We continue to publish materials from the archive of completed certificates. We present to your attention a certificate prepared for the thematic request “Civil War in Tsaritsyn District” by bibliographer M. N. Urusova.
During the Civil War, Tsaritsyn, as a railway transport hub and a city with a developed river shipping company, was a strategically important site. Both whites and reds fought for its possession. In the history of the Civil War, the fighting between warring factions is written as the “defense of Tsaritsyn.”
1. Abrosimov, M. Pages of the past [Text]: from the history of the Astrakhan Provincial Extraordinary Commission / M. Abrosimov, V. Zhilinsky. - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1988. - 128 p.
2. Ageeva, T. G. Grenadier units of the Caucasian Army P.N. Wrangel in the battles for the city of Tsaritsyn [Text] / T. G. Ageeva // Local history issues[Text]. Vol. 11. Materials of the XVIII and XIX local history. readings / Committee on Culture of the Volga Administration. region, Volgogr. region local historian museum, Volgogr. region society of local historians. - Volgograd: Publishing house Volgogr. state Univ., 2008. - pp. 219-221.
3. Current problems of history Tsaritsyn at the beginning of the 20th century and period civil Ouch wars s in the light of modern vision(1900-1920) [Text]: scientific materials. conference, 14 Oct. 1998 / Volgogr. memor.-ist. museum; [ed. count : B. G. Usik, T. A. Bogatova, V. A. Polyakova]. - Volgograd: Publisher, 2001. - 134 p.
4. BolsheviksTsaritsyn and in years civil Ouch wars s(1918-1920) [Text]: collection of documents and materials. - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1986. - 240 p.
5. The rise of Stalin. Defense Tsaritsyn[Text] / ed.-comp. V. L. Goncharov. - Moscow: Veche, 2010. - 507 p. : ill. - (Military secrets of the 20th century).
6. Glushchenko, D. V. Bykadorov Evsey Fedorovich in CivilOuch warsit's on the Don[Text] / D. V. Glushchenko // Kazarla. - 2012. - No. 1. - P. 44-47: photo.
7. Civil and I wars a 1917-1920 gg. in Tsaritsyn and the Volga region[Text] // Astrakhan Cossacks of the Tsaritsyn village / K. M. Perfilyeva. - Volgograd: Stanitsa-2, 2011. - Book. 3. - P. 180-184: ill.
8. Gross, K. A. Civiland Iwars and the Cossacks of the village of Mikhailovskaya [Text] / K. A. Gross; hands works by M.E. Kunitsyn // Cossack circle: . - 2014. - March 7. - P. 6: photo.
9. Denikin, A. I. Essays on the Russian Troubles [Text] / A. I. Denikin // Questions of history. - 1994. - No. 7. - pp. 97–119; No. 9. - P. 88–111; No. 12. - pp. 114–136.
10. Igumentsev, S. Through time and storms [Text] / S. Igumentsev // Cossack circle: . - 2014. - April 30. - P. 3: photo.
11. Kireev, V. I. Malodelskaya village in Civil wow wars at [Text] / V.I. Kireev // Kazarla: Donskaya Kazarla (special issue). - 2012. - No. 6. - P. 30-37: photo.
12. Kostornichenko, V. N. Archival documents about Stalin’s activities in Tsaritsyn [Text]: (on the issue of adopting the decree on the nationalization of the Russian oil industry in 1918) / V. N. Kostornichenko // Questions of local history. - Volgograd: Publishing house Volgogr. state University, 2000. - Issue. 6: materials of local history readings dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Regional Society of Local Lore. - P. 50-55.
13. Mantsurov, Yu. A. The process of formation of the Tsaritsyn province in 1918-1920 [Text] / Yu. A. Mantsurov; ed. M. M. Zagorulko // Strezhen: scientific. yearbook. - Volgograd: Publisher, 2009. - Vol. 7. - pp. 89-92.
14. Melnikova, V.V. Newspaper “Soldier of the Revolution” about the defense of Red Tsaritsyn [Text] / V.V. Melnikova // Historical and local history notes / Volgogr. region local historian museum, State archive Volgogr. region - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1989. - Issue. 6: Dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the hero city. - P. 133-140: ill. - Bibliography at the end of Art.
15. Mordvintsev, I. At Golgotha of the Revolution [Text]: to the 90th anniversary of the end Civil Ouch wars s / I. Mordvintsev // Fatherland. - 2010. - No. 3. - P. 176-187: photo.
16. Mordvintsev, I. The deadly truth of the army commander [Text]: on the 90th anniversary of the end Civil Ouch wars s / I. Mordvintsev // Fatherland. - 2010. - No. 4. - P. 129-141: ill.
17. Nalivaiko, G. G. Tsaritsyn. A look into the depths of centuries [Text]: historical essays / G. G. Nalivaiko. - Volgograd: Publisher, 2013. - 286 p. - Bibliography: p. 281-285 (60 titles).
18. Our region is in years of Soviet power(1917-1991) [Text] // My land: Tsaritsyn longevity, Stalingrad strength, Volgograd youth: essays on the history of socio-economics. development of the region (1589-2009) / G. V. Orlov. - Volgograd: Panorama, 2009. - P. 71-232.
19. Registered in Volgograd forever[Text]: collection of essays / [ed.-comp. L. M. Popova; artist V. A. Gusev]. - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1975. - 175 p. : ill.
