, the number of armies increased; the importance of the infantry increased again (it was the archers who ensured the success of the British in Hundred Years' War). Military operations at sea were of a secondary nature. But the role of castles has increased unusually; the siege became the main element of the war. The largest scale wars of this period were the Reconquista (718–1492), Crusades and the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).
The turning point in military history began to spread from the mid-15th century. in Europe, gunpowder and firearms (arquebuses, cannons) (); the first time they were used was the Battle of Agincourt (1415). From now on, the level of military equipment and, accordingly, military industry became an absolute determinant of the outcome of the war. In the late Middle Ages (16th - first half of the 17th century) technological advantage Europeans allowed them to expand beyond their continent (colonial conquests) and at the same time put an end to the invasions of nomadic tribes from the East. The importance of naval warfare increased sharply. Disciplined regular infantry supplanted the knightly cavalry (see the role of the Spanish infantry in the wars of the 16th century). The largest armed conflicts of the 16th–17th centuries. there were the Italian Wars (1494–1559) and Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).
In the centuries that followed, the nature of war underwent rapid and fundamental changes. Military technology progressed unusually quickly (from the musket of the 17th century to nuclear submarines and supersonic fighters of the early 21st century). New types of weapons ( missile systems etc.) strengthened the remote nature of the military confrontation. The war became more and more widespread: the institution of conscription and the one that replaced it in the 19th century. institute of universal conscription made armies truly national (more than 70 million people took part in the 1st World War, over 110 million in the 2nd), on the other hand, the whole society was already involved in the war (women’s and child labor in military enterprises in the USSR and the USA during the 2nd World War). Human losses reached an unprecedented scale: if in the 17th century. they amounted to 3.3 million in the 18th century. – 5.4 million, in the 19th – early 20th centuries. - 5.7 million, then in the 1st World War - more than 9 million, and in the 2nd World War - over 50 million. The wars were accompanied by enormous destruction material wealth and cultural values.
By the end of the 20th century. The dominant form of armed conflicts has become “asymmetrical wars”, characterized by a sharp inequality of capabilities of the warring parties. In the nuclear era, such wars are fraught with great danger, since they encourage the weaker side to violate all established laws of war and resort to various forms of intimidation tactics, including large-scale terrorist attacks (the tragedy of September 11, 2001 in New York).
The changing nature of war and the intense arms race gave rise in the first half of the 20th century. powerful anti-war tendency ( J. Jaurès , A.Barbus , M.Gandhi, projects for general disarmament in League of Nations), which especially intensified after the creation of weapons mass destruction, which called into question the very existence of human civilization. began to play a leading role in preserving peace UN, which declared its task to “save future generations from the scourge of war”; in 1974 the UN General Assembly qualified military aggression as an international crime. The constitutions of some countries included articles on an unconditional renunciation of war (Japan) or a ban on the creation of an army (Costa Rica).
Constitution Russian Federation does not grant any government agency the right to declare war; the president only has the power to declare martial law in the event of aggression or threat of aggression (defensive war).
Types of wars.
The classification of wars is based on a variety of criteria. Based goals, they are divided into predatory (Pecheneg and Polovtsian raids on Rus' in the 9th - early 13th centuries), conquest (wars Kira II 550–529 BC), colonial (French-Chinese War 1883–1885), religious ( Huguenot Wars in France 1562–1598), dynastic ( War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714), trade (Opium Wars 1840–1842 and 1856–1860), national liberation (Algerian War 1954–1962), patriotic (Patriotic War of 1812), revolutionary (French wars with the European coalition 1792–1795).
By the scope of military operations and the number of forces and means involved wars are divided into local (waged in a limited area and with small forces) and large-scale. The first include, for example, wars between ancient Greek policies; to the second - the campaigns of Alexander the Great, Napoleonic Wars etc.
By character warring parties distinguish between civil and external wars. The first, in turn, are divided into top ones, waged by factions within the elite (War of the Scarlet and White Roses 1455–1485) ( LANCASTER), and interclass - wars of slaves against the ruling class (war Spartak 74–71 BC), peasants (Great German Peasants' War 1524–1525), townspeople/bourgeoisie ( English Civil War 1639–1652), the social lower classes in general ( civil war in Russia 1918–1922). Foreign Wars are divided into wars between states (Anglo-Dutch wars of the 17th century), between states and tribes ( Gallic Wars Caesar 58–51 BC), between coalitions of states ( Seven Years' War 1756–1763), between metropolises and colonies (Indochina War 1945–1954), world wars (1914–1918 and 1939–1945).
