Environmental problems of our time In the 21st century, all humanity has become acutely faced with the issue of solving the most important environmental problems and preserving the earth's ecosystem for future generations. Another pressing problem for humanity is the decrease in fresh water reserves. The problem of recycling solid household waste is quite an urgent task today, especially for large cities. All over the world, the problem of collecting waste paper is solved in different ways, for example in Europe they use waste paper to insulate walls and...

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1. Environmental problems of our time……………………….…...… 2

2. Methods for recycling household waste……………………….….…..… 4

3. Air pollutants……………………………………….……...… 9

4. National Park, examples………………………………….….....… 11

5. Task……………………………………………………….……..…... 21

List of references……………………….………..…..….. 23

1. Environmental problems of our time

In the 21st century, all humanity has become acutely concerned with the issue of solving the most important environmental problems and preserving the earth's ecosystem for future generations. And the solution to the main environmental problems of our planet depends not only on the targeted policies of world powers, but also on each person individually.

The main problems of the globe's ecosystem include:

· Pollution of the earth's airspace. The existence of all life on earth largely depends on the degree of air pollution. In almost all developed countries of the world, air pollution from emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicle exhaust reaches critical levels. And although at present almost all enterprises are equipped with the latest cleaning systems, this is clearly not enough. The condition of the earth's air basin is steadily deteriorating.

· Deforestation. As you know, the forest is the green lungs of the globe. It is thanks to it that the air is enriched with oxygen and cleansed of harmful impurities. Human economic activity has led to the fact that deforestation is being carried out at a catastrophic pace, and the restoration of the green massif of the globe leaves much to be desired.

· Depletion of fertile soil layer. Due to massive deforestation and improper agricultural practices of agricultural lands, the fertile soil layer is steadily depleted. Take, for example, the virgin lands of Kazakhstan, where thousands and thousands of hectares of land suffered from wind erosion due to improper agricultural practices. In addition, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides leads to the poisoning of all life on earth.

· Another pressing problem for humanity is the decrease in fresh water reserves. This process is closely related to the reduction of forests and pollution of the water basin with waste from industrial enterprises. Already today it is prohibited to swim in the basins of many rivers and lakes, since water pollution exceeds all permissible limits. A shortage of drinking water in the future threatens an environmental disaster.

· Extermination of the animal world of the earth. Human activity has a special impact on the preservation of the fauna of the globe. Thus, deforestation and pollution of water bodies lead to the disappearance of many rare animals inhabiting our planet. So quite a lot of animals that lived in our forests and fields literally 50 years ago are on the verge of extinction or have disappeared from the face of our planet. And although quite a lot of nature reserves have been created in the world where human activity is prohibited, the animal world of the earth is steadily decreasing. Poachers also have a hand in this, who are ready to kill the last tiger in the Siberian taiga for the sake of profit. And if this process is not stopped, our descendants will know about wild animals only from pictures.

· The problem of recycling solid household waste is quite an urgent task today, especially for large cities. And if we don’t want the earth to turn into one big landfill, this problem must be solved urgently. And although processing plants are being created, there are clearly not enough of them.

Here, only the main problems of the earth's ecosystem are highlighted and they need to be solved in the near future. After all, no one wants our descendants to inherit a lifeless, dying planet

2. Methods for recycling various types of household waste

The capital produces 7.8 million tons of garbage annually. It only recycles 10% of its solid waste, and the remaining 90% goes to landfills, where different types of garbage dumped together pose a serious threat to the environment. At the same time, instead of economically profitable processing of metal and glass (which Western countries have long switched to), raw materials go to landfills or waste incineration plants. The article provides figures and facts, as well as examples of how other countries are coping with this problem.

Polymer waste:

Every year they cause the death of 1 million birds, 100 thousand marine mammals and an untold number of fish. (according to the UN committee). The packaging of goods alone uses 1 million tons of polyethylene every year. Conventional polymers practically do not decompose under natural conditions. Alternative biodegradable materials (polymers that decompose under the influence of bacteria, fungi and algae as defined by the International Organization for Standardization). They are obtained by production from organic materials (rubber, milk, cellulose, grain) or using biotechnology. In particular, the technology for producing bioplastics based on corn, which consists of 2/3 cellulose, has great prospects. The packaging from it is completely decomposed. For example, Greensack film, derived from corn, completely decomposes in the soil into fertilizer and is non-toxic when burned. BASF recently announced a sharp increase in the production of biodegradable plastic Ecoflex - a mixture of polystyrene with cellulose and starch (from 8 thousand to 100 thousand). The result was an increase in demand to 35%. The technology for producing food packaging from casein, which is easy to shape and protects products from contamination and damage, has a great future.

Paper waste:

The level of modern recycling of waste paper makes it possible to protect more than 75 thousand hectares of forests from deforestation. When producing paper from waste paper, rather than wood, emissions into the atmosphere are reduced by 85%, and emissions into water by up to 40%. All over the world, the problem of collecting waste paper is solved in different ways, for example, in Europe they use waste paper to insulate walls and window materials because of its environmental friendliness. Such experience also exists in Russia; at the Promotkhody enterprise there is equipment for processing waste paper into heat-insulating material. In the UK, special boxes have been installed where residents throw away the newspapers and magazines they read, from where the paper is then sent to recycling plants. In Russia, cardboard is mainly made from waste paper. Newsprint is not produced because there are no flotators (equipment for removing ink). In this regard, the experience of the American company Chesapeake is interesting, which has developed a new method for removing paint from waste paper under the influence of steam, as a result of which paint particles are reduced to 75 microns, invisible to the eye.

Old cars:

Leading countries in auto recycling USA and Japan. In the USA, the revenue of automobile recycling enterprises amounted to $25 billion in 2006. (the steel obtained through processing would be enough to produce 13 million new cars). In some countries, for example, Sweden, the price of the car includes its subsequent disposal. In Russia, near Noginsk, there is a unique experience in car recycling. The process itself lasts several minutes: workers use hydraulic claws to remove the roof from the car and use pry bars to remove the seats. Batteries, wheels, and plastic are disposed of separately. The rest goes under pressure.

Car tires:

10 million tons of tires are produced annually. It takes about 100 years to decompose in the ground. The European Council, with a special directive “On landfills,” prohibited their burning and burial. In Russia, the already discredited method of “hot” vulcanization of a tread made of raw rubber on a frame at a temperature of 150 ° C is used throughout the world. This method does not allow repairing metal cord tires (accounting for 70%). An alternative is the “cold” vulcanization method, based on the use of a pre-vulcanized tread. The process takes place at a temperature of 100 ° C, which makes it possible to repair tires with metal cord. The manufacturing conditions of the new tread (high pressure and temperature) ensure its high density, puncture and wear resistance. This led to a high increase in the volume of retreaded tires abroad. Tire composition: 60% rubber, 11-18% metal, 11-29% textile. Crumb rubber obtained from tires can be part of the road surface, instead of low-quality bitumen. Such asphalt lasts up to 15 years, while the thickness of the coating is reduced to 3-5 cm instead of the usual 6-7. There is already similar experience on Moscow roads.

Batteries:

In 2005, more than 20 million batteries were sent to landfills, containing lead plates that could be recycled and sulfuric acid in the electrolytes. In Russia there is no system for collecting old batteries, and collection points for non-ferrous metals should not be taken into account, since they do not accept batteries with electrolyte, and the sulfuric acid they contain is poured into the soil. The EU has passed a law requiring automobile manufacturers to pay for battery recycling. In the USA and Europe, up to 90% of batteries are recycled.

Construction costs:

There are 63 landfills in Moscow, with an area of ​​137 hectares, the main component of which is construction waste. In 2002, about 1 million tons of construction waste were generated as a result of the demolition of 186 buildings. The recycling technology has three stages: preparation for demolition (removal of linoleum, carpentry, heating pipes), sorting of bulky waste, crushing bricks and reinforced concrete. After complete recycling of the waste, the resulting concrete sand can be used as a de-icing agent, which has great advantages over ordinary sand due to its low cost and efficiency (due to the angular shape of the sand grains, it is less abraded). In Australia, concrete obtained from construction waste is used to produce building slabs, road surfaces and sidewalks.