20. Puchenkov, A. The relationship between the generals of the Volunteer Army and the Great Don Army during the period Civil Ouch wars y [Text] / A. Puchenkov // Russian history. - 2013. - No. 5. - P. 27-42.
21. Tatarintseva, A. O. Declaration of the soul [Text]: (aspects of religious policy in the Tsaritsyn province in the 20s of the twentieth century) / A. O. Tatarintseva; hands works by I. A. Blinov // Cossack Circle: . - 2014. - May 16. - P. 6.
22. Tushkanov, I. V. Tsaritsyn in May 1918 [Text]: (according to the memoirs of V.N. Kokovtsov) / I.V. Tushkanov // Questions of local history / Volgogr. region local historian museum, Volgogr. region society of local historians. - Volgograd: VolSU Publishing House, 2010. - Issue. 12: Materials of local history readings XX. - P. 100-103. -
23. Foliev, A. Stalin in Tsaritsyn [Text] / A. Foliev, A. Folieva // Fatherland: Literary and artistic illustrated magazine. - 2004. - No. 4. - pp. 233-234.
24. Khmelevsky, K. A. Sons of the Don steppes [Text]: about F. G. Podtelkov, M. V. Krivoshlykov / K. A. Khmelevsky. - Moscow: Politizdat, 1985. - 127 p. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).
25. Chernyshov, A. P. The third meeting of V.I. Lenin with representatives of Tsaritsyn [Text] / A.P. Chernyshov // Historical and local history notes / Volgogr. region local historian museum, State archive Volgogr. region - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1989. - Issue. 6: Dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the hero city. - pp. 29-34.
26. Shield and sword revolution. 1917-1920 [Text] // Flipping through the documents of the Cheka. Tsaritsyn - Stalingrad. 1917-1945: Sat. doc. and materials. - Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1987. - P. 33-101: ill.
27. Yudin, V. N. Companions [Text]: internationalist defense heroes Tsaritsyn a: publicist. narration / V. N. Yudin. - Volgograd: Nizh. - Volzh. book publishing house, 1977. - 144 p.
In the spring of 1918, Stalin first appeared on the front of the civil war. This happened in May near Tsaritsyn, when echelons of the retreating V Ukrainian Army under the command of Voroshilov were establishing crossings across the Don. Stalin arrived as extraordinary commissar for food affairs in the South of Russia. Later, helpful historians will turn the Tsaritsyn site into a decisive front. civil war, and Stalin himself will be proclaimed the main organizer of the Red Army. But Stalin does not yet know about his destiny. He writes to Lenin on July 7, 1918: “I persecute and scold everyone who is necessary. I hope we will soon restore [railway connections with the Center]. You can be sure that we will not spare anyone - neither ourselves nor others, but we will still give bread.”
Stalin on the Tsaritsyn front, 1918
In Tsaritsyn, Stalin is a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District (SKVO). Using his high position as a member of the government (he remains People's Commissar for Nationalities), he immediately begins to interfere in purely military issues, which he cannot understand due to lack of knowledge and experience. Stalin himself thinks differently. From the same note to Lenin: “If our military “specialists” (shoemakers!) had not slept and been idle, the [railway] line would not have been interrupted, and if the line was restored, it would not be thanks to the military, but in spite of them.” It is immediately noticeable that the son of a shoemaker, Comrade Stalin, does not value military experts a penny, in any case, he intends to stand above them.
On May 2, 1918, Lieutenant General of the Tsarist Army Andrei Evgenievich Snesarev, an experienced military leader and an outstanding orientalist, was appointed military commander (troop commander) of the North Caucasus Military District. He voluntarily joined the Red Army and at the end of May arrived in Tsaritsyn with a mandate from the Council of People's Commissars, signed by Lenin. In conditions of rampant partisanship and very poorly organized party and Soviet work (report of Commissar K. Ya. Zedin), Snesarev began to create regular units.
Stalin in Tsaritsyn. Bloody chaos
The military commander’s actions put pressure on many people’s pet peeves. First of all, they were not to the liking of a group of party workers led by K. E. Voroshilov and S. K. Minin, who did not yet understand why a regular army was needed. They recognized spirited partisanship, rallies, and the election of command personnel as the only method of revolutionary struggle, and considered the establishment of military discipline as a return to the “royal order.” The same views were held by the commanders of numerous detachments, all these commanders-in-chief and commanders (usually the leader of a detachment of 200 bayonets called himself the commander or commander-in-chief of the troops in a given territory) - most of them were soldiers and non-commissioned officers of the old army. They valued the almost uncontrollable power they had over people very highly. They intuitively felt that in the regular army they had no chance of staying at the top: there, basic knowledge and literacy were required to occupy command positions. History has shown that these fears were exaggerated. Old party members who found themselves in military work, like Voroshilov and Minin, at that moment thought less about their careers, but they experienced class mistrust of the tsarist officers.
Stalin instantly understood the situation and supported the partisans. He was always repulsed by people like Snesarev, who were on a higher intellectual level.