In addition, wars are distinguished by methods of conducting- offensive and defensive, regular and guerrilla (guerrilla) - and according to place of responsibility: land, sea, air, coastal, fortress and field, to which are sometimes also added arctic, mountain, urban, desert wars, jungle wars.
The principle of classification is taken and moral criterion- just and unjust wars. A “just war” refers to a war waged to protect order and law and, ultimately, peace. Her prerequisites- it must have a just cause; it should only be started when all peaceful means have been exhausted; it should not go beyond achieving the main goal; The civilian population should not suffer from it. The idea of a "just war", dating back to the Old Testament, ancient philosophy and St. Augustine, received theoretical formulation in the 12th–13th centuries. in the works of Gratian, the decretalists and Thomas Aquinas. In the late Middle Ages, its development was continued by neo-scholastics, M.Luther And G. Grotius. It again gained relevance in the 20th century, especially in connection with the advent of weapons of mass destruction and the problem of “humanitarian military actions” designed to stop genocide in a particular country.
Theories of the origin of wars.
At all times, people have tried to comprehend the phenomenon of war, identify its nature, give it a moral assessment, develop methods for its most effective use (the theory of military art) and find ways to limit or even eradicate it. The most controversial question has been and continues to be about the causes of wars: why do they happen if the majority of people do not want them? A wide variety of answers are given to this question.
Theological interpretation, which has Old Testament roots, is based on the understanding of war as an arena for the implementation of the will of God (gods). Its adherents see in war either a way of establishing the true religion and rewarding the pious (the conquest of the “Promised Land” by the Jews, the victorious campaigns of the Arabs who converted to Islam), or a means of punishing the wicked (the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians, the defeat of the Roman Empire by the barbarians).
Concrete historical approach, dating back to antiquity ( Herodotus), connects the origin of wars solely with their local historical context and excludes the search for any universal causes. At the same time, the role of political leaders and the rational decisions they make is inevitably emphasized. Often the outbreak of war is perceived as the result of a random combination of circumstances.
An influential position in the tradition of studying the phenomenon of war is occupied by psychological school. Even in ancient times, belief dominated ( Thucydides), that war is a consequence of bad human nature, an innate tendency to “do” chaos and evil. In our time this idea has been used Z. Freud when creating the theory of psychoanalysis: he argued that a person could not exist if his inherent need for self-destruction (the death instinct) was not directed toward external objects, including other individuals, other ethnic groups, and other religious groups. Followers of S. Freud (L.L. Bernard) viewed war as a manifestation of mass psychosis, which is the result of the suppression of human instincts by society. A number of modern psychologists (E.F.M. Darben, J. Bowlby) have reworked the Freudian theory of sublimation in a gender sense: the tendency to aggression and violence is a property of male nature; suppressed in peaceful conditions, it finds the necessary outlet on the battlefield. Their hope for ridding humanity of war is associated with the transfer of control levers into the hands of women and with the establishment of feminine values in society. Other psychologists interpret aggressiveness not as an integral feature of the male psyche, but as a result of its violation, citing as an example politicians obsessed with the mania of war (Napoleon, Hitler, Mussolini); they believe that for the advent of an era of universal peace, an effective system of civil control is sufficient to deny access to power to madmen.
Special branch psychological school, based K. Lorentz, draws on evolutionary sociology. Its adherents consider war to be an extended form of animal behavior, primarily an expression of male rivalry and their struggle for possession of a certain territory. They emphasize, however, that although war had a natural origin, technological progress has increased its destructive nature and brought it to a level unthinkable for the animal world, when the very existence of humanity as a species is threatened.
Anthropological School(E. Montagu et al.) resolutely rejects the psychological approach. Social anthropologists prove that the tendency to aggression is not inherited (genetically), but is formed in the process of upbringing, that is, it reflects the cultural experience of a particular social environment, its religious and ideological attitudes. From their point of view, there is no connection between the various historical forms of violence, since each of them was generated by its own specific social context.
Political approach based on the formula of the German military theorist K. Clausewitz(1780–1831), who defined war as "the continuation of a policy by other means." Its many adherents, starting with L. Ranke, derive the origin of wars from international disputes and the diplomatic game.