Waste from medical institutions:

In Russia, up to 1 million tons of medical waste are generated annually. Hazardous waste (infected material and radioactive components) is removed along with household waste. According to WHO requirements, such waste must be disinfected and then disposed of thermally. In Russia, landfill disposal without treatment is used as a disposal method. Customs warehouses have accumulated 600 tons of expired drugs that must be destroyed. JSC "Plasma-Test" has developed a furnace for the destruction of medical waste, consisting of two compartments, in the first of which, at a temperature of 3000 to 5000 C, organic components burn, and metal or glass melts. The molten metal exits into the bottom of the furnace; the gases formed during combustion undergo multi-stage purification and are released into the atmosphere.

Fluorescent lamps:

The problem of recycling such lamps is extremely important due to the mercury content they contain. For environmental reasons, disposal in landfills is prohibited. The Omsk Engine-Building Association is creating a production facility to extract mercury from lamps without human intervention. The Saransk production association Svetotekhnika produces fluorescent lamps containing five times less mercury. At the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics named after. D.V. Skobeltsyn and Moscow State University developed a source of visible and ultraviolet light without the use of mercury. The light source is an open electric charge. As a result, the resulting UV radiation can be used to sterilize air and water and produce ozone. It can also serve as a source of visible light, for which phosphors have been developed that release light under the influence of UV radiation.

Non-ferrous metals:

Processing secondary raw materials is four times cheaper than producing primary raw materials. Every year, from 700 to 900 thousand aluminum cans end up in Moscow landfills. While by recycling 670 of these cans, you can make a bicycle. Also, the cost of collecting and processing secondary metal is 25 times less than the production of metal from ores. A big problem is the recycling of electrical waste and glass.

3. Air pollution

Atmospheric air pollution should be understood as any change in its composition and properties that has a negative impact onimpact on human healthand animals, the state of plants and ecosystems

Types of pollution

Air pollution can be:

Natural (natural), caused by natural processes (volcanic activity, weathering of rocks, wind erosion, mass flowering of plants, smoke from forest and steppe fires);
- anthropogenic, associated with the release of various pollutants during human activity. In scale, it significantly exceeds natural air pollution.
Depending on the scale of distribution, various types of air pollution are distinguished:
- local, characterized by a high content of pollutants in small areas (city, industrial area, agricultural zone, etc.);
- regional significant areas are involved in the sphere of negative impact, but not the entire planet;
- global, associated with changes in the state of the atmosphere as a whole, leading to the gradual accumulation of climatic and environmental changes on a planetary scale.

Classification of atmospheric pollution by state of aggregation

According to their state of aggregation, emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are classified into:

Gaseous (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc.);
- liquid (acids, alkalis, salt solutions, etc.);
- solid (carcinogenic substances, lead and its compounds, organic and inorganic dust, soot, resinous substances, etc.).

4.National parks.

National parks beautiful protected areas. Thousands of people enjoy the beauty and diversity of its natural resources. Many nature lovers from all over the world are happy to take refuge here from the bustle of the city, get acquainted with the history and culture, and the peculiarities of the local flora and fauna. Relaxation in national parks, like a healing balm, will help a tired soul regain strength. A world of amazing beauty will teach you how to respect the environment.
Welcome toNational parksCentral Federal District!

"Smolensk Poozerie"

This park with a size of about 146.3 thousand hectares is located in the northwestern partSmolensk regionon the territory of the Demidovsky and Dukhovshchinsky administrative districts. The park was founded in 1992.
In this beautiful land of blue lakes there are over 30 large and small lakes, connected by channels Chistik, Sapsho, Bolshoye and Maloe Strechnoye, Krugloye, Dolgoye, Glubokoye, Baklanovskoye, Dgo, and others each of which is unique in its own way.
The terrain here is uneven with high hilly ridges cut through by river valleys. There are moraine and slightly undulating plains, and there are also flat lacustrine-glacial lowlands with ponds, meadows or swamps. The height of some moraines reaches 25 x 30 m and even 40 m, as, for example, between lakes Chistik and Rytoe, south and west of Lake Baklanovskoye, near lake. Sapsho.
In the park you can find “grassy rivers” and raised bogs covered with sphagnum mosses. Vervizhsky, Pelyshev and Lopatinsky mosses abound in berries. In the center of Vervizhsky moss, one of the largest peat bogs, there are lakes lake. Vervizhskoye, lake Paltsevskoe and lake White.
The flora of the “Smolensk Poozerie” is surprisingly diverse: about 887 species of higher vascular plants grow here, of which 65 are listed in the Red Book of the Smolensk Region, and 10 in the Red Book of Russia.
The park is very beautiful and has hardly been touched by civilization. There are areas of native spruce-oak forests, with an abundance of wood sorrel, that have never been logged.
Sparkling lakes, forests of spruce, pine, oak, ash and maple, fresh green meadows - a wonderful habitat for 57 species of mammals, 10 amphibians, 5 reptiles, 33 fish and 221 birds. The park abounds with all kinds of animals: wolf, fox, weasel, ermine, brown bear, lynx, elk, and flying squirrel are found here. Rare and protected bird species also live in the park. Among them are the black stork, short-tailed snake eagle, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, osprey, greater and lesser spotted eagles and many others.
Visitors will be interestedhistorical monuments preserved in the park. These are monuments of the Stone Age (remains of settlements, for example “settlement near the village of Mochura”), the Iron Age (fortifications), and the early Middle Ages (villages, settlements, mound groups). Guests who like to see the sights of the 18th and 19th centuries will visit the “Holy Well”, the Church of the Ascension in the village of Przhevalskoye, the remains of the church in the village. Glaskovo and the palace and park complex in the village of Pokrovskoye, as well as the house-museum of the great Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. For history buffs, the memorial landscapes of past wars located in the park, especially the last world war, which occupy a significant area within the park’s boundaries, will be of particular interest. Entire trench towns have been preserved on the tops of the esker ridges, in areas where the fortification systems of the Soviet and German armies were located opposite each other.

"Meshchera"

We invite you to the national park located in the southeastern partVladimir regionon the territory of the Gus-Khrustalny district, in the Shilovsko-Vladimir trough, in the center of the Meshcherskaya lowland, which is located on the Russian platform. This park with an area of ​​118.7 thousand hectares covers the river basin. Buzha, a tributary of the river. Pra, in central Meshchera and adjoins the Meshchera National Park in the south, forming a single territory with it.
The land of emerald swamps and lakes, quiet and leisurely rivers with beaver settlements, amber pine forests filled with mating wood grouse, light birch and aspen forests with brown shadows of leisurely elk. Many people from different places have enjoyed the beauty and splendor of the Meshchera National Park since it was founded in 1992 in order to preserve the untouched corners of the Meshchera Lowland, to protect the lake-river system (Buzha Spas-Klepikovsky Lakes Pra).
This is the land of many graceful small lakes. Lakes Isihra and Svetloye are natural monuments as unique water bodies. Lake Svyatoe is a favorite vacation spot for the local population. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. In this lake and river region there are about 30 species of fish such as ide, bream, roach, crucian carp, perch, pike perch, sterlet, catfish, pike, ruff.
The park's terrain is flat, covered with pine and spruce forests. Terraces and river valleys, ravines are covered with oak forests, sometimes with sycamore maple. Forests occupy 73% of the park's territory. Heath sedge, round-leaved bell, May lily of the valley, cuckoo flax, and sweet-smelling rose add extraordinary diversity to the green palette of the forest.
Another unique feature of Meshchera is that there are all three types of swamps: lowland, transitional and upland. Rare groups of plants are associated with them.
The fauna of the park is exceptionally rich and includes 50 species of mammals, 170 nesting bird species, 5 reptile species and 10 amphibian species. Forests and swamps provide habitat for an incredible variety of birds and animals. The wolf, brown bear, raccoon dog, fox, American mink, polecat, ermine, pine marten, weasel, and mountain hare live in the forests. You will enjoy the squirrels and beavers. Wary wild boars and leisurely giant moose find refuge in the park. The Russian muskrat, included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, is under special protection of the park. Among the numerous species of birds in the park, there are also rare species: black-throated loon, white stork, gray heron, bittern, greylag goose, wigeon, greater spotted eagle, falcon, common kestrel, white and gray partridge, gray crane, grasshopper, porridge, great godwit, great curlew, eagle owl, long-eared owl, great owl and sparrow owl, hoopoe, golden eagle, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker.
Architectural monuments have been preserved here. You can visit the Trinity Church (1812 × 1825) in the village of Erleks, the Elias Church (early 19th century) in the village of Palishchi, and the Church of the Exaltation (19th century) in the village of Parma. Charming houses of old settlements (Talnovo, Tyurvishchi, Shestimirovo, Mokroe, Miltsevo, etc.), their elegance and extraordinary beauty, streets with interesting planning features (Tyurvishchi, Palishchi, etc.) from a completely different era create a fabulous atmosphere in the park. There are also examples of industrial architecture - the old building of the Urschel glass factory with adjacent streets, on which wooden residential buildings were built about 100 years ago. One of the evidence of history is the ancient road RyazanVladimir (“Ryazanka”), which in sections has survived to this day.
The amazing nature of the Meshchera region served as an inspiration for S. Yesenin and K. Paustovsky; the artist I. Levitan painted his beautiful landscapes here. Cultural and historical attractions include places associated with the name of the famous writer, Nobel Prize winner A. Solzhenitsyn, who lived and worked in these places. In Gus-Khrustalny you can visit the crystal museum.