Under these conditions, the creative work of Snesarev and the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District progressed slowly. Cossack units of the general were advancing on Tsaritsyn Krasnova. At the cost of enormous efforts, Snesarev managed to avert this threat and restore communication with the Center. At this point, in mid-July, Stalin, with the assistance of Voroshilov and Minin, arrested almost all the headquarters officers and imprisoned them in a floating prison. Soon Snesarev was also taken into custody. Accusations of sabotage were unfounded and were not confirmed by the local Cheka. But Stalin already knew in 1918 that actual guilt did not matter. Those who now need to be removed from the road should be declared enemies.
The repressions did not affect only the headquarters officers. This is how Stalin reacted to the news of the disclosure of the monarchist organization:
“Stalin’s resolution was short: Shoot. Engineer Alekseev, his two sons, and with them a significant number of officers who part belonged to the organization, and part only by suspicion in complicity with her, were captured by the Chechen and immediately, without any trial, shot.”
The quote is taken from the Don Wave magazine. One might not believe the White Guard organ, but this is precisely the excerpt Voroshilov cites when depicting the Stalinist style of revolutionary work.
Moscow did not believe Stalin's accusations. A commission of the Higher Military Inspectorate headed by A.I. Okulov was sent to the site. Having learned about this, Stalin gave the order to exterminate those arrested. The barge-prison was taken to a deep place and scuttled in the Volga. A few days later, Okulov’s commission arrived, which established the groundlessness of the charges against Snesarev. He was released and transferred to another front. Drowned officers were written off as a cost of the civil war. No one was brought to justice, which was common at that time.
The White Cossack regiments, rushing towards Tsaritsyn, were somehow restrained by the leader of the Red Cossacks, Philip Mironov, who united around himself some of his fellow countrymen who believed in Bolshevism. Stalin, however, saw in the capable people's leader Mironov, first of all, dangerous personal competitor. On August 4, Joseph Vissarionovich wrote to Lenin:
“... the Cossack units, calling themselves Soviet, cannot and do not want to fight the Cossack counter-revolution; entire regiments of Cossacks crossed over to Mironov’s side in order to receive weapons, get acquainted with the location of our units on the spot, and then lead entire regiments towards Krasnov; Mironov was surrounded three times by Cossacks, who knew all the ins and outs of Mironov’s site and, naturally, routed him completely.”
In fact, there was no three-time defeat of Mironov by White. Stalin composed it to justify himself for the general difficult situation in the Tsaritsyn region, which arose due to the Stalin-Voroshilov special food and blatant illiteracy. By the way, it was Stalin, who was actively destroying officers loyal to the Bolsheviks in the ranks of the Red Army, who overlooked the formal traitor Nosovich, and when he fled to the whites, he appointed Denikin’s agent Kovalevsky as military commander. There is no need that Mironov did not carry out Nosovich’s dubious orders. Moscow was inclined to believe the member of the Central Committee, Stalin, and not the Cossack and Lieutenant Colonel Mironov, who never received the requested reinforcements.
In the final strategic sense, Stalin's activities in Tsaritsyn led to a real disaster. In the spring of 1918, the Soviet government had two main enemies in the south: the Don Cossacks and the volunteer officer detachments of generals L. G. Kornilov and M. A. Alekseeva retreating to the Caucasus.
The Cossacks, tired of the war, did not want to fight with anyone, including the Soviets. When in April the newly elected ataman Krasnov proclaimed independent Don state, which, along with the ancestral Cossack lands, included the Taganrog, Tsaritsyn and Voronezh districts, the villagers reacted sluggishly. As Krasnov himself testifies, the Cossacks had no time for conquering new lands. But grain requisition policy, which the Bolsheviks carried out since the spring of 1918, forced them to take up arms.
White Volunteer Army turned out to be a natural ally of the Cossacks. However, the Volunteers, like Krasnov, had very little strength. In May 1918, Krasnov had 17 thousand soldiers (many unreliable among them) and 21 guns. He was opposed by the following Red forces: Southern Veil - 19,820 bayonets and sabers, 38 guns; 10th Army - 39,465 units. and sub., 240 guns. In February there were about 3.5 units in volunteer detachments. and sab., of which almost a thousand are sick and wounded. The Red offensive forced them to leave Rostov-on-Don on February 22, 1918 to the famous Ice trek. They had to move to Kuban, where their path was blocked by significant red forces: the Kalnin group (30 thousand units and sub.), the Taman Army (30 thousand) and the 11th Army (80-100 thousand). Thus, the superiority of the Red Army was overwhelming. All these troops were subordinate to the North Caucasus Military District, whose headquarters, due to the Cossack danger, was transferred from Rostov to Tsaritsyn.
On April 13, 1918, General Kornilov died during an unsuccessful attempt to storm Ekaterinodar. The new commander of the Volunteer Army, General Denikin, led his troops from the Kuban back to the Don. It seemed that in the current situation the Reds could quickly finish off the enemy. This, however, was prevented by the lack of complete power in the hands of the commander and the super-revolutionary activities of the district's Revolutionary Military Council, led by Stalin, who had just arrived. We have already covered its content; it remains to point out the results.