An offshoot of the political science school is geopolitical direction, whose representatives see the main cause of wars in the lack of “living space” (K. Haushofer, J. Kieffer), in the desire of states to expand their borders to natural boundaries (rivers, mountain ranges, etc.).
Dating back to the English economist T.R. Malthus (1766–1834) demographic theory considers war as a result of an imbalance between population and the number of means of subsistence and as a functional means of restoring it by destroying demographic surpluses. Neo-Malthusians (U. Vogt and others) believe that war is immanent in human society and is the main engine of social progress.
The most popular in the interpretation of the phenomenon of war remains at present sociological approach . In contrast to the followers of K. Clausewitz, his supporters (E. Kehr, H.-U. Wehler, etc.) consider war to be a product of internal social conditions and social structure warring countries. Many sociologists are trying to develop a universal typology of wars, formalize them taking into account all the factors influencing them (economic, demographic, etc.), and model fail-safe mechanisms for their prevention. The sociostatistical analysis of wars, proposed back in the 1920s, is actively used. L.F.Richardson; Currently, numerous predictive models of armed conflicts have been created (P. Breke, participants in the “Military Project”, Uppsala Research Group).
Popular among international relations specialists (D. Blaney and others) information theory explains the occurrence of wars by a lack of information. According to its adherents, war is the result of a mutual decision - the decision of one side to attack and the decision of the other to resist; the losing side is always the one that inadequately assesses its capabilities and the capabilities of the other side - otherwise it would either refuse aggression or capitulate in order to avoid unnecessary human and material losses. Hence crucial acquires knowledge of the enemy's intentions and ability to wage war (effective intelligence).
Cosmopolitan theory connects the origin of war with the antagonism of national and supranational, universal human interests ( N.Angel, S. Strechi, J. Dewey). It is used primarily to explain armed conflicts in the era of globalization.
Supporters economic interpretation They consider war to be a consequence of rivalry between states in the sphere of international economic relations, which are anarchic in nature. The war is started to obtain new markets, cheap labor, sources of raw materials and energy. This position is shared, as a rule, by left-wing scientists. They argue that the war serves the interests of the propertied strata, and all its hardships fall on the share of the disadvantaged groups of the population.
Economic interpretation is an element Marxist approach, which interprets any war as a derivative of class war. From the point of view of Marxism, wars are fought to strengthen the power of the ruling classes and to split the world proletariat through appeals to religious or nationalist ideals. Marxists argue that wars are the inevitable result of the free market and the system of class inequality and that they will disappear into oblivion after the world revolution.
Ivan Krivushin
APPLICATION
MAJOR WARS IN HISTORY
28th century BC. – Pharaoh Sneferu’s campaigns in Nubia, Libya and Sinai
con. 24 – 1st half. 23rd century BC. – wars of Sargon the Ancient with the states of Sumer
last third of the 23rd century BC. - Naram-Suen's wars with Ebla, Subartu, Elam and the Lullubeys
1st half 22nd century BC. - Kutian conquest of Mesopotamia
2003 BC - Elamite invasion of Mesopotamia
con. 19 – beginning 18th century BC. – campaigns of Shamshi-Adad I in Syria and Mesopotamia
1st half 18th century BC. - Hammurabi's wars in Mesopotamia
OK. 1742 BC - Kassite invasion of Babylonia
OK. 1675 BC - Hyksos conquest of Egypt
OK. 1595 BC - Hittite campaign in Babylonia
con. 16 – end 15th century BC. – Egyptian-Mitanni wars
beginning 15 – mid. 14th century BC. – Hittite-Mitanni wars
ser. 15th century BC. - conquest of Crete by the Achaeans
ser. 14th century BC. – wars between Kassite Babylon and Arraphu, Elam, Assyria and the Aramaic tribes; Hittite conquest of Asia Minor
1286–1270 BC - Ramses II's wars with the Hittites
2nd half 13th century BC. – campaigns of Tukulti-Ninurta I in Babylonia, Syria and Transcaucasia
1240–1230 BC – Trojan War
beginning 12th century BC. - Israeli conquest of Palestine
1180s BC. – invasion of the “Sea Peoples” in the Eastern Mediterranean
2nd quarter XII century BC. - Elamite campaigns in Babylonia
con. 12 – beginning 11th century BC. – campaigns of Tiglath-pileser I in Syria, Phenicia and Babylonia
11th century BC. - conquest of Greece by the Dorians