"Meshchersky"

Welcome to the national park located in the northRyazan region. The park was founded in 1922 with the aim of protecting and studying the natural, historical and cultural complexes of the Meshchera region. The area of ​​the park is 103 thousand hectares. “Meshchersky” covers the basin of the Spas-Klepikovsky lakes and the river. Pra., in the north it borders with the Meshchera National Park. This territory, in particular the floodplain of the Pra River, which winds through the Meshchera forest, is included in the list of wetlands of international importance.
This is a land of emerald swamps and lakes, quiet and leisurely rivers. The main river of the park is the Pra River. There are many lakes in Meshcherskoye - more than 30. In the northwestern part of the park, the large lakes Shagara, Velikoye, Ivanovskoye, Sokorevo, Chebukino and Martynovo are connected to each other. During the flood period, these lakes practically merge into one large body of water. Lakes Komgar, Negar and Dubovoe are graceful, enclosed, surrounded by raised and transitional swamps and pine forests. They are taken under special protection of the park. There are also karst lakes: Seleznevskoe and Beloe with a depth of up to 60m. The Meshchersky lakes are beautiful and picturesque, many of which are natural monuments and unique water bodies, attracting many vacationers.
The natural beauty of the park is visible even in the unique swamps. Low-lying forested swamps in the basin of the Spas-Klepikovsky lakes (Small Toad Swamp, Pyshnitsa Swamp, Prudkovskaya Backwater Bay of Lake Velikoye) are under special protection of the park. Wetlands are ecological treasure troves, natural filters for removing dirt and toxic substances from rivers, streams and underground aquifers, and their contribution to environmental health is invaluable. In swamps and wetlands, covered with moss and sedge, sundews, calligraphy, wild rosemary and cotton grass grow, and solitary birch trees stand. Whooper swan, gray crane, great grebes, great anemone, great curlew and other rare birds have chosen these places as their home.
The terrain of the park is flat with sand dunes and swampy lowlands.
The forests of the park are coniferous, mixed and small-leaved. Forest-forming species pine. Places of old logging and fires are covered with birch, aspen and pine trees; spruce is less common. Rare and endangered plant species such as the thinnest naiad, bristlewort, water chestnut, and floating salvinia add variety to the green palette of the forest. The floodplain of the Pra River is covered with willows and forests of aspen and alder. The unique and diverse flora of the floodplain and valley of the Pra River are under special protection of the reserve.
The park's vegetation is rich and varied: 32 species of fungi, 9 species of mosses, 4 species of lycophytes, 11 species of ferns, 3 species of gymnosperms, and 720 species of angiosperms grow here.
The fauna of the park is represented by 48 species of mammals, 166 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 10 species of amphibians and 30 species of fish. Here, on a unique island of Russian nature, live a bear, a wolf, a pine marten, a fox, a raccoon dog, an ermine, a weasel and a badger. Otters and European minks are found along the banks. Elk and wild boar are common, with roe deer and lynx also visiting. Lots of white hares and squirrels. Even more numerous inhabitants of the reserve are birds. These include capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse and many others. Migratory birds such as geese (white-fronted, gray, bean goose) are frequent guests. They stop at lakes before continuing their journey. Diving ducks inhabit lakes during migration. The gray crane, black stork, several species of ducks - goldeneye, tufted duck, red-headed pochard, shoveler, pintail, and mallard ducks build their nests in the park and raise their chicks.
Quiet rivers and overgrown lakes, pine forests and birch groves, forests to the very horizon and sandy beaches of white quartz sand prepare you for pleasure.
Russia is rich in its religious traditions. Its magnificent cathedrals, built centuries ago, are among the most famous in the Christian world. Renovation Church (Ershovo village, 1868), Intercession Church (Selezneve village, 1903-1910), Assumption Church (Struzhany village, 1910), Transfiguration Church (Spas-Klepiki, 1860 .) significant architectural monuments decorating the park.
The park also contains over 50 archaeological monuments, testifying to the centuries-old history of Russia. These are, for example, sites of ancient man.
This forest region has long attracted artists and writers, lovers of nature and quiet relaxation with its lakes and rivers, and churches.
Do you like active recreation? Then you will be offeredwater routes:

• Down the river Pra “SpasKlepikiBrykin Bor” (length 100 km);
• “Along the Klepikovsky lake ring” (length 50 km).

And a walking route “Following the Paustovsky Trail” through wild and beautiful pine forests you will walk through Meshchera villages in the floodplain of the Pra River.

"Oryol Polesie"

Welcome to the national park located in the northwestOryol region, on the territory of Khotynetsky and Znamensky districts, with a central estate in the village of Zhudre. “Oryol Polesie” is located in the central part of the Central Russian Upland, in the river basin. Vytebet, into which small forest rivers flow (Lisitsa, Shkovka, Radovishche and others), with winding and asymmetrical river valleys. The park was founded in 1994 with the goal of preserving plant and animal species rare for the Oryol region, forming a unique community of the southern Russian taiga.
What an amazing place! Fresh air filled with the fragrance of forests and birdsong, springs and calm, clear lakes. There are more than 70 springs in the park, among which the most beautiful and popular among visitors is the “Holy Spring” near the village of Staroye. There are also more than 80 artificial reservoirs. Many of them have an abundance of fish. The park administration will issue you a permit for recreational fishing or hunting.
The natural beauty of the park is visible even in the unique peat bogs covered with lush, moisture-loving vegetation. Here you can see wild rosemary, rosemary, sundew, cotton grass, blueberry, cranberry, and several types of sphagnum mosses. Wetlands are ecological treasure troves, natural filters for removing dirt and toxic substances from rivers, streams and underground aquifers, and their contribution to environmental health is invaluable.
The terrain of the park is an elevated, hilly plain, indented by river valleys and numerous ravines and ravines.
Since this wonderful park is located at the junction of two natural and climatic zones - deciduous forests and forest-steppe, the vegetation here is unusually rich and diverse: 860 species of plants, of which 173 species are rare and endangered. Northern forests and forest-steppes give originality to the local flora and fauna. In the dense mixed forest there are many beautiful trees such as Scots pine, Norway spruce, English oak, birch, linden, aspen, sycamore maple, common ash and sticky alder. Green moss spruce forests, long moss pine forests, linden forests and oak forests are adjacent to each other in the park.
The fauna of the park is represented by 203 species of vertebrates. Red deer, elk, lynx, roe deer, wild boar and bison live here. The river banks became a refuge for the river otter and mink, muskrat, muskrat and beaver. In this amazing region, capercaillie, hazel grouse, and black woodpecker are found together with the steppe polecat, gray partridge and quail.
Here you have the opportunity to admire the unique open-air zoo, which is home to representatives of the animal world, both from Russia and from abroad. Zoos face a monumental challenge. Restore rare species of animals, such as bison, to their natural habitat.
In Oryol Polesie you can find echoes of the past. Many archaeological sites were discovered here, evidence of the centuries-old culture of Russia. Let's take, for example, the fortified settlement settlement near the village of Radovishche, located to the left of the road to the village of Zhudro in the Kudeyarova Gora tract. They say that this is the oldest archeological monument in the area. It was founded in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. in the early Iron Age. A nest from three villages of tribes of the Pochep culture was found in the Vytebeti floodplain near the village of Bulatovo. The ancient settlement in Khotiml-Kuzmenkovo ​​(XI-XII centuries) is a monument of federal significance.
“Of all the...circumstances with which man has had to deal, nothing has caused so much anxiety and fear as death...It is therefore not surprising that the veneration of the dead has occupied a central place and played an important role in human society since its inception.” Near the village of Alisovo there is a burial mound for the Moschinsky population. Kurgan burial ground (XI-XII centuries) near the village of Radovishche burial place of the Vyatichi of the Khotynets region.
Visit Literary and Local Lore Museumin the village of Ilyinskoye, which contains a wonderful collection of peasant household items from the 19th to the 20th centuries.
Cathedrals and churches became the dominant feature of many cities in the Christian world. In the eyes of believers, these majestic buildings are a clear evidence of faith in God. Even many atheists value them as cultural monuments and magnificent examples of architecture. In Polesie there is also the Lgov Church of the Life-Giving Holy Trinity, built in 1765.
“Oryol Polesie” land of epics and traditions. In the village of Nine Oaks, in the southwestern part of the park, according to legend, the Nightingale the Robber lived, and it was with him that the epic hero Ilya Muromets fought.
“Oryol Polesie” is a paradise for tourists, here you can feel ancient history, beautiful unique nature and a future full of hope.