While Stalin and his comrades are fighting with the headquarters of their army, Krasnov and Denikin are gathering strength and acting. Although relations between them are strained, in the summer of 1918, opponents of Soviet power achieved serious success. In August, Krasnov's army consists of 40 thousand reliable fighters, and his power extends to the entire Don Army Region. In May, the Volunteer Army, formed from officer detachments, had 5 thousand units. and sub In June Denikin defeated ( Second Kuban campaign) Kalnin's group, occupied the villages of Torgovaya and Velikoknyazheskaya, and on July 13 - Tikhoretskaya. The strategic position of Soviet troops in the North Caucasus became critical. Now the Dobramiya represents an impressive force - 20 thousand fighters - and is constantly replenished with officers, mainly from the South.
The successes of the Don and Volunteer armies are developing against the background of Stalin’s usurpation of the military leadership in Tsaritsyn and largely due to this circumstance. Stalin has been autocratically ruling the North Caucasian Military District for two months, starting with the removal of Snesarev (mid-July). Just at this time, Denikin was successfully advancing and increasing the number of his troops. On August 16, 1918 he took Ekaterinodar (Krasnodar). By the end of September there were already 40 thousand fighters under the white banner.
Having gotten rid of Snesarev, Stalin arbitrarily changed the plan for the defense of Tsaritsyn. Thanks to this, in the fall there was a real threat of the fall of the city and the disruption of interaction between the Reds throughout the South. In addition, Stalin again entered into conflict - this time with the former general P.P. Sytin, who was appointed commander of the troops of the Southern Front.
It was a difficult time for the Soviet Republic. The wounded Lenin lay in his apartment in the Kremlin. The work of the government apparatus was led by Sverdlov and Tsyurupa. On September 2, a new troop leadership body was created - Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic led by L. D. Trotsky, appointed Commander-in-Chief - I. I. Vatsetis. A merciless Red Terror has been declared throughout the country. The defensive measures of the Soviet government are taking new forms. New fronts and armies are being created. The Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars approved, and the Revolutionary Military Council issued an order for the appointment of front commanders. Sytin became the head of the Southern Front, formed on the basis of the North Caucasus Military District. Stalin did not obey Moscow's directive. First, he sabotaged the order to redeploy the front administration to Kozlov, then, by decision of the front’s Revolutionary Military Council, he removed Sytin as a former general and replaced him with Voroshilov. Stalin, of course, was not worried about Sytin’s past, but about the power that he received as commander of the troops. Comrade Stalin always took issues of power very seriously. By this time, the situation near Tsaritsyn and throughout the North Caucasus had become so threatening that the center finally had to intervene... On October 6, there was an angry exchange of telegrams between Sverdlov and Stalin, after which the Central Committee recalled Stalin from the Southern Front and moved the composition of the Revolutionary Military Council. Voroshilov and Minin were removed, their places were taken by K. A. Mekhonoshin, B. V. Legrand and P. E. Lazimir.
The new front-line leadership began to clear up Stalin's mess. The Cossacks were approaching Kamyshin, and the Soviet command transferred part of its forces from the Eastern Front to save Tsaritsyn. Sytin defended Tsaritsyn, but nothing could be saved in the North Caucasus. There the front began to collapse. Encouraged by the example of the RVS, lower rank commanders acted in the same manner. Commander Tamanskaya Matveev refused to obey the decision of the Kuban-Black Sea Central Executive Committee, for which he was shot by the local commander-in-chief Sorokin. In turn, Sorokin sabotaged the formation of regular units of the 11th Army, arrested and shot members of the Kuban-Black Sea government. He was declared an outlaw, fled, but was captured by one of Matveyev’s friends, who settled accounts with him for his commander. Surrounded by Denikin's troops, brigade commander Kochubey with part of his forces went over to the enemy's side, but on the orders of the general Lukomsky was hanged.
The entire North Caucasus fell into the hands of the Good Army. Denikin grew into a formidable enemy, with whom he had to desperately fight for another two years.
Defense of Tsaritsyn- a military campaign of “red” troops against “white” troops for control of the city of Tsaritsyn during the Russian Civil War.
In Soviet historiography, three stages were distinguished in the defense of Tsaritsyn - according to the number of repulsed attempts by white troops to capture the city: first defense of Tsaritsyn in July-September 1918; second defense of Tsaritsyn in September-October 1918; third defense of Tsaritsyn in January-February 1919.
In May-June 1919, as a result of another offensive by white troops, the Red Army abandoned the city. In August 1919 - January 1920, the White Army carried out defensive actions, which ended with the final transfer of Tsaritsyn into the hands of the Red troops.
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✪ Stalin and the defense of Tsaritsyn
✪ Second Kuban campaign
Subtitles
Military-political situation
Tsaritsyn itself was, due to the presence of a large working population, one of the main revolutionary centers of southeast Russia. In economic and military terms, it was important for both sides as an industrial center, and the strategic importance of Tsaritsyn was determined by the fact that it was an important communications hub that connected the central regions of the country with the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus and Central Asia and through which the center was supplied with food , fuel, etc. For the command of the Don Army, the capture of Tsaritsyn created the possibility of connecting with the troops of the Orenburg ataman A.I. Dutov and secured the right flank of the Cossack army in the Voronezh direction, which was the main direction for General Krasnov.
By the beginning of May, the western part of the Don Army Region, including Rostov, Nakhichevan-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Chertkovo, was occupied by the German expeditionary force, which entered the territory of neighboring Ukraine in March in accordance with the agreement signed by the Ukrainian Rada with Germany and Austria-Hungary. The leadership of the Don Soviet Republic, evacuated to Tsaritsyn, subsequently moved to the village of Velikoknyazheskaya and continued its activities there until the end of June.