883–824 BC – wars of Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III with Babylon, Urartu, the states of Syria and Phenicia
con. 8 – beginning 7th century BC. – invasions of the Cimmerians and Scythians into Western Asia
743–624 BC - conquest of the New Assyrian kingdom
722–481 BC - Wars of Spring and Autumn period in China
623–629 BC – Assyro-Babylonian-Median War
607–574 BC - Nebuchadnezzar II's campaigns in Syria and Palestine
553–530 BC – conquests of Cyrus II
525 BC - Persian conquest of Egypt
522–520 BC - civil war in Persia
514 BC – Scythian campaign of Darius I
beginning 6th century – 265 BC - Rome's conquest of Italy
500–449 BC – Greco-Persian wars
480–307 BC – Greco-Carthaginian (Sicilian) wars
475–221 BC - Warring States period in China
460–454 BC – liberation war Inara in Egypt
431–404 BC – Peloponnesian War
395–387 BC – Corinthian War
334–324 BC - conquests of Alexander the Great
323–281 BC - wars of the diadochi
274–200 BC – Syro-Egyptian wars
264–146 BC – Punic Wars
215–168 BC – Roman-Macedonian wars
89–63 BC – Mithridatic Wars
83–31 BC - civil wars in Rome
74–71 BC – slave war led by Spartacus
58–50 BC – Gallic Wars Julius Caesar
53 BC – 217 AD – Roman-Parthian wars
66–70 – Jewish War
220–265 – War of the Three Kingdoms in China
291–306 – War of the Eight Princes in China
375–571 – Great Migration
533–555 – conquests of Justinian I
502-628 – Iranian-Byzantine wars
633–714 – Arab conquests
718–1492 – Reconquista
769–811 – wars of Charlemagne
1066 – Norman conquest of England
1096–1270 – Crusades
1207–1276 – Mongol conquests
end of XIII - mid. XVI century – Ottoman conquests
1337–1453 – Hundred Years' War
1455–1485 – War of the Scarlet and White Roses
1467–1603 – internecine wars in Japan (Sengoku era)
1487–1569 – Russian-Lithuanian wars
1494–1559 – Italian Wars
1496–1809 – Russian-Swedish wars
1519–1553 (1697) – Spanish conquest of Central and South America
1524–1525 – Great Peasants' War in Germany
1546–1552 – Schmalkalden Wars
1562–1598 – Religious Wars in France
1569–1668 – Russian-Polish wars
1618–1648 – Thirty Years' War
1639–1652 – English Civil War (War of the Three Kingdoms)
1655–1721 – Northern Wars
1676–1878 – Russian-Turkish wars
1701–1714 – War of the Spanish Succession
1740–1748 – War of the Austrian Succession
1756–1763 – Seven Years' War
1775–1783 – American Revolutionary War
1792–1799 – Revolutionary wars of France
1799–1815 – Napoleonic Wars
1810–1826 – Revolutionary War spanish colonies in America
1853–1856 – Crimean War
1861–1865 – American Civil War
1866 – Austro-Prussian War
1870–1871 – Franco-Prussian War
1899–1902 – Boer War
1904–1905 – Russo-Japanese War
1912–1913 – Balkan Wars
1914–1918 – 1st World War
1918–1922 – Russian Civil War
1937–1945 – Sino-Japanese War
1936–1939 – Spanish Civil War
1939–1945 – World War 2
1945–1949 – Chinese Civil War
1946–1975 – Indochina Wars
1948–1973 – Arab-Israeli wars
1950–1953 – Korean War
1980–1988 – Iran-Iraq War
1990–1991 – 1st Gulf War (“Desert Storm”)
1991–2001 – Yugoslav Wars
1978–2002 – Afghan wars
2003 – 2nd Gulf War
Literature:
Fuller J.F.C. The conduct of war, 1789–1961: a study of impact of the French, industrial, and Russian revolutions on war and its conduct.New York, 1992
Military encyclopedia: in 8 vols. M., 1994
Asprey R.B. War in the Shadows. The Guerilla in History. New York, 1994
Ropp T. War in the modern world. Baltimore (Md.), 2000
Bradford A.S. With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Westport (Conn.), 2001
Nicholson H. Medieval Warfare. New York, 2004
LeBlanc S.A., Register K.E. Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage. New York, 2004
Otterbein K.F. How war began. College station (Tex.), 2004
10
- Death toll: 3,500,000 people
- Date of: November 1799 - June 1815
- Place: Europe, Atlantic Ocean, Rio de La Plata, Indian Ocean
- Result: victory of the anti-Napoleonic coalition, Congress of Vienna
The wars that Napoleon Bonaparte waged with various European countries from 1799 to 1815 are usually called the Napoleonic Wars. To the redistribution political map Europe, the gifted commander began even earlier than he carried out the coup of the 18th Brumaire and became First Consul. Hanoverian Campaign, War of the Third Coalition or Russian-Austro-French War of 1805, War of the Fourth Coalition, or Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807, which ended with the famous Peace of Tilsit, War of the Fifth Coalition, or Austro-French War of 1809, Patriotic War The War of 1812 and the War of the Sixth Coalition of European Powers against Napoleon and, finally, the Hundred Days Campaign, which ended with Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, claimed the lives of at least 3.5 million people. Many historians double this figure.