5. Task.

Calculate the volume of fresh, drinking water consumed by your family members in 1 month. Make a table and draw conclusions.

Solution.

Water consumption is regulatedstate regulations. However, these indicators may differ in different regions of residence. Decision-making on water use standards depends on government agencies local administration, water utility. Not only the climate zone should be taken into account, but also the technological features of the centralized water supply. Calculation of water use standards is based on its purpose. This definition includes drinking water, process water, water for irrigation, as well as water for domestic needs and heating. Therefore, standards are established with an eye totype of water supply, type of heating and sewerage. In addition, the calculation of water volume consumption includes indicators such as the amount of water used per hour, per day and per season.The following indicators, adopted as a basis in most regions, are considered generally accepted standards:

• Drinking water consumption per person per day ranges from 2 to 3 liters.
• The volume of water for cooking and associated costs per person is 3 liters.
• Hygiene needs, including brushing teeth and washing hands, require a consumption of 6-8 liters per day.
• If the house is equipped with a bathroom, then the volume of water consumed will be 150 liters per person.
• If there is a shower, this figure fluctuates at the rate of 15-20 liters per minute. That is, for a short wash, the water consumption rate will be up to 200 liters per day.
• It takes up to 15 liters to rinse a toilet.
• Washing dishes requires a volume of 7 to 12 liters of water per day for one person.
• Washing To carry it out, according to the standards, about 100 liters of water are required.

Type of consumption	Calculation
Drink	3*30=90
Cooking food	3*30=90
Total

Total: Drinking water consumption per person is 180 liters per month.The average daily volume of drinking water consumption per day per person is 3 liters, but in reality this level can vary greatly in each specific case. According to statistical information, drinking water consumption in residential buildings accounts for almost half of the total water consumption.

Bibliography.

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3. Brodsky A.K. General ecology: Textbook for university students. M.: Publishing house. Center "Academy", 2006. - 256 p. Recommended by the Ministry of Education. RF as a textbook for bachelors, masters and university students.
4. Voronkov N.A. Ecology: general, social, applied. Textbook for university students. M.: Agar, 2006. 424 p. Recommended by the Ministry of Education. RF as a textbook for university students.
5. Korobkin V.I. Ecology: Textbook for university students / V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky. -6th ed., add. And revised - Roston n/d: Phoenix, 2007. - 575 p. All-Russian Laureate. competition to create new textbooks on general natural sciences. discipline for students universities Recommended by the Ministry of Education. RF as a textbook for university students.
6. Nikolaikin N.I., Nikolaikina N.E., Melekhova O.P. Ecology. 2nd ed. Textbook for universities. M.: Bustard, 2008. 624 p. Recommended by the Ministry of Education. RF as a textbook for technical students. universities
7. Stadnitsky G.V., Rodionov A.I. Ecology: Study. allowance for students chemical-technol. and tech. sp. universities/ Ed. V.A. Solovyova, Yu.A. Krotova. - 4th ed., revised. St. Petersburg: Chemistry, 2007. -238 p. Recommended by the Ministry of Education. RF as a textbook for university students.
8. Odum Yu. Ecology vol. 1.2. World, 2006.

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Global environmental problems are problems whose negative impact is felt anywhere in the world and affects the entire structure, structure and parts of the biosphere. These are comprehensive and all-encompassing issues. The difficulty of their perception by an individual lies in the fact that he may not feel them or feel them to an insufficient extent. These are problems that are shared by all inhabitants of the Earth, all living organisms and the natural environment. A little bit of everything. But here the impact of the problem cannot be divided or distributed among everyone. In the case of global problems, the effect of them must be added up, and the consequences of such addition will be much greater.

These problems can be divided into two types, which correspond to two stages in the history of our planet. The first ones are natural. The second ones are artificial. The first type refers to the existence of the Earth before the appearance of man on it, or, more precisely, before he made some scientific discoveries. Secondly, these are the problems that arose immediately after the implementation of these discoveries. Nature, as a system striving for a stable existence, dealt with the former on its own. She adapted, accommodated, resisted, changed. She could also fight the latter for some time, but over time her capabilities were practically exhausted.

Modern problems and their differences

Modern environmental problems are problems that have arisen as a result of the active influence of man on the natural processes occurring in nature. Such influence became possible in connection with the development of the scientific and technical potential of mankind, aimed at ensuring people’s lives. In this case, the existence of the surrounding living and inanimate nature is not taken into account. Their consequence will be that the biosphere will gradually transform from a natural system into an artificial one. For a person, this means only one thing: that, like any ecosystem created by him, it cannot exist without a person, without his help and close attention. The environmental problems of our time will turn, if they have not already turned into environmental problems of humanity. Will a person be able to cope with such a task?

Man-made disasters and accidents are examples of global environmental problems that no one doubts. These incidents are receiving international condemnation. They become the impetus for improving security systems. Measures are being taken to eliminate destruction and other consequences. The environmental problems of our time consist of trying to deal with the consequences that occurred in the immediate vicinity of the epicenter of the accident. No one can eliminate the consequences that have arisen in the biosphere. If the Earth's biosphere is compared to glass, and an accident, such as at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, with a hole from a stone that fell into it, then the cracks that spread from it are consequences that still render the entire glass unusable. A person can and should increase security, but cannot eliminate the consequences. This is the key difference between an artificial ecosystem and a natural one. Natural can eliminate the consequences and does it itself.

Global and their types

Reducing natural resource reserves, primarily those that are the main sources of energy production, also relates to global environmental problems. The amount of energy necessary for the existence of humanity is growing, and alternatives to natural energy sources have not yet been created in sufficient quantities. Existing energy complexes - hydro, thermal and nuclear power plants - are not only dependent on natural sources of raw materials - water, coal, gas, chemical elements, but also pose a danger to the environment. They pollute water, air and soil, change or destroy adjacent ecosystems, thereby contributing to the weakening and destabilization of the entire biosphere of the Earth. And this applies not only to disasters and accidents that periodically occur at stations, the consequences of which are known throughout the world. Hydraulic structures that change the natural water circulation of rivers, technological warm waters discharged into reservoirs at stations and much more, which outwardly may seem insignificant and small from the point of view of the problems of the entire planet, but still contributes to the imbalance of the biosphere. By changing the ecosystem of a pond, river, reservoir or lake, an integral part of the entire ecosystem of the Earth changes. And since this is not a one-time phenomenon, but a massive one, the effect is global.

“Global environmental problems” is a concept that requires not only universal understanding and scientific research, but also joint and equally global actions.

It is believed that the main environmental problems of our time are global warming caused by the “greenhouse effect” and the appearance of “ozone holes”, “acid” rain, a decrease in the number of forests and an increase in desert areas, a reduction in the amount of natural resources, primarily fresh water.