As a result of a serious clash between Snesarev and Stalin and Voroshilov, Snesarev and his entire staff were arrested. Moscow, however, demanded that Snesarev be released and his orders carried out. The arriving Moscow commission, headed by A. I. Okulov, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, decided to leave Stalin and Voroshilov in Tsaritsyn, and recall Snesarev to Moscow. Formally, Snesarev remained the military leader of the district until September 23, 1918. In fact, Stalin became the military leader in the North Caucasus and in the Tsaritsyn region.
By order No. 1 of the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District dated July 22, former colonel of the tsarist army A. N. Kovalevsky was temporarily appointed military commander of the district; Colonel A.L. Nosovich became the chief of staff of the district. At the same time, on July 24, Kovalevsky was introduced to the Military Council of the district. However, already on August 4, he was removed from all positions, as he considered the defense of the district a hopeless matter. On August 10, Nosovich was also removed from the post of chief of staff of the district. By order of Stalin, the Tsaritsyn Cheka arrested all employees of the artillery department of the district headquarters, and liquidated the headquarters itself. Nosovich and Kovalevsky were soon released from arrest by order of Trotsky. On October 11, 1918, Nosovich with secret documents went over to the side of the Volunteer Army. This caused the second arrest of the district headquarters; Kovalevsky, by order of the Special Department for Combating Counter-Revolution and Espionage on the Southern Front, was shot in early December 1918 “for transmitting military information to the White Guards” and “communication with the leaders of the White Guard.”
“The situation in the south is not easy. The Military Council received a completely upset inheritance, upset partly by the inertia of the former military commander."
On August 5, K. E. Voroshilov, commander of the troops of the Tsaritsyn Front, was appointed a member of the Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District. The Tsaritsyn Committee of the RCP(b) sent M. L. Rukhimovich, A. Ya. Parkhomenko and others to work in the North Caucasus Military District.
In early August, Fitzkhelaurov’s task force, advancing in the northern direction, throwing back the Red units 150 km, reached the Volga from Tsaritsyn to Kamyshin, interrupting the communication of the Tsaritsyn group with Moscow.
Mamantov's group (12 thousand bayonets and sabers), advancing in the center, broke through the front on August 8 and drove the Reds back from the Don to Tsaritsyn, capturing Kalach. On August 18, Mamantov’s units captured the suburbs of Tsaritsyn, Sarepta and Erzovka, and began fighting directly outside the city.
However, Polyakov’s group, advancing along the Tikhoretsk-Tsaritsyn railway from the area of the station. The Grand Ducal attack on the city from the south, which was supposed to provide the right flank and rear of Mamantov’s group, got bogged down in local battles and never reached Tsaritsyn. This allowed the Reds, having pulled up reserves, to strike the flank and rear of Mamantov’s group on August 23. Mamantov’s group was forced to begin a retreat and by September 6 retreated to their original positions, beyond the Don. The failure of the assault on Tsaritsyn was also facilitated by the fact that the Don Army practically did not have heavy weapons and combat infantry units.
However, despite the success, the position of the Tsaritsyn Red group was unstable due to heavy losses: up to 60 thousand people killed, wounded and captured. The next assault could be the last.
In mid-September 1918, the Don Army launched a second offensive against Tsaritsyn. 38 thousand bayonets and sabers, 138 machine guns, 129 guns, and 8 armored trains were sent to storm the city. The Red 10th Army defending Tsaritsyn consisted of 40 thousand bayonets and sabers, 200 machine guns, 152 guns, 13 armored trains. On September 21, 1918, the Don Army went on the offensive and defeated the Red 10th Army, throwing it back from the Don to the suburbs of Tsaritsyn by early October. Fierce fighting broke out on September 27-30 in the central sector - in the Krivo-Muzginskaya area. At the end of September, the White Guards began to operate bypassing the city from the south, on October 2 they captured Gniloaksayskaya, and on October 8 - Tinguta. Cossacks north and south of the city reached the Volga, cut the Tsaritsyn-Tikhoretskaya railway, taking the city in pincers.
In the first half of October, the Don Army drove the Reds out of the suburbs of Tsaritsyn: Sarepta, Beketovka, Otrada, reaching the last line of defense of the city by October 15, 1918. On October 15, 1918, in the Beketovka region, Red Army soldiers of the 1st and 2nd peasant regiments went over to the side of the whites. A huge gap opened up in the Reds' defense.
To repel the enemy who had broken through to the suburbs, the command of the 10th Army used a column of armored trains under the command of F.N. Alyabyev, which set up a fire barrier for the enemy, who was rushing towards the ring railway. An artillery group (about 100 guns), headed by M.I. Kulikov, interacted with the armored trains. The fire of artillery and armored trains caused great damage to the enemy. From the Volga, the troops of the 10th Army were supported by flotilla ships.
The command of the Don Army scheduled the decisive assault on Tsaritsyn for October 17. The fate of the city seemed to be decided.