9
- Death toll: 10,500,000 people
- Date of: 1917 - 1923
- Place: territory of the former Russian Empire
- Result: Victory of the Red Army, Education of the USSR
The Civil War was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War and led to the fall of the monarchy, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war throughout the country between the armed forces Soviet power and anti-Bolshevik authorities.
During the Civil War, from hunger, disease, terror and battles, from 8 to 13 million people died (according to various sources), including about 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated from the country. The number of street children increased sharply after World War I and the Civil War. According to some data, in 1921 there were 4.5 million street children in Russia, according to others, in 1922 there were 7 million street children. The damage to the national economy amounted to about 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level.
8
- Death toll: from 8 to 15 million people
- Date of: 1862 - 1869
- Place: Shaanxi, Gansu
- Result: the uprising is crushed
In 1862, the so-called Dungan uprising against the Qing Empire began in northwestern China. Chinese and non-Chinese Muslim national minorities - Dungans, Uighurs, Salars - rebelled, as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia writes, against the national oppression of the Chinese-Manchu feudal lords and the Qing dynasty. English-speaking historians do not entirely agree with this and see the origins of the uprising in racial and class antagonism and in economics, but not in religious strife and rebellion against the ruling dynasty. Be that as it may, the uprising, which began in May 1862 in Weinan County, Shaanxi Province, spread to the provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang. There was no single headquarters of the uprising, and in the war of all, according to various estimates, from 8 to 15 million people suffered. The uprising was brutally suppressed as a result, and the surviving rebels were sheltered Russian empire. Their descendants still live in Kyrgyzstan, Southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
7
- Death toll: 13,000,000 people
- Date of: December 755 - February 763 BC
- Place: Tang China
The era of the Tang Dynasty is traditionally considered in China to be the period of the highest power of the country, when China was far ahead of its contemporary countries. And the civil war at that time was a match for the country - grandiose. In world historiography it is called the Ai Lushan uprising. Thanks to the favor of Emperor Xuanzong and his beloved concubine Yang Guifei, a Turk (or Sogdian) in Chinese service, Ai Lushan concentrated enormous power in the army - under his command were 3 of the 10 border provinces of the Tang Empire. In 755, Ai Lushan rebelled and next year proclaimed himself emperor of the new Yan dynasty. And although already in 757 the sleeping leader of the uprising was stabbed to death by his trusted eunuch, the rebellion was only pacified by February 763. The number of victims is staggering: at the very least, 13 million people died. And if you believe the pessimists and assume that the population of China at that time decreased by 36 million people, then you will have to admit that the rebellion of Ai Lushan reduced the then world population by more than 15 percent. In this case, if we count the number of victims, it was the largest armed conflict in the entire history of mankind until World War II.
6
- Death toll: 15 to 20 million people
- Date of: XIV century
- Place: Iran, Transcaucasia, India, Golden Horde, Ottoman Empire
- Result: Tamerlane's empire extended from Transcaucasia to Punjab
Tamerlane (or Timur) is a Central Asian Turkic commander and conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Commander, founder of the Timurid Empire (1370) with its capital in Samarkand.
Over the course of 45 years of conquest, Tamerlane killed no less than 3.5% of the population globe second half of the 14th century. The minimum is 15 million, or even 20!