The consequences of warming will be climate change, accelerated melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, flooding of land, increased evaporation of surface water, “advance” of deserts, changes in the species diversity of living organisms and their balance in favor of thermophilic ones, and so on. Warming causes, on the one hand, a decrease in the amount of ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere, due to which more ultraviolet radiation begins to reach the planet. On the other hand, the heat generated by the Earth and living organisms is retained in excessive quantities in the lower layers of the atmosphere. The effect of “excess” energy appears. The question is whether the consequences described and assumed by scientists are all possible, or whether there are “cracks” that we do not know about and do not even imagine.

Pollution

Humanity's environmental problems have always been and will be associated with environmental pollution. A special role in this is played not only by the quantity of pollutants, but also by their “quality”. In some regions, where for one reason or another, the process of foreign elements entering the environment stops, nature gradually “restores” order and is restored. The situation is worse with so-called xenobiotics - substances that are not found in the natural environment and therefore cannot be processed naturally.

The most obvious environmental problems of our time are the decrease in the number of forests, which occurs with the direct participation of humans. Deforestation for timber extraction, clearing of territories for construction and for agricultural needs, destruction of forests due to careless or negligent behavior of people - all this primarily leads to a decrease in the green mass of the biosphere, and therefore to a possible oxygen deficiency. This is becoming increasingly possible thanks to the active combustion of oxygen in industrial production processes and vehicles.

Humanity is becoming more and more dependent on artificially produced energy and food. More and more land is being allocated for agricultural land, and the existing ones are increasingly being filled with mineral fertilizers, pesticides, pest control substances and similar chemicals. The efficiency of such soil filling rarely exceeds 5%. The remaining 95% is washed away by storm and melt waters into the World Ocean. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the main components of these chemicals; when they enter natural ecosystems, they stimulate the growth of green mass, primarily algae. Violation of the biological balance of water bodies leads to their disappearance. In addition, the chemical elements contained in plant protection products rise with water vapor to the upper layers of the atmosphere, where they combine with oxygen and turn into acids. And then they fall as “acid” rains on soils that may not require acidity. Violation of the pH balance leads to soil destruction and loss of fertility.

Is it possible to include the process of urbanization in the main environmental problems of our time? Increasing concentrations of people in limited areas should provide more space for wildlife. That is, there could be hope that the Earth's ecosystem could adapt to such internal changes. But urban “aquariums”, and in fact, the ecosystem of cities, especially large cities and agglomerations, is nothing more than an artificial ecosystem, require huge amounts of energy and water. On the contrary, they “throw out” no less amount of waste and waste. All this includes the surrounding lands in the “aquarium” ecosystem of cities. As a result, wildlife exists in small areas temporarily not involved in the provision of “aquariums”. This means that nature does not have the resources for its restoration, species richness, sufficient energy, a complete food chain, and so on.

Thus, the main environmental problems of our time are the totality of all the problems that have arisen in nature in connection with the active activities of humans in providing their livelihoods.

Video - Environmental problems. Chemical weapon. Fires

Introduction
According to scientists, humanity is currently living at the expense of future generations, who are destined for much worse living conditions, which will inevitably affect their health and social well-being. To avoid this, people need to learn to exist only on the “interest” from the fixed capital - nature, without spending the capital itself.

Since the twentieth century, this capital has been wasted at a steadily increasing rate, and by now the nature of the Earth has changed so much that global environmental problems have been discussed at the international level for several decades. In the ecosystem being used, even the latest technologies for rational environmental management do not allow preserving biodiversity. For this purpose, specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are needed, in which economic activity is completely prohibited or limited. The area of ​​protected areas in Russia is 20 or more times smaller than in developed countries. And in order to preserve the flora and fauna of our country in its current state, it is necessary to increase the territory occupied by protected areas at least 10-15 times.

The purpose of the work is to consider environmental problems and ways to solve them.

Modern problems of nature conservation
The initial reasons that appeared at the end of the 20th century. global environmental problems were a population explosion and a simultaneous scientific and technological revolution.

The world's population was 2.5 billion in 1950, doubled in 1984 and will reach 6.1 billion in 2000. Geographically, the growth of the world's population is uneven. In Russia, the population has been declining since 1993, but is growing in China, the countries of southern Asia, throughout Africa and Latin America. Accordingly, over half a century, the space taken from nature by crop areas, residential and public buildings, railways and roads, airports and marinas, vegetable gardens and landfills has increased by 2.5–3 times.

At the same time, the scientific and technological revolution gave humanity the possession of atomic energy, which, in addition to the good, led to radioactive contamination of vast territories. High-speed jet aviation has emerged, destroying the ozone layer of the atmosphere. The number of cars polluting the atmosphere of cities with exhaust gases has increased tenfold. In agriculture, in addition to fertilizers, various poisons began to be widely used - pesticides, the wash-off of which polluted the surface layer of water of the entire World Ocean.

All this has led to many major environmental problems. Global environmental problems are an objective result of the interaction between our civilization and the environment in the era of industrial development. The beginning of this era is considered to be 1860; around this time, as a result of the rapid development of Euro-American capitalism, the then industry reached a new level. Global environmental problems are divided into several groups that are closely related to each other:

Demographic problem (negative consequences of population growth in the 20th century);

Energy problem (energy shortage gives rise to the search for new sources and pollution associated with their production and use);

Food problem (the need to achieve a complete level of nutrition for every person raises questions in the field of agriculture and the use of fertilizers);

The problem of preserving natural resources (raw materials and mineral resources have been depleted since the Bronze Age, the preservation of the gene pool of humanity and biodiversity is important, fresh water and atmospheric oxygen are limited);

The problem of protecting the environment and people from the effects of harmful substances (sad facts of mass stranding of whales on the coast, mercury, oil, etc. disasters and poisonings caused by them are known).

In the last quarter of the 20th century. A sharp warming of the global climate began, which in the boreal regions is reflected in a decrease in the number of frosty winters. The average temperature of the surface air layer has increased by 0.7°C over the past 25 years. The temperature of subglacial water in the North Pole region increased by almost two degrees, as a result of which the ice began to melt from below.

It is possible that this warming is partly of a natural nature. However, the rate of warming forces us to recognize the role of the anthropogenic factor in this phenomenon. Nowadays, humanity burns annually 4.5 billion tons of coal, 3.2 billion tons of oil and petroleum products, as well as natural gas, peat, oil shale and firewood. All this turns into carbon dioxide, the content of which in the atmosphere increased from 0.031% in 1956 to 0.035% in 1996 (9. P. 99). and continues to grow. In addition, emissions of another greenhouse gas, methane, have sharply increased.

Now most climatologists in the world recognize the role of the anthropogenic factor in climate warming. Over the past 10-15 years, many studies and meetings have been conducted that have shown that sea levels are indeed rising, at a rate of 0.6 mm per year, or 6 cm per century. At the same time, vertical rises and falls of coastlines reach 20 mm per year.

Currently, the main environmental problems that have arisen under the influence of anthropogenic activities are: destruction of the ozone layer, deforestation and desertification of territories, pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, acid rain, and a decrease in biodiversity. In this regard, the most extensive research and in-depth analysis of changes in the field of global ecology are needed, which could help in making fundamental decisions at the highest level in order to reduce damage to natural conditions and ensure a favorable living environment.

2. Current state and protection of the atmosphere, water resources, soil, vegetation
Atmospheric protection is regulated primarily by the Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Montreal (1987) and Vienna (1985) agreements on the ozone layer, as well as protocols to control emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

A special place among the international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin had the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the ban on testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, and other agreements of the 70s...90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was solemnly signed at the UN.

Modern international cooperation in the field of environmental protection is carried out at three levels:

1. Expanding the exchange of experience. The better nature is protected on the territory of each country, the less effort and resources will be required at the international level.

2. Development and implementation of measures to protect elements of the natural environment in limited areas or geographical areas with the participation of two or more countries (bilateral, subregional or regional cooperation).

3. Increasing efforts of all countries of the world in solving problems of environmental protection. At this level, the development and implementation of universal environmental protection measures takes place.

The current stage of the international environmental movement ends with the formalization of mechanisms and procedures for implementing the decisions of the World Forum in Rio de Janeiro. In the 21st century humanity enters with a clear understanding of the vital significance of environmental problems and with reasonable confidence in their solution for the benefit of all peoples of the world and the nature of the Earth. Society can live and develop only within the biosphere and at the expense of its resources, therefore it is vitally interested in its preservation. Humanity must consciously limit its impact on nature in order to preserve the possibility of further co-evolution.