The turning point at Tsaritsyn in favor of the 10th Army was decided by the arrival from the Caucasus of the Steel Division of D.P. Zhloba, who quarreled with the commander-in-chief of the Red Army of the North Caucasus Sorokin and withdrew his division from the Caucasian front to Tsaritsyn. The Steel Division arrived near Tsaritsyn and on October 15 dealt a crushing blow to the assault units of the Don Army from the rear. The blow between Tundutovo and Sarepta hit the Astrakhan division of the Don Army. During the 45-minute battle, the Steel Division completely defeated the Astrakhan infantry, cavalry and artillery, and the commander of the Astrakhan detachment, General M. Demyanov, was killed and his headquarters was captured. After the defeat of the Astrakhan detachment, the Don troops of the North-Eastern Front, commanded by General K.K. Mamantov, found themselves under the threat of encirclement and were forced to retreat from Tsaritsyn.
However, it was not only Zhloba’s division that turned the tide. On October 17, all the artillery available at the front was concentrated in the offensive sector of the Don Army - more than 200 guns. When the Cossacks began their attack, they were met with heavy artillery fire. At the same time, Red Army soldiers attacked their ranks. As a result, the White offensive was repulsed.
The assault on the city failed, and the Reds launched a counteroffensive. On October 16-19, the 10th Army of the Red Army occupied Svetly Yar, Abganerovo, Chapurniki, Tundutovo, Chervlenoe. On October 21, the Salsk group of Bolsheviks, fighting its way from the south, united with Tsaritsyn. Through the combined efforts of the Red 10th, 8th, 9th armies and the 1st Steel Division of Zhloba, the white formations of the Don Army were driven back from Tsaritsyn. Having suffered heavy losses, the Don Army began to retreat and by October 25 it had retreated beyond the Don.
Brief chronology
Brief chronology of the events of the second defense of Tsaritsyn related to the activities of I.V. Stalin and K.E. Voroshilov:
- On September 15, a meeting was held between V.I. Lenin, Ya.M. Sverdlov and I.V. Stalin on issues of the Tsaritsyn Front.
- On September 17, J.V. Stalin was appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front. K. E. Voroshilov was appointed a member of the RVS of the Southern Front and assistant to the commander of the Southern Front.
- On September 22, J.V. Stalin returns from Moscow to Tsaritsyn. Here, together with Voroshilov and Minin, he refused to implement the decision of the highest military body of the republic, creating a separate military center. To this end, they renamed the Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District into the Military Revolutionary Council (VRC) of the Southern Front and refused to recognize military expert P. P. Sytin as the commander of the Southern Front.
- On October 3, J.V. Stalin and K.E. Voroshilov sent a telegram to V.I. Lenin demanding that the Central Committee discuss the issue of Trotsky’s actions, which threaten the collapse of the Southern Front. Their claims were rejected. The conflict situation in Tsaritsyn was considered by the Central Committee of the RCP(b), which instructed Sverdlov to call Stalin to a direct line and indicate to him that submission to the Revolutionary Military Council of the republic was necessary.
- On October 4, the Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army, I. I. Vatsetis, confirmed in a telegram addressed to Mekhonoshin: “The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic categorically prohibits the independent transfer of units without the knowledge and consent of Army Commander Sytin. Comrade Stalin is invited to immediately leave for Kozlov to jointly carry out the tasks assigned to him with Sytin, and mixing command functions is strictly prohibited.” The Central Committee of the RCP (b) reorganized the RVS of the Southern Front, approving the composition: P. P. Sytin, K. A. Mekhonoshin, B. V. Legrand.
- On October 5, J.V. Stalin, by decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), was recalled to Moscow.
- On October 8, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars, J.V. Stalin was appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.
- On October 11, J.V. Stalin returns from Moscow to Tsaritsyn. J.V. Stalin informs Ya.M. Sverdlov via direct wire about the situation on the Tsaritsyn Front.
- On October 18, J.V. Stalin telegraphed V.I. Lenin about the defeat of Krasnov’s troops near Tsaritsyn.
- On October 19, J.V. Stalin was finally recalled from Tsaritsyn to Moscow.
Third defense of Tsaritsyn
On January 1, 1919, the Don Army launched its third attack on Tsaritsyn. On December 21, the Ust-Medveditsky cavalry of Colonel Golubintsev began an offensive, reaching the Volga north of Tsaritsyn and cutting the Bolshevik front. The Red Command deployed Dumenko's cavalry against Golubintsev. Fierce fighting ensued, with varying degrees of success. Meanwhile, General Mamantov’s units came close to Tsaritsyn. South of Tsaritsyn, Gorodovikov's red cavalry was defeated and driven into the city outskirts. Due to frosts and the moral decay of parts of the Don Army, the Don offensive against Tsaritsyn was stopped. In mid-February, units of the Don Army were forced to withdraw from Tsaritsyn.
Further events
Soviet historiography ends with the third defense of Tsaritsyn. However, the battles for the city did not end there.
Capture of the city by the Whites
Operations in May-June 1919, which ended with the capture of the city by the white troops of P. N. Wrangel.
On August 22, Kamyshin was taken, on September 1, Dubovka, on September 3, Kachalino, and on September 4, Rynok-Orlovka.
At the beginning of September, the 10th Army reached Tsaritsyn. On September 5, fighting for the city began, but the forces of the 28th and 38th rifle divisions and the landing detachment of Kozhanov’s sailors were not enough, and it was not possible to capture the city on the move. The Kozhanovites retreated to their original lines. The fighting continued until September 8, after which active hostilities ceased.