5
- Death toll: 22,000,000 people
- Date of: July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918
- Place: Europe, Africa and the Middle East (briefly in China and the Pacific Islands)
- Result: Victory of the Entente. The February and October revolutions in Russia and the November revolution in Germany. Collapse of the Russian, German, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires
The hero of Francis Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby called it "the belated migration of the Teutonic tribes." It was called the war against war, the Great War, European war. The name with which it remained to live in history was coined by the Times military columnist Colonel Charles Repington: The First World War.
The starting shot of the world meat grinder was the shot in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. From that day until the armistice of November 11, 1918, by the most conservative measure, more than 10 million soldiers and about 12 million civilians died. If you come across the number 65 million, don’t be alarmed: it also includes all those who died from the Spanish flu, the most massive influenza pandemic in the history of mankind. In addition to the mass of victims, the result of World War I was the liquidation of four entire empires: Russian, Ottoman, German and Austria-Hungary.
4
- Death toll: 20 to 30 million people
- Date of: 1850 - 1864
- Place: China
- Result: defeat of the rebels
The Taiping state occupied a significant part southern China, under its jurisdiction there were about 30 million people. The Taiping tried to carry out radical social transformations, replacing traditional Chinese religions with a specific “Christianity”, while Hong Xiuquan was considered younger brother Jesus Christ. The Taipings were called “long-haired” because they rejected the braids adopted by the Qing Manchus; they were also called hairy bandits.
The Taiping Rebellion sparked a series of local uprisings in other parts of the Qing Empire, which fought against Manchu authorities, often declaring their own states. Foreign countries also got involved in the war. The situation in the country has become catastrophic. The Taipings occupied large cities (Nanjing and Wuhan), rebels sympathetic to the Taipings occupied Shanghai, and campaigns were launched against Beijing and other parts of the country.
The Taipings were suppressed by the Qing army with the support of the British and French. The war resulted in a huge number of casualties - estimated at 20 to 30 million people. Mao Zedong viewed the Taiping as revolutionary heroes who rose up against the corrupt feudal system.
3
- Death toll: 25,000,000 people
- Date of: 1644 - 1683
- Place: China
- Result:
25 million victims, or almost 5% of the planet's inhabitants, is the price of creating an empire founded in 1616 by the Manchu clan of Aisin Gyoro on the territory of Manchuria, that is, what is now northeastern China. In less than three decades, all of China, part of Mongolia and a large piece of Central Asia came under her rule. The Chinese Ming Empire weakened and fell under the blows of the Great Pure State - Da Qing-kuo. What was won in blood lasted a long time: the Qing Empire was destroyed Xinhai Revolution 1911-1912, six-year-old Emperor Pu Yi abdicated the throne. However, he will still be destined to lead the country - the puppet state of Manchukuo, created by the Japanese occupiers on the territory of Manchuria and which existed until 1945.
2
- Death toll: 30,000,000 people
- Date of: XIII - XV centuries
- Place: Asia, part of Europe
- Result: The territory of the Mongol Empire became the largest in world history and extended from the Danube to Sea of Japan and from Novgorod to Southeast Asia
The number of people who died during the formation, existence and collapse of the Mongol Empire will also not leave you indifferent: according to the most optimistic estimates, it is no less than 30 million. Pessimists number all 60 million. True, we are talking about a significant historical period - from the first years of the 13th century, when Temujin united the warring nomadic tribes into a single Mongolian state and received the title of Genghis Khan until he stood on the Ugra in 1480, when the Moscow state under Grand Duke Ivan III was completely freed from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. During this time, from 7.5 to more than 17 percent of the world's population died.
1
- Death toll: from 40 to 72 million people
- Date of: September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945
- Place: Eurasia, Africa, World Ocean
- Result: Victory anti-Hitler coalition. Creation of the UN. Prohibition and condemnation of the ideologies of fascism and Nazism. The USSR and the USA become superpowers. Reducing the role of Great Britain and France in global politics. The split of the world into two camps; The Cold War begins. Decolonization of vast colonial empires
The Second World War holds the most terrible records. It is also the bloodiest - the total number of its victims is cautiously estimated at 40 million, and carelessly at all 72. It is also the most destructive: the total damage to all the warring countries exceeded the material losses from all previous wars combined and is considered equal to one and a half, or even two trillion dollars. This war is the most, so to speak, global war - 62 states out of 73 existing on the planet at that moment, or 80% of the Earth's population, participated in it in one form or another. The war took place on earth, in the skies and on the sea - fighting took place on three continents and in the waters of four oceans. This was the only conflict to date in which nuclear weapons were used.