3. Rational use and protection of animals
The Law of the Russian Federation on the protection and use of wildlife defines the following types of activities: fishing, hunting birds and animals, the use of waste products and beneficial properties of animals, the use of wildlife for scientific, cultural, educational, and aesthetic purposes. All of them are covered by licensing. Licenses for their use are issued by the authorities for the protection and use of wildlife, in particular, for wild animals - the bodies of the Hunting Supervision Authority, for fishing - the bodies of the Rybnadzor.

Licenses are also issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources in the case of the sale of animals or their life support projects outside the state, and for the export of medicinal raw materials by the Russian Ministry of Health.

A license is essential not only as a means of protecting the natural environment, but also as one of the ways to regulate environmental management.

4. Ecological crisis. Ecological disasters. Environmental monitoring
The ecological crisis of the biosphere that scientists talk about is not a crisis of nature, but of human society. Among the main problems that led to its emergence are the volume of anthropogenic impact on nature in the 20th century, which brought the biosphere closer to the limit of sustainability; contradictions between the essence of man and nature, his alienation from nature; continuation of the development of “consumer civilization” - the growth of unnecessary needs of people and society, the satisfaction of which leads to an increase in excess technogenic load on the environment.

Efforts to protect the environment in all countries are undertaken locally, however, within the generally accepted paradigm of “poor management”. It is considered possible to correct the situation by investing additional funds in improving technology. The “green” movement advocates bans on nuclear, chemical, oil, microbiological and other industries. Scientists and environmental practitioners for the most part are not engaged in “knowing the economics of nature”, but in developing specific issues - technologies for reducing emissions and discharges of enterprises, preparing norms, rules and laws. There is no agreement among scientists in analyzing the causes and consequences of the “greenhouse effect”, “ozone holes”, in determining the permissible limits for the withdrawal of natural resources and population growth on the planet. The panacea for the global greenhouse effect is internationally recognized as reducing carbon dioxide emissions, which will require multibillion-dollar expenditures, but, as will be shown below, will not solve the problem, and senseless expenditure of funds will only aggravate the crisis.

Greenhouse effect and ozone holes

The greenhouse effect, as some scientists believe, is a modern physical and chemical process of disturbing the thermal balance of the planet with an accelerating rise in temperature on it. It is generally accepted that this effect is caused by the accumulation of “greenhouse gases” in the Earth’s atmosphere, formed mainly during the combustion of fossil fuels. Infrared (thermal) radiation from the Earth's surface does not go into outer space, but is absorbed by the molecules of these gases, and its energy remains in the Earth's atmosphere.

Over the past hundred years, the average temperature of the Earth's surface has increased by 0.8 ° C. In the Alps and Caucasus, glaciers have decreased in volume by half, on Mount Kilimanjaro - by 73%, and the level of the World Ocean has risen by at least 10 cm. According to the World Meteorological Service , by 2050 the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere will increase to 0.05%, and the increase in average temperature on the planet will be 2-3.5 ° C. The results of this process are not accurately predicted. It is expected that the level of the World Ocean will rise by 15-95 cm with the flooding of densely populated areas of river deltas in Western Europe and Southeast Asia, a shift in climate zones, a change in the direction of winds, ocean currents (including the Gulf Stream) and the amount of precipitation.

A reduction in the area of ​​glaciers in the mountains will reduce the average value of the Earth's albedo (the coefficient of reflection of the Sun's rays from the surface), the melting of permafrost on the swampy plains of Eastern Siberia will release the methane accumulated there into the atmosphere, a rise in ocean temperatures will lead to the release of dissolved carbon dioxide and increased humidity on the planet. All these factors will accelerate and increase the greenhouse effect.

The stability of the biosphere is ensured only if the rate of carbon absorption by the biota is proportional to the rate of its growth in the environment. This balance is broken. The situation is aggravated by a decrease in the area of ​​photosynthesis due to the destruction of forests (for example, in the Amazon Valley) and a decrease in the mass of phytoplankton in the World Ocean. With an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the process of biomass growth should accelerate, but scientists have noted that at the beginning of the last century, land biota stopped absorbing excess carbon from the atmosphere and, moreover, began to emit it itself. A sign of stationary systems is violated - the Le Chatelier-Brown principle: “When an external influence takes the system out of a state of stable equilibrium, this equilibrium shifts in the direction of weakening the effect of the external influence.”

Another global effect is the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer. The ozone layer is air at altitudes of 7-18 km with a high concentration of ozone O3, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the Sun, which is harmful to living things. When it is depleted, the UV flux on the Earth's surface increases, which will lead to eye damage and suppression of the human immune system, and a decrease in plant productivity.

The main reason for the decrease in ozone concentration is considered to be emissions of chlorine- and fluorine-containing compounds into the atmosphere: freon from refrigeration equipment, cosmetic sprayers (another hypothesis is a change in the Earth’s magnetic field caused by human activity). The actually observed result is “ozone holes” over Antarctica (the maximum decrease in ozone concentration is 3 times), over the Arctic, Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan.

Recently, as the technical power of mankind increases, the process of evolution is transferred to the field of minerals, the composition of soil, water and air changes. The evolution of species turns into the evolution of the biosphere. For example, powerful earthquakes have become more frequent. During the first half of the 20th century, 15 earthquakes with a power of over 7.0 were recorded (740 thousand people died), and in the second half - 23 (more than a million people died). In recent decades, man-made earthquakes have been recorded in non-seismic areas (Tatarstan, Stavropol region). The number of powerful hurricanes, tsunamis, typhoons, and catastrophic river floods (Rhine, Lena) is increasing.

The intensification of human activity leads to disruption of biosphere ecosystems. Of the 150 million km2 of land area, 28% is under direct human control (agricultural complexes, cities, landfills, roads, mining, etc.). This leads to a reduction in forest area (at the beginning of the agricultural era, forest area accounted for 75% of the land, and now - 26%), desertification (average rate - 2600 ha/h), dehydration of rivers and seas.

The soil is poisoned by “acid rain”, polluted with heavy elements and emissions of other harmful substances. Soil erosion, loss of humus, and salinization are increasing. Every year, 20 million hectares of land lose productivity as a result of erosion and sand encroachment.

The world's oceans, the most important regulator of processes in the biosphere and a source of biological resources, suffer from pollution by oil products. Their film disrupts photosynthesis, leading to the death of eggs, fish, birds and other animals. Every year, due to leaks from ships, accidents and removal by rivers, 12-15 million tons of oil enter the World Ocean, which leads to a total pollution of an area of ​​150 million km2 out of a total area of ​​361 million km2.

Over 2000 years AD, 270 species of large mammals and birds disappeared, and a third of them disappeared over the last century (Pyrenean mountain goat, Barbary lion, Japanese wolf, marsupial wolf, etc.). But each living species is connected with other species, therefore, with the disappearance of a species, a restructuring always occurs in the entire system. According to scientists' forecasts, by the end of this century, 50-82% of the land species of the Earth's inhabitants will disappear in different countries of Europe and America.

Causes of the environmental crisis.

The literature considers the growth of the Earth's population and its scientific and technological power as the causes of the crisis. This creates the illusion that “smart economic management,” environmental education, birth control, or a World Government can prevent the crisis from developing. To dispel this misconception, let us consider the causes of the environmental crisis, dividing them into three groups: scientific-technical, biological-psychological and socio-political.

The main reasons for the degradation of the biosphere are the excessive withdrawal of living and mineral resources of the planet and its poisoning by man-made waste of human activity.

The biosphere can remain stable with the removal of approximately up to 1% of its net primary production. As calculations by V.B. showed. Gorshkov, the production of biomass in the entire biosphere in energy equivalent corresponds to a power of 74 TW (74 * 1012 W), and a person takes into his anthropogenic channel of using bioproducts over 16 TW, that is, 20%. The extraction of bioproducts from the natural cycle of substances destroys systemic connections in food chains and impoverishes the species composition of natural biocenoses.

Thus, one of the causes and components of the ecological crisis is the approximately twenty-fold excess of human consumption of biosphere products above the level acceptable for stable biosystems.

An environmental disaster is understood as a natural anomaly, often arising as a result of direct or indirect human influence, or an accident of a technical device, leading to unfavorable catastrophic changes in the natural environment, mass death of living organisms and economic damage.