At the end of November, the troops of the South-Eastern Front went on the offensive. The raid of the combined cavalry group brought serious success
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100 years ago, in mid-October 1918, the Cossack Don Army launched a second assault on Tsaritsyn. However, the second attack on Tsaritsyn failed. The Krasnovites suffered a heavy defeat, which predetermined the transition of the Don to Denikin’s rule.
Background
Don Ataman Krasnov did not want to come to terms with the failure of the August offensive of the Don Army on Tsaritsyn. The failure of the August offensive on Tsaritsyn and the successes of General Denikin’s Volunteer Army in the North Caucasus during the Second Kuban Campaign greatly irritated and depressed Ataman Krasnov, who clearly understood that without success at the front the White Don government would not last long. The Don Circle, which took place in September 1918, decided on a new offensive against Tsaritsyn, according to which additional mobilization of Cossacks into the army began.
In mid-September 1918, the Don Army launched a second offensive against Tsaritsyn. 38 thousand bayonets and sabers, 138 machine guns, 129 guns, 8 armored trains were sent to storm the city. The Red 10th Army defending Tsaritsyn consisted of 40 thousand bayonets and sabers, 200 machine guns, 152 guns, 13 armored trains. As a result, the forces of the parties were approximately equal.
The defense of Tsaritsyn was still led by I.V. Stalin and K.E. Voroshilov. From September 12 to September 20, 1918, Stalin was not in Tsaritsyn; he temporarily went to Moscow to resolve a number of issues. On September 15, a meeting was held between V.I. Lenin, Ya.M. Sverdlov and I.V. Stalin on issues of the Tsaritsyn Front. On September 17, J.V. Stalin was appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front. K. E. Voroshilov was appointed a member of the RVS of the Southern Front and assistant to the commander of the Southern Front P. P. Sytin. On September 22, Stalin returns from Moscow to Tsaritsyn. During this period, Voroshilov carried out a great deal of work to bring order to the Red troops, exhausted by almost six weeks of continuous battles (First Defense). Tired, bloodless units were replaced by reserve units, troops were replenished, and for this purpose new mobilizations of workers and peasants were carried out, ammunition reserves were restored, armored trains, armored vehicles were repaired, etc.
Second defense of Tsaritsyn
On September 21, 1918, the Cossack army went on the offensive and defeated the 10th Red Army, throwing it back from the Don to the suburbs of Tsaritsyn by early October. Fierce fighting broke out on September 27 - 30 in the central sector - in the Krivo-Muzginskaya area. At the end of September, the White Guards began to operate bypassing the city from the south, on October 2 they captured Gniloaksayskaya, and on October 8 - Tinguta. The Cossacks north and south of the city reached the Volga, cut the Tsaritsyn-Tikhoretskaya railway, taking the city in pincers.
In the first half of October, the Don Army drove the Reds out of the suburbs of Tsaritsyn: Sarepta, Beketovka, Otrada, reaching the last line of defense of the city by October 15, 1918. On October 15, 1918, in the Beketovka area, the Red Army soldiers of the 1st and 2nd peasant regiments switched sides white. A huge gap opened up in the Reds' defense. The situation for the Reds was saved by two armored trains under the command of Alyabyev, who quickly moved to the breakthrough area and put up a fire barrier for the enemy, who was rushing to the ring railway. Later, 100 artillery pieces were also transferred there under the command of Kulik, ships of the Volga flotilla.
On October 17, the Whites were preparing a decisive assault on Tsaritsyn. The situation was critical. The turning point at Tsaritsyn in favor of the 10th Red Army was decided by the arrival from the Caucasus of the “Steel Division” of Dmitry Zhloba, who quarreled with the commander-in-chief of the Red Army of the North Caucasus, Sorokin, and withdrew his division from the Caucasian front to Tsaritsyn. “Steel Division” The “Steel” division made an 800-km march from Nevinnomysskaya station to Tsaritsyn and on October 15 dealt a crushing blow to the assault units of the Don Army from the rear. The blow between Tundutovo and Sarepta hit the Astrakhan division of the Don Army. During the 45-minute battle, the “Steel Division” completely defeated the enemy, and the commander of the Astrakhan detachment, General Demyanov, was killed and his headquarters was captured. After the defeat of the Astrakhan division, the Don troops of the North-Eastern Front, commanded by General Mamantov, found themselves under the threat of encirclement and were forced to retreat from Tsaritsyn.
However, it was not only Zhloba’s division that turned the tide. The Red Command prepared a counterattack. On October 17, in the offensive sector of the Don Army in the Voroponovo area, all the artillery available at the front was concentrated - more than 200 guns and 10 armored trains (out of 15 operating near Tsaritsyn). When the Cossacks began their attack, they were met with powerful artillery and machine gun fire. At the same time, Red Army soldiers attacked their ranks. Having suffered heavy losses from the fire of red batteries and armored trains, the whites retreated. Even many front-line soldiers who had seen it were amazed by this fierce battle. The climb up the mountain to Sadovaya and Voroponovo was literally strewn with corpses. October 18 J.V. Stalin telegraphs V.I. Lenin about the defeat of the Krasnov troops near Tsaritsyn.
As a result, the second White offensive was repulsed. The assault on the city failed, and the Reds launched a counteroffensive. Having suffered heavy losses, the Don Army began to retreat and by October 25 it had retreated beyond the Don. Many Cossack regiments were destroyed, and the Cossacks also lost a lot of ammunition and ammunition, the reserves of which were now difficult to replenish (Germany could no longer replenish the reserves of the Don Republic).
In the winter of 1918–1819, the Whites made a third attempt to take Tsaritsyn. On December 21, the Ust-Medveditsky cavalry of Colonel Golubintsev began an offensive, reaching the Volga north of Tsaritsyn and cutting the Red Front. The Red Command deployed Dumenko's cavalry against Golubintsev. Fierce fighting ensued, with varying degrees of success. Meanwhile, General Mamantov’s units came close to Tsaritsyn. South of Tsaritsyn, Gorodovikov's red cavalry was defeated and driven back to the city outskirts. However, due to the frosts and moral decay of parts of the Don Army, the Don offensive against Tsaritsyn was stopped. In mid-February 1919, units of the Don Army were forced to retreat from Tsaritsyn again.
M. Grekov. Comrades Stalin, Voroshilov and Shchadenko in the trenches near Tsaritsyn
Results
Thus, Red Tsaritsyn resisted the onslaught of the Don army. The city on the Volga in 1918 could become perhaps the main symbol of the steadfastness of the Red Army. Tsaritsyn's defenders rejected Ataman Krasnov's proposals to capitulate the city. According to military expert L.L. Klyuev, “Krasnov threatened with God, and the Entente, and tanks, and gases. But these threats did not intimidate the defenders of revolutionary Tsaritsyn. Red Tsaritsyn still stood like a granite rock.” Krasnov was unable to solve the problem of providing the Don region from the east. In turn, J.V. Stalin declared the defense of the city the central task of the day for Soviet Russia.
Tsaritsyn really had the most important military-political and strategic significance for Soviet Russia. If Tsaritsyn had been taken in 1918, the Don people could have developed an offensive in the northern direction, and the prospect of interaction and even unification of the Don and Volga anti-Bolshevik fronts arose. Holding Tsaritsyn during this period allowed the Reds to take advantage of the fragmentation of the white forces and beat the enemy piecemeal.
How not to treat Stalin, but it must be recognized that his presence in Tsaritsyn contributed to the organization of an effective defense system in the city. In Tsaritsyn, Stalin strengthened his reputation as one of the most authoritative and tough organizers of the Bolshevik Party. It is not surprising that it was in Tsaritsyn that the confrontation between the line of Stalin (Russian communists, Bolshevik-Stalinists) and Trotsky (revolutionary internationalists, Trotskyists acting in the interests of the West) began.
Also in Tsaritsyn one could see the future marshals of the Soviet Union K. E. Voroshilov and G. I. Kulik in the leading roles. Voroshilov, indeed, enjoyed enormous popularity among the soldiers and commanded the 10th Army, often personally leading the battle. “There is nowhere to retreat, the Volga is behind us, in front of us is one path forward, towards the enemy,” Voroshilov told the Red Army soldiers, and the soldiers, forgetting about fatigue, walked forward, crushing the enemy’s elite units. The name of Voroshilov in connection with the heroic defense of Tsaritsyn became known throughout the country. Over the course of several months of the civil war, Kliment Efremovich emerged as one of the largest Red military leaders, as a commander beloved by ordinary soldiers and enjoying great authority among junior commanders. Kulik was the head of the front artillery and skillfully led it. Here, near Tsaritsyn, S. M. Budyonny also showed himself.
The defense of Tsaritsyn is associated with the organization of large cavalry formations for the first time in the Red Army. On November 1, 1918, there were already more than 10 thousand cavalrymen on the Tsaritsyn front, from which Budyonny’s cavalry corps was subsequently formed, which then developed into the 1st Cavalry Army.
As a result, the defense of Tsaritsyn buried the plan to create a Cossack autonomous Don region. The Cossacks, after the defeats, began to disintegrate. The regular Cossack “Young Army” formed by Krasnov, despite the enormous attention paid to it by the ataman, did not become a serious force - its spirit was weak. The chieftain even complained that 1917 was repeating itself at the front. The Cossacks began en masse to go over to the side of the Bolsheviks and surrender to the Red Army, whose victories, according to Lenin, “did wonders.” The Bolsheviks with “tremendous speed” took possession of vast territories south of Tsaritsyn. As a result, by the end of December 1918, the Don was again in danger of the arrival of the Bolsheviks; only the White Volunteer Army could save the region from the Reds. Germany had fallen and could no longer support its figure - Krasnov; it was necessary to replace the defeated Germanophiles with people oriented towards the Entente.
Realizing the inevitability of a new powerful Red offensive on the Don and submitting to pressure from the allies, Krasnov decided to unite and submit to Denikin. Krasnov left his post, the Don Circle accepted this: the Reds at that moment were 16 miles from Novocherkassk, and the situation seemed hopeless even to the ataman’s immediate circle. On February 2 (15), 1919, Krasnov’s resignation was accepted. The Krasnov era is over, the ataman resigned from his post. On February 6, 1919, General A. Bogaevsky, a brave officer, but modest and did not claim power, was chosen as the military ataman of the Don Army. Now Don was subordinate to Denikin.