Recently, in connection with the development of the theory of sustainable development, the term socio-ecological disaster has been increasingly used, which is understood as an event that threatens the viability of the population in a particular territory, produced by various sources of risk.

According to modern scientific ideas, the following processes lead to a socio-ecological catastrophe:

Depletion of natural resources (“collapse” of industrial and agricultural production);

Genetic degeneration of the population due to direct or indirect (through mutations of pathogens) exposure to chemical pollution;

Exceeding the ecological capacity of regional ecosystems.

Thus, the concept of “ecological disaster” can include:

Destructive and irreversible changes in natural ecosystems;

Various adverse consequences of such changes for society;

Significant violations of the territorial complexes of the population and economy with their natural and ethnocultural basis.

Territorial complexes of the population and economy can have different sizes - from an individual locality to a state and a group of states.

The system of criteria for assessing environmental distress can be divided into four groups, taking into account the following characteristics:

Negative changes in the natural environment;

Population health response to environmental changes;

Deterioration of conditions for economic and other human activities.

When determining the ecological status of a particular territory, these criteria are used taking into account regional natural, economic, historical, ethnic and other characteristics, as well as the geographical location of the territory (to take into account the influence of neighboring territories on the state of its natural environment).

For environmental disasters of man-made origin, the following classification is used:

Disasters associated with environmental pollution;

Disasters associated with mechanical disturbances of the natural environment;

Disasters associated with the loss of the gene pool and biodiversity.

There are a number of environmental disasters caused by purely natural phenomena. According to their genesis, they belong to solar-cosmic, climatic and hydrological, geological-geomorphological, biogeochemical and biological. The most typical of them include hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, squalls, earthquakes, mudflows, landslides, collapses, floods, etc. It should be noted that man-made environmental disasters often arise as a result of natural ones. For example, this could be the destruction of a nuclear power plant due to an earthquake with subsequent radioactive contamination of the natural environment.

Before the eyes of just one generation, the sea is disappearing. The Aral Sea, the mother of many nations, is disappearing, and only man can save it.

Environmental monitoring should be understood as organized monitoring of the natural environment, which, firstly, ensures a constant assessment of the environmental conditions of the human environment and biological objects (plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.), as well as an assessment of the state and functional value of ecosystems , secondly, conditions are created for determining corrective actions in cases where target environmental conditions are not achieved.

In accordance with the given definitions and the functions assigned to the system, monitoring includes several basic procedures:

Isolation (definition) of the object of observation;

Inspection of the selected observation object;

Drawing up an information model for the object of observation;

Measurement planning;

Assessment of the state of the observation object and identification of its information model;

Forecasting changes in the state of the observed object;

Presenting information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.

5. Ecology and health. Sustainable development of society and nature
Currently, the number of specific tasks that need to be solved to achieve the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Novosibirsk region is large, and funds are always limited.

Simultaneous implementation of all necessary health-improving and preventive measures is not always possible. Therefore, identifying and implementing strategies and technologies to rank issues and, on this basis, set health priorities is a priority.

The implementation and effective use of the results of social and hygienic monitoring made it possible to highlight the main points.

1. Identification of priority pathology is 47 nosological forms of diseases, which over a ten-year period have a constant growth trend, leading to early disability and mortality. Risk areas and age periods of greatest nososensitivity or active development of diseases are identified, both for the entire region as a whole and separately for each administrative territory.

2. Identification of priority chemical pollutants specific to each administrative territory. To date, a list of priority chemical pollutants has been developed and approved, including 13 highly toxic and cumulative substances. 7 of which are carcinogenic. The determination of this list made it possible to organize a system of laboratory control over the quality and safety of atmospheric air with the inclusion of priority chemicals.

Based on this analytical material, measures to assess the impact of environmental factors on public health were developed and included in the regional target program “Environmental Protection of the Novosibirsk Region” for the period 2004-2007.

3. The main sources of pollution are identified: for cities - industrial enterprises, motor vehicles; for districts of the region - housing and communal services enterprises, motor transport. For each administrative territory, specific sources of air pollution have been identified.

Research work was carried out jointly with the Scientific Center for Clinical and Experimental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

Russia is one of the most environmentally polluted countries in the world.

This is primarily due to man-made factors, such as deforestation, pollution of water bodies, soil and atmosphere with factory waste.

This is a problem not only for individual countries, but for the entire planet as a whole. Let's look at what environmental problems exist in Russia, global and major.

Uncontrolled and lawless deforestation is taking place in Russia. These are global environmental problems of entire regions of Russia. Most of these are observed in the Far East and north-west of the country. In addition to the fact that poachers are cutting down valuable tree species, of which there are already fewer and fewer of them, the problem of rapid deforestation in Siberian regions is becoming acute. Land is also being cleared for agriculture and mining.
In addition to economic damage to the state, uncontrolled deforestation causes irreparable harm to many ecosystems that have been created and maintained over thousands of years.

Deforestation entails the following consequences:

• Displacement of animals and birds from their original habitats.
• Disruption of established ecosystems, increasing the greenhouse effect on the planet. As a result, global warming occurs, which to one degree or another leads to changes in almost all ecosystems of the Earth. In particular, the water cycle is disrupted, which leads to a drier climate on the planet.
• Accelerated and their weathering. Deforestation of areas with mountainous and hilly terrain is especially dangerous, as it causes landslides and flooding.

Russian energy and ecology

The dependence of the environmental situation on electricity generation is the most direct, since there are three types of energy sources:

1. Organic, these include gas, oil, charcoal and wood itself.
2. water, that is, using the power of the water flow to convert it into heat and electricity.
3. Nuclear, or the use of energy released during nuclear reactions.

The exploitation of organic energy sources is directly related to their combustion. It must be said that deforestation is carried out not only to use wood as a type of fuel, but also to clear space for the extraction of coal, oil and gas, which themselves are organic sources of energy.

The environmental problem of using oil, gas, and coal is associated not only with the finiteness of organic resources on the planet, but also with the problem of air pollution with substances resulting from its combustion.

The large amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere and the lack of vegetation to fully absorb it today lead to the formation and global warming of the climate.

Damming rivers to build hydroelectric dams entails changes in established local ecosystems. Animals and birds are forced to move to other areas, which leads to the extinction of many species.

In addition to carbon dioxide, quite a lot of harmful substances enter the atmosphere, which cause acid rain, thereby polluting the soil and water bodies. As you can see, the problem is already beyond the scope of energy and moves into the next category.

Ecologists regularly compile various maps where you can clearly see the environmental problems of Russian cities. For example, the most comfortable places to live in terms of ecology are the Pskov and Novgorod regions, Chukotka, Altai, and Buryatia.

Pollution

The problem of pollution today is one of the most pressing. Let us consider in more detail the main types of pollution.

Pollution of water and reservoirs

This problem is most acute in industrial and densely populated areas of the country. Experts say that most diseases among residents of large settlements are associated precisely with the problem of contaminated water. In regions with high levels of water pollution, an increased incidence of various types of cancer, as well as pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, is noted.

Every year, thousands of tons of waste from the chemical and oil refining industries from various enterprises fall into lakes throughout Russia; in water bodies they destroy many species of flora and fauna. In addition, they make water unsuitable even for technical use.

Human waste products also significantly affect the pollution of water bodies, since water that is used in cities for the needs of the population often flows from the sewerage system directly into open water bodies, bypassing the system of treatment facilities, the quality of which, by the way, leaves much to be desired: most of them are already practically cannot cope with their functions due to outdated and deteriorating equipment.

Thanks to satellite research, environmental problems in the seas of Russia were identified and the most dangerous of all the waters of our country turned out to be the Gulf of Finland, where the largest amount of dangerous oil products spilled from oil tankers is located.

At this rate of pollution, there may soon be a shortage of drinking water, as chemical waste enters the soil, thereby poisoning groundwater. In many springs throughout Russia, water has already become undrinkable due to soil contamination with chemical waste.

The decline of heavy industry in the 1990s went a long way toward correcting Russia's air pollution problem, which was already becoming dangerously widespread, with air pollution levels among the highest in the world during Soviet times. The Soviet government did not anticipate that heavy industrial waste released into the atmosphere and deforestation, which reduces the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, could pose any problem.

To increase production capacity, no natural resources were spared, and the thick smoke above the chimneys of factories was considered proof of unprecedented technocratic and industrial achievements. And it evoked a feeling of pride instead of the logical concern for the environment and one’s health in this case.

When automobile fuel burns, in addition to carbon dioxide, fine dust and microscopic soot particles are released into the atmosphere. Inhaled by humans, they become the cause of various oncological diseases, since they are quite strong carcinogens.

Even substances that are harmless to humans, such as freon, when entering the upper layers of the atmosphere, contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer. Consequently, more and more ozone holes appear, which allow the harsh ultraviolet spectrum of solar radiation to pass through. This affects not only the Earth’s climate, but also all people, since such radiation is one of the main causes of skin cancer, and rising temperatures lead to an increase in cardiovascular diseases.

Climate change due to air pollution and global warming significantly affects human life and has much more serious consequences than we can imagine. For example, it leads to a reduction in land suitable for cultivation, thereby reducing the area of ​​agricultural land. Which, in turn, threatens to reduce the possible amount of food and the onset of general hunger.

Nuclear pollution

The problem of radioactive contamination began to be discussed in earnest only after the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Before this, the question of the possible threat of such contamination, as well as the problem of disposal of radioactive waste, which leads to radioactive contamination of the environment, was practically not raised.

Many of the nuclear power plants in Russia have already reached their end of life and require more advanced equipment. Failure to replace it in a timely manner may lead to serious severe environmental disasters due to accidents at nuclear power plants, as happened in Chernobyl.

The main danger of radioactive radiation lies in the fact that radioactive isotopes cause death or mutation of the cells into which they penetrate. Radioactive substances can enter the human body along with inhaled air, water and food, as well as settling on unprotected areas of the skin. Many of them are deposited in the thyroid gland and bone tissue, exhibiting their pathogenic properties not immediately, but after some time, depending on the radiation dose received by the person. In this regard, the problem of radioactive waste disposal is extremely relevant today.

The problem of household waste in Russia

Along with the above, no less pressing in Russia is the problem of recycling household waste and polluting the environment. Currently, it is one of the most serious environmental problems in the country: about 400 kg of household solid waste is generated per year per resident of Russia. But effective methods for recycling inorganics have not yet been invented.

One of the most effective methods for dealing with some household waste (in particular, paper and glass containers) is the recycling of raw materials. In cities with an established mechanism for collecting waste paper and glass containers, the problem of household waste is less acute than in others.
What measures need to be taken?

In order to solve the environmental problems of Russian forests and reduce their deforestation, it will be necessary:

• establish less favorable conditions for the export of timber, especially valuable species;
• improve working conditions for foresters;
• strengthen control over tree felling directly in forests.

To purify water you need:

• reorganization of treatment facilities, most of which cannot cope with their functions due to outdated and largely faulty equipment;
• revision of technologies for processing and disposal of industrial waste;
• improvement of processes for recycling household inorganic waste.

To clean the air you need the following:

• the use of more modern and environmentally friendly types of fuel, which would make it possible to significantly reduce the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere; improvement of filters in heavy industry.
  To reduce the amount of household waste:
• in addition to improving methods of recycling household waste, it will also be necessary to resolve the issue of using more environmentally friendly materials in the manufacture of, for example, food packaging;
• To reduce the pollution of forest plantations and other recreational areas, it is necessary to organize work with the population on environmental topics, as well as the introduction of strict penalties for throwing inorganic waste in the wrong place.

Solving environmental problems in Russia

It is in the interests of our country to preserve and improve the health of our environment. Currently, government supervision over its use has been significantly weakened. Of course, relevant laws and conceptual documents are adopted, but often we see that locally, in the regions, they do not work effectively enough. But despite this, there are still changes. Comprehensive measures are being carried out aimed at stabilizing and mitigating the environmental situation in the industrial regions of Siberia and the Urals, which often use innovative technologies. Energy saving programs are being introduced throughout the country. Supervision of hydraulic structures is being strengthened. Below is a map of Russia's environmental problems, with cities and regions of comfortable living indicated. Even though the map was made in 2000, it is still relevant today.

Very good article! I totally agree with you! Why is it sometimes difficult for people to take a few extra steps to throw their trash in a trash bin instead of on the ground? If every person realized this, there would be no pollution. Although many understand this, they do not want to save the planet. It is very sad that in the modern world everything turns out this way. It’s so good that there are now societies for the protection of nature! Thank you very much for this information!

The situation in our country has always been difficult. I was in France not long ago, where, for example, garbage is not thrown into one bin, but is thrown into several bins, then sorted and processed at the factory, we are not close to this yet. It is true that the beginnings of this already exist; plants are being created to recycle used household appliances, household and chemical waste.

The geographical environment acts for a person in two qualities: firstly, as a human habitat, and secondly, as a source of various resources. This is the main contradiction in the use of the natural environment by humans. It is impossible to extract resources without disturbing the quality of the habitat. Hence, environmental pollution (an undesirable change in its properties as a result of the uncontrolled entry of various substances and compounds, radioactive radiation and heat) becomes a global problem.

By type of pollution there are:

Chemical pollution is the most common type associated with the release of chemicals and compounds into the environment.

Thermal pollution is the uncontrolled release of heat, leading to global change.

Radioactive pollution is contamination of the environment with radioactive elements entering it as a result of accidents at enterprises using radioactive fuel, testing of new scientific developments related to radioactive elements, as well as radioactive radiation.

Noise pollution is a special type of pollution associated with increased noise levels in areas of concentration of industrial enterprises, traffic congestion, etc.

Biological pollution is the entry of microorganisms into the environment, many of which are pathogenic.

All types of pollution are predominantly anthropogenic in nature, that is, associated with human activity. However, pollution can also occur as a result of natural disasters. For example, eruptions, earthquakes, a sharp proliferation of pathogenic microbes, meteorite falls, radioactive radiation, etc. Everyone is exposed to pollution.

Pollution of the soil also occurs:

- as a result of the receipt of industrial and agricultural waste containing metals and their compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides. At the same time, the chemical composition of the soil changes;

— currently, the problem of recycling household waste is acute (up to 12 billion tons are removed from large cities every year);

— land disturbance occurs due to construction and mining. At the same time, the natural soil cover is destroyed, the restoration of which requires tens and even hundreds of years, and so-called badlands (“bad lands”) are formed.

Pollution occurs:

- as a result of the discharge into water bodies of waste containing heavy metals and their compounds (lead and mercury are especially dangerous), as well as nitrates, phosphates, and carbohydrates. One of the striking examples is the discharge of heavy metals, among which lead (anthropogenic inputs of which are 17 times higher than natural ones) and mercury are especially dangerous;

- as a result of the discharge into reservoirs of heated waters already used for cooling at metallurgical plants, thermal power plants, and nuclear power plants. This leads to a change in river regime, a decrease in oxygen content and the development of unicellular algae (“blooming” of water in closed reservoirs);

— as a result of the entry of microorganisms into water bodies from wastewater from industrial enterprises and large livestock farms. The main pollutants of the hydrosphere are the chemical, metallurgical and pulp and paper industries, and agriculture. The most polluted rivers are the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Volga, and Dnieper.

The problem of pollution of the World Ocean is extremely acute. This pollution occurs due to:

— river flow;

— atmospheric precipitation;

Human economic activity directly in the waters of the World Ocean (primarily oil pollution).

Every year, up to 100 million tons of various waste enters the city. The most polluted seas are the following: Mediterranean, Northern, Baltic, Black, Japanese. And also the bays: Biscay, Persian, Mexican, Guinea. The main source of pollution of the World Ocean is tanker accidents.

Pollution occurs as a result of the ingress of suspended particles (aerosols) and various gaseous substances. Gaseous substances enter mainly during the combustion of mineral fuels. This is, first of all, carbon dioxide, the accumulation of which leads to the “greenhouse effect,” as well as poisonous carbon monoxide. Poisonous sulfur dioxide, the main source of acid rain, is extremely dangerous. The main regions where acid rain occurs are North America, Western Europe, as well as industrial areas of Russia, Japan, China, India, and Brazil.

Aerosols enter the atmosphere during cement production, coal and ore mining in open pits. However, the greatest air pollution occurs from suspended particles of natural origin (dust storms, volcanic eruptions). The largest volume of emissions into the atmosphere comes from the metallurgical, chemical industries, thermal power engineering and transport.

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